1、苗醫藥(癲癇癥療法),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2011年(第三批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:湖南省鳳凰縣
(3)保護單位:鳳凰縣非物質文化遺產保護中心
2、苗醫藥(鉆節風療法),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2011年(第三批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:湖南省花垣縣
(3)保護單位:湘西青山苗族醫學文化有限公司
3、苗醫藥(骨傷蛇傷療法),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:貴州省雷山縣
(3)保護單位:雷山縣非物質文化遺產保護中心
4、苗醫藥(九節茶藥制作工藝),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:貴州省黔東南苗族侗族自治州
(3)保護單位:黔東南苗族侗族自治州民族醫藥研究院(黔東南苗族侗族自治州苗醫苗藥研究院、黔東南苗族侗族自治州民族醫藥研究院附屬苗醫醫院)
5、苗醫藥(骨髓骨傷藥膏),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2021年(第五批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:貴州省黔東南苗族侗族自治州麻江縣
苗醫藥被列為第二批(pi)國家(jia)級非物質文化遺產名錄
申報名稱:傳統醫藥
申遺項目(mu):苗醫正(zheng)骨、蛇傷療法和“九節茶”制作工藝。
苗(miao)醫正骨(gu)術主(zhu)要(yao)分為湘(xiang)西(張氏和花垣)苗(miao)醫正骨(gu)術和黔東南苗(miao)醫正骨(gu)術,一(yi)般以小夾板固定(ding)并(bing)外(wai)敷(fu)以傷(shang)藥(yao),著名(ming)的傷(shang)藥(yao)有柏林接骨(gu)散藥(yao)等。
苗族常用(yong)九(jiu)(jiu)節茶(cha)來治(zhi)療頭(tou)暈(九(jiu)(jiu)節茶(cha)、苦丁茶(cha)用(yong)水煎服)、骨折(zhe)(九(jiu)(jiu)節茶(cha)、野葡(pu)萄根(gen)、泡(pao)桐(tong)樹根(gen)皮(pi)、四塊(kuai)瓦鮮品搗爛,加白酒(jiu)外裹患處)、風濕(shi)疼痛(九(jiu)(jiu)節茶(cha)用(yong)水煎服)。
申報編號:Ⅸ-15
申報地區:貴州(zhou)省雷山縣、黔(qian)東南苗族(zu)侗族(zu)自治州(zhou)。
苗(miao)藥(yao)簡述:苗(miao)藥(yao)主要(yao)分布于苗(miao)族聚居的(de)苗(miao)嶺山脈、烏(wu)蒙山脈等廣(guang)大地(di)區。在我國苗(miao)族聚居的(de)廣(guang)大地(di)區建立了(le)不少的(de)藥(yao)材種植生產基地(di),大力開(kai)發(fa)常用的(de)藥(yao)材。豐富的(de)苗(miao)藥(yao)資源(yuan)正(zheng)在逐步得到開(kai)發(fa),有的(de)已被制(zhi)成保健品投放到市場(chang)。
常見藥材:血藤、鐵筷子、百(bai)金條、白龍須、藍布正等。
珍稀藥材:八角蓮、九月生、金鐵鎖(suo)、一支(zhi)箭、 仙(xian)桃草(cao)等(deng)。
苗(miao)醫(yi)簡史:起源(yuan)很早(zao),在(zai)早(zao)期(qi)的(de)醫(yi)藥活動近似“巫(wu)醫(yi)合(he)一”。 隨著苗(miao)族文化(hua)知識(shi)的(de)提(ti)高,“巫(wu)醫(yi)一家”的(de)狀(zhuang)況已逐步解體(ti)。苗(miao)醫(yi)均是個人設診,采取(qu)民間(jian)行醫(yi)的(de)方式。醫(yi)護一體(ti),無專門的(de)護理(li)。苗(miao)醫(yi)理(li)論:“兩(liang)病(bing)(bing)兩(liang)綱(gang)”理(li)論,即將(jiang)一切疾病(bing)(bing)歸納(na)為(wei)冷病(bing)(bing)和熱病(bing)(bing)并輔以“冷病(bing)(bing)熱治、熱病(bing)(bing)冷治”兩(liang)大治則。對(dui)病(bing)(bing)因的(de)認識(shi)較為(wei)樸素,認為(wei)是季(ji)節(jie)氣候和外來毒(du)(du)素(如風毒(du)(du)、水(shui)毒(du)(du)、氣毒(du)(du)、寒毒(du)(du))等所致。
診斷方法(fa): 望、號、問、觸(chu)。
特色治療(liao):糖(tang)藥(yao)針療(liao)法(fa)和滾(gun)蛋療(liao)法(fa)都是苗(miao)醫特有(you)的(de)治療(liao)方法(fa),前(qian)者(zhe)發源(yuan)于苗(miao)族古(gu)代(dai)狩獵活動,后者(zhe)則起源(yuan)于巫術(shu)。
苗藥分三門,十六(liu)類。十六(liu)類分屬(shu)于(yu)三門之中(zhong)。
熱療類(lei),冷療類(lei),提火(huo)類(lei),退火(huo)類(lei),止(zhi)痛類(lei),止(zhi)塞類(lei),止(zhi)瀉(xie)類(lei),健胃類(lei),幫(bang)交環類(lei)。
表(biao)毒(du)藥(yao)(yao)類(lei),趕(gan)毒(du)藥(yao)(yao)類(lei),敗毒(du)藥(yao)(yao)類(lei),攻毒(du)藥(yao)(yao)類(lei),退氣藥(yao)(yao)類(lei),解危(wei)藥(yao)(yao)類(lei)。
補體藥類。
植物藥宜(yi)(yi)在其(qi)搜媚(mei)若充盛時節采集。如根類(lei)藥宜(yi)(yi)在植株茂(mao)盛期(qi)至翌年(nian)抽苗前(qian),莖葉宜(yi)(yi)在生(sheng)長(chang) 旺期(qi),花類(lei)宜(yi)(yi)在待(dai)放時,果類(lei)宜(yi)(yi)在初(chu)熟(shu)間,芽以嬌嫩鮮美為好,皮類(lei)以漿汁富足最佳;魚、蝦、蟲、獸要辨別直假(jia),肉質腐敗者(zhe)不可入藥;礦物、金(jin)屬宜(yi)(yi)剔凈雜(za)質。講究品味等次(ci),擇(ze)優取用。
藥物制作(zuo)包(bao)括一(yi)般加工,炮制,提煉(lian),合成以及劑型改革等,各有工藝要求和流程,但其目的只有三(san)(san)點:一(yi)是純潔各薄港搜,二是改善瑪汝(ru)務翠,三(san)(san)是優(you)化搜媚(mei)若。總之,是在藥物的物質、結構(gou)、能量(liang)三(san)(san)方面予以人為(wei)的改進。
苗醫用藥配方有兩個(ge)法(fa)則(ze)。第一個(ge),是配單不配雙;第二個(ge),是三(san)位一體。
配(pei)單(dan)不(bu)(bu)配(pei)雙(shuang),就是只用1,3,5,7,9,11…之類(lei)成(cheng)單(dan)的(de)藥物種(zhong)數(shu)配(pei)制(zhi)藥方(fang),而(er)不(bu)(bu)用2,4,6,8,10,12 …之類(lei)成(cheng)雙(shuang)的(de)藥物種(zhong)數(shu)配(pei)方(fang)。不(bu)(bu)少老苗醫師都認為“配(pei)單(dan)”比“配(pei)雙(shuang)”療效好(hao)。
三(san)位一體,就是(shi)(shi)各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)碑(bei)嘎(ga)(ga)(各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)碑(bei)嘎(ga)(ga):苗語。即最重要的(de)(de)(de)領(ling)(ling)頭藥(yao)(yao)(yao))。各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)薄(bo)嘎(ga)(ga)(各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)薄(bo)嘎(ga)(ga):苗語。即鋪(pu)底藥(yao)(yao)(yao))。各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)管(guan)嘎(ga)(ga)(各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)管(guan)嘎(ga)(ga):苗語。即監(jian)護藥(yao)(yao)(yao))。三(san)類藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物共組成方(fang)。各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)碑(bei)嘎(ga)(ga),意為領(ling)(ling)頭藥(yao)(yao)(yao),是(shi)(shi)針(zhen)對病(bing)情起主要作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao);各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)薄(bo)嘎(ga)(ga),意為鋪(pu)底藥(yao)(yao)(yao),是(shi)(shi)對領(ling)(ling)頭藥(yao)(yao)(yao)有相資作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)或對身體有補益作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao);各(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)管(guan)嘎(ga)(ga),意為監(jian)護藥(yao)(yao)(yao),是(shi)(shi)緩解領(ling)(ling)頭藥(yao)(yao)(yao)、鋪(pu)底藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)劣(lie)性和毒副作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong),督促共達(da)病(bing)所的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)。這三(san)類功用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)與(yu)別的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物共配成方(fang),形成三(san)位一體,就能發揮藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物的(de)(de)(de)良(liang)好(hao)療效。
根(gen)據(ju)配單不配雙(shuang)(shuang)的法則,在“三位一體”的三個方(fang)面,也只(zhi)能(neng)用(yong)單數(shu),不用(yong)雙(shuang)(shuang)數(shu)。即領頭藥(yao)(yao)(yao)只(zhi)用(yong)一種;鋪底藥(yao)(yao)(yao)可(ke)用(yong)多(duo)種,但必須(xu)(xu)是單數(shu);監(jian)護藥(yao)(yao)(yao)也只(zhi)宜一種。這樣,所配出藥(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)都是單數(shu)。“一山(shan)無二虎”,領頭藥(yao)(yao)(yao)與(yu)監(jian)護藥(yao)(yao)(yao)都是有“權力(li)”的藥(yao)(yao)(yao),故(gu)只(zhi)宜一種;鋪底藥(yao)(yao)(yao)是基礎性的力(li)量,必須(xu)(xu)要扎實一些,故(gu)常用(yong)至3,5,7,9種,也可(ke)只(zhi)用(yong)一種,假若用(yong)于治療(liao)某些頑疾(ji)沉疴,可(ke)以“韓信(xin)點兵,多(duo)多(duo)益善”。
