1、苗醫藥(癲癇癥療法),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2011年(第三批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:湖南省鳳凰縣
(3)保護單位:鳳凰縣非物質文化遺產保護中心
2、苗醫藥(鉆節風療法),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2011年(第三批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:湖南省花垣縣
(3)保護單位:湘西青山苗族醫學文化有限公司
3、苗醫藥(骨傷蛇傷療法),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:貴州省雷山縣
(3)保護單位:雷山縣非物質文化遺產保護中心
4、苗醫藥(九節茶藥制作工藝),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:貴州省黔東南苗族侗族自治州
(3)保護單位:黔東南苗族侗族自治州民族醫藥研究院(黔東南苗族侗族自治州苗醫苗藥研究院、黔東南苗族侗族自治州民族醫藥研究院附屬苗醫醫院)
5、苗醫藥(骨髓骨傷藥膏),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2021年(第五批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:貴州省黔東南苗族侗族自治州麻江縣
苗醫(yi)藥被列(lie)為第二批國家級非物質文化(hua)遺(yi)產名錄
申報名稱(cheng):傳統醫藥(yao)
申遺(yi)項目:苗醫正骨、蛇(she)傷療法和(he)“九節(jie)茶(cha)”制作(zuo)工藝。
苗(miao)醫(yi)(yi)正(zheng)(zheng)骨(gu)術(shu)主要分為湘西(張氏和(he)花垣)苗(miao)醫(yi)(yi)正(zheng)(zheng)骨(gu)術(shu)和(he)黔(qian)東南苗(miao)醫(yi)(yi)正(zheng)(zheng)骨(gu)術(shu),一般以(yi)小夾板(ban)固定并外敷以(yi)傷藥,著名的傷藥有柏林接(jie)骨(gu)散(san)藥等(deng)。
苗族(zu)常(chang)用九(jiu)(jiu)節(jie)茶(cha)來治(zhi)療頭暈(九(jiu)(jiu)節(jie)茶(cha)、苦丁(ding)茶(cha)用水(shui)煎(jian)服)、骨(gu)折(zhe)(九(jiu)(jiu)節(jie)茶(cha)、野(ye)葡萄根、泡桐(tong)樹根皮、四塊瓦鮮品搗爛,加(jia)白酒(jiu)外裹(guo)患處)、風濕疼痛(tong)(九(jiu)(jiu)節(jie)茶(cha)用水(shui)煎(jian)服)。
申報編號(hao):Ⅸ-15
申報地區(qu):貴(gui)州省雷山縣、黔東南苗(miao)族(zu)侗族(zu)自治州。
苗(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)簡述:苗(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)主要分布(bu)于(yu)苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)聚(ju)居的苗(miao)(miao)嶺(ling)山脈、烏蒙(meng)山脈等廣大地區(qu)。在(zai)我國苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)聚(ju)居的廣大地區(qu)建立了不少的藥(yao)(yao)材種植生產基地,大力開發常用的藥(yao)(yao)材。豐富的苗(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)資(zi)源正在(zai)逐步得到(dao)開發,有的已被制成保健品投放到(dao)市場(chang)。
常見(jian)藥材(cai):血藤、鐵筷(kuai)子、百金條、白龍須、藍布正等。
珍稀藥材:八角蓮、九月生、金鐵鎖(suo)、一支箭(jian)、 仙桃草等。
苗(miao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)簡史:起源很早(zao)(zao),在早(zao)(zao)期的(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥活動近似(si)“巫(wu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)合一(yi)”。 隨著苗(miao)族文化知識(shi)的(de)提高,“巫(wu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)家”的(de)狀(zhuang)況已(yi)逐步解體。苗(miao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)均是(shi)個人設診,采取民(min)間行醫(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)方式(shi)。醫(yi)(yi)(yi)護一(yi)體,無專(zhuan)門的(de)護理(li)。苗(miao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)理(li)論(lun):“兩病(bing)兩綱(gang)”理(li)論(lun),即將一(yi)切疾病(bing)歸納(na)為冷(leng)病(bing)和(he)熱(re)病(bing)并輔以“冷(leng)病(bing)熱(re)治、熱(re)病(bing)冷(leng)治”兩大治則。對病(bing)因的(de)認(ren)識(shi)較為樸素(su),認(ren)為是(shi)季節氣(qi)候和(he)外來毒(du)(du)素(su)(如(ru)風毒(du)(du)、水毒(du)(du)、氣(qi)毒(du)(du)、寒毒(du)(du))等所致。
診斷方法: 望、號、問(wen)、觸。
特色治療(liao):糖(tang)藥針(zhen)療(liao)法(fa)和滾蛋(dan)療(liao)法(fa)都是苗醫特有的治療(liao)方法(fa),前者發源于(yu)苗族古代狩獵活(huo)動,后者則(ze)起源于(yu)巫術。
苗藥分(fen)三門,十(shi)六類。十(shi)六類分(fen)屬于(yu)三門之中。
熱(re)療(liao)類(lei)(lei),冷療(liao)類(lei)(lei),提(ti)火類(lei)(lei),退火類(lei)(lei),止(zhi)痛類(lei)(lei),止(zhi)塞類(lei)(lei),止(zhi)瀉類(lei)(lei),健(jian)胃(wei)類(lei)(lei),幫交環類(lei)(lei)。
表毒(du)(du)藥類,趕(gan)毒(du)(du)藥類,敗毒(du)(du)藥類,攻毒(du)(du)藥類,退氣(qi)藥類,解危藥類。
補體藥類。
植物(wu)藥宜(yi)(yi)在其搜媚若(ruo)充(chong)盛(sheng)時節采集。如(ru)根類藥宜(yi)(yi)在植株(zhu)茂(mao)盛(sheng)期至翌年抽苗前,莖葉宜(yi)(yi)在生長 旺期,花類宜(yi)(yi)在待放時,果類宜(yi)(yi)在初熟(shu)間,芽以嬌(jiao)嫩鮮美為好,皮類以漿汁富足最佳;魚、蝦、蟲、獸要辨別直假,肉質(zhi)腐(fu)敗者不可入藥;礦物(wu)、金屬(shu)宜(yi)(yi)剔凈(jing)雜質(zhi)。講(jiang)究品味等(deng)次,擇優取用。
藥物制作包括一般(ban)加工,炮制,提(ti)煉,合成以及劑型改(gai)(gai)(gai)革等,各(ge)有工藝要求和流(liu)程,但(dan)其目(mu)的(de)只有三點:一是(shi)(shi)(shi)純潔各(ge)薄港搜,二是(shi)(shi)(shi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)善(shan)瑪汝務翠,三是(shi)(shi)(shi)優化搜媚若。總之,是(shi)(shi)(shi)在藥物的(de)物質、結構(gou)、能量三方面予以人為的(de)改(gai)(gai)(gai)進。
苗醫用(yong)藥配方有兩個(ge)法則。第(di)一個(ge),是配單不配雙;第(di)二個(ge),是三位一體(ti)。
配(pei)單不(bu)(bu)配(pei)雙,就是只用(yong)1,3,5,7,9,11…之類成(cheng)單的(de)藥物種(zhong)數配(pei)制藥方,而不(bu)(bu)用(yong)2,4,6,8,10,12 …之類成(cheng)雙的(de)藥物種(zhong)數配(pei)方。不(bu)(bu)少(shao)老苗醫師都認為“配(pei)單”比(bi)“配(pei)雙”療效好。
三位一(yi)體,就(jiu)是各(ge)(ge)(ge)碑(bei)嘎(ga)(ga)(各(ge)(ge)(ge)碑(bei)嘎(ga)(ga):苗(miao)語(yu)。即最重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)領頭(tou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))。各(ge)(ge)(ge)薄嘎(ga)(ga)(各(ge)(ge)(ge)薄嘎(ga)(ga):苗(miao)語(yu)。即鋪底(di)(di)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))。各(ge)(ge)(ge)管嘎(ga)(ga)(各(ge)(ge)(ge)管嘎(ga)(ga):苗(miao)語(yu)。即監護藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))。三類藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物共組成方。各(ge)(ge)(ge)碑(bei)嘎(ga)(ga),意為領頭(tou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),是針對(dui)(dui)病情起主要(yao)作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao);各(ge)(ge)(ge)薄嘎(ga)(ga),意為鋪底(di)(di)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),是對(dui)(dui)領頭(tou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有相資作用(yong)或(huo)對(dui)(dui)身(shen)體有補(bu)益作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao);各(ge)(ge)(ge)管嘎(ga)(ga),意為監護藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),是緩解領頭(tou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、鋪底(di)(di)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)劣(lie)性和毒副作用(yong),督(du)促共達(da)病所的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。這三類功(gong)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)與別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物共配成方,形(xing)成三位一(yi)體,就(jiu)能發揮藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物的(de)(de)(de)良(liang)好療(liao)效(xiao)。
