西樵鎮位于珠江三角洲腹地(di)的佛山市南海區(qu)西南部，是國(guo)家“AAAAA”級(ji)風景(jing)名勝區(qu)、國(guo)家森林公園(yuan)、中(zhong)國(guo)面料(liao)名鎮、廣東(dong)省中(zhong)心鎮，面積 176.63平方公里(li)，轄4個(ge)城區(qu)、27個(ge)行政村，常(chang)住人(ren)(ren)(ren)口292776人(ren)(ren)(ren)（2017年），流動人(ren)(ren)(ren)口6萬多人(ren)(ren)(ren)。
經過多(duo)年努力，西樵鎮(zhen)(zhen)正式跨(kua)入“全國文(wen)(wen)明鎮(zhen)(zhen)”行列。2012年3月20日，該鎮(zhen)(zhen)舉行揭牌儀(yi)式，市(shi)委(wei)常委(wei)、宣(xuan)傳部(bu)部(bu)長(chang)馮德良向西樵鎮(zhen)(zhen)頒發證(zheng)書，并與(yu)南海(hai)區、西樵鎮(zhen)(zhen)領導共同為西樵“全國文(wen)(wen)明鎮(zhen)(zhen)”揭牌。
全國文(wen)明(ming)城市、文(wen)明(ming)村鎮(zhen)、文(wen)明(ming)單(dan)位每三年表彰一次(ci)。西(xi)樵鎮(zhen)于正式(shi)獲評第(di)三批“全國文(wen)明(ming)鎮(zhen)”稱號(hao)，成為繼(ji)北滘(jiao)鎮(zhen)后第(di)二個、南海區(qu)首(shou)個“全國文(wen)明(ming)鎮(zhen)”，南海區(qu)“文(wen)化引領”戰略再添“國字(zi)號(hao)”平臺。
西樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)風景(jing)區(qu)面積14.2平方公里，鐘靈毓秀，素(su)有(you)(you)“南粵(yue)名山(shan)數二(er)樵(qiao)(qiao)”之美譽。西樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)還是華南地區(qu)石器(qi)時代規模最大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)制造(zao)工場，“西樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)文化”為(wei)中華文明的(de)(de)發(fa)展作出了巨大(da)(da)(da)貢獻(xian)，被(bei)考古學(xue)者譽為(wei)“珠江文明的(de)(de)燈塔”。曾(ceng)孕育了康有(you)(you)為(wei)、陳啟沅、詹(zhan)天佑(you)、黃(huang)飛鴻、黃(huang)君璧、冼玉(yu)清(qing)等(deng)一批時賢俊杰。西樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)自然(ran)(ran)風光綺妮秀麗(li)，人文景(jing)觀(guan)豐(feng)富多姿(zi)，交(jiao)通四(si)通八達，是旅游(you)度假、探險獵奇、考古尋秘的(de)(de)好去(qu)處(chu)。西樵(qiao)(qiao)鎮轄下的(de)(de)西岸風景(jing)區(qu)位于西樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)的(de)(de)西南面，是一個自然(ran)(ran)生態保護(hu)得非常完好的(de)(de)風景(jing)區(qu)。這里群山(shan)環抱、綠樹成(cheng)林，流泉(quan)飛瀑(pu)終年(nian)(nian)不(bu)絕(jue)，是度假休閑和觀(guan)光旅游(you)的(de)(de)理想之選。鎮內有(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)小賓館、酒店25家，擁有(you)(you)四(si)星(xing)級(ji)的(de)(de)云影瓊樓(lou)和多家星(xing)級(ji)酒店。2005年(nian)(nian)，共接待游(you)客(ke)278萬人次，實現(xian)旅游(you)收入(ru)4.87億元。
西樵(qiao)的(de)景色，絢麗(li)多(duo)彩(cai)；西樵(qiao)的(de)發展，欣欣向榮(rong)。新(xin)的(de)世紀(ji)，新(xin)的(de)挑(tiao)戰(zhan)，新(xin)的(de)思路(lu)，西樵(qiao)將繼續發揮區位、人文、環境優勢(shi)，依(yi)托(tuo)科技(ji)創新(xin)和(he)體制創新(xin)，大力推廣應用信(xin)息化(hua)，推進工業(ye)化(hua)、現代化(hua)發展，譜寫新(xin)的(de)篇章。
西(xi)樵山(shan)位于廣(guang)東省南海(hai)市的西(xi)南部，是廣(guang)東四大名(ming)山(shan)之(zhi)一，自然風光清幽秀麗，旅(lv)游文化底蘊厚(hou)重，民俗風情古樸自然。自明清以(yi)來(lai)，文人雅士，趨(qu)之(zhi)若鶩，旅(lv)人游子，紛至(zhi)沓來(lai)，使秀美的西(xi)樵山(shan)成(cheng)為(wei)名(ming)噪南粵(yue)的旅(lv)游熱點。
西樵(qiao)山自然風光美輪美奐，山上72峰(feng)峰(feng)峰(feng)皆奇，42洞(dong)洞(dong)洞(dong)皆幽，更(geng)有湖、瀑、泉、澗、巖、壁(bi)、潭、臺點綴其間，成為(wei)這(zhe)座(zuo)熄滅了億萬年的死(si)火山的曠世佳作(zuo)。西樵(qiao)山林深苔(tai)厚，郁郁蔥(cong)蔥(cong)，洞(dong)壁(bi)巖縫，儲水(shui)豐富，古人贊之為(wei)“誰(shui)信(xin)匡廬千(qian)嶂瀑，移(yi)來一半在西樵(qiao)”。今人稱之是(shi)(shi)：“綠(lv)色水(shui)庫(ku)”，“固體水(shui)庫(ku)”。正是(shi)(shi)因為(wei)西樵(qiao)山有如此高(gao)品味(wei)的自然旅游資源，國(guo)務院、國(guo)家林業部才相繼授(shou)予(yu)它“國(guo)家級風景(jing)名勝區”和(he)“國(guo)家森林公園”兩頂(ding)桂冠(guan)，還(huan)通過國(guo)家AAAAA級旅游區的評定(ding)。
西(xi)樵民風(feng)淳(chun)樸(pu)，古俗猶(you)存(cun)。山(shan)(shan)間有(you)7個(ge)(ge)古村落，個(ge)(ge)個(ge)(ge)具(ju)有(you)原汁原味的(de)(de)的(de)(de)嶺(ling)南農(nong)家(jia)特(te)色。走(zou)進農(nong)家(jia)采茶種(zhong)菜，別(bie)有(you)風(feng)味；參加西(xi)樵婚嫁(jia)禮儀，奇趣無(wu)窮。一種(zhong)以(yi)“吃(chi)農(nong)家(jia)飯(fan)，住農(nong)家(jia)屋，走(zou)農(nong)家(jia)路(lu)，干農(nong)家(jia)活”為特(te)點的(de)(de)“做一天西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)民”山(shan)(shan)村農(nong)家(jia)樂活動(dong)因(yin)其(qi)山(shan)(shan)野之(zhi)趣，傾倒了眾多(duo)都(dou)市旅游者。此(ci)外，西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)歡樂節等節慶活動(dong)，以(yi)及“半山(shan)(shan)扒龍(long)舟”，“阿(a)婆(po)扒龍(long)舟”，“新年獅(shi)藝”等民俗活動(dong)，頗(po)具(ju)地方特(te)色。
西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)素有“珠江文(wen)(wen)(wen)明的(de)(de)(de)燈塔”的(de)(de)(de)美譽，早在6000多年前，勤勞智(zhi)慧的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)人(ren)(ren)，就在這塊土地(di)上(shang)創造了(le)(le)燦爛的(de)(de)(de)“雙肩石器”文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)；明清(qing)時(shi)期，以(yi)湛(zhan)若(ruo)水、何白云(yun)、康(kang)有為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)代表的(de)(de)(de)一大(da)批文(wen)(wen)(wen)人(ren)(ren)學(xue)子(zi)隱居西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)，探求理(li)(li)學(xue)，錘煉心性，使西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)獲得了(le)(le)“南粵(yue)理(li)(li)學(xue)名山(shan)”的(de)(de)(de)雅(ya)號，西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)“理(li)(li)學(xue)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)”自此聲譽雀起；西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)宗教文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)特色(se)鮮(xian)明，她(ta)不僅以(yi)佛(fo)、儒、道三教融合(he)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)其特點，更(geng)以(yi)具有中(zhong)國(guo)特色(se)的(de)(de)(de)南海(hai)觀音文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)令(ling)人(ren)(ren)矚(zhu)目，聳立于西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)第八高峰上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)世(shi)界第一觀音座像已(yi)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)們研(yan)究觀音文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)必到之所；作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)家森林公園(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)，其綠(lv)色(se)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)尤(you)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)突(tu)出，西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)以(yi)其美好的(de)(de)(de)生態環境和優(you)越的(de)(de)(de)地(di)理(li)(li)位置(zhi)，被稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)整(zheng)個“珠江三角洲”的(de)(de)(de)“前花園(yuan)”成為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)在改革開放和經(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)展中(zhong)逐步走向(xiang)“都市化(hua)(hua)(hua)”的(de)(de)(de)南粵(yue)民(min)眾遠離塵(chen)囂(xiao)，回歸(gui)自然的(de)(de)(de)一塊福地(di)。在這里，游人(ren)(ren)可盡情吞吐(tu)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)翠色(se)，肆意吸納(na)山(shan)川靈氣(qi)，休閑度假(jia)修(xiu)身(shen)養性，健康(kang)長生已(yi)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)“綠(lv)色(se)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)”的(de)(de)(de)一道亮麗的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)景線。
西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)上(shang)村(cun)人(ren)的(de)婚嫁習俗和(he)生產勞動習俗，引起了游人(ren)的(de)極大(da)興趣，特(te)別是“半山(shan)(shan)扒龍(long)(long)舟”，“阿婆扒龍(long)(long)舟”，“新年獅藝”等民(min)間游藝活動，更(geng)是盛況空(kong)前(qian)，游人(ren)若(ruo)不(bu)以一(yi)睹為(wei)快。西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)美(mei)譽眾多，自古(gu)以來民(min)間就流傳有“南(nan)粵(yue)名(ming)山(shan)(shan)數(shu)二樵(qiao)(qiao)”的(de)佳(jia)話，將西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)與東樵(qiao)(qiao)（羅浮山(shan)(shan)）列為(wei)南(nan)粵(yue)名(ming)山(shan)(shan)的(de)代表，更(geng)有文(wen)人(ren)學(xue)士寫詩矚文(wen)，給西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)以更(geng)高的(de)評價(jia)。趙樸初有“古(gu)風爆竹喧人(ren)日，世內桃源現(xian)代家”的(de)佳(jia)句，秦牧有“西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)秀(xiu)色美(mei)于(yu)詩”的(de)贊譽，黃施(shi)民(min)有“西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)若(ruo)問比東樵(qiao)(qiao)，秀(xiu)倚南(nan)天(tian)(tian)此最嬌(jiao)”的(de)吟詠，更(geng)有學(xue)者專家盛贊其(qi)為(wei)“不(bu)上(shang)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)，不(bu)算到嶺(ling)南(nan)”。今天(tian)(tian)，處于(yu)新世紀的(de)西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)--這(zhe)顆(ke)綠(lv)色的(de)寶石，正在(zai)顯現(xian)出愈加奪(duo)目的(de)光彩。
廣東的新石器文(wen)化遺(yi)存，自(zi)本(ben)世紀(ji)的三(san)(san)(san)、四(si)十年代始，在(zai)香港(gang)、海(hai)豐(feng)、粵東一些地(di)方有過若干(gan)發現①，并提出(chu)過“海(hai)豐(feng)沙坑文(wen)化(SON)”、“海(hai)豐(feng)三(san)(san)(san)角(jiao)尾文(wen)化(SAK)”、“海(hai)豐(feng)菝仔園文(wen)化(PAT)”三(san)(san)(san)個文(wen)化名稱②，以及香港(gang)“舶寮島文(wen)化”等③。
解(jie)放以來，廣(guang)東發現的(de)新石器時代(dai)遺址或遺物地點，約有四(si)(si)、五(wu)(wu)百(bai)(bai)處，經試掘(jue)和發掘(jue)的(de)約四(si)(si)、五(wu)(wu)十(shi)處。清理墓葬二百(bai)(bai)多(duo)座，獲得各種文化(hua)遺物數以萬計，為探索廣(guang)東原始社會(hui)的(de)歷史，提(ti)供了珍貴(gui)的(de)實物資(zi)料。在(zai)各地發現的(de)文化(hua)遺存中，已經提(ti)出了兩個(ge)文化(hua)名稱，即(ji)西樵(qiao)山文化(hua)和石峽文化(hua)。
石(shi)峽文化(hua)是(shi)(shi)1977年(nian)(nian)提(ti)出(chu)的(de)④。它以曲(qu)江(jiang)縣石(shi)峽遺(yi)址(zhi)下層(ceng)和墓葬代表，分布于(yu)粵北地(di)區(qu)，是(shi)(shi)一種以稻(dao)作農業(ye)經濟為主的(de)新石(shi)器(qi)時代晚(wan)期文化(hua)。文化(hua)遺(yi)物石(shi)器(qi)以钁、鏟(chan)、錛、鏃、鉞，陶(tao)器(qi)以鼎、釜、甑和盤、豆、罐、壺組合，以及石(shi)琮、璧(bi)、環、璜、玦、笄等(deng)飾物共存為特(te)征⑤。它與江(jiang)西地(di)區(qu)的(de)“山(shan)背文化(hua)”(尤其與樊城堆下層(ceng))⑥，江(jiang)浙地(di)區(qu)的(de)良渚文化(hua)，山(shan)東大(da)汶口文化(hua)，以及湖南湘鄉岱子坪和長(chang)沙月亮山(shan)遺(yi)址(zhi)等(deng)有著(zhu)密切(qie)關系⑦。雖然同類文化(hua)遺(yi)還發現不多，但(dan)它的(de)特(te)征和年(nian)(nian)代是(shi)(shi)比較明(ming)確的(de)。
西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)遺址(zhi)發現于1958年，西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)是1960年提(ti)出(chu)的(de)(de)。然而，西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)遺址(zhi)與(yu)西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)內(nei)涵、特征、性質(zhi)、年代(dai)及其分布(bu)如何(he)?尚缺乏充(chong)分討論和(he)專題(ti)探(tan)討。我認為這一問題(ti)的(de)(de)深入(ru)探(tan)討和(he)解決，不僅(jin)對研究廣東尤(you)其是珠江三角洲(zhou)地區(qu)的(de)(de)歷史，而且對探(tan)索與(yu)華(hua)南、東南沿(yan)海地區(qu)有關(guan)原始文(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)，都有重(zhong)要意(yi)義。故不揣淺陋，把個人的(de)(de)一些初步看法提(ti)出(chu)來(lai)，求教于同志(zhi)們(men)。
發現及研究
為了進一步探討西(xi)樵山(shan)文化(hua)，有必(bi)要(yao)(yao)將西(xi)樵山(shan)遺址的發現(xian)及其主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)看(kan)法，作一扼要(yao)(yao)的介紹(shao)。
西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)遺(yi)址位于(yu)廣(guang)東(dong)南海縣官山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)鎮西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)，它原是(shi)一座(zuo)古火(huo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)丘，周(zhou)邊長約13公里，直徑約4公里。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)峰(feng)高(gao)度(du)一般為100-200米(mi)，最高(gao)峰(feng)大科峰(feng)為300余米(mi)。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)體主要由粗(cu)面巖(yan)、火(huo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)碎(sui)屑巖(yan)和石英巖(yan)構(gou)成(cheng)。在(zai)東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)的(de)火(huo)石逕(jing)等有燧石、瑪瑙出露；在(zai)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)的(de)馬鞍(an)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)及山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)頂的(de)錦(jin)巖(yan)等洞穴有霏細巖(yan)巖(yan)脈。西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)麓周(zhou)圍分布著新老兩套洪(hong)積(ji)沖積(ji)扇，山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)下連接(jie)開闊的(de)珠江三角洲沖積(ji)平原。從(cong)新石器以至更早的(de)時候(hou)起，便有人(ren)類在(zai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)上及周(zhou)圍一帶采(cai)石制器，勞(lao)動(dong)生息。