苗醫忌用(yong)雙數配方,源(yuan)出(chu)于制天命、破均衡、反靜止、廢舊態、創新序(xu)的(de)(de)醫學思想;其三位一體的(de)(de)配方法則,源(yuan)出(chu)于苗醫先(xian)祖阿濮濮僮所(suo)講(jiang)的(de)(de)“三條缺一不得生”。這兩點都(dou)與楚國時(shi)苗族先(xian)民屈原所(suo)述的(de)(de)“御陰陽”與《老(lao)子》所(suo)講(jiang)的(de)(de)“三生萬物(wu)”哲理有關。
藥(yao)(yao)方,是(shi)(shi)治病(bing)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)的(de)人工組合結(jie)構(gou)。這(zhe)個結(jie)構(gou)組合得(de)好,就會(hui)形成(cheng)(cheng)藥(yao)(yao)方的(de)瑪汝務翠,就能發揮(hui)(hui)良(liang)(liang)好的(de)療效;組合得(de)不(bu)(bu)好,就會(hui)形成(cheng)(cheng)藥(yao)(yao)方的(de)瑪假(jia)務翠(瑪假(jia)務翠:苗語。不(bu)(bu)良(liang)(liang)的(de)結(jie)構(gou))。即(ji)不(bu)(bu)良(liang)(liang)結(jie)構(gou),于(yu)是(shi)(shi)就不(bu)(bu)可能發揮(hui)(hui)良(liang)(liang)效,甚至(zhi)發生有害(hai)作(zuo)用。因此,在(zai)選藥(yao)(yao)配方時(shi),不(bu)(bu)但要注意(yi)“三(san)位一體”,還要注意(yi)利用事物(wu)生成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)相(xiang)(xiang)資、相(xiang)(xiang)制、相(xiang)(xiang)征或相(xiang)(xiang)奪(duo)的(de)三(san)大關系(xi),即(ji)在(zai)選藥(yao)(yao)上、用藥(yao)(yao)分(fen)量上、制作(zuo)方法(fa)上以及服藥(yao)(yao)方式、禁忌(ji)事項等方面,注意(yi)發揚事物(wu)之間的(de)良(liang)(liang)性(xing)關系(xi),避(bi)免(mian)惡性(xing)關系(xi),這(zhe)樣,才能使藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)產生最佳的(de)治病(bing)療效。
苗醫對疾病的治療有三個途徑,即調整搜媚若,補充各(ge)薄港搜,改善瑪汝務(wu)翠。
這就是苗族生成哲學一分為三論在治病中的具體運用。
苗醫整病(bing)學的重要內容有三(san)大原則,十六大法,四(si)十九(jiu)套方術(shu)。
調整(zheng)搜媚若,補充各薄港搜,改善瑪汝務翠,這是苗(miao)醫(yi)整(zheng)病的三大原則。
整病(bing)的(de)原則,就是處理疾(ji)病(bing)問(wen)題的(de)準繩,是不可違背的(de)規(gui)律,如(ru)果違背了,就要犯(fan)醫(yi)療(liao)(liao)錯(cuo)誤。如(ru)心力(li)不足,則屬(shu)于搜(sou)媚若(ruo)虧(kui)損,治療(liao)(liao)應當(dang)用(yong)補心的(de)方法(fa)(fa)以(yi)調(diao)整搜(sou)媚若(ruo),假若(ruo)使用(yong)退火的(de)藥物去(qu)治療(liao)(liao),使心力(li)更(geng)虧(kui),就會出現血(xue)壓下降、循環衰竭(jie)、腦架失養、本命無依、生靈能(neng)廢止(zhi)等(deng)危急(ji)病(bing)征,甚或導(dao)致(zhi)死(si)亡。又(you)如(ru)失水的(de)病(bing)人,屬(shu)于各薄港搜(sou)缺乏,就必(bi)須補液;腸梗阻屬(shu)于瑪汝務翠破壞(huai),治療(liao)(liao)當(dang)用(yong)趕(gan)毒法(fa)(fa)而不能(neng)用(yong)止(zhi)塞法(fa)(fa)等(deng)。
趕(gan)毒法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),敗毒法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),攻毒法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),止(zhi)痛(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),冷療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),熱療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),提(ti)火(huo)(huo)(huo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),止(zhi)瀉(xie)(xie)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),健(jian)胃法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),幫交環(huan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),補(bu)(bu)體(ti)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),表毒法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),退(tui)(tui)氣(qi)(qi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),止(zhi)塞(sai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),解(jie)(jie)危(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。這苗醫整病(bing)(bing)(bing)學的十(shi)六大(da)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),是針對(dui)十(shi)六種病(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)而立(li)。趕(gan)毒法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)積(ji)毒病(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou),敗毒法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)雄毒病(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou),攻毒法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)惡毒病(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou),止(zhi)痛(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)疼痛(tong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou),冷療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)急(ji)熱病(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou),熱療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)急(ji)冷病(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou),提(ti)火(huo)(huo)(huo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)內冷病(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou),退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)毒病(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou),止(zhi)瀉(xie)(xie)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)瀉(xie)(xie)肚病(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou),健(jian)胃法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)胃弱(ruo)病(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou),幫交環(huan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)交環(huan)不(bu)和(he)病(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou),補(bu)(bu)體(ti)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)虧損(sun)病(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou),表毒法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)風(feng)冷氣(qi)(qi)水(shui)毒病(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou),退(tui)(tui)氣(qi)(qi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)氣(qi)(qi)壅病(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou),止(zhi)塞(sai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)外漏病(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou),解(jie)(jie)危(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)危(wei)(wei)急(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)。十(shi)六大(da)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的具體(ti)應(ying)用,請看(kan)十(shi)七病(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)議治(zhi)(zhi)各章節。