根據(ju)配(pei)單(dan)(dan)不配(pei)雙(shuang)的(de)法則,在“三位一體”的(de)三個方(fang)(fang)面,也(ye)(ye)只能用單(dan)(dan)數(shu),不用雙(shuang)數(shu)。即(ji)領頭藥只用一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);鋪底藥可用多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),但必須是單(dan)(dan)數(shu);監護藥也(ye)(ye)只宜一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。這樣,所配(pei)出藥方(fang)(fang)都(dou)是單(dan)(dan)數(shu)。“一山無(wu)二虎”,領頭藥與監護藥都(dou)是有“權力”的(de)藥,故只宜一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);鋪底藥是基礎性的(de)力量,必須要扎實一些,故常(chang)用至3,5,7,9種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),也(ye)(ye)可只用一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),假若用于治療某些頑(wan)疾沉疴,可以(yi)“韓信點兵,多多益善”。
苗醫忌用雙(shuang)數配(pei)(pei)方(fang),源(yuan)(yuan)出于制天命、破均(jun)衡、反靜止、廢(fei)舊(jiu)態(tai)、創新序(xu)的(de)醫學(xue)思想;其三位(wei)一體(ti)的(de)配(pei)(pei)方(fang)法(fa)則,源(yuan)(yuan)出于苗醫先(xian)祖阿濮濮僮所講的(de)“三條缺(que)一不(bu)得(de)生”。這兩點(dian)都與楚國時苗族先(xian)民屈原(yuan)所述的(de)“御陰陽”與《老子》所講的(de)“三生萬物”哲(zhe)理有關。
藥(yao)方(fang)(fang)(fang),是(shi)治(zhi)病藥(yao)物的(de)(de)人(ren)工組合結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)。這個結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)組合得好(hao)(hao),就(jiu)會形成(cheng)藥(yao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)瑪汝務翠,就(jiu)能(neng)(neng)發揮良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)療(liao)效(xiao);組合得不好(hao)(hao),就(jiu)會形成(cheng)藥(yao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)瑪假務翠(瑪假務翠:苗語。不良的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou))。即(ji)不良結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou),于是(shi)就(jiu)不可能(neng)(neng)發揮良效(xiao),甚至(zhi)發生(sheng)有害作(zuo)用(yong)。因(yin)此,在(zai)選藥(yao)配(pei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)時,不但要(yao)注意“三(san)位一體”,還要(yao)注意利用(yong)事(shi)(shi)物生(sheng)成(cheng)的(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)資、相(xiang)(xiang)制、相(xiang)(xiang)征或相(xiang)(xiang)奪的(de)(de)三(san)大(da)關系,即(ji)在(zai)選藥(yao)上、用(yong)藥(yao)分(fen)量上、制作(zuo)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法上以及服藥(yao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式、禁忌事(shi)(shi)項等方(fang)(fang)(fang)面,注意發揚事(shi)(shi)物之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)良性關系,避免惡性關系,這樣,才能(neng)(neng)使藥(yao)物產生(sheng)最(zui)佳(jia)的(de)(de)治(zhi)病療(liao)效(xiao)。
苗(miao)醫對疾病的治(zhi)療有三個途徑,即調整搜媚若,補充各薄港搜,改善瑪汝務翠。
這就是苗(miao)族生成(cheng)哲學(xue)一分為三(san)論(lun)在治病中的具體(ti)運用(yong)。
苗醫整病學的重要內容有三(san)大(da)(da)原則,十(shi)六(liu)大(da)(da)法,四(si)十(shi)九套(tao)方術。
調整(zheng)搜媚若,補充各薄港搜,改善瑪汝務翠(cui),這是苗醫整(zheng)病的三(san)大(da)原則。
整(zheng)病的(de)(de)原則,就是處理疾病問題的(de)(de)準繩,是不可違背的(de)(de)規律,如果違背了,就要(yao)犯醫療(liao)錯誤。如心力(li)不足,則屬于(yu)搜(sou)媚若虧損,治(zhi)療(liao)應當(dang)用(yong)補心的(de)(de)方法(fa)以調(diao)整(zheng)搜(sou)媚若,假若使用(yong)退火的(de)(de)藥物去治(zhi)療(liao),使心力(li)更虧,就會出現血壓下降(jiang)、循環衰(shuai)竭、腦架失(shi)養、本命無(wu)依、生靈(ling)能廢止等危急病征,甚或(huo)導致死亡。又(you)如失(shi)水的(de)(de)病人,屬于(yu)各薄港搜(sou)缺乏(fa),就必須補液;腸(chang)梗阻(zu)屬于(yu)瑪汝(ru)務翠破壞(huai),治(zhi)療(liao)當(dang)用(yong)趕毒法(fa)而不能用(yong)止塞法(fa)等。
趕毒(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),敗毒(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),攻毒(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),止痛法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),冷(leng)療(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),熱療(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),提火(huo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),退火(huo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),止瀉(xie)(xie)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),健胃法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),幫(bang)交(jiao)環(huan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),補體(ti)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),表(biao)毒(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),退氣法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),止塞法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),解危法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。這苗醫整病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)學的十六大法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),是(shi)針對十六種(zhong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)而立。趕毒(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)積(ji)毒(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),敗毒(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)雄毒(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),攻毒(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)惡毒(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),止痛法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)疼痛病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),冷(leng)療(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)急(ji)(ji)熱病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),熱療(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)急(ji)(ji)冷(leng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),提火(huo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)內冷(leng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),退火(huo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)火(huo)毒(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),止瀉(xie)(xie)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)瀉(xie)(xie)肚病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),健胃法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)胃弱病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),幫(bang)交(jiao)環(huan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)交(jiao)環(huan)不和病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),補體(ti)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)虧損病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),表(biao)毒(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)風冷(leng)氣水毒(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),退氣法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)氣壅病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),止塞法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)外漏病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou),解危法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)危急(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)。十六大法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的具體(ti)應用,請看(kan)十七病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)議(yi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)各章節(jie)。