西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)遺址(zhi)發現(xian)后(hou)，經省(sheng)內(nei)外(wai)許多單位的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)工作者的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)查、試(shi)掘和(he)(he)研究，先后(hou)發表(biao)了一(yi)些調(diao)(diao)查報(bao)告和(he)(he)文章。主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)有：中山(shan)(shan)大(da)(da)學(xue)調(diao)(diao)查組的(de)(de)(de)《廣(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)海(hai)縣(xian)西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)石(shi)器的(de)(de)(de)初(chu)步調(diao)(diao)查》（以下(xia)簡(jian)(jian)稱(cheng)《初(chu)步調(diao)(diao)查》）⑧，廣(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)省(sheng)博物館(guan)的(de)(de)(de)《廣(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)省(sheng)南(nan)海(hai)縣(xian)西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)出土的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)器》（簡(jian)(jian)稱(cheng)《西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)石(shi)器》）⑨，賈蘭坡的(de)(de)(de)《廣(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)地區古人類學(xue)及考古學(xue)研究的(de)(de)(de)未來(lai)(lai)希(xi)望》（簡(jian)(jian)稱(cheng)《未來(lai)(lai)希(xi)望》）⑩，黃慰文等《廣(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)海(hai)縣(xian)西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)遺址(zhi)復查》（簡(jian)(jian)稱(cheng)《復查》）⑾，曾(ceng)騏《西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)麓的(de)(de)(de)細石(shi)器》⑿，等等。截至(zhi)1980年年止，西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)器地點(dian)已有二(er)十多處(chu)，獲(huo)得燧(sui)石(shi)細石(shi)器材(cai)料大(da)(da)約(yue)二(er)、三千件(jian)；霏細巖大(da)(da)石(shi)片(pian)石(shi)器大(da)(da)約(yue)三、四千件(jian)，以及一(yi)部分粗(cu)砂陶和(he)(he)泥質印紋陶片(pian)。這(zhe)些發現(xian)和(he)(he)論(lun)述，歸納起來(lai)(lai)主要(yao)有兩大(da)(da)問題。
遺址性質
多(duo)數(shu)研究者認為，西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)是一處(chu)石(shi)(shi)器制(zhi)作場，如(ru)《未來希(xi)望》、《山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)懷(huai)仁鵝毛口(kou)石(shi)(shi)器制(zhi)造場遺(yi)(yi)址》⒀、《復查(cha)》和《關(guan)(guan)于(yu)華南早(zao)期新石(shi)(shi)器的(de)幾個問(wen)題》⒁等(deng)。《初步調查(cha)》和《西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)器》兩個報告，則(ze)認為還(huan)存在著與(yu)采(cai)集(ji)、漁獵(早(zao)期的(de))和鋤(chu)耕農業(ye)(晚期的(de))有關(guan)(guan)的(de)遺(yi)(yi)存。
我(wo)贊成(cheng)西(xi)樵山(shan)主要是(shi)一處大(da)(da)型的(de)(de)(de)、使(shi)用年代(dai)很長(chang)(chang)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)品(pin)供給范圍很廣的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)作(zuo)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)看法。只有充分(fen)(fen)注(zhu)意并(bing)進一步(bu)解決石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)作(zuo)場(chang)(chang)這(zhe)個(ge)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)，才(cai)能對西(xi)樵山(shan)許多地點(dian)發(fa)現大(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)打(da)制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(成(cheng)品(pin)、半成(cheng)品(pin)、廢(fei)品(pin))和巨(ju)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)作(zuo)出恰當的(de)(de)(de)解釋，特(te)別是(shi)對霏細巖(yan)的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種打(da)制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)類、定名和年代(dai)，進行正(zheng)確的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)析，珠江三角洲許多新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)至青銅(tong)時代(dai)遺址石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)來源(yuan)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)，才(cai)能得到正(zheng)確的(de)(de)(de)答(da)案(an)。這(zhe)一點(dian)，《復查(cha)》和《西(xi)樵山(shan)東麓的(de)(de)(de)細石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)》的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)者(zhe)作(zuo)出了比較深入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)析。但我(wo)也認為西(xi)樵山(shan)還應有生(sheng)產(chan)活動的(de)(de)(de)遺存，而不僅(jin)(jin)僅(jin)(jin)是(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)造場(chang)(chang)。早期的(de)(de)(de)如(ru)(ru)太監崗和南蛇崗，既有細石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)堆積(ji)，又發(fa)現有使(shi)用痕跡的(de)(de)(de)細石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，晚期的(de)(de)(de)就更為明顯。除鎮頭西(xi)坡(po)(po)(第(di)15地點(dian))保(bao)存有長(chang)(chang)20余米，厚1米左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)層(ceng)(淡水沙蜆等(deng)貝殼堆積(ji)，可分(fen)(fen)兩(liang)層(ceng)，內含大(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)(pian)、部分(fen)(fen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和陶片(pian)(pian))⒂外，第(di)7地點(dian)(佛子廟)和第(di)11地點(dian)等(deng)，都有文化(hua)堆積(ji)，并(bing)非都是(shi)坡(po)(po)積(ji)層(ceng)。又如(ru)(ru)西(xi)樵中(zhong)學校址(暫編(bian)第(di)23地點(dian))先(xian)后出土過(guo)十多件(jian)磨制(zhi)精細的(de)(de)(de)霏細巖(yan)、砂巖(yan)的(de)(de)(de)有肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧、錛(ben)、有段石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛(ben)，這(zhe)里是(shi)一片(pian)(pian)坡(po)(po)地或臺地，這(zhe)些生(sheng)產(chan)工具應與(yu)鋤(chu)耕農業(ye)有關。此外，西(xi)樵山(shan)遺址先(xian)后發(fa)現過(guo)大(da)(da)約近百件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)磨光石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。有些石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)如(ru)(ru)砂巖(yan)、板巖(yan)等(deng)似非西(xi)樵山(shan)所(suo)出產(chan)。這(zhe)些石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，也應與(yu)農業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)密切相關。
遺址年代
主要有(you)幾種看(kan)法：(1)開始(shi)于(yu)(yu)一萬年(nian)前的(de)(de)舊石器(qi)(qi)(qi)末期(qi)⒃；(2)對(dui)第二(er)地點(dian)(火(huo)石逕)或(huo)(huo)其它細(xi)石器(qi)(qi)(qi)地點(dian)，有(you)的(de)(de)文(wen)章(zhang)把它和“沙苑(yuan)文(wen)化”作對(dui)比，認(ren)為(wei)(wei)可能(neng)屬于(yu)(yu)中石器(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)代(dai)⒄，有(you)的(de)(de)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)屬新石器(qi)(qi)(qi)早(zao)(zao)期(qi)或(huo)(huo)更早(zao)(zao)⒅，有(you)的(de)(de)推測第二(er)地點(dian)可以是一種陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)以前的(de)(de)新石器(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)化⒆；(3)對(dui)西樵山遺(yi)址總的(de)(de)看(kan)法，有(you)的(de)(de)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)包涵了舊石器(qi)(qi)(qi)晚期(qi)和新石器(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)同時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)遺(yi)存⒇，有(you)的(de)(de)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)其年(nian)代(dai)可能(neng)較早(zao)(zao)于(yu)(yu)以印紋陶(tao)為(wei)(wei)代(dai)表的(de)(de)遺(yi)存（21），有(you)的(de)(de)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)細(xi)石器(qi)(qi)(qi)與磨(mo)光(guang)石器(qi)(qi)(qi)應是“同時(shi)異相”，早(zao)(zao)于(yu)(yu)增城(cheng)金蘭寺(si)和海豐遺(yi)址，年(nian)代(dai)為(wei)(wei)距今五、六千(qian)年(nian)前（22），等(deng)等(deng)。
我贊(zan)成西樵山包(bao)涵著新石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)早(zao)、中、晚不同(tong)時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)存。早(zao)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)指細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)遺(yi)存，主要(yao)有(you)火石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)逕(jing)、旋風崗、太(tai)監崗和南蛇崗四處(chu)(chu)。根據省博物館對火石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)逕(jing)、中山大學考古教研室對太(tai)監崗的(de)(de)(de)試掘(jue)（23），以及(ji)筆者陪同(tong)有(you)關專家的(de)(de)(de)多次觀察（24），這(zhe)兩(liang)(liang)處(chu)(chu)山崗存在著不與(yu)磨光石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)、陶片共存的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)堆(dui)積層(ceng)(ceng)。不過，太(tai)監崗因基建取(qu)土(tu)，火石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)逕(jing)因有(you)現(xian)代(dai)壕溝、墓葬、采(cai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)坑，試掘(jue)面積都很(hen)小，兩(liang)(liang)處(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)看來并不典型、清晰。要(yao)徹底(di)解決這(zhe)幾處(chu)(chu)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)地點的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)及(ji)年(nian)代(dai)問題，還需(xu)要(yao)較(jiao)大面積的(de)(de)(de)發掘(jue)。
西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料以燧石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為主，細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)包括小(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)葉、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)四(si)(si)大類。根據(ju)比(bi)較(jiao)分(fen)析(xi)，西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與我國北方(fang)一(yi)(yi)些年(nian)代(dai)較(jiao)早(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典(dian)型(xing)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)址(zhi)有(you)許(xu)多(duo)相似之處，最重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)同(tong)(tong)樣具(ju)(ju)有(you)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)葉及其(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)由剝離的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)等代(dai)表(biao)性(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)。據(ju)曾騏(qi)同(tong)(tong)志(zhi)對(dui)旋風(feng)崗等地(di)點(dian)七二四(si)(si)件(jian)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)類統計，其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)小(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)二七八件(jian)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)九十(shi)二件(jian)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)三(san)(san)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)三(san)(san)二三(san)(san)件(jian)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)又可分(fen)多(duo)種形(xing)式，其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)有(you)華北細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)址(zhi)常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)船底形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)和扇形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)。在三(san)(san)二三(san)(san)件(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)中(zhong)，楔形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占一(yi)(yi)○五件(jian)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)Ⅲ式寬(kuan)身楔形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)即(ji)(ji)船底形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)有(you)十(shi)四(si)(si)件(jian)。另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面，曾騏(qi)同(tong)(tong)志(zhi)認為，西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)角形(xing)楔形(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)和帶把石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)為其(qi)(qi)(qi)他省區所(suo)少見(jian)(jian)。在西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尖錐狀石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)中(zhong)，未見(jian)(jian)華北常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“鉛筆尖石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)(he)”。西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)邊緣多(duo)數未經(jing)(jing)(jing)第二步加工(gong)。細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寬(kuan)長、厚長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)數均偏(pian)大。