大政殿
大(da)(da)(da)政殿是(shi)一座八(ba)角重(zhong)檐亭(ting)式建筑,俗稱(cheng)八(ba)角殿。始建于(yu)1625年,是(shi)清太(tai)祖努爾哈赤營(ying)建的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)宮(gong)(gong)殿,是(shi)盛京皇(huang)宮(gong)(gong)內(nei)(nei)最(zui)莊嚴(yan)最(zui)神圣的(de)地方。初稱(cheng)大(da)(da)(da)衙門,1636定名篤恭(gong)殿,后改大(da)(da)(da)政殿。八(ba)角重(zhong)檐攢(zan)尖式,八(ba)面出廊(lang),其下為(wei)須(xu)彌座臺(tai)(tai)基。殿頂(ding)(ding)滿鋪黃琉璃瓦,鑲綠(lv)剪邊,正中相輪火(huo)焰珠(zhu)頂(ding)(ding),寶(bao)頂(ding)(ding)周圍(wei)有(you)八(ba)條鐵鏈各(ge)與力士相連(lian)。殿前兩明柱各(ge)有(you)金龍盤柱,殿內(nei)(nei)為(wei)梵文天花和降龍藻井。殿內(nei)(nei)設(she)有(you)寶(bao)座、屏風(feng)及熏爐、香亭(ting)、鶴式燭臺(tai)(tai)等(deng)。大(da)(da)(da)政殿用于(yu)舉行大(da)(da)(da)典,如皇(huang)帝(di)即位,頒布(bu)詔書,宣布(bu)軍(jun)隊出征,迎接將士凱旋等(deng)。此殿為(wei)清太(tai)宗皇(huang)太(tai)極舉行重(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)典禮(li)及重(zhong)要(yao)政治活動的(de)場所。
1644年(nian)(順治元年(nian))皇(huang)帝福臨在(zai)此登基繼位。
十王亭
十王亭(ting)位(wei)于大政殿兩側八(ba)字形依次排列,是滿族八(ba)旗制度在宮(gong)殿建筑的反(fan)映,此建筑布局(ju)為中國古代宮(gong)廷建筑史所僅見。
其(qi)東側五亭(ting)(ting)由北(bei)往南(nan)依(yi)次(ci)為左翼王亭(ting)(ting)、鑲(xiang)黃(huang)旗(qi)亭(ting)(ting)、正白旗(qi)亭(ting)(ting)、鑲(xiang)白旗(qi)亭(ting)(ting)、正藍(lan)旗(qi)亭(ting)(ting);
西側五亭(ting)(ting)依次為右(you)翼王亭(ting)(ting)、正黃旗(qi)亭(ting)(ting)、正紅(hong)旗(qi)亭(ting)(ting)、鑲(xiang)紅(hong)旗(qi)亭(ting)(ting)、鑲(xiang)藍旗(qi)亭(ting)(ting)。
是(shi)清初八(ba)旗各主旗貝勒、大臣議(yi)政及處理(li)政務之處。這種君臣合署在宮(gong)殿(dian)(dian)辦事的(de)現象(xiang),歷史上(shang)少(shao)見(jian)。從建筑上(shang)看,大政殿(dian)(dian)也是(shi)一個(ge)亭(ting)子,不過它的(de)體量較大,裝飾比較華麗,因此(ci)稱(cheng)為(wei)宮(gong)殿(dian)(dian)。大政殿(dian)(dian)和(he)成八(ba)字形排開的(de)10座亭(ting)子,其建筑格局乃脫胎于少(shao)數民族的(de)帳(zhang)(zhang)殿(dian)(dian)。這11座亭(ting)子,就是(shi)11座帳(zhang)(zhang)篷的(de)化身。帳(zhang)(zhang)篷是(shi)可以流動遷移(yi)的(de),而亭(ting)子就固(gu)定(ding)起來(lai)了,顯(xian)示了滿族文化發展的(de)一個(ge)里程。
大清門
大清門(men)是盛京皇宮(gong)(今沈陽故(gu)宮(gong)博物院)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正門(men),俗稱午(wu)門(men),它是一座面闊五(wu)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)硬(ying)山式建(jian)筑,房(fang)頂(ding)滿鋪(pu)琉(liu)璃(li)瓦,飾(shi)以綠剪邊,尤(you)其(qi)是大清門(men)山墻(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最上端,南北突出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)四個墀頭(tou),三面皆用五(wu)彩(cai)琉(liu)璃(li)鑲嵌(qian)而成(cheng),紋飾(shi)為凸(tu)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)水云龍及象(xiang)征吉祥的(de)(de)(de)(de)各種動物,做工(gong)精巧,栩栩如(ru)生。此門(men)莊嚴富麗,與整個宮(gong)殿建(jian)筑混(hun)成(cheng)一體(ti),顯得(de)十分(fen)協調。
