牛灘生姜(jiang)單窩重0.5-1公斤,肉(rou)質(zhi)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)長(chang)(chang)20多厘米,分蘗4-5次,掌(zhang)狀寬30厘米,肉(rou)質(zhi)單莖(jing)(jing)(jing)橫徑2厘米粗,表(biao)皮(pi)白(bai)色(se),根(gen)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)稍長(chang)(chang),分枝較密,姜(jiang)球呈雙行排列。鮮(xian)姜(jiang)外皮(pi)光(guang)滑,呈現乳(ru)白(bai)色(se)至淡黃色(se),嫩(nen)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)芽尖(jian)有(you)3-5個(ge)鱗(lin)片(pian),姜(jiang)塊呈佛手狀形態,適于鮮(xian)食、腌漬、糖漬等(deng)多種用途。單株根(gen)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)重500-700克,每畝產1000千克,最(zui)高可達2500千克。
牛灘生姜塊大(da)皮(pi)薄,纖維含(han)量少,肉質脆嫩(nen),飽滿汁豐、細膩化渣,色(se)鮮味美,具有(you)(you)較(jiao)濃郁的芳香氣(qi),辛(xin)辣(la)味中等,具有(you)(you)“香、脆、嫩(nen)”的顯著(zhu)特點(dian)。
牛(niu)灘生姜(jiang)營養豐富,脂肪(fang)含量(liang)(liang)(liang)低(di),蛋(dan)白質(zhi)(zhi)含量(liang)(liang)(liang)高(gao),含有(you)較高(gao)的鉀、鐵、鋅等微(wei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)元素(su)(su)(su)和(he)多種維(wei)生素(su)(su)(su),特別是富含姜(jiang)辣素(su)(su)(su)成(cheng)分。經權威機構(gou)檢測,牛(niu)灘生姜(jiang)中碳(tan)水化合物、蛋(dan)白質(zhi)(zhi)、鈣、鉀含量(liang)(liang)(liang)分別是全國平(ping)均值的2.3倍,2倍,1.3倍,1.2倍,而纖(xian)維(wei)素(su)(su)(su)含量(liang)(liang)(liang)低(di)于均值的2.7倍,這也正是牛(niu)灘生姜(jiang)口感脆嫩、滋(zi)味鮮美的原因所在。
牛灘生(sheng)(sheng)姜(jiang)產(chan)地全(quan)年(nian)氣候(hou)溫和,四(si)季分明,冬季氣溫偏(pian)高,霜雪少(shao),春季氣溫回暖早(zao),夏季酷熱而秋季涼爽。年(nian)平均(jun)(jun)氣溫18.4℃,全(quan)年(nian)日(ri)照(zhao)可照(zhao)時數為4469.7小(xiao)時,年(nian)日(ri)照(zhao)時數平均(jun)(jun)為1395小(xiao)時,年(nian)均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)水量1069.4毫米,年(nian)平均(jun)(jun)相(xiang)對濕(shi)度73%,無(wu)霜期(qi)350天(tian)以上,年(nian)均(jun)(jun)積溫6450℃左右(you),海拔320米左右(you),森(sen)林覆蓋率30%,濕(shi)潤多雨(yu),云霧多等氣候(hou)條件,造就了牛灘生(sheng)(sheng)姜(jiang)“香、嫩、脆”的獨特口感。
牛灘(tan)生(sheng)姜(jiang)產(chan)地(di)(di)以沙(sha)地(di)(di)和粘壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)(wei)主。土(tu)(tu)(tu)質為(wei)(wei)黃坯土(tu)(tu)(tu)夾大沙(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu),該土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)結構合(he)理,土(tu)(tu)(tu)質肥(fei)沃,富含(han)有機(ji)質和磷、鉀(jia)、鋅等多種元素,排水良(liang)好、保水保肥(fei)力強;土(tu)(tu)(tu)層深厚松(song)軟,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)PH值6.8,酸堿度適中,且地(di)(di)勢相對平坦,大部分為(wei)(wei)小于10度坡(po)地(di)(di),旱地(di)(di)居多,集(ji)中連(lian)片,溝(gou)谷河流(liu)縱(zong)橫,為(wei)(wei)牛灘(tan)生(sheng)姜(jiang)提供了優良(liang)的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)環(huan)境。
牛(niu)灘(tan)(tan)生姜產地主要分布范(fan)圍在瀘(lu)(lu)州市瀘(lu)(lu)縣玉蟾(chan)街(jie)道、福集鎮(zhen)(zhen)、嘉(jia)明(ming)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、得勝鎮(zhen)(zhen)、牛(niu)灘(tan)(tan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、潮河鎮(zhen)(zhen)、天興鎮(zhen)(zhen)、海潮鎮(zhen)(zhen),共涵蓋1個街(jie)道、 7個鎮(zhen)(zhen)。
栽培(pei)地的選擇與培(pei)肥