生藥(yao)(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、煎湯術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)酒術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、吸藥(yao)(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、丸散術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、吹藥(yao)(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、灌藥(yao)(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、涂藥(yao)(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、擦藥(yao)(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、敷貼(tie)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)洗(xi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、掛藥(yao)(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、睡藥(yao)(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、薰煙術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、蒸療術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、導氣術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、推抹術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、刮(gua)痧術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、吮吸術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、拔罐術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、放血術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、麻(ma)醉術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、開(kai)刀術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、縫合(he)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、包扎術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、正骨術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、灌氣術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、燙熨術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、烘烤術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、滾蛋(dan)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、灰碗術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、火(huo)燎術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、燈(deng)火(huo)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、燒燙術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、火(huo)針術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、發泡術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、打針術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、挑(tiao)紗術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、點堂術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、冷浸水(shui)、光照術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、冷浴術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、熱(re)浴術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、操練術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、戢毒(du)(du)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、化(hua)水(shui)毒(du)(du)、沖喜(xi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、治(zhi)神術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、食療術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。
苗(miao)醫對疾病(bing)的(de)命名(ming)具有(you)(you)樸素、生動的(de)形(xing)象(xiang)思維特點,他們根據(ju)疾病(bing)外觀征象(xiang),多以(yi)動、植(zhi)物形(xing)象(xiang)、聲音、金(jin)屬(shu)色(se)澤(ze)等(deng)取類比象(xiang)命名(ming),如(ru)雙上(shang)肢抽(chou)搐象(xiang)鷂鷹閃翅的(de)叫“鷂子經”,膝關節紅腫發亮、形(xing)如(ru)貓頭的(de)叫“貓頭證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”,色(se)形(xing)如(ru)高(gao)梁(liang)的(de)“高(gao)梁(liang)痘證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”,色(se)澤(ze)如(ru)銅、鐵的(de)“銅疔“、“鐵疔”等(deng)。另有(you)(you)以(yi)主癥、病(bing)因、病(bing)變部位命名(ming)或互為(wei)結合命名(ming)的(de),如(ru)“米黃(huang)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”、“雪皮風(feng)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”、“寒風(feng)經”、“白口(kou)菌”、“男色(se)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”、“月家(jia)樂證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”等(deng)。在苗(miao)族醫生中流行著“病(bing)有(you)(you)一百(bai)單(dan)八(ba)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”的(de)說法(fa),但因地域及分支(zhi)的(de)不(bu)同,有(you)(you)將(jiang)一百(bai)單(dan)八(ba) 證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)分解為(wei)“三十(shi)六(liu)經、七十(shi)二證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”、有(you)(you)叫“三十(shi)六(liu)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、七十(shi)二疾二或稱“四十(shi)九證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、四十(shi)九翻(fan)(fan)、十(shi)丹(dan)毒”,據(ju)說這些數(shu)字只(zhi)是為(wei)了應一百(bai)單(dan)八(ba)的(de)概念,并非(fei)確切(qie)的(de)定(ding)數(shu)。一般(ban)來(lai)說,苗(miao)醫是根據(ju)各(ge)種疾病(bing)的(de)某(mou)些共同屬(shu)性而將(jiang)疾病(bing)進行歸類,分為(wei)經、證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、翻(fan)(fan)、龜、小兒(er)胎(tai)病(bing)、新生兒(er)抽(chou)病(bing)、丹(dan)毒、療、癀、花、瘡等(deng)類。
(一)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)類(lei)凡以(yi)發(fa)病急(ji)驟、病勢險惡,并以(yi)發(fa)熱、抽搐、昏迷(mi)(mi)或疼痛為(wei)主癥的一類(lei)疾病大都(dou)歸為(wei)“經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)”類(lei),如36經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)有(you):仙麥經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(馬(ma)苧(zhu)(zhu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),麥坐經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(走(zou)馬(ma)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),替謬經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(魚肚(du)(du)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),錄慕經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(錄慕經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),苧(zhu)(zhu)太經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(天吊(diao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),代替經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(肚(du)(du)腹經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),獨經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(迷(mi)(mi)沉經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),翻斗(dou)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(腳翻經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、鬧青(qing)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(心經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))……等。