生藥(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、煎湯術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、藥(yao)酒術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、吸藥(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、丸散術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、吹藥(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、灌(guan)藥(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、涂藥(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、擦(ca)藥(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、敷(fu)貼術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、藥(yao)洗術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、掛(gua)藥(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、睡藥(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、薰煙術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、蒸療術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、導氣術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、推抹術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、刮痧術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、吮吸術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、拔(ba)罐術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、放血術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、麻醉術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、開(kai)刀術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、縫合(he)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、包扎術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、正骨術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、灌(guan)氣術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、燙熨術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、烘(hong)烤術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、滾蛋術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、灰碗術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、火(huo)燎(liao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、燈(deng)火(huo)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、燒燙術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、火(huo)針(zhen)(zhen)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、發泡術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、打(da)針(zhen)(zhen)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、挑(tiao)紗術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、點堂(tang)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、冷(leng)浸水、光照(zhao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、冷(leng)浴術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、熱浴術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、操練(lian)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、戢毒術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、化水毒、沖(chong)喜(xi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、治(zhi)神術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、食療術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。
苗醫對(dui)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)命名(ming)具(ju)有(you)(you)樸素、生動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)形象(xiang)思維特點,他(ta)們根據(ju)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)外觀(guan)征象(xiang),多以動(dong)、植物形象(xiang)、聲音(yin)、金屬色澤等(deng)取(qu)類比象(xiang)命名(ming),如雙上肢(zhi)抽搐象(xiang)鷂(yao)鷹閃(shan)翅(chi)的(de)(de)(de)叫“鷂(yao)子經(jing)”,膝關節(jie)紅腫發亮、形如貓頭(tou)的(de)(de)(de)叫“貓頭(tou)證(zheng)(zheng)”,色形如高梁的(de)(de)(de)“高梁痘證(zheng)(zheng)”,色澤如銅(tong)、鐵的(de)(de)(de)“銅(tong)疔(ding)(ding)“、“鐵疔(ding)(ding)”等(deng)。另(ling)有(you)(you)以主癥(zheng)、病(bing)(bing)(bing)因、病(bing)(bing)(bing)變部(bu)位命名(ming)或互(hu)為(wei)結合命名(ming)的(de)(de)(de),如“米黃證(zheng)(zheng)”、“雪(xue)皮風(feng)證(zheng)(zheng)”、“寒風(feng)經(jing)”、“白(bai)口(kou)菌”、“男色證(zheng)(zheng)”、“月家樂證(zheng)(zheng)”等(deng)。在(zai)苗族(zu)醫生中流(liu)行(xing)著“病(bing)(bing)(bing)有(you)(you)一(yi)百單(dan)八證(zheng)(zheng)”的(de)(de)(de)說法,但(dan)因地(di)域及分支的(de)(de)(de)不同,有(you)(you)將(jiang)(jiang)一(yi)百單(dan)八 證(zheng)(zheng)分解為(wei)“三十(shi)六(liu)經(jing)、七十(shi)二(er)證(zheng)(zheng)”、有(you)(you)叫“三十(shi)六(liu)證(zheng)(zheng)、七十(shi)二(er)疾(ji)二(er)或稱“四(si)十(shi)九證(zheng)(zheng)、四(si)十(shi)九翻(fan)、十(shi)丹毒”,據(ju)說這些數(shu)(shu)字只是為(wei)了應(ying)一(yi)百單(dan)八的(de)(de)(de)概念,并(bing)非確切的(de)(de)(de)定數(shu)(shu)。一(yi)般來說,苗醫是根據(ju)各(ge)種疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)某些共同屬性而(er)將(jiang)(jiang)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)進(jin)行(xing)歸類,分為(wei)經(jing)、證(zheng)(zheng)、翻(fan)、龜、小兒胎病(bing)(bing)(bing)、新生兒抽病(bing)(bing)(bing)、丹毒、療、癀、花、瘡等(deng)類。