而且缺乏典(dian)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓頭刮(gua)削器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(僅八件(jian))、雕(diao)刻器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(二件(jian))和小(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏃(三(san)(san)件(jian))。不見(jian)(jian)北方(fang)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)系統中(zhong)常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鉆(zhan)。這(zhe)(zhe)些，又表(biao)明(ming)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具(ju)(ju)有(you)自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)(25)。在西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)這(zhe)(zhe)批細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)材料發(fa)表(biao)之前(qian)，安志(zhi)敏先(xian)生(sheng)曾經(jing)(jing)(jing)指出：“以海拉(la)爾石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為代(dai)表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)存(cun)，具(ju)(ju)有(you)典(dian)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，而沒有(you)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)共(gong)生(sheng)。同(tong)(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象也(ye)見(jian)(jian)于(yu)陜西(xi)大荔(li)沙苑(yuan)，河南許(xu)昌靈井，山(shan)(shan)西(xi)沁水下川(chuan)和河北陽原虎頭梁(liang)等遺(yi)址(zhi)，特(te)別是(shi)下川(chuan)、虎頭梁(liang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)過發(fa)掘，有(you)明(ming)確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)層證據(ju)，屬(shu)于(yu)中(zhong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可能性(xing)較(jiao)大，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)對(dui)年(nian)代(dai)可能距今八九千(qian)年(nian)。”(26)曾騏(qi)同(tong)(tong)志(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文章也(ye)談到，西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，“總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來說，其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)較(jiao)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)接(jie)近于(yu)沙苑(yuan)、松(song)山(shan)(shan)(即(ji)(ji)海拉(la)爾——引者)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，而后兩(liang)者都被暫定(ding)為中(zhong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代(dai)，西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)代(dai)可能與上述遺(yi)存(cun)相去(qu)不遠”。同(tong)(tong)時，根據(ju)賈蘭坡先(xian)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現場觀(guan)察、對(dui)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)大部分(fen)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)標(biao)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑒別及其(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)關文章，肯(ken)定(ding)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)屬(shu)于(yu)我國華北細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)（27）。此外(wai)，細(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種復合工(gong)具(ju)(ju)，多(duo)嵌(qian)于(yu)骨、木工(gong)具(ju)(ju)上使用。它(ta)往(wang)往(wang)與早(zao)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漁獵經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟相聯系。西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)及其(qi)(qi)(qi)周圍(wei)數千(qian)年(nian)前(qian)還是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個河涌縱橫、島(dao)丘散布、林木茂盛、沼(zhao)澤遍野的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)理環境，也(ye)正符合這(zhe)(zhe)種經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟類型(xing)。
如(ru)果再結合其它一(yi)些現(xian)象(xiang)考(kao)慮，如(ru)第(di)(di)(di)3、4、5地(di)點也(ye)采(cai)集過(guo)少量細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)，第(di)(di)(di)7地(di)點也(ye)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)有(you)幾件燧石(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)和幾十件球形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)敲砸(za)器(qi)(qi)，在(zai)南海(hai)螺崗、灶崗、藤(teng)涌崗，觀音(yin)廟口，佛(fo)山河宕(dang)，番禺喃嘸山以及(ji)深(shen)圳小(xiao)梅(mei)沙等(deng)新石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)中、晚(wan)期遺址(zhi)中，也(ye)出(chu)有(you)個別(bie)燧石(shi)(shi)(shi)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)或小(xiao)型打制石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(詳見文末(mo)附表)。此外，從西(xi)樵(qiao)山第(di)(di)(di)7、第(di)(di)(di)11地(di)點等(deng)霏(fei)細(xi)巖的(de)(de)部分(fen)有(you)肩斧、錛、尖狀器(qi)(qi)、龜背形(xing)(xing)砍砸(za)器(qi)(qi)、刮削器(qi)(qi)和細(xi)薄長石(shi)(shi)(shi)片等(deng)的(de)(de)打片法，也(ye)可以看到(dao)它們與細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)片的(de)(de)打片法有(you)著承(cheng)襲關系。因(yin)此，我認為西(xi)樵(qiao)山細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)遺存應屬于(yu)新石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代早期，其年代大約相當于(yu)距今七(qi)八千(qian)年，下限可能還會延續得晚(wan)一(yi)些。總而言之，西(xi)樵(qiao)山細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)遺存的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)，填補了(le)華南細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)遺址(zhi)分(fen)布(bu)上的(de)(de)空白，提出(chu)了(le)廣東(dong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代研(yan)究的(de)(de)新課題。
其次是(shi)屬(shu)于(yu)新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、晚期(qi)(qi)的(de)地(di)(di)(di)點(dian)或(huo)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址。這類(lei)(lei)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)多(duo)分布于(yu)西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)南、西(xi)、北麓或(huo)臺地(di)(di)(di)，部分分布于(yu)較(jiao)高的(de)山(shan)岡和洞穴(xue)，包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)采石(shi)場(如虎(hu)頭巖等(deng)(deng))、制石(shi)場(如第(di)(di)7、第(di)(di)11、15地(di)(di)(di)點(dian)等(deng)(deng))、漁(yu)獵捕(bu)撈(lao)和“鋤農業”(如貝殼堆積、第(di)(di)23地(di)(di)(di)點(dian)等(deng)(deng))。這類(lei)(lei)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)石(shi)料，絕大多(duo)數為(wei)霏細(xi)(xi)巖，器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形以(yi)有肩(jian)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)代(dai)表(biao)，包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)斧、錛、鏟(chan)等(deng)(deng)，石(shi)片(pian)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)如刮削器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、尖狀器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、龜背形砍砸(za)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、矛形器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)。還有一(yi)些(xie)霏細(xi)(xi)巖、細(xi)(xi)砂(sha)巖、石(shi)英砂(sha)巖的(de)長(chang)身(shen)、梯形和有段的(de)磨光錛、鑿(zao)、矛等(deng)(deng)，粗(cu)略估(gu)計在三(san)(san)(san)、四(si)千件(jian)(jian)左右(you)。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)通體磨光的(de)不(bu)過一(yi)、二(er)百件(jian)(jian)，礪石(shi)不(bu)超過一(yi)、二(er)十件(jian)(jian)。陶(tao)(tao)片(pian)僅有二(er)、三(san)(san)(san)百片(pian)，包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)繩紋(wen)(wen)、刻劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)夾砂(sha)陶(tao)(tao)和泥(ni)質、夾砂(sha)的(de)幾(ji)(ji)何(he)印紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)。石(shi)環(huan)等(deng)(deng)飾物偶有發現(xian)(第(di)(di)15地(di)(di)(di)點(dian))，動物(不(bu)包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)介殼類(lei)(lei))或(huo)植(zhi)物遺(yi)(yi)(yi)骸(hai)至今尚無發現(xian)。這些(xie)現(xian)象與(yu)一(yi)般定(ding)居遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址是(shi)不(bu)相(xiang)稱的(de)。幾(ji)(ji)何(he)印紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)(如方(fang)格紋(wen)(wen)、曲尺紋(wen)(wen)、重圈(quan)紋(wen)(wen)、葉(xie)脈(mo)紋(wen)(wen)等(deng)(deng))的(de)出(chu)現(xian)，正說明西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)存(cun)在著新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)晚期(qi)(qi)的(de)文(wen)化遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun)。還可(ke)從(cong)以(yi)下(xia)三(san)(san)(san)個方(fang)面，進一(yi)步證明西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)存(cun)在過新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、晚期(qi)(qi)的(de)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址。第(di)(di)一(yi)，鎮頭西(xi)坡含貝殼層(ceng)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址的(de)試掘，經碳(tan)十四(si)測定(ding)，表(biao)明其年(nian)代(dai)相(xiang)當于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、晚期(qi)(qi)(詳后年(nian)代(dai)部分)。第(di)(di)二(er)，據金蘭寺、石(shi)峽、河(he)宕、茅崗等(deng)(deng)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址的(de)發掘和測定(ding)年(nian)代(dai)可(ke)作旁證，在西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)諸遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(或(huo)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)物地(di)(di)(di)點(dian))中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，凡出(chu)細(xi)(xi)繩紋(wen)(wen)、刻劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)而未有印紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)的(de)，可(ke)定(ding)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)；凡已出(chu)幾(ji)(ji)何(he)印紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)的(de)，可(ke)定(ding)為(wei)晚期(qi)(qi)。第(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)，從(cong)西(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)的(de)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(主要是(shi)霏細(xi)(xi)巖的(de)有肩(jian)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)片(pian)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi))廣泛分布于(yu)珠江三(san)(san)(san)角洲地(di)(di)(di)區新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、晚期(qi)(qi)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亦可(ke)得到印征(zheng)（詳見文(wen)末附表(biao)）。
由此可見(jian)，西樵山(shan)遺(yi)址是(shi)一處大型的(de)、延續年代(dai)很長的(de)、供(gong)應(ying)范(fan)圍很廣的(de)石器(qi)制作(zuo)場(chang)，這是(shi)最突出和最主要的(de)。同時也有生(sheng)(sheng)產生(sheng)(sheng)活的(de)遺(yi)址，這也是(shi)不可否認的(de)。總之(zhi)，西樵山(shan)遺(yi)址中(zhong)包涵(han)了新石器(qi)各個階段的(de)遺(yi)存，主要是(shi)中(zhong)、晚(wan)期遺(yi)存。
文化內涵
西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山文化因1958年首先(xian)發(fa)現(xian)于南(nan)海縣西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山而得名。在一段時間內，它(ta)是專指(zhi)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山遺址(zhi)本身的(de)(de)(de)遺存(cun)。從發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)材料看，西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山文化應當(dang)是分(fen)布于珠江三角洲(zhou)地區的(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)新石器(qi)時代的(de)(de)(de)原始文化。它(ta)區別于封開黃巖洞類(lei)型和英(ying)德青塘(tang)類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)洞穴遺址(zhi)，區別于韓江流域陳橋村類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)貝(bei)丘遺址(zhi)，也不(bu)同于粵北的(de)(de)(de)石峽文化，具(ju)有其(qi)自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點。
遺址分布