操黔東方(fang)言的苗醫稱尚有(you)?經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)病,嗯(ng)(扯經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、衣批嗯(ng)(半(ban)邊經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、啞嗯(ng)(啞經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、讀嗯(ng)(火經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、生嗯(ng)(冷經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、哈嗯(ng)(快經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、干嗯(ng)(慢經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))。
(二)證類
凡以疼(teng)痛(tong)、吐瀉、發熱、咳嗽、出血、痘、疹(zhen)等為主癥(zheng),或(huo)某癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)單獨出現,或(huo)幾個癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)同(tong)時出現的各種疾(ji)病,苗(miao)(miao)醫(yi)將(jiang)這(zhe)一(yi)類疾(ji)病歸為“證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”類,如72證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)有:巴鼓干證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(公(gong)(gong)雞證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、沙(sha)謬證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(青沙(sha)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、昏拓證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(頭(tou)瘟證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、能鋼(gang)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(鋼(gang)蛇證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、沙(sha)體(ti)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(紅(hong)沙(sha)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、代公(gong)(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(狗心證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、布容證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(羊毛證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、巴轉證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(擺子(zi)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)),豪指證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(黃病心)、孟朱替(ti)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(水臌(gu)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))等。操(cao)黔(qian)東方言苗(miao)(miao)醫(yi)補充;常見(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)如拿約證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(黃鱔證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、嗯欒證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(迷經證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、愛我(wo)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(烏鴉證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、,胡西證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(縮筋證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))……等二十多種。
因在烈日(ri)下久曬,或感受瘴(zhang)嵐穢濁(zhuo)之氣所致(zhi)的各種(zhong)急(ji)證,如(ru)口鼻出血、心(xin)(xin)腹疼(teng)痛(tong)、厥逆吐瀉(xie)、昏(hun)迷(mi)痙(jing)厥等,并伴(ban)見某種(zhong)動(dong)物形(xing)態動(dong)作的,苗醫統稱(cheng)為(wei)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),包括朱砂(sha)(sha)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(朱砂(sha)(sha)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、心(xin)(xin)經疔(ding)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(心(xin)(xin)經疔(ding)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、巴古翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(烏(wu)鴉翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)),代構翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(狗(gou)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)),界構翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(白眼翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、大能翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(蛇翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、松拿翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(啞巴翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、姑寶姐翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(蛤蟆(ma)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))……等49種(zhong)。
(四)胎病
農村(cun)小兒中,常見(jian)(jian)因營養(yang)不良或微量元素缺(que)乏所致的消瘦神(shen)疲(pi)、毛發干(gan)(gan)枯、厭(yan)食好哭、哭聲細(xi)微、夜眠驚惕等癥,苗醫(yi)根據其不同見(jian)(jian)癥及哭聲稱(cheng)為小兒12胎(tai)(tai)(tai)病:胎(tai)(tai)(tai)麥(mai)(馬(ma)胎(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)育(牛(niu)胎(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)容(rong)(羊胎(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)干(gan)(gan)(雞胎(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)構(gou)(狗(gou)胎(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)板(豬胎(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)忙(貓胎(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)訣(金胎(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)嘔(銀胎(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)崩(花胎(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)奈(人(ren)臉)、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)慢(猴胎(tai)(tai)(tai))。
(五)抽病