(一(yi))經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)類凡(fan)以(yi)發病急驟、病勢險(xian)惡,并(bing)以(yi)發熱、抽搐、昏迷或疼(teng)痛為主癥(zheng)的一(yi)類疾病大都歸為“經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)”類,如36經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)有:仙(xian)麥經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(馬(ma)(ma)苧(zhu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),麥坐經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(走馬(ma)(ma)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),替(ti)謬經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(魚(yu)肚(du)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),錄慕(mu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(錄慕(mu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),苧(zhu)太經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(天(tian)吊經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),代替(ti)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(肚(du)腹經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),獨經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(迷沉經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),翻斗(dou)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(腳翻經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、鬧(nao)青(qing)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(心經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))……等。操(cao)黔東(dong)方言的苗醫(yi)稱尚有?經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)病,嗯(ng)(ng)(扯經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、衣批嗯(ng)(ng)(半邊經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、啞嗯(ng)(ng)(啞經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、讀嗯(ng)(ng)(火(huo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、生(sheng)嗯(ng)(ng)(冷(leng)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、哈嗯(ng)(ng)(快經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、干嗯(ng)(ng)(慢(man)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))。
(二)證類
凡以疼痛(tong)、吐(tu)瀉、發(fa)熱(re)、咳(ke)嗽、出(chu)血、痘(dou)、疹(zhen)等為(wei)主癥(zheng),或某癥(zheng)狀單獨出(chu)現,或幾個癥(zheng)狀同(tong)時出(chu)現的各種(zhong)疾病,苗醫將(jiang)這一(yi)類(lei)疾病歸為(wei)“證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”類(lei),如(ru)72證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)有:巴鼓(gu)干證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(公雞證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、沙謬(miu)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(青沙證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、昏拓(tuo)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(頭瘟證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、能(neng)鋼(gang)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(鋼(gang)蛇證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、沙體證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(紅沙證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、代公證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(狗心(xin)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、布容證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(羊毛證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、巴轉證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(擺子證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)),豪指證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(黃病心(xin))、孟(meng)朱替證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(水臌證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))等。操黔東方言苗醫補(bu)充;常見(jian)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)如(ru)拿約證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(黃鱔證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、嗯(ng)欒證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(迷經證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、愛(ai)我證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(烏鴉證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、,胡西證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(縮筋(jin)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))……等二(er)十多種(zhong)。
因在烈日下久曬,或(huo)感受瘴嵐穢濁之(zhi)氣所致的各種(zhong)急證,如(ru)口鼻(bi)出血、心(xin)腹(fu)疼痛、厥(jue)逆吐瀉、昏迷痙厥(jue)等(deng),并(bing)伴見某種(zhong)動物形態動作的,苗醫統稱為(wei)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),包(bao)括朱砂翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(朱砂翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、心(xin)經疔翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(心(xin)經疔翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、巴古翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(烏鴉翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)),代構翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(狗翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)),界構翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(白眼翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、大能翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(蛇翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、松(song)拿翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(啞巴翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、姑寶姐翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(蛤蟆翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))……等(deng)49種(zhong)。
(四)胎病
農村(cun)小(xiao)兒中,常見(jian)因(yin)營養不良或微量元素缺乏(fa)所(suo)致的消(xiao)瘦神疲、毛發干枯、厭(yan)食(shi)好哭(ku)、哭(ku)聲細微、夜眠驚(jing)惕(ti)等癥,苗醫根據其(qi)不同見(jian)癥及哭(ku)聲稱(cheng)為小(xiao)兒12胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)病:胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)麥(馬胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)育(牛胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)容(羊胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)干(雞(ji)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)構(狗(gou)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)板(豬胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)忙(貓胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)訣(金胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)嘔(銀胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)崩(beng)(花(hua)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)奈(人(ren)臉)、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)慢(猴(hou)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))。
(五)抽病
是初生小兒最(zui)常見(jian)(jian)的一(yi)類對各種(zhong)有(you)害環境(jing)不(bu)(bu)適應性或(huo)過敏性疾(ji)病(bing)(bing),主要表(biao)現為身熱面黃、煩躁(zao)啼哭、吐奶厭(yan)食、噴嚏流(liu)淚、指紋色紫等,根(gen)據病(bing)(bing)因及表(biao)現不(bu)(bu)同而(er)有(you)不(bu)(bu)同的抽(chou)(chou)病(bing)(bing),最(zui)常見(jian)(jian)的有(you)以下幾種(zhong):幾朗抽(chou)(chou)(日(ri)抽(chou)(chou))、巧抽(chou)(chou)(煙抽(chou)(chou))、靛抽(chou)(chou)(靛抽(chou)(chou))、都(dou)抽(chou)(chou)(木抽(chou)(chou)),此外尚(shang)有(you)月(yue)、露、風、雨、人、畜、水而(er)致病(bing)(bing)者,但較為少見(jian)(jian)。