西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)包括(kuo)了以(yi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)制造(zao)(zao)場為紐帶和(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)等遺(yi)(yi)(yi)物(wu)共(gong)存為標(biao)志的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)群古文化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存。主要(yao)(yao)分布(bu)于狹義的(de)(de)(de)珠(zhu)(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)三角(jiao)洲地(di)區(一(yi)(yi)般系指北(bei)自(zi)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)石(shi)(shi)(shi)門(men)(men)水(shui)以(yi)下(xia)(xia)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)自(zi)三水(shui)思賢滘以(yi)下(xia)(xia)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)自(zi)潭江(jiang)(jiang)以(yi)下(xia)(xia)，東自(zi)東莞石(shi)(shi)(shi)龍以(yi)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)區。包括(kuo)南海、番(fan)禺(yu)、順德(de)(de)、中山(shan)(shan)(shan)、斗門(men)(men)、三水(shui)、新(xin)會(hui)、東莞、高鶴、寶(bao)安(an)、增城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分或大(da)部(bu)分，以(yi)及廣(guang)(guang)(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、佛(fo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、江(jiang)(jiang)門(men)(men)、深圳、珠(zhu)(zhu)海五個(ge)(ge)市，面積一(yi)(yi)萬平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公里(li))。如(ru)果我(wo)們以(yi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)——主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)霏細巖(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)為一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)指示物(wu)來探索西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)分布(bu)，那(nei)么(me)，它的(de)(de)(de)分布(bu)范(fan)(fan)(fan)圍可(ke)能及于廣(guang)(guang)(guang)義的(de)(de)(de)珠(zhu)(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)三角(jiao)洲地(di)區(一(yi)(yi)般指北(bei)自(zi)北(bei)江(jiang)(jiang)飛來峽以(yi)下(xia)(xia)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)江(jiang)(jiang)自(zi)三榕峽以(yi)下(xia)(xia)，東江(jiang)(jiang)自(zi)劍(jian)潭以(yi)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)區。包括(kuo)清遠、廣(guang)(guang)(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、花縣(xian)(xian)、番(fan)禺(yu)、增城(cheng)、三水(shui)、南海、佛(fo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、順德(de)(de)、高鶴、中山(shan)(shan)(shan)、斗門(men)(men)、新(xin)會(hui)、江(jiang)(jiang)門(men)(men)、珠(zhu)(zhu)海、臺山(shan)(shan)(shan)、恩平(ping)、開(kai)平(ping)、博(bo)羅、東莞、寶(bao)安(an)、深圳、肇(zhao)慶、高要(yao)(yao)、四會(hui)等二十(shi)四個(ge)(ge)縣(xian)(xian)、市，總面積為三萬四千多(duo)平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公里(li))（33）。除花縣(xian)(xian)、順德(de)(de)、四會(hui)、江(jiang)(jiang)門(men)(men)、肇(zhao)慶和(he)開(kai)平(ping)等外(wai)，其余(yu)各縣(xian)(xian)、市均有(you)(you)發現(xian)。如(ru)果包括(kuo)香港沿海島(dao)嶼，筆者查到(dao)有(you)(you)這類(lei)(lei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)地(di)點已(yi)達一(yi)(yi)百處以(yi)上(詳見文末(mo)附表)。西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)在珠(zhu)(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)三角(jiao)洲遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)如(ru)此廣(guang)(guang)(guang)泛(fan)的(de)(de)(de)分布(bu)，一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面正表明它是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)供應范(fan)(fan)(fan)圍很廣(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)、大(da)型(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)制造(zao)(zao)場(這與(yu)珠(zhu)(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)三角(jiao)洲這一(yi)(yi)沖積平(ping)原缺乏適(shi)合制造(zao)(zao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)良(liang)好(hao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)料有(you)(you)關)；另方(fang)(fang)面可(ke)以(yi)證(zheng)明當時(shi)(至遲在制作(zuo)(zuo)有(you)(you)肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)之(zhi)時(shi))已(yi)經出現(xian)了社會(hui)分工與(yu)產品交換。應當說明的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，我(wo)們并不(bu)是(shi)將霏細巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)無(wu)作(zuo)(zuo)為確定西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)同類(lei)(lei)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)唯一(yi)(yi)標(biao)志，而只(zhi)是(shi)把(ba)它作(zuo)(zuo)為探求西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)分布(bu)范(fan)(fan)(fan)圍的(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據和(he)線(xian)索。例如(ru)，我(wo)們并不(bu)把(ba)番(fan)禺(yu)和(he)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)飛鵝嶺等地(di)一(yi)(yi)些與(yu)夔紋(wen)陶共(gong)存含有(you)(you)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)青銅時(shi)代遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存劃入西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)。又(you)如(ru)，我(wo)們之(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)把(ba)香港一(yi)(yi)些遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)歸(gui)入西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存，那(nei)不(bu)僅是(shi)蒲(pu)臺島(dao)、南丫島(dao)的(de)(de)(de)蘆須城(cheng)等地(di)都(dou)發現(xian)過霏細巖(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)肩石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)，更重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)那(nei)里(li)發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)少新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)中、晚期遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)面貌(mao)都(dou)與(yu)珠(zhu)(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)三角(jiao)洲十(shi)分相象或說一(yi)(yi)脈相承的(de)(de)(de)（34）。
遺物特征
文化遺物包括石器(qi)(qi)、陶器(qi)(qi)、紡(fang)輪、骨角(jiao)牙蠔蚌質(zhi)的工具(ju)和飾物等。這里不準備逐項詳(xiang)細描述，只略(lve)舉(ju)其主要(yao)器(qi)(qi)物及其特點。
簡介
所謂西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)類型的(de)(de)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)，一指其(qi)石(shi)料，二指其(qi)器(qi)(qi)形(xing)。以燧(sui)石(shi)為主(zhu)要(yao)原料的(de)(de)細石(shi)器(qi)(qi)是西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)文(wen)化早期遺址中具(ju)有特點的(de)(de)生產工(gong)具(ju)(具(ju)體器(qi)(qi)物及分類參(can)看曾騏(qi)的(de)(de)《西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)東麓的(de)(de)細石(shi)器(qi)(qi)》一文(wen)及本文(wen)第一部分的(de)(de)簡述，這里從(cong)略(lve))，除主(zhu)要(yao)發(fa)現于西(xi)(xi)樵(qiao)山(shan)外，珠(zhu)江三角(jiao)洲(zhou)一些遺址也有少量發(fa)現(詳見(jian)文(wen)末附表(biao))。
以霏細巖為主(zhu)要石(shi)料的(de)(de)有肩(jian)石(shi)器(qi)是西樵山(shan)文(wen)化中、晚期遺址中最富代表性的(de)(de)生產工具，器(qi)形(xing)包括(kuo)斧、錛、鏟等，以斧、錛為大(da)宗。西樵山(shan)石(shi)器(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)場(chang)出土的(de)(de)多為打(da)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(包括(kuo)一部(bu)分廢品和殘件)，刃部(bu)多未(wei)經磨制(zhi)(zhi)，斧或錛的(de)(de)器(qi)形(xing)難辨；珠江三角洲遺址發現(xian)的(de)(de)多為磨制(zhi)(zhi)(刃部(bu)磨制(zhi)(zhi)或通體磨光)，錛比斧多，還常(chang)見(jian)一種有肩(jian)有段石(shi)器(qi)。此外，還有一些長身、梯(ti)形(xing)或有段的(de)(de)斧、錛、鑿以及(ji)鏃、矛等。西樵山(shan)打(da)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)有肩(jian)石(shi)器(qi)，主(zhu)要可分四(si)式：Ⅰ式為圓盤狀(zhuang)，柄(bing)部(bu)不突出，應(ying)是從(cong)這種圓盤狀(zhuang)石(shi)坯(pi)打(da)制(zhi)(zhi)出雙肩(jian)的(de)(de)。Ⅱ式略呈(cheng)扇形(xing)，短柄(bing)，溜肩(jian)，弧刃
，薄(bo)(bo)體。Ⅲ式器身(shen)呈梯形，長(chang)柄或短肩，肩角大(da)(da)于九十(shi)度，弧(hu)刃(ren)的多。Ⅳ式短身(shen)，寬(kuan)刃(ren)，肩多呈直角，平刃(ren)的多。西樵山(shan)類型的有肩石(shi)器，其大(da)(da)小、厚(hou)(hou)薄(bo)(bo)相(xiang)差懸殊，可能反映(ying)出用途(tu)的不同。最(zui)大(da)(da)的長(chang)達12-14、寬(kuan)6-8、厚(hou)(hou)1-2厘(li)米(mi)；最(zui)小的長(chang)僅3-4、寬(kuan)2-3、厚(hou)(hou)0.3-0.5厘(li)米(mi)。
有肩石鏟的(de)(de)(de)特征是器型大，長身，短柄(bing)。西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)文化中此類石鏟發(fa)(fa)現(xian)不多(duo)，如(ru)中山(shan)(shan)大學在大仙崗采(cai)集的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)件(jian)，器身琢(zhuo)制，全長21.5、柄(bing)高3.5、寬(kuan)9-10.6厘米(mi)；省博物館在第7地點(dian)采(cai)集的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)件(jian)，全長17、柄(bing)高3.3、寬(kuan)7-7.5厘米(mi)。此外，廣州飛鵝嶺菠羅(luo)山(shan)(shan)、番禺西園莊(zhuang)、喃(nan)嘸山(shan)(shan)也有發(fa)(fa)現(xian)，但時代較晚。西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)或(huo)西樵(qiao)山(shan)(shan)文化的(de)(de)(de)有肩石鏟與海(hai)(hai)南島(dao)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)長身石鏟，與粵西封開、德慶、高要(yao)以及湛江地區的(de)(de)(de)陽江、海(hai)(hai)南島(dao)儋縣(xian)等地發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)大石鏟(指桂(gui)南類型的(de)(de)(de)大石鏟)是否有承襲關系，是一(yi)個值得(de)注(zhu)意的(de)(de)(de)問題（35）。
這(zhe)里(li)再(zai)舉幾個數字，以說明西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)文化(hua)遺(yi)址中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石器(qi)與其它形式石器(qi)的(de)(de)共存、比(bi)例關系(xi)。例一(yi)(yi)，1960年前在(zai)廣東中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部低地區(基本上就是珠(zhu)江三角洲(zhou))發現的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)四(si)處遺(yi)址中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，獲得各(ge)種(zhong)石器(qi)一(yi)(yi)○二(er)三件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)斧(fu)(fu)鏟類九(jiu)十八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)占(zhan)五十一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)；錛(ben)(ben)類三三四(si)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)占(zhan)一(yi)(yi)三八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)的(de)(de)占(zhan)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)十八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)的(de)(de)占(zhan)二(er)十五件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。這(zhe)里(li)四(si)種(zhong)主要石器(qi)共計五四(si)五件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)有(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)的(de)(de)占(zhan)二(er)七(qi)七(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，即占(zhan)50%強（36）。例二(er)，寶安蚌地山(shan)出(chu)土石器(qi)二(er)○○件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)斧(fu)(fu)、錛(ben)(ben)、鑿九(jiu)十四(si)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)占(zhan)五十八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，即占(zhan)62%，而有(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)錛(ben)(ben)僅有(you)(you)(you)(you)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)（37）。例三，佛山(shan)河宕(dang)舊墟出(chu)土石器(qi)(不計礪石和(he)裝飾品)二(er)一(yi)(yi)七(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)斧(fu)(fu)(十二(er)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))、錛(ben)(ben)(八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)十二(er)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))、鏟(三件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))，共九(jiu)十七(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)斧(fu)(fu)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)錛(ben)(ben)三十一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)錛(ben)(ben)十八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)錛(ben)(ben)九(jiu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。三種(zhong)合計五十七(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，占(zhan)斧(fu)(fu)錛(ben)(ben)鏟總數的(de)(de)58.7%。其次，在(zai)河宕(dang)遺(yi)址中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，西(xi)(xi)樵山(shan)石料(liao)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)四(si)十七(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(霏細(xi)巖的(de)(de)四(si)十五件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、燧石的(de)(de)二(er)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)斧(fu)(fu)