是初(chu)生小兒最常(chang)見的一類對各種有(you)(you)(you)害環境不(bu)適應性或過敏(min)性疾病(bing),主(zhu)要(yao)表(biao)現為身熱面黃、煩躁(zao)啼哭、吐(tu)奶厭(yan)食、噴嚏流(liu)淚、指紋(wen)色紫等,根據病(bing)因及表(biao)現不(bu)同(tong)而有(you)(you)(you)不(bu)同(tong)的抽(chou)(chou)病(bing),最常(chang)見的有(you)(you)(you)以下幾(ji)種:幾(ji)朗抽(chou)(chou)(日抽(chou)(chou))、巧抽(chou)(chou)(煙抽(chou)(chou))、靛抽(chou)(chou)(靛抽(chou)(chou))、都抽(chou)(chou)(木抽(chou)(chou)),此外尚(shang)有(you)(you)(you)月(yue)、露、風、雨、人、畜(chu)、水而致病(bing)者(zhe),但較為少(shao)見。
(六)丹類
本病發病急驟,初起有(you)發熱、惡寒、頭痛(tong)、骨節痛(tong)、惡心(xin)等全身(shen)癥狀(zhuang),繼而(er)出現皮疹(zhen)。皮疹(zhen)略高于皮膚(fu),色紅如涂丹(dan)(dan),邊緣清(qing)楚,表面光亮灼熱,其(qi)大如掌,繼而(er)擴散,甚者遍身(shen),或癢或痛(tong),發無定處,根據其(qi)初發部(bu)位(wei)及(ji)擴散路徑不同,苗醫將(jiang)其(qi)分為10丹(dan)(dan)毒:晝買丹(dan)(dan)(飛灶丹(dan)(dan))、晝買松(song)丹(dan)(dan)(走(zou)灶丹(dan)(dan))、晝麥丹(dan)(dan)(鬼火丹(dan)(dan))、晝真(zhen)度丹(dan)(dan)(天(tian)火丹(dan)(dan))、晝汁斗(dou)丹(dan)(dan)(天(tian)灶丹(dan)(dan))、晝卡(ka)煮(zhu)丹(dan)(dan)(水丹(dan)(dan))、晝替丹(dan)(dan)(葫(hu)蘆丹(dan)(dan))、晝勞丹(dan)(dan)(野火丹(dan)(dan))、晝保斗(dou)丹(dan)(dan)(煙火丹(dan)(dan))、晝漏丹(dan)(dan)(壺漏丹(dan)(dan))。
(七)癀類
初起患部腫(zhong)痛,繼而(er)向深層和周圍擴大,形成大片紅(hong)腫(zhong)熱(re)痛的硬(ying)塊,四周漫(man)腫(zhong),伴全身寒熱(re)癥狀。常見有(you)讀仿(火癀)、歐仿(水癀)、恨松(song)仿(巴(ba)骨癀)節。
(八)花類
多因癀(huang)類失(shi)治誤治而來,后(hou)期皮膚紅腫潰爛、腐肉外翻突起,其(qi)形(xing)如(ru)(ru)花(hua)(hua)狀(zhuang),此時多伴有(you)人體消瘦,面色蒼白,食欲(yu)不振,低熱等全身(shen)癥(zheng)狀(zhuang),因其(qi)病(bing)灶發于某(mou)處而名(ming)某(mou)花(hua)(hua),如(ru)(ru)哥(ge)巫榜(bang)(bang)(奶花(hua)(hua))、骨汁(zhi)榜(bang)(bang)(背花(hua)(hua))、娘(niang)榜(bang)(bang)(坐花(hua)(hua)),另(ling)有(you)一(yi)些不是因癀(huang)失(shi)治而來,只(zhi)因其(qi)病(bing)灶如(ru)(ru)某(mou)種(zhong)(zhong)物體開花(hua)(hua)狀(zhuang),或呈現(xian)某(mou)種(zhong)(zhong)花(hua)(hua)紋而得名(ming),如(ru)(ru)蠟(la)榜(bang)(bang)(蠟(la)燭花(hua)(hua)),講姑買榜(bang)(bang)(蘿(luo)1、花(hua)(hua))等。
(九)疔類
是一種急(ji)性(xing)皮膚傳染性(xing)疾病(bing),因其病(bing)灶(zao)形小根深,頑硬如釘而得名,好發于人體暴露部(bu)位,如頭面及(ji)四(si)肢末端(duan),并伴有寒(han)戰高熱、煩渴(ke)引飲(yin),甚則昏迷(mi)譫語。本(ben)病(bing)發病(bing)急(ji)驟(zou),病(bing)情兇險,不(bu)急(ji)治則死。根據疔(ding)發特點,有樣(yang)干不(bu)公(gong)(飛疔(ding))、歐(ou)干不(bu)公(gong)(水疔(ding))、那干不(bu)公(gong)(干疔(ding))、讀公(gong)(火(huo)疔(ding))、倒公(gong)(銅疔(ding))、哨公(gong)(鐵疔(ding)),此外(wai)根據發生部(bu)位不(bu)同還有節(jie)骨疔(ding)、箍頸疔(ding)、手板(ban)疔(ding)、腳板(ban)疔(ding)等。
(十)瘡類
指病灶(zao)表(biao)淺的一類皮膚病,據其不(bu)同性狀及發生部位有:讀萬潑(火(huo)旋瘡)、干紐(niu)潑(白(bai)口(kou)瘡)、哥巫(wu)潑(乳瘡)等。
(十一)龜類
是長在(zai)腹內形似(si)龜(gui)背的(de)各種包塊(kuai)。包塊(kuai)質軟,按之(zhi)消失,起手復現,聚散無常叫(jiao)崩(beng)播(氣龜(gui));質較(jiao)硬,按之(zhi)不消叫(jiao)向播(血(xue)龜(gui));按之(zhi)堅(jian)硬如石叫(jiao)衣播(石龜(gui))。包塊(kuai)圓而無角屬(shu)(shu)陰叫(jiao)“母龜(gui)”,圓而有角屬(shu)(shu)陽叫(jiao)“公龜(gui)”。
據統計,苗醫掌握(wo)病(bing)種(zhong)有(you)200余種(zhong),廣泛(fan)涉(she)及(ji)到內、外、婦(fu)、兒、神經、精神、骨(gu)傷、皮(pi)膚、寄生(sheng)(sheng)蟲(chong)及(ji)各種(zhong)傳染病(bing)、流(liu)行(xing)病(bing)等,其歸類方(fang)(fang)法自成體系,并具(ju)有(you)一(yi)(yi)定的科(ke)學性(xing)及(ji)規(gui)范性(xing)。但因地(di)域不(bu)同(tong)(tong),方(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)有(you)別,各地(di)苗族醫在(zai)疾病(bing)命名(ming)(ming)、證(zheng)(zheng)治上有(you)不(bu)盡相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)之處,有(you)同(tong)(tong)名(ming)(ming)異(yi)癥(zheng)、同(tong)(tong)癥(zheng)異(yi)名(ming)(ming)的現(xian)象,如同(tong)(tong)叫(jiao)“飛(fei)蛾(e)證(zheng)(zheng)”,湘西方(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)的“飛(fei)蛾(e)證(zheng)(zheng)”其臨床表(biao)(biao)現(xian)是發(fa)熱、鼻翼煽動(dong)、咳(ke)嗽氣急、胸痛等;黔東(dong)方(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)的“飛(fei)蛾(e)證(zheng)(zheng)”臨床表(biao)(biao)現(xian)是發(fa)熱、扁桃(tao)體紅腫疼痛等。又如黔東(dong)方(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)的“雷(lei)公(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)”是頭部(bu)劇烈疼痛,以戴帽一(yi)(yi)圈尤甚,而湘西方(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)之“雷(lei)公(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)”則是以胸痛、咳(ke)嗽、吐(tu)血等為(wei)(wei)(wei)其主癥(zheng),“同(tong)(tong)名(ming)(ming)異(yi)癥(zheng)”者(zhe)治法迥異(yi)。另有(you)“同(tong)(tong)癥(zheng)異(yi)名(ming)(ming)”者(zhe),如同(tong)(tong)樣(yang)表(biao)(biao)現(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)好食(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)米、面色萎黃(huang)、浮腫乏(fa)力(li)的,湘西方(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“米黃(huang)證(zheng)(zheng)”,黔東(dong)方(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“黃(huang)腫病(bing)”;同(tong)(tong)樣(yang)表(biao)(biao)現(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)口干舌燥、多(duo)食(shi)多(duo)飲、腹脹大而形體消瘦(shou)者(zhe),有(you)的地(di)方(fang)(fang)稱(cheng)“魚肚經”,有(you)的地(di)方(fang)(fang)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“水證(zheng)(zheng)”,“異(yi)名(ming)(ming)同(tong)(tong)癥(zheng)”者(zhe)其治療方(fang)(fang)藥一(yi)(yi)般是相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)或相(xiang)似的。
貴州特(te)殊的(de)(de)生態環境及(ji)復(fu)雜多樣的(de)(de)自然(ran)條件,孕育著無比豐富而(er)特(te)有的(de)(de)藥(yao)用動、植(zhi)物資(zi)源(yuan)與礦物資(zi)源(yuan),為(wei)中國著名的(de)(de)四大(da)道地藥(yao)材產區(qu)之一,也是我國著名的(de)(de)苗鄉,蘊藏著極其豐富的(de)(de)苗藥(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)。
貴(gui)州地(di)(di)處我國大西(xi)(xi)南的東(dong)南部,云貴(gui)高原東(dong)部,位于東(dong)經103。36’~109。35’,北緯24。37’~29。13’,居長江(jiang)、珠江(jiang)兩大河(he)流上(shang)游的分水嶺(ling)地(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai),是隆起于四川盆地(di)(di)和廣西(xi)(xi)、湘(xiang)西(xi)(xi)丘陵之間的亞熱帶(dai)(dai)巖溶化(hua)高原山地(di)(di),境(jing)(jing)內(nei)地(di)(di)勢起伏,西(xi)(xi)高東(dong)低(di)(di),主要(yao)山地(di)(di)有烏(wu)蒙山、大婁山、梵凈山和苗嶺(ling);境(jing)(jing)內(nei)河(he)流縱(zong)橫,平均海拔l000m,最高1900m,最低(di)(di)137m。