大(da)清(qing)(qing)(qing)門建于天(tian)聰六年(1632年)之前,為盛京皇宮中皇太極(ji)續修的(de)早期建筑(zhu)之一。原稱(cheng)大(da)門、正(zheng)門。1636年定宮殿名時稱(cheng)大(da)門為大(da)清(qing)(qing)(qing)門。大(da)清(qing)(qing)(qing)門的(de)滿文譯音為“代青(qing)杜卡(ka)”(代青(qing)即大(da)清(qing)(qing)(qing),杜卡(ka)為門)。
崇政殿
崇政殿(dian)(dian)(dian)在中(zhong)路前院正(zheng)中(zhong),俗稱“金鑾殿(dian)(dian)(dian)”,是沈陽故宮(gong)最重要的(de)建(jian)筑。整(zheng)座(zuo)大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)全是木(mu)結構(gou),面(mian)闊五間進深三間。前后出廊(lang)硬(ying)山式(shi),辟有(you)(you)隔扇門,前后出廊(lang),圍(wei)以石雕的(de)欄桿。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)頂(ding)鋪(pu)黃琉璃(li)瓦(wa),鑲(xiang)綠剪邊,正(zheng)脊(ji)飾(shi)五彩(cai)琉璃(li)龍紋(wen)及火焰珠。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)身(shen)的(de)廊(lang)柱是方(fang)形的(de),望(wang)柱下有(you)(you)吐水的(de)螭首,頂(ding)蓋(gai)黃琉璃(li)瓦(wa)鑲(xiang)綠剪邊;殿(dian)(dian)(dian)前月臺兩(liang)角,東(dong)立日晷,西(xi)設(she)嘉量;殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)“徹上明造”繪(hui)以彩(cai)飾(shi)。內(nei)陳寶座(zuo)、屏風(feng);兩(liang)側有(you)(you)熏爐、香亭、燭(zhu)臺一堂(tang);殿(dian)(dian)(dian)柱
是圓形(xing)的,兩柱間(jian)用一條雕刻(ke)的整龍(long)連(lian)接(jie),龍(long)頭探出(chu)檐外(wai),龍(long)尾直入殿中,實用與裝(zhuang)飾完美(mei)地結合為一體,增加了殿宇的帝(di)(di)王氣魄。此殿為清太宗(zong)皇太極陛見臣下,宴請外(wai)國(guo)使臣以及處理大(da)(da)政的常朝之處。公元1636年,后金改國(guo)號(hao)為大(da)(da)清的大(da)(da)典就在此舉行。“東巡”諸(zhu)帝(di)(di)于(yu)此舉行“展謁山陵禮成”等慶賀(he)典禮。
鳳凰樓
崇政殿北首的鳳凰(huang)樓,建(jian)造(zao)在4米高的青(qing)磚臺基上,有三層,三滴水(shui)歇山(shan)式圍廊,頂鋪黃琉(liu)璃瓦(wa),鑲綠剪邊。此樓為盛京最高建(jian)筑,故(gu)有《盛京八景》之一(yi)“鳳樓曉(xiao)日”、“鳳樓觀(guan)塔”等傳稱。鳳凰(huang)樓上藏有乾隆御(yu)筆(bi)親題的“紫氣(qi)東來”匾。
清寧宮
清(qing)寧(ning)宮為(wei)五開(kai)間(jian)前后廊(lang)硬山式。是清(qing)太(tai)宗皇太(tai)極(ji)和皇后博爾濟(ji)吉特(te)氏居住的(de)“中(zhong)宮”。
室門開于(yu)東(dong)次間,屋內西側形(xing)成(cheng)“筒子房”格局,東(dong)梢間為帝后寢宮。寬大的支(zhi)摘(zhai)窗式(shi)樣(yang)樸素,欞條皆(jie)以“碼(ma)三箭(jian)”式(shi)相(xiang)交,宮門亦不用隔扇式(shi)。正(zheng)對宮門豎(shu)立祭天的“索倫竿”,此均(jun)為源自(zi)滿族(zu)民(min)間的傳統風格。殿頂(ding)鋪黃(huang)琉(liu)璃瓦鑲緣(yuan)剪邊(bian),前后皆(jie)方形(xing)檐柱(zhu),柱(zhu)頭飾獸面,檀枋施彩繪等,則是吸(xi)收漢、藏民(min)族(zu)建筑(zhu)藝(yi)術。
文溯閣
文(wen)溯閣(ge)(ge)建(jian)于1782年(乾隆四十七年)。專(zhuan)為(wei)存(cun)放《文(wen)溯閣(ge)(ge)四庫(ku)全(quan)書》而(er)建(jian),