六件、雙(shuang)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)三(san)(san)(san)(san)件；錛(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)類三(san)(san)(san)(san)十件、雙(shuang)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)八(ba)件、單肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)三(san)(san)(san)(san)件、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)三(san)(san)(san)(san)件。如此斧錛(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)三(san)(san)(san)(san)十六件，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)約(yue)占(zhan)(zhan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)半（38）。例四，廣(guang)州飛鵝嶺九處(chu)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)五(wu)○件，占(zhan)(zhan)各類石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)總數(shu)的(de)(de)80%左右(you)。在(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)，以(yi)斧最多，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)錛(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)(san)(san)(san)件。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)Ⅳ式石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(短(duan)身寬肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))和長身石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏟(chan)也(ye)與西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山的(de)(de)相近。霏細(xi)巖石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)也(ye)占(zhan)(zhan)很大比例，證明(ming)其(qi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)應來(lai)自西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山（39），不(bu)過，年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)應當較晚(wan)(wan)。以(yi)上(shang)數(shu)例可以(yi)說明(ming)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山文(wen)化的(de)(de)主(zhu)要生產工(gong)具中(zhong)(zhong)占(zhan)(zhan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)相當大的(de)(de)比例（大約(yue)占(zhan)(zhan)60%以(yi)上(shang)）。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)特(te)別(bie)是(shi)(shi)典型的(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山文(wen)化中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)并不(bu)多，它(ta)遠不(bu)如石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽文(wen)化墓葬(zang)出土的(de)(de)那樣典型、精制。但在(zai)(zai)珠江(jiang)三(san)(san)(san)(san)角洲晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)，普(pu)遍(bian)出現(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種中(zhong)(zhong)小型的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)，它(ta)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)反映著(zhu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)與有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)兩(liang)者溶為一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)體呢(ni)尚未見到(dao)詳(xiang)細(xi)論證的(de)(de)文(wen)章。與此有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個問(wen)題是(shi)(shi)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)與有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)孰早(zao)孰晚(wan)(wan)的(de)(de)問(wen)題。就兩(liang)廣(guang)地區——我國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要發(fa)祥地和最流行的(de)(de)地區之一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai)看，我認為有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)要早(zao)于有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)。主(zhu)要理(li)由是(shi)(shi)西(xi)樵(qiao)(qiao)山遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)獨一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)無二的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)制造場，其(qi)次，在(zai)(zai)增城金蘭寺下(xia)層、東莞(guan)萬福庵下(xia)層、新(xin)會羅山咀、高(gao)要永安夏江(jiang)村這些新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)的(de)(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)，已(yi)經出現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)而不(bu)見有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)。這些遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或層位一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般定在(zai)(zai)距(ju)今五(wu)、六千年(nian)(nian)。而有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)在(zai)(zai)廣(guang)東出現(xian)地層明(ming)確、年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)較早(zao)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)曲江(jiang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)層及墓葬(zang)。共存(cun)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)少量有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)及幾何印紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)峽文(wen)化墓葬(zang)的(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)為距(ju)今四千五(wu)百(bai)年(nian)(nian)上(shang)下(xia)，下(xia)層前一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)較早(zao)，大致也(ye)不(bu)超過距(ju)今六千年(nian)(nian)。就全省調查發(fa)掘情況看，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)多與幾何形印紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)共存(cun)。
陶器
西樵山(shan)遺(yi)址(zhi)發現(xian)的陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)很少(前后出土估計(ji)不過(guo)二、三百片(pian)(pian))，且缺乏完整器(qi)。可分兩(liang)類(lei)：一(yi)類(lei)是(shi)夾(jia)(jia)砂陶(tao)(tao)(tao)，器(qi)形有圜底釜等，這里的一(yi)部分陶(tao)(tao)(tao)釜片(pian)(pian)，具有早期陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)的特征，如黃褐色(se)或(huo)紅(hong)褐色(se)，胎薄，火候(hou)低(di)，飾繩紋、劃紋或(huo)壓點紋，有的帶(dai)紅(hong)色(se)、白色(se)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)衣，年(nian)代(dai)(dai)應(ying)當(dang)較(jiao)(jiao)早。另一(yi)類(lei)是(shi)泥質素(su)面陶(tao)(tao)(tao)和幾何印紋陶(tao)(tao)(tao)，后者也有夾(jia)(jia)砂的(胎較(jiao)(jiao)厚(hou))，紋有方格紋、葉脈紋、曲(qu)尺(chi)紋、半重圈紋等，年(nian)代(dai)(dai)當(dang)較(jiao)(jiao)晚。
我們可以(yi)(yi)從西樵山(shan)周圍如南(nan)海(hai)、佛(fo)山(shan)以(yi)(yi)至(zhi)珠(zhu)江三角洲的其(qi)他遺址，看(kan)到西樵山(shan)文化陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器的特征。新(xin)石器時代中期遺址，如南(nan)海(hai)觀(guan)音廟口(kou)、新(xin)會羅(luo)山(shan)咀(ju)、增城金蘭(lan)寺下(xia)層(ceng)、東莞萬(wan)福(fu)庵下(xia)層(ceng)、高要(yao)(yao)永安夏江、深圳大(da)、小梅沙（40）、以(yi)(yi)至(zhi)香(xiang)港深灣(wan)F層(ceng)等。這類遺址夾(jia)砂陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器占很大(da)比(bi)重(如羅(luo)山(shan)咀(ju)、大(da)、小梅沙都(dou)達(da)95%以(yi)(yi)上)。主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)器形(xing)是圜底釜(fu)，還(huan)有(you)(you)罐(guan)、缽(碗)、盤(pan)(pan)(pan)、杯、豆(dou)和“器座”等。紋飾以(yi)(yi)各種(zhong)繩(sheng)紋和刻劃(hua)紋、篦點紋為主(zhu)。器形(xing)一(yi)般較小，手制(zhi)或(huo)(huo)模(mo)制(zhi)。泥質陶(tao)(tao)(tao)有(you)(you)罐(guan)、鏤孔矮圈足(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)、平底盆和淺盤(pan)(pan)(pan)、豆(dou)、杯等。泥質磨光紅陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(或(huo)(huo)橙黃(huang)陶(tao)(tao)(tao))占一(yi)定比(bi)例(li)，并出現了(le)彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)，這是西樵山(shan)文化陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器的一(yi)個特點。如金蘭(lan)寺、萬(wan)福(fu)庵、深灣(wan)等泥質陶(tao)(tao)(tao)都(dou)占有(you)(you)一(yi)定比(bi)例(li)。金蘭(lan)寺下(xia)層(ceng)的夾(jia)砂陶(tao)(tao)(tao)占82.5%、磨光紅陶(tao)(tao)(tao)占13.6%、彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)占3.9%便是一(yi)例(li)。
彩(cai)(cai)(cai)已知的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)，金(jin)(jin)蘭(lan)寺（41）、萬(wan)福(fu)庵、小(xiao)梅殺（42）、香港(gang)舂(chong)(chong)坎(kan)灣(wan)、銅鼓灣(wan)、大(da)(da)灣(wan)和(he)(he)蟹地灣(wan)等(deng)(deng)（43）。金(jin)(jin)蘭(lan)寺和(he)(he)萬(wan)福(fu)庵多(duo)為(wei)(wei)殘片(pian)(pian)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)看出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)矮(ai)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)等(deng)(deng)。金(jin)(jin)蘭(lan)寺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)是在磨(mo)光紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)繪(hui)(hui)赭紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)（圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)），或在盤(pan)(pan)(pan)外(wai)(wai)繪(hui)(hui)葉脈(mo)狀(zhuang)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。東(dong)莞彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)(dian)(dian)是表(biao)里均繪(hui)(hui)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)，泥質黃(huang)灰陶(tao)(tao)先涂白(bai)地，再繪(hui)(hui)暗紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)或弧(hu)形(xing)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。在金(jin)(jin)蘭(lan)寺還(huan)出(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)可(ke)復(fu)原(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)缽，泥質灰陶(tao)(tao)，質地較(jiao)(jiao)堅硬，斂口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)小(xiao)平(ping)底，底部有(you)旋轉(zhuan)痕跡，口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)外(wai)(wai)繪(hui)(hui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道（寬(kuan)(kuan)1.2厘(li)米）紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)徑17.5、高5.7厘(li)米。舂(chong)(chong)坎(kan)灣(wan)（Chung Hom Wan）有(you)兩件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)復(fu)原(yuan)器(qi)(qi)，均為(wei)(wei)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)淺底盤(pan)(pan)(pan)（Shallow Dish）器(qi)(qi)形(xing)略有(you)差別。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)斂口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)，圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)向(xiang)內弧(hu)；另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)敞口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)斜腹(fu)(fu)，圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)外(wai)(wai)撇，飾小(xiao)圓鏤(lou)孔，紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)白(bai)衣，盤(pan)(pan)(pan)外(wai)(wai)繪(hui)(hui)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)波浪紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、圓點(dian)(dian)(dian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。同出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還(huan)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鏤(lou)孔圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)直腹(fu)(fu)細泥紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)杯(bei)，器(qi)(qi)身刻曲折紋(wen)(wen)(wen)（44）舂(chong)(chong)坎(kan)灣(wan)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同類彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)矮(ai)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)殘件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，省博(bo)物(wu)館(guan)也有(you)藏(zang)品（45）。1980年，深圳小(xiao)梅沙遺(yi)址(zhi)發現(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)，經復(fu)原(yuan)其形(xing)制與舂(chong)(chong)坎(kan)灣(wan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)幾乎(hu)完全一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang)，唯器(qi)(qi)形(xing)稍大(da)(da)，彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)更(geng)為(wei)(wei)清晰，美觀(guan)（46）。以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)均定(ding)為(wei)(wei)新(xin)石(shi)時代(dai)中(zhong)期。此(ci)外(wai)(wai)，在我館(guan)藏(zang)品中(zhong)，筆者找到一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)粗紗陶(tao)(tao)釜(fu)或罐(guan)(guan)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)殘片(pian)(pian)，口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)道紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)，以(yi)(yi)下為(wei)(wei)刻劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)及繩紋(wen)(wen)(wen)，出(chu)于(yu)(yu)南(nan)海(hai)(hai)縣，編號為(wei)(wei)“NKG”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)。