(六)丹類
本病發(fa)(fa)病急驟,初起有發(fa)(fa)熱、惡(e)寒、頭痛(tong)、骨節痛(tong)、惡(e)心等全身(shen)癥狀(zhuang),繼而出現皮(pi)(pi)疹。皮(pi)(pi)疹略高于(yu)皮(pi)(pi)膚,色紅如涂丹(dan),邊緣清楚(chu),表面光亮(liang)灼熱,其(qi)大如掌,繼而擴散,甚者(zhe)遍(bian)身(shen),或癢或痛(tong),發(fa)(fa)無定處,根據(ju)其(qi)初發(fa)(fa)部位及(ji)擴散路徑不同,苗醫將(jiang)其(qi)分為10丹(dan)毒:晝(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)買丹(dan)(飛(fei)灶丹(dan))、晝(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)買松丹(dan)(走(zou)灶丹(dan))、晝(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)麥丹(dan)(鬼(gui)火丹(dan))、晝(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)真度丹(dan)(天火丹(dan))、晝(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)汁斗丹(dan)(天灶丹(dan))、晝(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)卡煮(zhu)丹(dan)(水丹(dan))、晝(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)替丹(dan)(葫蘆丹(dan))、晝(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)勞丹(dan)(野(ye)火丹(dan))、晝(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)保(bao)斗丹(dan)(煙火丹(dan))、晝(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)漏(lou)(lou)丹(dan)(壺漏(lou)(lou)丹(dan))。
(七)癀類
初起患(huan)部(bu)腫(zhong)痛,繼而向深層和周(zhou)圍擴大,形成(cheng)大片(pian)紅腫(zhong)熱痛的硬塊,四周(zhou)漫腫(zhong),伴全身寒熱癥狀。常(chang)見有(you)讀仿(火癀(huang))、歐(ou)仿(水癀(huang))、恨松仿(巴骨(gu)癀(huang))節。
(八)花類
多因癀(huang)類失(shi)治誤治而來,后期皮(pi)膚(fu)紅腫潰(kui)爛、腐(fu)肉外翻突起(qi),其(qi)形(xing)如(ru)花狀,此時多伴(ban)有人體消瘦,面色蒼白,食(shi)欲不振,低熱(re)等(deng)全身癥狀,因其(qi)病(bing)灶(zao)(zao)發于某(mou)處(chu)而名某(mou)花,如(ru)哥巫(wu)榜(bang)(奶花)、骨汁榜(bang)(背花)、娘榜(bang)(坐花),另有一些不是因癀(huang)失(shi)治而來,只因其(qi)病(bing)灶(zao)(zao)如(ru)某(mou)種(zhong)(zhong)物體開花狀,或呈(cheng)現(xian)某(mou)種(zhong)(zhong)花紋而得(de)名,如(ru)蠟(la)榜(bang)(蠟(la)燭花),講姑(gu)買(mai)榜(bang)(蘿1、花)等(deng)。
(九)疔類
是一種急性皮膚傳染(ran)性疾病(bing),因其病(bing)灶形(xing)小根深,頑硬如釘而得(de)名,好發(fa)于人體(ti)暴(bao)露(lu)部(bu)位,如頭面(mian)及四肢(zhi)末端,并伴有寒戰(zhan)高熱(re)、煩渴(ke)引飲,甚則(ze)昏迷譫語。本病(bing)發(fa)病(bing)急驟,病(bing)情兇(xiong)險,不(bu)急治則(ze)死。根據(ju)疔發(fa)特點,有樣干(gan)(gan)不(bu)公(gong)(飛疔)、歐干(gan)(gan)不(bu)公(gong)(水疔)、那(nei)干(gan)(gan)不(bu)公(gong)(干(gan)(gan)疔)、讀公(gong)(火(huo)疔)、倒(dao)公(gong)(銅疔)、哨公(gong)(鐵疔),此外根據(ju)發(fa)生部(bu)位不(bu)同還有節骨疔、箍(gu)頸(jing)疔、手(shou)板疔、腳(jiao)板疔等。
(十)瘡類
指(zhi)病(bing)灶表淺的(de)一(yi)類皮膚病(bing),據其(qi)不同性狀及發(fa)生部(bu)位有:讀萬潑(火旋瘡(chuang))、干紐潑(白口瘡(chuang))、哥(ge)巫潑(乳瘡(chuang))等。
(十一)龜類
是長在腹內形似(si)龜(gui)背的各種(zhong)包塊。包塊質軟,按之消失,起手復現,聚散無常叫(jiao)崩播(bo)(bo)(氣龜(gui));質較硬(ying),按之不消叫(jiao)向播(bo)(bo)(血龜(gui));按之堅硬(ying)如(ru)石叫(jiao)衣播(bo)(bo)(石龜(gui))。包塊圓而無角屬(shu)陰(yin)叫(jiao)“母龜(gui)”,圓而有角屬(shu)陽叫(jiao)“公龜(gui)”。
據(ju)統計(ji),苗(miao)醫(yi)掌握(wo)病(bing)(bing)種(zhong)有(you)(you)200余種(zhong),廣(guang)泛涉及到內、外、婦、兒、神(shen)經(jing)、精(jing)神(shen)、骨傷、皮膚、寄生(sheng)蟲及各種(zhong)傳染病(bing)(bing)、流(liu)行病(bing)(bing)等(deng)(deng),其歸類方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)自成體(ti)系,并(bing)具有(you)(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)科(ke)學性(xing)及規(gui)范性(xing)。但因地域不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)有(you)(you)別,各地苗(miao)族醫(yi)在疾病(bing)(bing)命名、證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治上(shang)有(you)(you)不盡相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)之(zhi)處,有(you)(you)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)名異(yi)癥(zheng)、同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)癥(zheng)異(yi)名的(de)(de)現象,如(ru)(ru)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)叫“飛(fei)(fei)蛾(e)(e)(e)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”,湘西(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)“飛(fei)(fei)蛾(e)(e)(e)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”其臨床表(biao)現是(shi)發熱、鼻翼煽(shan)動、咳(ke)嗽氣急、胸痛(tong)等(deng)(deng);黔東方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)“飛(fei)(fei)蛾(e)(e)(e)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”臨床表(biao)現是(shi)發熱、扁桃體(ti)紅腫疼痛(tong)等(deng)(deng)。又如(ru)(ru)黔東方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)“雷(lei)(lei)公(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”是(shi)頭部(bu)劇烈疼痛(tong),以戴帽一(yi)圈尤甚,而湘西(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)“雷(lei)(lei)公(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”則是(shi)以胸痛(tong)、咳(ke)嗽、吐(tu)血等(deng)(deng)為(wei)其主癥(zheng),“同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)名異(yi)癥(zheng)”者(zhe)(zhe)治法(fa)迥(jiong)異(yi)。另有(you)(you)“同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)癥(zheng)異(yi)名”者(zhe)(zhe),如(ru)(ru)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)樣表(biao)現為(wei)好食生(sheng)米、面(mian)色萎黃(huang)、浮腫乏力的(de)(de),湘西(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)稱(cheng)為(wei)“米黃(huang)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”,黔東方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)稱(cheng)為(wei)“黃(huang)腫病(bing)(bing)”;同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)樣表(biao)現為(wei)口干舌燥(zao)、多(duo)食多(duo)飲、腹脹大(da)而形體(ti)消瘦者(zhe)(zhe),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)地方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)稱(cheng)“魚肚經(jing)”,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)地方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)稱(cheng)為(wei)“水證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”,“異(yi)名同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)癥(zheng)”者(zhe)(zhe)其治療方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)藥一(yi)般是(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)相(xiang)(xiang)似的(de)(de)。
貴州特殊的(de)生態環境及復雜多樣的(de)自然條件,孕育著無(wu)比豐富(fu)而(er)特有的(de)藥用動、植物(wu)資(zi)源與(yu)礦(kuang)物(wu)資(zi)源,為(wei)中國(guo)著名的(de)四大道地藥材產(chan)區之一(yi),也(ye)是我國(guo)著名的(de)苗鄉(xiang),蘊(yun)藏(zang)著極其豐富(fu)的(de)苗藥資(zi)源。