貴州地(di)(di)(di)處中亞熱帶(dai)中部(bu),主要受東南季風影響(xiang),氣候屬亞熱帶(dai)高(gao)原(yuan)山地(di)(di)(di)型,具有溫暖濕潤、冬無(wu)嚴(yan)寒、夏(xia)無(wu)酷暑、光(guang)熱水同(tong)期的(de)基(ji)本(ben)氣候特征。同(tong)時,立體氣候明顯(xian),垂(chui)直差異(yi)顯(xian)著,各地(di)(di)(di)年(nian)平均(jun)氣溫在(zai)8~20℃,大部(bu)分地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)在(zai)15~C左右,年(nian)降雨量為(wei)850~1600mm,多在(zai)1000?D1300ram,多數地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)無(wu)霜期為(wei)210~350d,一(yi)般在(zai)270d左右。
貴州的植被類(lei)型為中亞熱帶常綠闊葉林(lin),由殼(ke)斗(dou)科、樟科、山茶(cha)科,以及木(mu)蘭科的栲屬(shu)、青岡(gang)櫟、樟屬(shu)、楨楠屬(shu)和木(mu)荷屬(shu)等優勢樹種構成,一般分布在(zai)海撥l400m。在(zai)石灰巖地區(qu)多為石灰巖常綠櫟林(lin)。
貴(gui)州(zhou)中(zhong)藥(yao)資(zi)源無比(bi)豐(feng)富(fu),經(jing)20世(shi)紀80~90年代的大(da)規模、系(xi)統(tong)的全(quan)省中(zhong)藥(yao)資(zi)源普(pu)查,貴(gui)州(zhou)有中(zhong)藥(yao)資(zi)源4290種(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)植(zhi)物(wu)藥(yao)3924種(zhong)(zhong)(隸屬(shu)于275科(ke)(ke)(ke),1384屬(shu);如蕨類(lei)30科(ke)(ke)(ke),200種(zhong)(zhong);裸(luo)子植(zhi)物(wu)11科(ke)(ke)(ke),25種(zhong)(zhong);被子植(zhi)物(wu)196科(ke)(ke)(ke),2577種(zhong)(zhong)),占91.5%;動物(wu)藥(yao)289種(zhong)(zhong)(隸屬(shu)于126科(ke)(ke)(ke)),占6.7%,礦物(wu)藥(yao)77種(zhong)(zhong)(隸屬(shu)于10類(lei)),占1.8%;在全(quan)國統(tong)一普(pu)查的363種(zhong)(zhong)重點藥(yao)材品種(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong),貴(gui)州(zhou)有資(zi)源的達(da)326種(zhong)(zhong),占89.6%。貴(gui)州(zhou)中(zhong)藥(yao)資(zi)源的豐(feng)富(fu)程度與全(quan)國各(ge)省區比(bi)較,僅次于云南(5050種(zhong)(zhong))、廣(guang)(guang)西(4590種(zhong)(zhong))及四川(含(han)原(yuan)重慶市,4354種(zhong)(zhong)),名(ming)列(lie)前茅(mao),榮居第4位,果真是“川廣(guang)(guang)云貴(gui),地道藥(yao)材“。
貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)不但具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)豐富(fu)中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan),而且也蘊(yun)藏有(you)(you)(you)豐富(fu)的(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)。貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)來源(yuan)(yuan),同中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)一樣,屬天然藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)范疇,涉及到植物(wu)(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、動物(wu)(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)和礦物(wu)(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。據(ju)調(diao)查,貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)在4000種(zhong)(zhong)左(zuo)右,正(zheng)如貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)畢(bi)節地(di)區(qu)的(de)老苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)所言(yan):(苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi))病有(you)(you)(you)108癥,藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)3800種(zhong)(zhong),有(you)(you)(you)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)者(zhe)(泛(fan)指高等(deng)(deng)植物(wu)(wu)(wu))3000種(zhong)(zhong),無(wu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)者(zhe)(泛(fan)指低等(deng)(deng)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)、動物(wu)(wu)(wu)、礦物(wu)(wu)(wu)及其(qi)它(ta)類)800種(zhong)(zhong)。如別具(ju)特色的(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)觀音草(cao)(cao)、米槁(gao)、艾納香(xiang)、八爪金龍、仙桃草(cao)(cao)、旱(han)蓮草(cao)(cao)、活(huo)血丹、大丁(ding)草(cao)(cao)、重樓等(deng)(deng)。近(jin)幾十年(nian)來,通(tong)過對(dui)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)聚(ju)居地(di)區(qu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)廣(guang)泛(fan)深入調(diao)查、整理與研究(jiu),據(ju)不完全統計,常(chang)見苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)約有(you)(you)(you)2000種(zhong)(zhong)左(zuo)右,最(zui)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)約達400種(zhong)(zhong),并有(you)(you)(you)不少(shao)(shao)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)己收(shou)載(zai)于(yu)全國(guo)性或地(di)方性民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)等(deng)(deng)有(you)(you)(you)關專(zhuan)著。如《中國(guo)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)志》第(di)一卷(1984年(nian))收(shou)載(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)40種(zhong)(zhong)、第(di)二卷(1990年(nian))收(shou)載(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)30種(zhong)(zhong),《苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)集》(1988年(nian))收(shou)載(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)163種(zhong)(zhong);《貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)少(shao)(shao)數(shu)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)集》(1989年(nian))收(shou)載(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)91種(zhong)(zhong);《苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)》收(shou)載(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)340種(zhong)(zhong);《貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)》(1992年(nian))收(shou)載(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)為(wei)主的(de)貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)197種(zhong)(zhong);《貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)研究(jiu)與開發(fa)》(1998年(nian))收(shou)載(zai)經按國(guo)家有(you)(you)(you)關規定再評價并批準為(wei)貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)地(di)方標準的(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)165種(zhong)(zhong);《中國(guo)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)彩色圖集》收(shou)載(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)368種(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)(deng)。此外湖(hu)南(nan)、云南(nan)、廣(guang)西等(deng)(deng)省區(qu)出版的(de)有(you)(you)(you)關書籍和發(fa)表的(de)學(xue)術論文中也有(you)(you)(you)不少(shao)(shao)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)記述(shu)。據(ju)不完全統計,常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)可達1500種(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)多,最(zui)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)約200種(zhong)(zhong)。