這表(biao)明西(xi)樵山(shan)遺(yi)址(zhi)所在地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)海(hai)(hai)縣也有(you)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)發現(xian)。還(huan)有(you)，在佛山(shan)河宕下層也發現(xian)過一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)泥質橙黃(huang)色彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)小(xiao)罐(guan)(guan)，在口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)面(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)繪(hui)(hui)三(san)條(tiao)短條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)腹(fu)(fu)繪(hui)(hui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)筆流暢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)赭色彩(cai)(cai)(cai)條(tiao)。另外(wai)(wai)在下層出(chu)土有(you)十多(duo)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)（殘片(pian)(pian)）泥質磨(mo)光彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)，圖(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)是一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色或赭紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)或寬(kuan)(kuan)窄(zhai)(zhai)并列(lie)(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)，繪(hui)(hui)于(yu)(yu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)外(wai)(wai)或口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)面(mian)(mian)，花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)簡(jian)單(47)。總之，珠(zhu)江三(san)角洲(zhou)、香港(gang)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)海(hai)(hai)島嶼(yu)(以(yi)(yi)及韓江三(san)角洲(zhou)海(hai)(hai)豐(feng)等(deng)(deng)地(48))新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代(dai)中(zhong)、晚期遺(yi)存中(zhong)發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)，數量還(huan)不多(duo)，圖(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)樣(yang)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)簡(jian)單。器(qi)(qi)形(xing)主要是圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)，還(huan)有(you)小(xiao)平(ping)底缽、圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)小(xiao)罐(guan)(guan)和(he)(he)夾砂釜(fu)或罐(guan)(guan)等(deng)(deng)，彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)屬于(yu)(yu)幾何形(xing)花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)系統(帶(dai)狀(zhuang)條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、平(ping)行線條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、葉脈(mo)狀(zhuang)條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、勾(gou)連弧(hu)線或勾(gou)連云紋(wen)(wen)(wen)等(deng)(deng))，比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是小(xiao)梅沙那種近似(si)勾(gou)連弧(hu)線紋(wen)(wen)(wen)加圓點(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)(deng)，至(zhi)今未發現(xian)動(dong)植物(wu)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)案(an)花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)格與我國(guo)東(dong)南(nan)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)海(hai)(hai)省區新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)期陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)刻劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征(zheng)是一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，因(yin)此(ci)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)說具有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方特(te)點(dian)(dian)(dian)；但又與青蓮崗(gang)文(wen)化、曇石(shi)山(shan)文(wen)化、鳳(feng)鼻(bi)頭(tou)文(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)有(you)相似(si)之處。例如，南(nan)京北陰陽營有(you)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)繪(hui)(hui)寬(kuan)(kuan)帶(dai)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)碗，邳縣大(da)(da)墩子(zi)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)缽上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)繪(hui)(hui)勾(gou)連弧(hu)線加圓點(dian)(dian)(dian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(49)。臺(tai)灣(wan)鳳(feng)鼻(bi)頭(tou)文(wen)化圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)也有(you)類似(si)舂(chong)(chong)坎(kan)灣(wan)弧(hu)線紋(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。臺(tai)中(zhong)社(she)腳也有(you)類似(si)河宕那種在口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)面(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)繪(hui)(hui)寬(kuan)(kuan)窄(zhai)(zhai)排列(lie)(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)短線條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(50)，等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。廣東(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)(tao)與它們可(ke)能有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系。
相當于新石器時(shi)代晚期的代表性遺址，有金蘭寺中層(ceng)、東莞龍江(jiang)村、南海(hai)通心崗(gang)、灶崗(gang)、佛山(shan)河宕、高要茅(mao)崗(gang)、深圳鶴地山(shan)、赤灣村、寶安(an)蚌地山(shan)(51)、西樵山(shan)鎮(zhen)頭西坡，以及香(xiang)港深灣cb層(ceng)等(deng)。
廣東新石(shi)器晚(wan)期根據石(shi)峽(xia)(xia)下層(ceng)(ceng)和(he)(he)中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)等(deng)遺址的層(ceng)(ceng)位疊壓和(he)(he)器物的特點變化(hua)關(guan)系，可以分為前、后兩個階段(duan)(或稱(cheng)晚(wan)期和(he)(he)末期)。上述珠江三角洲(zhou)的遺址雖(sui)然本身還(huan)有早晚(wan)之別(bie)，如金蘭寺中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)分有2A層(ceng)(ceng)和(he)(he)2B層(ceng)(ceng)，河宕遺址可分第2層(ceng)(ceng)和(he)(he)第3層(ceng)(ceng)，鎮頭(tou)西坡(po)貝(bei)殼層(ceng)(ceng)也可分上、下層(ceng)(ceng)，但它們在(zai)文化(hua)面(mian)貌和(he)(he)年(nian)代上大多(duo)屬于末期，即(ji)大體(ti)與(yu)石(shi)峽(xia)(xia)中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)、始(shi)興澄(cheng)陂村窯(yao)址相當。
這個(ge)時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)，一(yi)個(ge)特(te)點(dian)是(shi)幾何形(xing)印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)盛行，泥質陶(tao)(tao)和(he)(he)(he)夾砂(sha)(sha)陶(tao)(tao)都拍印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾，而且具有(you)(you)(you)(you)特(te)點(dian)。以(yi)河(he)宕、灶崗與石(shi)峽中層比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)，前兩(liang)者印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)深(shen)(shen)而清晰(xi)，單(dan)位(wei)結構粗疏，如對角線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重方(fang)格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(大(da)小(xiao)由四至(zhi)五重組(zu)成)一(yi)個(ge)單(dan)位(wei)直(zhi)徑達4-6厘(li)米。印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)也(ye)多(duo)(duo)(duo)，河(he)宕一(yi)處(chu)就有(you)(you)(you)(you)二十(shi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)不(bu)同花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。另(ling)一(yi)特(te)點(dian)是(shi)器(qi)(qi)形(xing)承襲、發(fa)(fa)(fa)展了本區前期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征。如炊煮(zhu)器(qi)(qi)仍以(yi)釜為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，三足(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)(如鼎(ding)等)極少發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(佛山河(he)宕出(chu)土(tu)四萬多(duo)(duo)(duo)片陶(tao)(tao)片，僅見一(yi)件(jian)實足(zu)(zu))。深(shen)(shen)圳赤灣發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)一(yi)種(zhong)粗砂(sha)(sha)陶(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“爐箅形(xing)”器(qi)(qi)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下面(mian)支(zhi)墊器(qi)(qi)座(zuo)，應為(wei)(wei)(wei)烤(kao)魚類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)物(wu)，過(guo)去(qu)寶(bao)安、香(xiang)港深(shen)(shen)灣等地發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)殘(can)件(jian)，不(bu)明(ming)用途(tu)（52）。另(ling)外深(shen)(shen)圳還發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)一(yi)種(zhong)帶兩(liang)個(ge)鏤(lou)孔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“爐座(zuo)”(暫(zan)名(ming))。這里僅舉河(he)宕為(wei)(wei)(wei)例，河(he)宕舊墟遺(yi)址較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)面(mian)積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)揭露及其出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豐富陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)，在西樵山附(fu)近以(yi)至(zhi)珠江三角洲地區具有(you)(you)(you)(you)相(xiang)當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代表性，使我們比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)清楚地看到(dao)晚期(qi)(末(mo)(mo)期(qi))陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)和(he)(he)(he)幾何印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豐富多(duo)(duo)(duo)彩(cai)。如盛行圜(yuan)底(di)釜、矮圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)罐(guan)，缺乏三足(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)類(lei)(lei)。釜多(duo)(duo)(duo)寬沿敞口(棱(leng)角明(ming)顯)、扁(bian)圓腹。夾砂(sha)(sha)陶(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)除繩紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、條紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(籃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen))、劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(以(yi)水波狀為(wei)(wei)(wei)多(duo)(duo)(duo))外，還有(you)(you)(you)(you)曲尺紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、梯(ti)子形(xing)格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、云雷(lei)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、對角線(xian)重方(fang)格(ge)、凸圓點(dian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)等二十(shi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)。泥質陶(tao)(tao)主(zhu)要有(you)(you)(you)(you)罐(guan)壺類(lei)(lei)和(he)(he)(he)盤豆類(lei)(lei)。罐(guan)壺類(lei)(lei)都附(fu)圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)，形(xing)式多(duo)(duo)(duo)樣，主(zhu)要是(shi)圓腹和(he)(he)(he)折肩(jian)(jian)兩(liang)類(lei)(lei)。圓腹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)素(su)面(mian)磨光，地層和(he)(he)(he)墓葬中都有(you)(you)(you)(you)出(chu)土(tu)，是(shi)石(shi)峽中層未見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。小(xiao)口折肩(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，肩(jian)(jian)以(yi)上無紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，肩(jian)(jian)以(yi)下有(you)(you)(you)(you)云雷(lei)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)一(yi)至(zhi)三周，以(yi)下多(duo)(duo)(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)曲尺紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)組(zu)合，是(shi)末(mo)(mo)期(qi)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)典型器(qi)(qi)。石(shi)峽中層也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)，但數(shu)量很少。盤豆類(lei)(lei)數(shu)量多(duo)(duo)(duo)，以(yi)鏤(lou)孔矮圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)盤有(you)(you)(you)(you)斂口、子母口和(he)(he)(he)展唇等不(bu)同形(xing)式，質地多(duo)(duo)(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)細(xi)泥磨光紅陶(tao)(tao)或橙(cheng)黃(huang)陶(tao)(tao)。一(yi)