貴州地(di)(di)處我國大(da)西(xi)(xi)南的東(dong)(dong)南部,云(yun)貴高原(yuan)(yuan)東(dong)(dong)部,位于(yu)東(dong)(dong)經(jing)103。36’~109。35’,北緯24。37’~29。13’,居長江、珠江兩(liang)大(da)河流(liu)上游的分水嶺地(di)(di)帶,是隆起于(yu)四川盆地(di)(di)和(he)廣西(xi)(xi)、湘(xiang)西(xi)(xi)丘陵之間的亞熱帶巖溶(rong)化(hua)高原(yuan)(yuan)山地(di)(di),境(jing)內地(di)(di)勢起伏,西(xi)(xi)高東(dong)(dong)低,主要(yao)山地(di)(di)有烏蒙(meng)山、大(da)婁山、梵凈山和(he)苗嶺;境(jing)內河流(liu)縱橫(heng),平均(jun)海拔l000m,最(zui)高1900m,最(zui)低137m。
貴州地(di)(di)(di)處中亞熱(re)帶(dai)中部(bu),主要(yao)受東南季風影響,氣(qi)候屬亞熱(re)帶(dai)高(gao)原(yuan)山地(di)(di)(di)型(xing),具(ju)有溫暖濕潤、冬無嚴寒(han)、夏(xia)無酷(ku)暑、光熱(re)水(shui)同(tong)期的基本氣(qi)候特(te)征。同(tong)時,立(li)體氣(qi)候明顯,垂直差異顯著(zhu),各地(di)(di)(di)年(nian)平均氣(qi)溫在8~20℃,大部(bu)分地(di)(di)(di)區在15~C左右,年(nian)降雨量為850~1600mm,多在1000?D1300ram,多數(shu)地(di)(di)(di)區無霜期為210~350d,一般(ban)在270d左右。
貴州(zhou)的(de)植被類型為(wei)(wei)中亞熱帶常綠闊葉(xie)林(lin),由(you)殼斗科(ke)、樟科(ke)、山茶科(ke),以及木(mu)蘭科(ke)的(de)栲屬(shu)(shu)、青岡櫟(li)、樟屬(shu)(shu)、楨楠屬(shu)(shu)和木(mu)荷屬(shu)(shu)等(deng)優勢(shi)樹(shu)種構(gou)成,一般分(fen)布(bu)在海撥l400m。在石灰(hui)巖地區(qu)多為(wei)(wei)石灰(hui)巖常綠櫟(li)林(lin)。
貴(gui)州(zhou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)無比豐富,經20世(shi)紀(ji)80~90年代的(de)大規模、系統的(de)全(quan)省(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)普查(cha),貴(gui)州(zhou)有中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)4290種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)物藥(yao)3924種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(隸屬(shu)于275科(ke)(ke),1384屬(shu);如蕨類(lei)30科(ke)(ke),200種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);裸(luo)子植(zhi)物11科(ke)(ke),25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);被(bei)子植(zhi)物196科(ke)(ke),2577種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)),占91.5%;動物藥(yao)289種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(隸屬(shu)于126科(ke)(ke)),占6.7%,礦物藥(yao)77種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(隸屬(shu)于10類(lei)),占1.8%;在全(quan)國統一普查(cha)的(de)363種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重點藥(yao)材(cai)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),貴(gui)州(zhou)有資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)達326種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占89.6%。貴(gui)州(zhou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)豐富程(cheng)度與全(quan)國各(ge)省(sheng)區(qu)比較,僅次于云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(5050種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))、廣(guang)西(4590種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))及四川(chuan)(含原重慶市,4354種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)),名列前茅,榮居第(di)4位(wei),果真是(shi)“川(chuan)廣(guang)云(yun)(yun)貴(gui),地道藥(yao)材(cai)“。
貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)不(bu)(bu)但(dan)具有(you)豐(feng)富中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan),而且也(ye)蘊藏(zang)有(you)豐(feng)富的(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)。貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)來源(yuan)(yuan),同中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)樣,屬天(tian)(tian)然藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)范疇,涉及到植物(wu)(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、動物(wu)(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)和礦物(wu)(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。據(ju)調查(cha),貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)4000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右(you),正如(ru)(ru)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)畢節地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)老苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)所言:(苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi))病有(you)108癥,藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)3800種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),有(you)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)者(泛(fan)指高(gao)等(deng)植物(wu)(wu)(wu))3000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),無(wu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)者(泛(fan)指低(di)等(deng)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)、動物(wu)(wu)(wu)、礦物(wu)(wu)(wu)及其它類(lei)(lei))800種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。如(ru)(ru)別具特(te)色的(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)觀(guan)音草、米槁、艾(ai)納香、八爪金龍、仙桃草、旱蓮草、活(huo)血丹、大(da)丁草、重(zhong)樓等(deng)。近幾(ji)十年(nian)來,通過(guo)對(dui)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)聚居地(di)(di)區(qu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)廣泛(fan)深入調查(cha)、整理與研(yan)究,據(ju)不(bu)(bu)完(wan)全統計(ji),常見(jian)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)約(yue)有(you)2000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右(you),最(zui)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)約(yue)達(da)400種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),并有(you)不(bu)(bu)少(shao)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)己收(shou)(shou)載(zai)(zai)于全國性或地(di)(di)方(fang)性民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)等(deng)有(you)關專著。