其(qi)中,一些藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)是(shi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)而中醫(yi)(yi)(yi)或民(min)(min)(min)間草(cao)(cao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)不用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)或少(shao)(shao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de);或一些藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)雖(sui)是(shi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)與其(qi)它(ta)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)皆使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),但苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)部位等(deng)(deng)卻(que)有(you)(you)(you)所不同∞“0。總之(zhi),貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)來源(yuan)(yuan)廣(guang)、種(zhong)(zhong)類多、產(chan)量大、品質好,這為(wei)貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)天然民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)業產(chan)業化的(de)蓬勃發(fa)展奠定了(le)無(wu)比(bi)堅(jian)實的(de)基礎(chu)。
苗(miao)(miao)藥(yao)命名亦有其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)色(se)與(yu)規律性(xing),苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)聚(ju)居地(di)區和方(fang)(fang)言(yan)雖有不同(tong),但其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)命名方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)基本相似。對(dui)“藥(yao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)謂,川黔滇方(fang)(fang)言(yan)苗(miao)(miao)語或(huo)(huo)湘(xiang)西方(fang)(fang)言(yan)苗(miao)(miao)語均稱(cheng)(cheng)之為(wei)“Guab”(苗(miao)(miao)文),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)近似漢語譯音為(wei) “ 嘎 ”(下同(tong));黔東方(fang)(fang)言(yan)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei) “Jab” ,“ 佳 ” 。對(dui)苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)藥(yao)材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命名,無論(lun)是(shi)(shi)(shi)來(lai)源(yuan)于木本、草本、藤(teng)本類等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植物藥(yao),還是(shi)(shi)(shi)來(lai)源(yuan)于昆蟲(chong)、鳥獸(shou)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物藥(yao),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)名稱(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一詞(ci)(ci)素(su)(第一音節、或(huo)(huo)一、二(er)音節)一般(ban)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)該藥(yao)材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類別或(huo)(huo)藥(yao)用部位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意譯;第二(er)、三詞(ci)(ci)素(su)(一或(huo)(huo)幾個音節)是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)藥(yao)材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)、植物名或(huo)(huo)特(te)(te)(te)(te)征(一般(ban)特(te)(te)(te)(te)征為(wei)形(xing)狀、氣(qi)味、顏色(se)、生長季節及習性(xing)、功用)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意譯。例如,車前草 “ Vob ngeix dlliangt” (窩里八(ba)降(jiang)): “ 窩 ” ,即草類,是(shi)(shi)(shi)類別; “ 里 ” ,是(shi)(shi)(shi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)征,即比較小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si); “ 八(ba)降(jiang) ” ,即該藥(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植物名稱(cheng)(cheng)。又(you)(you)如木本藥(yao)材(cai)(cai):以(yi) “ Det” (豆(dou))詞(ci)(ci)起(qi)頭。 “ 豆(dou) ”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意譯為(wei)木,如杜(du)仲,苗(miao)(miao)文名為(wei) "Det dem" (豆(dou)頓)。 苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)醫(yi)對(dui)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識(shi)和立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)遣藥(yao)有其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)獨特(te)(te)(te)(te)模(mo)式。苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)在長期生產和與(yu)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)斗爭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐中(zhong),總結積(ji)累了(le)(le)豐富(fu)而寶貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)藥(yao)經驗,逐漸(jian)形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)醫(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“綱、經、癥(zheng)(zheng)、疾(ji)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理論(lun)模(mo)式,以(yi)及關于病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)因、疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)分(fen)類、診(zhen)斷、治療和預防等方(fang)(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具有濃郁(yu)民族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)特(te)(te)(te)(te)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)醫(yi)藥(yao)理論(lun)。苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)醫(yi)將(jiang)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)分(fen)為(wei)“冷病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)”、熱病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)”兩(liang)(liang)綱,并認(ren)為(wei)冷病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、熱病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)相互(hu)對(dui)立(li)(li)又(you)(you)存(cun)在一定聯系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)類疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。一般(ban)來(lai)說,凡疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)在發生發展過程中(zhong),表現為(wei)慢(man)(man)性(xing)、寒冷、虛弱、安靜、功能低下等多屬冷病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing);表現為(wei)急(ji)性(xing)、灼熱、躁動(dong)、機能亢進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多屬熱病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。苗(miao)(miao)醫(yi)根據(ju)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)表現和起(qi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)快慢(man)(man),分(fen)為(wei)“冷經”、“熱經”、“半(ban)邊經”、“快經”、“慢(man)(man)經”五經;苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)醫(yi)中(zhong)流行著“病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)有一百單八(ba)癥(zheng)(zheng)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說法(fa)(fa),并將(jiang)一百單八(ba)癥(zheng)(zheng)分(fen)解為(wei)“三十(shi)六(liu)經、七(qi)(qi)十(shi)二(er)癥(zheng)(zheng)”,或(huo)(huo)“三十(shi)六(liu)大(da)癥(zheng)(zheng)、七(qi)(qi)十(shi)二(er)小(xiao)(xiao)疾(ji)”,或(huo)(huo)“四十(shi)九(jiu)癥(zheng)(zheng)、四十(shi)九(jiu)翻、十(shi)丹毒”。如此則形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)醫(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“綱、經、癥(zheng)(zheng)、疾(ji)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理論(lun)模(mo)式特(te)(te)(te)(te)色(se)。