種(zhong)(zhong)斂口(kou)的(de)(de)磨光紅(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)盤(pan)，很象仰韶式的(de)(de)紅(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)缽(bo)，但(dan)下(xia)面附有(you)(you)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)，同(tong)時在圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)盤(pan)中(zhong)還(huan)有(you)(you)一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)彩陶(tao)(tao)(tao)。泥質陶(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)印紋(wen)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)將(jiang)近有(you)(you)三十(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)，主要拍(pai)印于(yu)罐壺類(lei)上。此(ci)外，河(he)(he)宕還(huan)發現有(you)(you)六、七(qi)十(shi)片(pian)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)片(pian)上有(you)(you)刻(ke)劃符(fu)號，二(er)件(jian)器底(di)(di)部(bu)刻(ke)劃魚(yu)紋(wen)，符(fu)號多刻(ke)于(yu)圈(quan)(quan)足(zu)盤(pan)的(de)(de)底(di)(di)部(bu)。石峽下(xia)層沒有(you)(you)發現刻(ke)劃符(fu)號，中(zhong)層僅見(jian)一(yi)個(ge)“米(mi)”字形(xing)符(fu)號。而與河(he)(he)宕年代(dai)相當的(de)(de)高要茅(mao)崗也發現有(you)(you)十(shi)個(ge)左右的(de)(de)刻(ke)劃符(fu)號。河(he)(he)宕下(xia)層與中(zhong)層的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)紡輪(lun)有(you)(you)明顯區(qu)別，中(zhong)層多為(wei)素面。下(xia)層的(de)(de)其底(di)(di)面多有(you)(you)刻(ke)劃花紋(wen)，為(wei)單線(xian)或(huo)復線(xian)的(de)(de)圓弧(hu)線(xian)，把底(di)(di)面分(fen)成三、四、五等分(fen)。還(huan)應提(ti)到，增城金蘭寺中(zhong)層，出土過一(yi)件(jian)形(xing)象逼真的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)祖(且)，它(ta)反映(ying)了這一(yi)時期父權制的(de)(de)確立。(53)
工具飾物
在珠江三(san)角(jiao)洲，港澳沿海島嶼的(de)(de)貝(bei)丘和沙丘遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址中，出(chu)土(tu)有(you)一部(bu)分以動物、介殼(ke)(ke)類遺(yi)(yi)(yi)骸制作的(de)(de)工具(ju)和飾物，這也是西樵(qiao)山文化遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存的(de)(de)一個不可(ke)忽(hu)視(shi)的(de)(de)特(te)點。例如，在萬(wan)福庵、河宕(dang)獅子橋、王借崗等(deng)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址，都發現(xian)有(you)蠔殼(ke)(ke)磨成的(de)(de)穿(chuan)孔工具(ju)。河宕(dang)舊墟(xu)出(chu)有(you)一種(zhong)特(te)殊形(xing)式的(de)(de)穿(chuan)孔骨(gu)針(zhen)(疑即織(zhi)魚網織(zhi)針(zhen))。河宕(dang)的(de)(de)骨(gu)鏃(zu)比石鏃(zu)多幾倍。新會羅山咀發現(xian)穿(chuan)孔蚶殼(ke)(ke)、深灣下層有(you)穿(chuan)孔鯊魚牙飾。有(you)些遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址還出(chu)土(tu)魚脊(ji)骨(gu)串(chuan)飾等(deng)。
墓葬特點
西樵山文化(hua)的(de)(de)早期墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)尚無(wu)發現(xian)。中期的(de)(de)如(ru)新會羅山咀(ju)發現(xian)一座(zuo)二次甕(weng)(weng)棺葬(zang)(zang)，葬(zang)(zang)具為兩件相套的(de)(de)粗砂(sha)陶厚胎折肩甕(weng)(weng)，肩上刻劃一周(zhou)三(san)角(jiao)形(內(nei)加斜線)劃紋，還有(you)一個刻劃符號(hao)。人骨從頭到(dao)下(xia)肢有(you)序地疊(die)置于甕(weng)(weng)內(nei)，隨葬(zang)(zang)品有(you)骨簪、穿孔麻龜板飾(shi)物(wu)各一件（54）。據(ju)《深灣》發掘報告，在(zai)F層(ceng)及晚期cb層(ceng)都發現(xian)過(guo)火(huo)葬(zang)(zang)及土葬(zang)(zang)。引人注目的(de)(de)是火(huo)葬(zang)(zang)，這種(zhong)火(huo)葬(zang)(zang)是從文化(hua)層(ceng)中零星散見的(de)(de)許多碎骨，包括頭骨及肢骨等，經過(guo)八百度高溫(wen)火(huo)化(hua)跡象而判定(ding)的(de)(de)（55）。
晚期墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)較多(duo)(duo)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)。1961年(nian)金蘭寺(si)2A層(ceng)(ceng)貝殼(ke)堆積中(zhong)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)四(si)座(zuo)，淺坑或(huo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)坑不(bu)(bu)(bu)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)，人(ren)(ren)骨(gu)架頭東腳(jiao)西(xi)，仰臥直肢(zhi)，基(ji)本并(bing)行排(pai)列。鑒(jian)(jian)定(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)(老(lao)(lao))、兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)男(nan)(nan)(nan)(青)、一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)兒(er)童(tong)，兒(er)童(tong)緊(jin)依女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性(xing)骨(gu)架。其中(zhong)M2(男(nan)(nan)(nan)，25歲±)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)拔牙(ya)（56）。僅M4女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)長(chang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)格印(yin)紋陶(tao)(tao)(tao)缶、骨(gu)飾(shi)各一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)。1978年(nian)，南海灶崗貝丘遺址發(fa)(fa)現(xian)六座(zuo)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)坑多(duo)(duo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)，頭向(xiang)東南，腳(jiao)向(xiang)西(xi)北，仰臥直肢(zhi)，經(jing)鑒(jian)(jian)定(ding)男(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)老(lao)(lao)少均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)。僅三座(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)各隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)小石(shi)錛(ben)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。1977年(nian)，筆者(zhe)在河宕(dang)獅子(zi)橋遺址調查，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)頭蓋骨(gu)、顎(e)骨(gu)、肢(zhi)骨(gu)殘骸，推測應為(wei)(wei)(wei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)。獅子(zi)橋的(de)(de)年(nian)代(dai)與(yu)河宕(dang)舊墟(xu)的(de)(de)中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)相當。1977-1978年(nian)，河宕(dang)舊墟(xu)發(fa)(fa)掘760平方(fang)(fang)(fang)米，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)七十(shi)(shi)七座(zuo)(中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)五十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座(zuo)，下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)貝殼(ke)層(ceng)(ceng)二(er)十(shi)(shi)六座(zuo))。這批墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)在文化層(ceng)(ceng)中(zhong)，多(duo)(duo)數沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)坑，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)部分(fen)(fen)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)淺坑(如M15打破(po)紅燒(shao)土居址)。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)式主要是一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次單(dan)人(ren)(ren)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)，仰臥直肢(zhi)，但下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)部分(fen)(fen)可(ke)能為(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)次葬(zang)(zang)(zang)，仍為(wei)(wei)(wei)仰臥直肢(zhi)。M12發(fa)(fa)現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)骨(gu)架兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)具，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)坑不(bu)(bu)(bu)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)，經(jing)鑒(jian)(jian)定(ding)同為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)年(nian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性(xing)，還(huan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能肯定(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)合葬(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。這批墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)東西(xi)向(xiang)，經(jing)鑒(jian)(jian)定(ding)的(de)(de)五十(shi)(shi)六座(zuo)，男(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)老(lao)(lao)少均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，幼(you)童(tong)占(zhan)十(shi)(shi)座(zuo)。中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)或(huo)下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)男(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)老(lao)(lao)幼(you)都(dou)是間(jian)錯排(pai)列（還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)疊(die)壓(ya)打破(po)關系），并(bing)非(fei)同輩的(de)(de)男(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)序(xu)地排(pai)列。經(jing)鑒(jian)(jian)定(ding)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)重要現(xian)象(xiang)，即(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)男(nan)(nan)(nan)性(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)律頭西(xi)腳(jiao)東，成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)律頭東腳(jiao)西(xi)（57）。二(er)十(shi)(shi)八座(zuo)成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)男(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)，占(zhan)成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)男(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)總數的(de)(de)42%，隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)共四(si)十(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，每墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)多(duo)(duo)者(zhe)三件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，少者(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)性(xing)多(duo)(duo)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)紡輪一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，男(nan)(nan)(nan)性(xing)多(duo)(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)小石(shi)錛(ben)或(huo)鏃、矛(mao)，或(huo)許仍然反(fan)映著男(nan)(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)性(xing)自(zi)然分(fen)(fen)工(gong)(gong)。還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)都(dou)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)，九件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)均(jun)出于中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)或(huo)打破(po)中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)。其中(zhong)甲區M1(女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)老(lao)(lao)年(nian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(泥(ni)質(zhi)黑皮圈足盤(pan)二(er)、夾砂方(fang)(fang)(fang)格紋圈足罐一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian))。M19(男(nan)(nan)(nan)，青年(nian))，泥(ni)質(zhi)薄胎方(fang)(fang)(fang)格紋敞口凹(ao)底罐一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。M23(女(nv)(nv)(nv)(nv)，青年(nian))，肩有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)雙鋬(shi)磨光黑皮小陶(tao)(tao)(tao)罐一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。M24(男(nan)(nan)(nan)，成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian))，似(si)水晶質(zhi)地的(de)(de)玦和(he)紅陶(tao)(tao)(tao)圈足小罐各一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)除了隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)小石(shi)錛(ben)、骨(gu)鏃、石(shi)鏃、石(shi)環、陶(tao)(tao)(tao)紡輪外，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)座(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)象(xiang)牙(ya)器(qi)。兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)座(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)青年(nian)男(nan)(nan)(nan)性(xing)，M25(30歲±，人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)拔牙(ya))，人(ren)(ren)骨(gu)右手腕(wan)上戴大象(xiang)牙(ya)環一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，頭上有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)半(ban)環形一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)側帶凹(ao)槽的(de)(de)骨(gu)飾(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，長(chang)10厘(li)米余；M65(25歲±，拔牙(ya))，頭上有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大小相若(ruo)的(de)(de)亞腰(yao)筒形器(qi)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，高(gao)7.6、上徑6.2、下(xia)徑8.2厘(li)米。制作精致，薄如蛋殼(ke)。