如(ru)(ru)《中(zhong)(zhong)國民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)志》第一(yi)卷(1984年(nian))收(shou)(shou)載(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)40種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、第二卷(1990年(nian))收(shou)(shou)載(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)30種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),《苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)集(ji)》(1988年(nian))收(shou)(shou)載(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)163種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)少(shao)數民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)集(ji)》(1989年(nian))收(shou)(shou)載(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)91種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)》收(shou)(shou)載(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)340種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)》(1992年(nian))收(shou)(shou)載(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)為主的(de)(de)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)197種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)研(yan)究與開發》(1998年(nian))收(shou)(shou)載(zai)(zai)經按國家有(you)關規定再評價(jia)并批準(zhun)為貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材地(di)(di)方(fang)標準(zhun)的(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)165種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《中(zhong)(zhong)國苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)彩色圖(tu)集(ji)》收(shou)(shou)載(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)368種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)。此外湖南、云南、廣西等(deng)省區(qu)出版的(de)(de)有(you)關書籍和發表的(de)(de)學(xue)術(shu)論(lun)文中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)有(you)不(bu)(bu)少(shao)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)記述(shu)。據(ju)不(bu)(bu)完(wan)全統計(ji),常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)可達(da)1500種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之多,最(zui)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)約(yue)200種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)(zhong),一(yi)些藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)是(shi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)而中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)或民(min)(min)間草醫(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)或少(shao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de);或一(yi)些藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)雖是(shi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)與其它民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)皆使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),但(dan)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)部(bu)位等(deng)卻(que)有(you)所不(bu)(bu)同∞“0。總之,貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)來源(yuan)(yuan)廣、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)多、產量(liang)大(da)、品質好,這為貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)天(tian)(tian)然民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)業(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)化(hua)的(de)(de)蓬勃發展奠(dian)定了無(wu)比(bi)堅實的(de)(de)基(ji)礎。
苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)命名(ming)亦有(you)(you)其特色(se)與(yu)規律性(xing),苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)聚(ju)居地區和方(fang)(fang)(fang)言雖有(you)(you)不同(tong),但其命名(ming)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)基(ji)本(ben)相似。對“藥(yao)(yao)(yao)”的(de)(de)(de)稱謂,川黔滇方(fang)(fang)(fang)言苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)語(yu)或(huo)湘西方(fang)(fang)(fang)言苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)語(yu)均稱之(zhi)為(wei)“Guab”(苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)文(wen)),其近(jin)似漢(han)語(yu)譯音為(wei) “ 嘎 ”(下同(tong));黔東方(fang)(fang)(fang)言稱為(wei) “Jab” ,“ 佳 ” 。對苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材的(de)(de)(de)命名(ming),無論(lun)是(shi)(shi)來源于(yu)木本(ben)、草(cao)本(ben)、藤(teng)本(ben)類(lei)(lei)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)植物(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao),還(huan)是(shi)(shi)來源于(yu)昆(kun)蟲、鳥獸(shou)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)動物(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao),其名(ming)稱的(de)(de)(de)第(di)一詞素(第(di)一音節、或(huo)一、二(er)(er)音節)一般都是(shi)(shi)該藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材的(de)(de)(de)類(lei)(lei)別(bie)或(huo)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用部位的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)譯;第(di)二(er)(er)、三(san)詞素(一或(huo)幾個(ge)音節)是(shi)(shi)以藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材的(de)(de)(de)動、植物(wu)名(ming)或(huo)特征(一般特征為(wei)形(xing)狀、氣味、顏(yan)色(se)、生(sheng)(sheng)長季節及習性(xing)、功(gong)用)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)譯。例(li)如(ru)(ru),車(che)前草(cao) “ Vob ngeix dlliangt” (窩(wo)里八降): “ 窩(wo) ” ,即草(cao)類(lei)(lei),是(shi)(shi)類(lei)(lei)別(bie); “ 里 ” ,是(shi)(shi)特征,即比較小的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思; “ 八降 ” ,即該藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)植物(wu)名(ming)稱。又(you)如(ru)(ru)木本(ben)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材:以 “ Det” (豆)詞起(qi)頭。 “ 豆 ”的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)譯為(wei)木,如(ru)(ru)杜仲(zhong),苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)文(wen)名(ming)為(wei) "Det dem" (豆頓)。 苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)對疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)認識和立(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)遣藥(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)其獨特模(mo)式。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)在(zai)(zai)長期生(sheng)(sheng)產和與(yu)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)斗爭的(de)(de)(de)實踐(jian)中,總(zong)結積累了豐(feng)富(fu)而寶貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗,逐漸形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)了苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)“綱、經(jing)(jing)(jing)、癥、疾(ji)”的(de)(de)(de)理(li)論(lun)模(mo)式,以及關(guan)于(yu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)因、疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)分(fen)類(lei)(lei)、診(zhen)斷(duan)、治療和預(yu)防等(deng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)具有(you)(you)濃(nong)郁民族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)特色(se)的(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)理(li)論(lun)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)將疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)分(fen)為(wei)“冷(leng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)”、熱(re)(re)病(bing)(bing)(bing)”兩綱,并認為(wei)冷(leng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)、熱(re)(re)病(bing)(bing)(bing)是(shi)(shi)相互對立(li)(li)又(you)存在(zai)(zai)一定(ding)聯(lian)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)兩類(lei)(lei)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)。