苗族(zu)醫(yi)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)基本原則(ze)是(shi):“熱(re)(re)(re)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)治冷(leng)病”,“冷(leng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)治熱(re)(re)(re)病”。苗藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)則(ze)分(fen)“冷(leng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”、“熱(re)(re)(re)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”兩性(xing),又分(fen)酸、甜(tian)、辣、麻(ma)、澀、辛(xin)、淡等七味(wei)(wei)。在黔東南地區(qu),還(huan)根據藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)味(wei)(wei)歸入“五(wu)經(jing)(jing)”。其原則(ze)是(shi):凡味(wei)(wei)甜(tian)、麻(ma)、香、辣的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)熱(re)(re)(re)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),歸屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)冷(leng)經(jing)(jing);香、辣的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)同時歸屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)于快經(jing)(jing)、半邊經(jing)(jing);凡味(wei)(wei)酸、苦、澀的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)冷(leng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),歸屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)熱(re)(re)(re)經(jing)(jing)。苗族(zu)醫(yi)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有立方(fang)(fang)簡要、遣(qian)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)精煉,多(duo)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)一(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian),并擁有大量(liang)“簡、便、廉、驗”的(de)(de)(de)單方(fang)(fang)、驗方(fang)(fang)與秘(mi)方(fang)(fang)。在防治疑(yi)難(nan)病、常(chang)見病、慢性(xing)病、老年(nian)病等方(fang)(fang)面有其特(te)殊(shu)療效(xiao)和絕(jue)招。苗族(zu)多(duo)居(ju)住在廣(guang)袤的(de)(de)(de)山區(qu),有得天獨(du)厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)天然(ran)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)場地,用(yong)鮮(xian)(xian)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)可以就地取材,勿需加工貯(zhu)藏,故苗族(zu)醫(yi)尚多(duo)應用(yong)鮮(xian)(xian)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),這也是(shi)其用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)特(te)點(dian)之一(yi)。苗藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)(fang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一(yi)般較(jiao)(jiao)簡單而(er)實用(yong),除(chu)單味(wei)(wei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)外(wai)(wai),其復方(fang)(fang)方(fang)(fang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)組成藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)分(fen)為“母(mu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”(主藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))與“子藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”(副藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)或輔藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))兩大類而(er)加以伍用(yong)。“母(mu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”(主藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))是(shi)根據主要癥狀(zhuang)所(suo)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)和藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)功(gong)效(xiao)而(er)確(que)定的(de)(de)(de);“子藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”(副藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)或輔藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))則(ze)是(shi)根據次要癥狀(zhuang)所(suo)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)或協助增強主藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)功(gong)效(xiao)等而(er)確(que)定的(de)(de)(de)。苗藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)(fang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)多(duo)數味(wei)(wei)組成,大復方(fang)(fang)較(jiao)(jiao)少(shao)見。苗藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)型多(duo)種多(duo)樣(yang),大多(duo)保持傳統劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)型特(te)色。常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)有水(shui)煎劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、水(shui)酒共煎劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),酒浸劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、油浸劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、煎膏劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、散劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、丸(wan)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、灸劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、薰(xun)蒸劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等。另(ling)外(wai)(wai),還(huan)有將藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)與豬腳同燉服,藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)與蛋同煮服,藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)用(yong)水(shui)酒或醋磨(mo)汁,鮮(xian)(xian)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)搗爛外(wai)(wai)敷等多(duo)種用(yong)法.