更為(wei)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，這批人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)骨架(jia)在(zai)可供觀察的(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)十(shi)二(er)個(ge)(ge)成年(nian)(nian)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)，發(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)十(shi)九個(ge)(ge)(男(nan)(nan)十(shi)，女九)生前人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)，未拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)三個(ge)(ge)，拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)出現(xian)(xian)率占(zhan)82.6%。拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)，最小年(nian)(nian)齡為(wei)22-25歲(sui)(甲區(qu)M63)，拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)除(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)種(zhong)絕(jue)大多數(shu)是(shi)上(shang)頜(he)兩側(ce)(也(ye)有(you)單側(ce))第(di)二(er)門(men)(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)，還(huan)有(you)五例是(shi)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)除(chu)上(shang)頜(he)中(zhong)門(men)(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)、中(zhong)門(men)(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)與左右側(ce)門(men)(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)相結合的(de)(de)(de)(de)，研究人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員指出“這是(shi)值(zhi)得(de)注意”的(de)(de)(de)(de)（58），因為(wei)我(wo)國(guo)山(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)大汶口文化、江(jiang)蘇邳(pi)縣大墩子(zi)、福建(jian)曇(tan)石(shi)山(shan)等新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)遺址(zhi)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)材料中(zhong)，拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)除(chu)或敲去的(de)(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)種(zhong)絕(jue)大多數(shu)(據(ju)統計占(zhan)90%強)是(shi)上(shang)頜(he)側(ce)門(men)(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)，一(yi)般忌拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)上(shang)中(zhong)門(men)(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)及(ji)下(xia)門(men)(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)，同時(shi)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同，往往反映著不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)義(yi)。河(he)宕人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)骨架(jia)體(ti)(ti)質(zhi)形態，鑒定接近于(yu)蒙古人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)南(nan)亞(ya)類型。發(fa)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究報告又指出。雖(sui)然“顯示出一(yi)些(xie)同赤道人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)相似的(de)(de)(de)(de)特征(zheng)(zheng)”，“但他們(men)還(huan)應該(gai)屬于(yu)蒙古人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)部邊緣類型”（59）。男(nan)(nan)性平均身高約為(wei)166厘米(mi)，女性約154厘米(mi)。比黃河(he)流域新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)居民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)估算身高(168.4-172.3厘米(mi))矮一(yi)些(xie)。上(shang)述(shu)金蘭(lan)寺墓葬經鑒定認為(wei)“這批頭骨有(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)黃種(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特征(zheng)(zheng)”，并(bing)指出“有(you)些(xie)形態如圓(yuan)頭、拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)可能(neng)對探討(tao)我(wo)國(guo)沿海的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)族起源和遷(qian)移有(you)一(yi)定意義(yi)”（60）。如上(shang)所(suo)述(shu)，廣東(dong)(dong)(dong)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)十(shi)個(ge)(ge)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)，都(dou)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)于(yu)珠江(jiang)三角洲沿海的(de)(de)(de)(de)貝丘遺址(zhi)，文化性質(zhi)和年(nian)(nian)代(dai)也(ye)相當，均屬距今四(si)千年(nian)(nian)左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)末期，結合《山(shan)海經》、《淮南(nan)子(zi)》、和《唐大和上(shang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)征(zheng)(zheng)傳》(61)等文獻(xian)有(you)關記述(shu)以(yi)及(ji)民(min)族學材料，特別是(shi)結合從山(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)至廣東(dong)(dong)(dong)，我(wo)國(guo)東(dong)(dong)(dong)方和東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)沿海地(di)區(qu)(包(bao)括臺灣)考古發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類體(ti)(ti)質(zhi)形態、拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)(鑿齒(chi)(chi)(chi))材料,不(bu)難看(kan)出廣東(dong)(dong)(dong)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)這批墓葬及(ji)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)牙(ya)資料，具(ju)有(you)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)價值(zhi)。
總(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)，上(shang)述河宕、灶崗、金蘭(lan)寺(si)等貝丘遺址的墓(mu)葬(zang)有(you)(you)(you)幾(ji)個共同特點：(1)墓(mu)葬(zang)或(huo)墓(mu)地(di)分布于遺址中(zhong)；(2)墓(mu)坑不明(ming)顯或(huo)挖淺坑，用(yong)貝殼填埋；(3)墓(mu)坑或(huo)人骨架以東西(xi)向為主(zhu)，實(shi)行(xing)一(yi)次單人葬(zang)為主(zhu)(河宕可(ke)能也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)二(er)(er)次單人葬(zang))，未見明(ming)確(que)的合葬(zang)墓(mu)；(4)多數墓(mu)沒有(you)(you)(you)隨葬(zang)品(約占墓(mu)葬(zang)總(zong)數的三(san)(san)分之(zhi)(zhi)二(er)(er))，有(you)(you)(you)隨葬(zang)品的每(mei)座墓(mu)多為一(yi)件，也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)二(er)(er)、三(san)(san)件的。這些(xie)情況，可(ke)能在(zai)很大程度(du)上(shang)反(fan)映了珠江三(san)(san)角洲(zhou)一(yi)帶當時(shi)居民的葬(zang)制和葬(zang)俗。
地理環境
西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化分布(bu)的珠(zhu)江三角洲，是(shi)一(yi)個地(di)勢坦蕩，河(he)涌縱橫，山(shan)(shan)(shan)崗臺地(di)(一(yi)說(shuo)是(shi)島丘)棋布(bu)，又有不少低(di)洼沼澤地(di)的沖積平原(yuan)（62）。這(zhe)種復合三角洲的地(di)理環境(jing)，亞熱(re)帶或熱(re)帶氣候及自然(ran)資源(yuan)的特(te)點，必然(ran)給西(xi)樵山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化原(yuan)始居民的經濟來源(yuan)和(he)生活習(xi)俗(su)，帶來很大的影響。這(zhe)可從遺(yi)址類型、自然(ran)遺(yi)物及居住遺(yi)跡(如(ru)“干闌(lan)式”建(jian)筑)等方面得到說(shuo)明。
遺址類型
在(zai)各(ge)種(zhong)類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)-山崗(或(huo)島丘)、臺地、土(tu)墩、貝(bei)(bei)丘、沙(sha)(sha)丘(或(huo)沙(sha)(sha)洲)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)中，貝(bei)(bei)丘和(he)沙(sha)(sha)丘遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)占半數以(yi)上，總(zong)數不少于一(yi)百處。廣東新石器中期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)多是貝(bei)(bei)丘遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)，也多分布于珠江(jiang)三角洲沿(yan)海地區。沙(sha)(sha)丘(或(huo)沙(sha)(sha)洲)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)如深(shen)圳大(da)、小梅沙(sha)(sha)，香(xiang)港深(shen)灣F層(ceng)第(di)。屬(shu)于晚期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貝(bei)(bei)丘和(he)沙(sha)(sha)丘遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(或(huo)文化層(ceng))就更多了(參看(kan)本文附表(biao))。這(zhe)類(lei)貝(bei)(bei)丘和(he)沙(sha)(sha)丘遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(主要是貝(bei)(bei)丘遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi))，堆積(ji)著大(da)量成層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)介殼類(lei)和(he)水陸棲(qi)動物遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)骸。如河宕舊墟發(fa)掘面積(ji)760平方(fang)米，就出土(tu)有三千五(wu)百多件各(ge)種(zhong)動物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)骨(gu)，以(yi)及數以(yi)噸(dun)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)介殼(主要是下層(ceng))。下面列舉一(yi)些比較重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)屬(shu)，以(yi)供研(yan)究參考(kao)。
象(xiang)(xiang)(南(nan)(nan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)民(min)樂、河(he)宕(dang)(dang)、茅崗(gang)(gang)等(deng)(deng)，民(min)樂象(xiang)(xiang)頭骨鑒定為“西樵山(shan)亞洲(zhou)象(xiang)(xiang)新(xin)(xin)亞種)（63）”，牛(niu)(河(he)宕(dang)(dang)中層、金蘭寺、增城(cheng)(cheng)石(shi)(shi)灘仙(xian)村(cun)(cun)、新(xin)(xin)塘、博羅(luo)(luo)(luo)鐵場(chang)墟、民(min)樂龍船田、觀音廟口、深(shen)灣(wan)[Bos])，豬(河(he)宕(dang)(dang)，茅崗(gang)(gang)，龍江村(cun)(cun)，深(shen)灣(wan)等(deng)(deng)，茅崗(gang)(gang)、河(he)宕(dang)(dang)經鑒定有(you)小部分屬家養)，彌(mi)猴([Macca sp.]河(he)宕(dang)(dang)下層)，馬來鱷([Tomistoma sp.]河(he)宕(dang)(dang)、東(dong)莞龍江村(cun)(cun)等(deng)(deng))，硬頭海(hai)(hai)(hai)鯰(nian)(俗(su)(su)稱赤(chi)魚[Arius Leiotetoce phalos]深(shen)灣(wan)數量(liang)多，還河(he)宕(dang)(dang)，金蘭寺)（64），據《深(shen)灣(wan)》報告說是一(yi)種深(shen)海(hai)(hai)(hai)魚類，產卵(luan)時(shi)可(ke)游至(zhi)(zhi)淺海(hai)(hai)(hai)或(huo)河(he)口)，斷斑石(shi)(shi)鱸(俗(su)(su)稱頭鱸，也(ye)深(shen)海(hai)(hai)(hai)魚類，深(shen)灣(wan)有(you)大(da)量(liang)出土)，海(hai)(hai)(hai)豚、大(da)魟魚(深(shen)灣(wan))，麗蚌或(huo)河(he)蚌(Lamprotula sp.)蘭蜆或(huo)河(he)蜆(Corbicula sp.)，蚶(新(xin)(xin)會羅(luo)(luo)(luo)山(shan)咀、環城(cheng)(cheng)牛(niu)頭山(shan)、茶坑、外(wai)(wai)海(hai)(hai)(hai)潮蓮富崗(gang)(gang)、青(qing)瀾、高鶴古椰村(cun)(cun)、博羅(luo)(luo)(luo)馬嘶村(cun)(cun)、上南(nan)(nan)村(cun)(cun)、惠陽潼湖下里村(cun)(cun)等(deng)(deng))，牡(mu)蠣(俗(su)(su)稱蠓，有(you)長牡(mu)蠣、僧帽(mao)牡(mu)蠣等(deng)(deng)，河(he)宕(dang)(dang)舊墟、獅子橋、南(nan)(nan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)大(da)瀝梁(liang)邊村(cun)(cun)，增城(cheng)(cheng)仙(xian)村(cun)(cun)、新(xin)(xin)塘、石(shi)(shi)灘、博羅(luo)(luo)(luo)鐵場(chang)圩，新(xin)(xin)會環城(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)(wai)海(hai)(hai)(hai)、羅(luo)(luo)(luo)山(shan)咀等(deng)(deng))（65）。此(ci)外(wai)(wai)，有(you)些遺(yi)址還有(you)石(shi)(shi)、陶網(wang)墜。以上這些發(fa)現(xian)，一(yi)方面充分證(zheng)明漁獵(lie)、捕撈業(ye)是當時(shi)居(ju)民(min)生活的主要來源；另方面，對(dui)探討(tao)珠三角洲(zhou)平原的形(xing)成和(he)(he)變遷(qian)及是否有(you)過海(hai)(hai)(hai)浸等(deng)(deng)問題，也(ye)有(you)參考價值。至(zhi)(zhi)于山(shan)岡和(he)(he)臺(tai)地遺(yi)址，從(cong)大(da)量(liang)磨制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)斧(fu)、錛(ben)、鏟和(he)(he)發(fa)達的陶器看，晚期應有(you)原始農(nong)業(ye)的出現(xian)。但至(zhi)(zhi)今似未發(fa)現(xian)過農(nong)作物，因此(ci)無法作進一(yi)步的推斷。
黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)獅(shi)藝(yi)武(wu)(wu)術(shu)(shu)館位(wei)于黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)的出生地南海市(shi)西樵山下(xia)的祿(lu)舟村(cun)(cun)，距西樵官山城(cheng)區(qu)僅三公里。武(wu)(wu)術(shu)(shu)館籌建于一(yi)九(jiu)九(jiu)六年，占地面積五(wu)點二(er)三畝，綠(lv)瓦(wa)飛(fei)檐，建筑(zhu)別致，具有清末古建筑(zhu)風格。館內分設有黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)故居、黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)練功(gong)休息室(shi)、黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)史跡陳列(lie)影視(shi)室(shi)、寶(bao)芝林堂(tang)、百草(cao)堂(tang)、關德興紀(ji)念堂(tang)等。另有黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)影視(shi)城(cheng)，黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)武(wu)(wu)術(shu)(shu)村(cun)(cun)、黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)鴻(hong)水(shui)寨等正在(zai)規(gui)劃中。
黃(huang)飛鴻(hong)于道光二十(shi)七年(nian)（一八四七年(nian)）出(chu)生于祿舟村，其(qi)祖父(fu)(fu)(fu)黃(huang)泰、父(fu)(fu)(fu)親黃(huang)麒英均(jun)是南拳高(gao)手，黃(huang)飛鴻(hong)五歲學父(fu)(fu)(fu)習(xi)武，父(fu)(fu)(fu)嚴(yan)子專、進步(bu)很快，十(shi)二歲時擊敗(bai)廣州鄭大(da)雄，頓時名(ming)聲大(da)噪，時稱“少年(nian)英雄”，后開館(guan)授(shou)徒。黃(huang)飛鴻(hong)武藝高(gao)強(qiang)，卻從不恃強(qiang)凌弱，他(ta)一生行俠仗(zhang)義，并開設寶芝林懸(xuan)壺濟(ji)世，以其(qi)高(gao)尚的醫德、武德深受人們愛戴。
黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)(fei)鴻(hong)獅(shi)藝武(wu)術館系(xi)黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)(fei)鴻(hong)家鄉父老為弘(hong)揚黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)(fei)鴻(hong)醫德(de)、武(wu)德(de)而(er)建。館內除陳列(lie)黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)(fei)鴻(hong)、關德(de)興(xing)等事跡圖片實物外(wai)，還(huan)定時表(biao)演功夫(fu)、舞龍、舞獅(shi)等傳統項目，黃(huang)(huang)飛(fei)(fei)鴻(hong)高(gao)樁醒獅(shi)有世界(jie)(jie)獅(shi)王之稱(cheng)，其表(biao)演精(jing)彩絕倫，讓你大開眼界(jie)(jie)，堪(kan)稱(cheng)世界(jie)(jie)一絕。吸引眾多海(hai)內外(wai)游客前來欣賞。
2019年2月2日，被文化和(he)旅游部命名為2018-2020年度“中國民間文化藝術之鄉”。
2019年9月(yue)11日，西樵鎮入選“2018中國鄉鎮綜合(he)競爭力100強”。
歲月靜好
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