另有(you)(you)《古(gu)今圖(tu)書(shu)集成(cheng)》亦存于(yu)閣內。是(shi)(shi)沈陽故宮(gong)西路(lu)的(de)主體建筑,建筑形式仿照浙江(jiang)寧波的(de)天一閣,面闊六間(jian),二樓(lou)三層重檐硬山式,前后出廊(lang),上邊蓋黑(hei)色(se)琉璃瓦加綠(lv)(lv)剪(jian)邊,前后廊(lang)檐柱都裝(zhuang)飾有(you)(you)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)的(de)地仗。所(suo)有(you)(you)的(de)門、窗、柱都漆(qi)成(cheng)綠(lv)(lv)色(se),外檐彩畫也(ye)以(yi)藍、綠(lv)(lv)、白相(xiang)間(jian)的(de)冷(leng)色(se)調(diao)為(wei)(wei)主,這與其(qi)(qi)它宮(gong)殿(dian)紅金為(wei)(wei)主的(de)外檐彩飾迥然不(bu)同。其(qi)(qi)彩繪畫題(ti)材也(ye)不(bu)用(yong)宮(gong)殿(dian)中常見的(de)行龍(long)飛鳳,而是(shi)(shi)以(yi)“白馬(ma)獻書(shu)”、“翰(han)墨卷(juan)冊”等與藏(zang)書(shu)樓(lou)功用(yong)相(xiang)諧(xie)的(de)圖(tu)案(an),給人以(yi)古(gu)雅清新之(zhi)感。采用(yong)黑(hei)色(se)琉璃瓦為(wei)(wei)頂,主要是(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)了使整座(zuo)建筑外觀(guan)風格相(xiang)統一。 文(wen)溯(su)閣后面,有(you)(you)抄手殿(dian)廊(lang)連接著仰熙(xi)齋,齋后為(wei)(wei)九間(jian)房,其(qi)(qi)中有(you)(you)芍藥(yao)圃、梧桐院等。這是(shi)(shi)乾隆皇帝“東巡”時(shi)的(de)讀書(shu)之(zhi)所(suo)。
金水橋
沈陽(yang)(yang)故宮博(bo)物院副院長李聲(sheng)能透露(lu),沈陽(yang)(yang)故宮正(zheng)門(men)(men)前的“金水橋(qiao)”屬于違規建筑,與整個風(feng)貌不(bu)相符。沈陽(yang)(yang)市文物部門(men)(men)已經下發了整改拆(chai)除(chu)通知(zhi)限(xian)期拆(chai)除(chu)。
2014年9月25日14時30分許,沈陽(yang)故宮東南側,在(zai)“金水橋(qiao)”施(shi)工(gong)墻外,有一大片被圍擋圍起的(de)施(shi)工(gong)工(gong)地(di)。從圍擋的(de)縫隙中可以看到,工(gong)地(di)中一輛(liang)作業車正在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)。
故宮四門
故宮有(you)四個大門,正門名(ming)(ming)(ming)為午門,其(qi)平(ping)面為凹形。午門后(hou)有(you)五座(zuo)漢白玉拱(gong)橋通往太和門。東門名(ming)(ming)(ming)東華(hua)門,西門名(ming)(ming)(ming)西華(hua)門,北門名(ming)(ming)(ming)神武門。故宮的四個城角都有(you)角樓,高27.5米,十(shi)字(zi)屋(wu)脊。
午門(men) 午門(men)是故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)門(men)。俗稱五鳳樓。東(dong)西北三面(mian)以12米高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)城臺相(xiang)連,環抱一個方形廣場。有(you)1組建筑。正(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)重樓,是9間(jian)面(mian)寬的(de)(de)(de)(de)大殿(dian)(dian)(dian),重檐(yan)廡殿(dian)(dian)(dian)頂,在左右伸(shen)出(chu)(chu)(chu)兩(liang)闕(que)城墻上(shang),建有(you)聯檐(yan)通脊的(de)(de)(de)(de)樓閣四座,明廊相(xiang)連,兩(liang)翼(yi)各(ge)有(you)13間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)屋向南伸(shen)出(chu)(chu)(chu),四隅(yu)各(ge)有(you)高(gao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)亭,輔(fu)翼(yi)著正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)。