一般來說,凡疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)在(zai)(zai)發生(sheng)(sheng)發展過程(cheng)中,表(biao)現為(wei)慢(man)性(xing)、寒(han)冷(leng)、虛弱、安靜、功(gong)能低下等(deng)多屬冷(leng)病(bing)(bing)(bing);表(biao)現為(wei)急性(xing)、灼(zhuo)熱(re)(re)、躁動、機能亢進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)多屬熱(re)(re)病(bing)(bing)(bing)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)根據疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)表(biao)現和起(qi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)快(kuai)慢(man),分(fen)為(wei)“冷(leng)經(jing)(jing)(jing)”、“熱(re)(re)經(jing)(jing)(jing)”、“半(ban)邊(bian)經(jing)(jing)(jing)”、“快(kuai)經(jing)(jing)(jing)”、“慢(man)經(jing)(jing)(jing)”五經(jing)(jing)(jing);苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)中流行著“病(bing)(bing)(bing)有(you)(you)一百單(dan)(dan)八癥”的(de)(de)(de)說法(fa)(fa),并將一百單(dan)(dan)八癥分(fen)解為(wei)“三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六經(jing)(jing)(jing)、七十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)癥”,或(huo)“三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六大癥、七十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)小疾(ji)”,或(huo)“四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九癥、四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九翻(fan)、十(shi)(shi)(shi)丹毒”。如(ru)(ru)此則形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)了苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)“綱、經(jing)(jing)(jing)、癥、疾(ji)”的(de)(de)(de)理(li)論(lun)模(mo)式特色(se)。
苗族(zu)醫(yi)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)基本原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)是:“熱藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)治冷(leng)病(bing)”,“冷(leng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)治熱病(bing)”。苗藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)則(ze)分“冷(leng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”、“熱藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”兩(liang)性(xing)(xing),又分酸、甜、辣、麻、澀、辛、淡(dan)等七味。在(zai)黔東(dong)南地(di)區(qu),還(huan)根(gen)據(ju)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)味歸(gui)入(ru)“五(wu)經(jing)”。其(qi)原(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)是:凡味甜、麻、香、辣的(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)屬(shu)熱藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),歸(gui)屬(shu)冷(leng)經(jing);香、辣的(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)同時(shi)歸(gui)屬(shu)于快經(jing)、半邊經(jing);凡味酸、苦、澀的(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)屬(shu)冷(leng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),歸(gui)屬(shu)熱經(jing)。苗族(zu)醫(yi)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)立方簡(jian)(jian)要(yao)(yao)、遣藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)精煉(lian),多一(yi)方一(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)特點,并擁有(you)(you)大量“簡(jian)(jian)、便、廉、驗”的(de)(de)單方、驗方與秘方。在(zai)防治疑難病(bing)、常(chang)見(jian)(jian)病(bing)、慢性(xing)(xing)病(bing)、老年(nian)病(bing)等方面有(you)(you)其(qi)特殊療效和絕招。苗族(zu)多居住在(zai)廣袤的(de)(de)山(shan)區(qu),有(you)(you)得(de)天(tian)獨厚的(de)(de)天(tian)然藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)場地(di),用(yong)(yong)鮮藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)可以(yi)就地(di)取材,勿需(xu)加工貯藏,故苗族(zu)醫(yi)尚(shang)多應用(yong)(yong)鮮藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),這也是其(qi)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)特點之一(yi)。苗藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方劑(ji)(ji)一(yi)般較簡(jian)(jian)單而(er)實用(yong)(yong),除單味藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)外,其(qi)復方方劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)組(zu)成(cheng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)分為(wei)“母(mu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”(主藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))與“子藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”(副(fu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)或輔藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))兩(liang)大類而(er)加以(yi)伍用(yong)(yong)。“母(mu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”(主藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))是根(gen)據(ju)主要(yao)(yao)癥狀所用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)和藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)效而(er)確定(ding)的(de)(de);“子藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”(副(fu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)或輔藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))則(ze)是根(gen)據(ju)次(ci)要(yao)(yao)癥狀所用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)或協助增強主藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)功(gong)效等而(er)確定(ding)的(de)(de)。苗藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方劑(ji)(ji)多數(shu)味組(zu)成(cheng),大復方較少見(jian)(jian)。苗藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)型多種(zhong)多樣,大多保持(chi)傳統(tong)劑(ji)(ji)型特色。常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)水(shui)煎(jian)劑(ji)(ji)、水(shui)酒共煎(jian)劑(ji)(ji),酒浸劑(ji)(ji)、油浸劑(ji)(ji)、煎(jian)膏劑(ji)(ji)、散劑(ji)(ji)、丸劑(ji)(ji)、灸劑(ji)(ji)、薰蒸劑(ji)(ji)等。另(ling)外,還(huan)有(you)(you)將藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)與豬腳同燉服(fu),藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)與蛋同煮(zhu)服(fu),藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)酒或醋(cu)磨汁,鮮藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)搗爛外敷等多種(zhong)用(yong)(yong)法.