種(zhong)植(zhi)生姜(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)地塊(kuai)(kuai)不能常年連作(zuo),應選(xuan)含有(you)機質較多,灌溉排水(shui)兩便(bian)的(de)(de)(de)沙壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)、壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)、或(huo)粘壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)田塊(kuai)(kuai)栽培,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)以沙壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)最好,對土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)酸堿度的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)為微酸到中(zhong)(zhong)性,堿性土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)不宜栽培。土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)深耕20-30厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),并(bing)反復耕耖,充分(fen)曬垡。然后耙細(xi)作(zuo)廂,廂長不超過(guo)15米(mi)(mi),如田塊(kuai)(kuai)較長,則在田中(zhong)(zhong)開(kai)腰溝(gou)。廂寬1.2米(mi)(mi),廂溝(gou)寬35-40厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),并(bing)要(yao)(yao)三溝(gou)配套,排水(shui)暢通(tong)。并(bing)在廂上按行距(ju)55厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)開(kai)東西向種(zhong)植(zhi)溝(gou),姜(jiang)溝(gou)底(di)寬14厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)、窩距(ju)20厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),姜(jiang)溝(gou)壁高30厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。在種(zhong)植(zhi)溝(gou)內施充分(fen)腐熟的(de)(de)(de)廄肥或(huo)糞肥,每畝(mu)2000-2500千克,餅肥75千克,草(cao)木灰75千克,并(bing)與溝(gou)土(tu)充分(fen)拌(ban)和,以備種(zhong)植(zhi)。
選種、清毒、育(yu)苗(miao)
姜(jiang)(jiang)種(zhong)的選擇。凡(fan)是麻腳姜(jiang)(jiang)、有(you)水漬(zi)狀、表皮(pi)易(yi)脫(tuo)落;或者(zhe)扳開姜(jiang)(jiang)塊有(you)黑褐色(se)圈紋;或者(zhe)用手擠壓有(you)白(bai)色(se)液汁溢(yi)出者(zhe),都是帶病(bing)姜(jiang)(jiang)塊,應嚴格(ge)檢(jian)查剔(ti)除(chu)。
姜(jiang)(jiang)種(zhong)消毒。催(cui)芽(ya)前選擇晴好天氣,曬種(zhong)2-3天,再用(yong)1比100倍(bei)的(de)甲醛溶液(ye)浸(jin)種(zhong)2-3小時;或用(yong)千萬單位的(de)硫酸鏈霉素一(yi)袋(dai)(約(yue)20克重(zhong))兌(dui)清(qing)水100公斤浸(jin)種(zhong)24小時;或用(yong)78%的(de)姜(jiang)(jiang)瘟靈300倍(bei)液(ye)浸(jin)種(zhong)30分鐘。浸(jin)過(guo)的(de)姜(jiang)(jiang)上堆(dui)催(cui)芽(ya)。適期(qi)早催(cui)芽(ya)。宜在2月中旬至下旬催(cui)芽(ya),催(cui)芽(ya)溫度保持20℃至28℃,大約(yue)需要20多天姜(jiang)(jiang)芽(ya)才出(chu)齊。
田間管理與(yu)病(bing)蟲害防(fang)治
田(tian)(tian)間管(guan)理(li)。①蓋遮陽(yang)網:用(yong)(yong)遮光率60-80%,寬6米,長(chang)50米黑(hei)色遮陽(yang)網,每畝用(yong)(yong)3捆,架高(gao)1.6-1.7米,用(yong)(yong)竹樁(zhuang)、竹桿搭架,用(yong)(yong)細鐵絲捆綁。②分(fen)次(ci)追(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)極耐(nai)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),除(chu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)足基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)外,應多(duo)(duo)次(ci)追(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),一(yi)般應前輕后重(zhong)。第(di)(di)一(yi)次(ci)幼苗(miao)出齊,苗(miao)高(gao)30厘米左(zuo)右時追(zhui)(zhui)壯苗(miao)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),每畝用(yong)(yong)腐(fu)熟的糞肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)500千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke),加水(shui)5-6倍澆施(shi)(shi)(shi),或用(yong)(yong)尿(niao)素(su)(su)10千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke),配(pei)成0.5%-1%稀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)液澆施(shi)(shi)(shi),也可施(shi)(shi)(shi)硫酸(suan)銨15-20千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke),有條件(jian)時可隨水(shui)沖入腐(fu)熟人(ren)糞1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)。