這組城上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑,是故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)群中(zhong)(zhong)第一高(gao)峰。午門(men)是皇帝下詔(zhao)書、下令出(chu)(chu)(chu)征的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方。它(ta)當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)門(men)平時只(zhi)有(you)皇帝才(cai)可以出(chu)(chu)(chu)入;皇帝大婚(hun)時皇后進一次;殿(dian)(dian)(dian)試考中(zhong)(zhong)狀元(yuan)、榜眼、探(tan)花的(de)(de)(de)(de)三人可以從此門(men)走出(chu)(chu)(chu)一次。文武大臣進出(chu)(chu)(chu)東(dong)側門(men),宗室王(wang)公(gong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)入西側門(men)。
神(shen)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)(men) 神(shen)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)(men)在(zai)明(ming)朝時為(wei)“玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)(men)”,玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)古代四(si)神(shen)獸(shou)之一,從方(fang)位(wei)上(shang)(shang)講,左青(qing)龍,右(you)白(bai)虎,前(qian)朱(zhu)雀,后玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)主北方(fang),所以帝王宮(gong)殿(dian)的(de)(de)北宮(gong)門(men)(men)(men)多取名“玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”。清康熙(xi)年間(jian)因避諱改(gai)稱(cheng)“神(shen)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)(men)”。神(shen)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)(men)也(ye)是一座城門(men)(men)(men)樓形式(shi),用的(de)(de)最高等級的(de)(de)重檐廡殿(dian)式(shi)屋頂,但它的(de)(de)大殿(dian)只有五(wu)開間(jian)加(jia)圍廊,沒有左右(you)向前(qian)伸展的(de)(de)兩翼,所以在(zai)形制上(shang)(shang)要(yao)比午門(men)(men)(men)低一個等級。神(shen)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)(men)是宮(gong)內日常出入(ru)的(de)(de)門(men)(men)(men)禁。現(xian)神(shen)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)(men)為(wei)故(gu)宮(gong)博物院正門(men)(men)(men)。
東、西華(hua)門(men)(men) 東華(hua)門(men)(men)與西華(hua)門(men)(men)遙相對應,門(men)(men)外設有下馬碑石(shi),門(men)(men)內(nei)金水河南(nan)北流向,上(shang)架石(shi)橋(qiao)1座,橋(qiao)北為(wei)三座門(men)(men)。東華(hua)門(men)(men)與西華(hua)門(men)(men)形制相同,平面矩形,紅色城(cheng)(cheng)臺,白玉須彌座,當中(zhong)辟3座券門(men)(men),券洞外方內(nei)圓。城(cheng)(cheng)臺上(shang)建有城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou),黃琉璃瓦重檐廡殿頂,城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)面闊5間,進深3間,四周出廊。
外廷建筑
