漲(zhang)渡(du)湖(hu)位于(yu)武(wu)漢(han)市新洲區東南端(duan),緊鄰長江,是(shi)長江中(zhong)游(you)(you)地(di)(di)區距長江較(jiao)近的(de)一(yi)塊濕地(di)(di),湖(hu)面東西寬4.5公里,南北(bei)長6公里,湖(hu)底高程(cheng)17.7米(mi),最大水(shui)深2.3米(mi),沿湖(hu)筑(zhu)有圍漬堤(di),堤(di)頂高程(cheng)23米(mi),水(shui)面6萬畝,無工業污染(ran),其空氣質量(liang)符合GB3095—96中(zhong)一(yi)級標準(zhun)要求。漲(zhang)渡(du)湖(hu)是(shi)長江中(zhong)游(you)(you)回游(you)(you)魚(yu)類的(de)基因庫,盛產黃顙魚(yu)、草(cao)魚(yu)、青魚(yu)、鳙(yong)魚(yu)、螃蟹等魚(yu)類40多種。漲(zhang)渡(du)湖(hu)將建成武(wu)漢(han)市首個濕地(di)(di)森(sen)林(lin)公園。
漲渡湖已于2002年(nian)9月正式被世界(jie)自然基金(jin)會(WWF)定為濕(shi)地自然保護區(qu),其(qi)生物(wu)資源十分豐富(fu),是(shi)長江中游物(wu)種(zhong)的生物(wu)基因庫。2004年(nian),漲渡湖濕(shi)地成為市(shi)級濕(shi)地自然保護區(qu)。
漲渡(du)湖(hu)區(qu)不僅有西(xi)漢(han)古墓群和烏龍(long)鎮舊址,還是鄂東(dong)抗(kang)日(ri)根據(ju)(ju)地(di)舊址,是抗(kang)日(ri)戰爭(zheng)時期武漢(han)地(di)區(qu)完(wan)善的抗(kang)日(ri)根據(ju)(ju)地(di)。
追朔漲渡湖(hu)(hu),遠古(gu)時為古(gu)云夢澤(ze)的(de)(de)邊緣,與長江相通,南受長江倒(dao)灌,北(bei)納(na)舉水(shui)(shui)、倒(dao)水(shui)(shui),一(yi)派水(shui)(shui)鄉澤(ze)國,江、河、湖(hu)(hu)混沌(dun)一(yi)片(pian),天水(shui)(shui)一(yi)色,橫無際涯,湖(hu)(hu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)崗地則(ze)成為一(yi)個個湖(hu)(hu)嘴、孤島(dao)、沙洲(zhou)、泥灘(tan)、沼澤(ze)。面積達(da)280平方公里,入湖(hu)(hu)水(shui)(shui)量約30億立方米,魚(yu)類82種。數有“汛期(qi)一(yi)湖(hu)(hu)水(shui)(shui),枯水(shui)(shui)一(yi)片(pian)荒(huang)”之(zhi)稱,故因“漲水(shui)(shui)為渡,落水(shui)(shui)為湖(hu)(hu)”而(er)得名漲渡湖(hu)(hu)。
史載,南朝文帝元嘉(jia)二(er)(er)十八年(公(gong)元451年),著(zhu)名的“五水蠻起(qi)義”就發生在漲(zhang)渡(du)湖區。元、明(ming)之季隨(sui)著(zhu)大量(liang)移民遷入,人丁日趨興旺,百業進(jin)展,湖區遂呈一(yi)派“魚(yu)米之鄉(xiang)”景象,在道光二(er)(er)十九年以前,漲(zhang)渡(du)湖不(bu)是(shi)湖,名“斷天河(he)”,為長(chang)江東支河(he)道。有西漢古墓群和(he)烏龍(long)鎮舊址,還是(shi)鄂東抗日根據地舊址,-、陳少敏(min)、鄭位三、張體學、劉西堯(yao)等老一(yi)輩革命(ming)者在湖中蘆(lu)葦蕩里生活(huo)戰(zhan)斗過。
過去的(de)(de)漲(zhang)渡湖(hu)(hu)區發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)洪澇災害是家常便(bian)飯。一次中(zhong)央會議上,-總理、-副(fu)總理十分關切漲(zhang)渡湖(hu)(hu)區,指示(shi)從根本上治(zhi)理水(shui)災。倒水(shui)河的(de)(de)改道(dao)直入(ru)長江、完善的(de)(de)長江干堤和修筑(zhu)舉水(shui)干堤,湖(hu)(hu)泊終與江、河隔離。改革開放以來,為(wei)了充(chong)分利用(yong)江河、湖(hu)(hu)泊資源(yuan),新(xin)洲區政(zheng)府對漲(zhang)渡湖(hu)(hu)制定了總體規劃,綜合開發。湖(hu)(hu)區農、林(lin)(lin)(lin)、牧、漁等(deng)(deng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)、科研基地(di)(di)(di)不斷壯(zhuang)大,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態立體林(lin)(lin)(lin)業是這里一大特色。湖(hu)(hu)區運用(yong)半自然的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態林(lin)(lin)(lin)業濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di),成功創建(jian)林(lin)(lin)(lin)農、林(lin)(lin)(lin)、魚(yu)、鴨、鳥等(deng)(deng)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)立體生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態林(lin)(lin)(lin)業體系,被(bei)定為(wei)國家級科研成果。漲(zhang)渡湖(hu)(hu)由于其特殊的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)理位(wei)置(zhi)及(ji)對長江流域生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣性保護的(de)(de)重要性,被(bei)選為(wei)世界自然基金(jin)會匯豐銀行(xing)(xing)長江項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)示(shi)范,成為(wei)湖(hu)(hu)北省第一個被(bei)世界性環(huan)保組(zu)織參與保護的(de)(de)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di),2004年7月,又被(bei)武漢市(shi)政(zheng)府批準為(wei)市(shi)級濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)自然保護區,總面積為(wei)18500公頃,主要保護水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和陸生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植物(wu)(wu)及(ji)其共(gong)同(tong)組(zu)成的(de)(de)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態系統(tong)。目(mu)前(qian),保護區內現有維管束植物(wu)(wu)115科,裸(luo)子植物(wu)(wu)101科,兩棲動(dong)物(wu)(wu)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),爬行(xing)(xing)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)16種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),哺乳動(dong)物(wu)(wu)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),鳥類(lei)(lei)103種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)46種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。保護區內還有少量的(de)(de)全球瀕危物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)(deng)。