第(di)(di)二次(ci)追(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)在收種姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)后進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing),稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)催子(zi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang)比第(di)(di)一(yi)次(ci)增加30%-50%,仍以(yi)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)主,每畝施(shi)(shi)(shi)豆餅100-150千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)或腐(fu)熟廄肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke),施(shi)(shi)(shi)時雨水(shui)已較多(duo)(duo),可在距植(zhi)株(zhu)10-12厘米處開穴,將(jiang)(jiang)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)點(dian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)蓋土(tu)。如姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)充(chong)足,植(zhi)株(zhu)生長(chang)旺(wang)(wang)盛,表現(xian)無脫(tuo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)現(xian)象,這次(ci)追(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)不施(shi)(shi)(shi)或少施(shi)(shi)(shi),以(yi)免引起植(zhi)株(zhu)徒長(chang)。第(di)(di)三次(ci)追(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)在初(chu)秋天氣轉涼,撤去姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)的遮陽(yang)網或遮陰物(wu)后立即進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing),促(cu)進(jin)(jin)生姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)分(fen)枝和膨(peng)大,可結合(he)(he)拔(ba)除(chu)雜草進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)適當重(zhong)施(shi)(shi)(shi),稱(cheng)(cheng)轉折肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),要(yao)求肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)持久(jiu)的完全(quan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)和速效化肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)結合(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong),氮、磷、鉀配(pei)合(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi),一(yi)般畝施(shi)(shi)(shi)尿(niao)素(su)(su)20-25千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke),硫酸(suan)鉀20-25千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke),過(guo)磷酸(suan)鈣10-15千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)或復(fu)合(he)(he)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)20千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke),均勻撒施(shi)(shi)(shi)種植(zhi)行(xing)(xing)上,并結合(he)(he)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)培土(tu)。9月(yue)上中旬(xun)根(gen)莖旺(wang)(wang)盛生長(chang)期,為(wei)促(cu)進(jin)(jin)姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)塊迅速膨(peng)大,防(fang)止(zhi)早衰,應追(zhui)(zhui)一(yi)次(ci)補充(chong)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),以(yi)速效化肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)主,畝施(shi)(shi)(shi)復(fu)合(he)(he)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)30千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)。③中耕培土(tu):生姜(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)生長(chang)期間要(yao)多(duo)(duo)次(ci)中耕除(chu)草和培土(tu)。前期每隔10-15天進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)一(yi)次(ci)淺鋤,多(duo)(duo)在雨后進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing),保持土(tu)壤(rang)墑情,防(fang)止(zhi)板(ban)結。到株(zhu)高(gao)40-50厘米時,開始(shi)培土(tu),將(jiang)(jiang)行(xing)(xing)間的土(tu)培向種植(zhi)溝。
防治病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)。①姜(jiang)瘟病(bing)(bing):發現病(bing)(bing)株,及(ji)時鏟除(chu)中心病(bing)(bing)株及(ji)其左右各一株,在病(bing)(bing)穴(xue)噴施(shi)72%農(nong)用鏈霉素1000倍液(ye)。②姜(jiang)螟(ming)(鉆(zhan)心蟲(chong)):清(qing)理田園,選用4.5%高效氯氫菊酯乳油(you)8毫升+殺蟲(chong)雙0.1千克兌水15千克噴霧。③小地老虎(hu),俗稱(cheng)土蠶,苗期如有土蠶危害用90%敵百蟲(chong)800倍液(ye)潑施(shi)。