北京故宮的(de)(de)(de)外廷以三(san)(san)大殿(dian)為(wei)主。太(tai)和(he)(he)殿(dian)和(he)(he)中(zhong)和(he)(he)殿(dian)、保和(he)(he)殿(dian)都建(jian)在(zai)漢白(bai)玉(yu)砌成的(de)(de)(de)8米高的(de)(de)(de)工字形基臺(tai)上,太(tai)和(he)(he)殿(dian)在(zai)前,中(zhong)和(he)(he)居(ju)中(zhong),保和(he)(he)在(zai)后。基臺(tai)三(san)(san)層(ceng)重疊(die),每層(ceng)臺(tai)上邊(bian)緣都裝(zhuang)飾有漢白(bai)玉(yu)雕刻(ke)的(de)(de)(de)欄板、望柱和(he)(he)龍頭(tou),三(san)(san)臺(tai)當中(zhong)有三(san)(san)層(ceng)石階雕有蟠龍,襯(chen)托(tuo)以海(hai)浪和(he)(he)流(liu)云(yun)的(de)(de)(de)“御路”。在(zai)25000平(ping)方(fang)米的(de)(de)(de)臺(tai)面上有透雕欄板1415塊(kuai),雕刻(ke)云(yun)龍翔(xiang)鳳的(de)(de)(de)望柱1460個,龍頭(tou)1138個。用這(zhe)樣多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)漢白(bai)玉(yu)裝(zhuang)飾的(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)臺(tai),造(zao)型重疊(die)起(qi)伏,這(zhe)是中(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)代建(jian)筑上具(ju)有獨特風格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)飾藝術。而這(zhe)種(zhong)裝(zhuang)飾在(zai)結構功(gong)能上,又(you)是臺(tai)面的(de)(de)(de)排水(shui)(shui)管道。在(zai)欄板地(di)栿石下,刻(ke)有小(xiao)(xiao)洞(dong)口(kou)(kou);在(zai)望柱下伸出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)龍頭(tou)也刻(ke)出(chu)小(xiao)(xiao)洞(dong)口(kou)(kou)。每到雨(yu)季,3臺(tai)雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)逐層(ceng)由(you)各(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)洞(dong)口(kou)(kou)下泄(xie),水(shui)(shui)由(you)龍頭(tou)流(liu)出(chu)。這(zhe)是科學而又(you)藝術的(de)(de)(de)設計。
太(tai)和門(men)(men) 太(tai)和門(men)(men)是紫禁城內最大的(de)宮門(men)(men),也是外朝(chao)宮殿的(de)正門(men)(men)。建成于明永樂十(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)),當時稱(cheng)奉天門(men)(men)。嘉靖四(si)十(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(1562年(nian)(nian))改稱(cheng)皇(huang)極門(men)(men),清(qing)順治二年(nian)(nian)(1645年(nian)(nian))改今名。太(tai)和門(men)(men)面闊(kuo)9間,進深3間,建筑面積1300平方(fang)米。上覆(fu)重檐歇山(shan)頂,下為(wei)漢白玉基(ji)座,梁枋(fang)等(deng)構件(jian)施以(yi)和璽彩(cai)畫(hua)。門(men)(men)前列銅(tong)獅一(yi)對。太(tai)和門(men)(men)左右(you)各設一(yi)門(men)(men),東為(wei)昭德門(men)(men)(明代(dai)稱(cheng)弘政門(men)(men)),西為(wei)貞度門(men)(men)(明代(dai)稱(cheng)宣治門(men)(men))。太(tai)和門(men)(men)在明代(dai)是“御(yu)門(men)(men)聽政”之(zhi)處。清(qing)初的(de)皇(huang)帝(di)也曾在太(tai)和門(men)(men)聽政、賜宴,后來“御(yu)門(men)(men)聽政”改在乾清(qing)門(men)(men)。順治元年(nian)(nian)(1644年(nian)(nian))九(jiu)月,滿族(zu)統(tong)治者定鼎北京后的(de)第(di)一(yi)個(ge)皇(huang)帝(di)福臨即在太(tai)和門(men)(men)頒布大赦令。
太(tai)和(he)門(men)(men)廣場 太(tai)和(he)門(men)(men)前有面積約(yue)26000平(ping)方米的廣場,內金水(shui)(shui)河(he)自西(xi)向(xiang)東(dong)蜿蜒流過。河(he)上(shang)橫架五座石橋,習稱(cheng)內金水(shui)(shui)橋。廣場兩側是排(pai)列整齊(qi)的廊廡(wu),習稱(cheng)東(dong)、西(xi)朝房,并有協(xie)和(he)門(men)(men)(明代(dai)稱(cheng)會(hui)(hui)極(ji)門(men)(men))和(he)熙(xi)和(he)門(men)(men)(明代(dai)稱(cheng)歸極(ji)門(men)(men))東(dong)西(xi)對峙。東(dong)側廊廡(wu)在(zai)明代(dai)用(yong)作(zuo)實錄(lu)館、玉(yu)牒館和(he)起居注(zhu)(zhu)館,清代(dai)改作(zuo)稽察欽奉上(shang)諭(yu)事件處和(he)內誥敕房。西(xi)側廊廡(wu)在(zai)明代(dai)為編修《大(da)明會(hui)(hui)典》的會(hui)(hui)典館,清代(dai)改為繙(fan)書房和(he)起居注(zhu)(zhu)館。
太和殿
太和殿,俗稱“金鑾(luan)殿”,明永樂十八年(nian)(1420年(nian))建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng),稱奉天(tian)(tian)殿。嘉(jia)靖四十一年(nian)(1562年(nian))改稱皇極殿。清(qing)順(shun)治二年(nian)(1645年(nian))改今名。是皇帝(di)舉行大典的地方。自建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)后(hou)屢遭焚毀(hui),又多次(ci)重(zhong)建(jian)(jian),今天(tian)(tian)所見為(wei)清(qing)代康(kang)熙三十四年(nian)(1695年(nian))重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)后(hou)的形制。太和殿面(mian)闊11間,進深5間,建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面(mian)積2377平方米,高(gao)26.92米,連同(tong)臺(tai)基(ji)通高(gao)35.05米,為(wei)紫禁城(cheng)內(nei)規模最大的殿宇,檐(yan)角安放10個走獸。明清(qing)兩朝24個皇帝(di)都在太和殿舉行盛大典禮(li),如皇帝(di)登(deng)極即位、皇帝(di)大婚(hun)、冊立(li)皇后(hou)、命將(jiang)出征,此(ci)(ci)外每年(nian)萬壽節、元旦、冬至三大節,皇帝(di)在此(ci)(ci)接受文武官(guan)員的朝賀,并向王公大臣賜宴。
中和殿
中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)殿(dian)(dian)位于太(tai)(tai)和(he)殿(dian)(dian)后(hou),高27米,平面(mian)(mian)呈正方形,面(mian)(mian)闊、進(jin)深各為3間,四面(mian)(mian)出(chu)廊,建筑面(mian)(mian)積580平方米。黃琉璃瓦單檐四角攢尖(jian)頂,正中(zhong)(zhong)有鎏金寶頂。中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)殿(dian)(dian)是皇(huang)帝(di)去太(tai)(tai)和(he)殿(dian)(dian)舉(ju)行大典前(qian)稍事(shi)休息和(he)演習(xi)禮(li)儀的地方。皇(huang)帝(di)在(zai)去太(tai)(tai)和(he)殿(dian)(dian)之前(qian)先在(zai)此稍作停留(liu),接受(shou)內閣大臣和(he)禮(li)部官員行禮(li),然后(hou)進(jin)太(tai)(tai)和(he)殿(dian)(dian)舉(ju)行儀式。另外,皇(huang)帝(di)祭祀天地和(he)太(tai)(tai)廟之前(qian),也要(yao)(yao)先在(zai)這(zhe)里(li)(li)審閱一(yi)下寫有祭文的“祝版”;在(zai)到中(zhong)(zhong)南海(hai)演耕前(qian),也要(yao)(yao)在(zai)這(zhe)里(li)(li)審視(shi)一(yi)下耕具。
保(bao)和(he)殿(dian) 保(bao)和(he)殿(dian)(謹身殿(dian)、建(jian)極(ji)殿(dian))也是故宮三大殿(dian)之一(yi),在中和(he)殿(dian)后。保(bao)和(he)殿(dian)高29米,平(ping)面呈長方(fang)(fang)形,面闊9間,進深5間,建(jian)筑面積(ji)1240平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米。黃琉璃(li)瓦重檐歇山式屋頂。屋頂正(zheng)中有(you)(you)一(yi)條正(zheng)脊(ji)(ji),前后各(ge)有(you)(you)2條垂脊(ji)(ji),在各(ge)條垂脊(ji)(ji)下部再斜(xie)出(chu)一(yi)條岔脊(ji)(ji),連同正(zheng)脊(ji)(ji)、垂脊(ji)(ji)、岔脊(ji)(ji)共(gong)9條,建(jian)筑術語上叫歇山式。保(bao)和(he)殿(dian)是每年除(chu)夕(xi)皇帝(di)賜(si)宴外(wai)藩(fan)王公的(de)場所。保(bao)和(he)殿(dian)也是科舉考(kao)試(shi)舉行殿(dian)試(shi)的(de)地方(fang)(fang)。
體仁閣(ge)(ge) 體仁閣(ge)(ge)位于太和(he)殿前(qian)廣場內東(dong)側,面(mian)(mian)西(xi)。始建于明永樂十八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)(nian)),明初(chu)稱文(wen)樓(lou),嘉靖時改稱文(wen)昭閣(ge)(ge),清初(chu)改稱體仁閣(ge)(ge)。體仁閣(ge)(ge)高(gao)25米(mi),座落(luo)于崇基之上(shang),上(shang)下(xia)兩層,黃色琉璃瓦廡殿頂。下(xia)層面(mian)(mian)闊9間(jian),進深3間(jian)。康(kang)熙年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian),曾詔內外大臣舉(ju)薦博(bo)學之士(shi)在體仁閣(ge)(ge)試詩比賦(fu),清代各朝御容也曾收藏于此(ci)。乾隆年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)重建后,此(ci)處作(zuo)為清代內務府(fu)緞庫,內設收貯緞繡木架143座。
弘義閣(ge)(ge) 弘義閣(ge)(ge)高23.8米,屬前三殿(dian)區(qu)。黃琉璃瓦,廡殿(dian)頂,面(mian)闊9間, 進深(shen)3間,上下二層,四面(mian)出廊(lang)。弘義閣(ge)(ge)侍立(li)于(yu)太和殿(dian)西南側。初建于(yu)明永樂(le)年(nian),名(ming)為(wei)武(wu)(wu)樓(lou),明嘉靖朝改稱武(wu)(wu)成(cheng)閣(ge)(ge),清初改為(wei)今名(ming),意(yi)為(wei)弘揚大義。清代的弘義閣(ge)(ge)長期用(yong)于(yu)收儲宮廷使用(yong)的金銀器具(ju)等。現辟為(wei)“皇朝禮(li)樂(le)展”展廳(ting)。
內廷中路
乾(qian)清(qing)門(men)(men)(men)(men) 乾(qian)清(qing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)(wei)紫禁城內廷的(de)正宮(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)。建于明永樂十八年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)),清(qing)順治十二年(nian)(nian)(1655年(nian)(nian))重修(xiu)。乾(qian)清(qing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)面闊5間,進深(shen)3間,高約16米,單檐歇山屋頂,座落(luo)在高1.5米的(de)漢白玉(yu)石須彌座上,周圍環以雕石欄(lan)桿。門(men)(men)(men)(men)前三(san)(san)出(chu)三(san)(san)階,中(zhong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)御(yu)路石,兩(liang)側列銅鎏(liu)金獅子一(yi)對,中(zhong)開三(san)(san)門(men)(men)(men)(men)。乾(qian)清(qing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)東(dong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)內左門(men)(men)(men)(men)及九卿值(zhi)房,西邊內右門(men)(men)(men)(men)及軍機處。門(men)(men)(men)(men)前廣場東(dong)西兩(liang)端為(wei)(wei)(wei)景運門(men)(men)(men)(men)、隆宗(zong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)。乾(qian)清(qing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)是連接內廷與外朝往來的(de)重要通道,在清(qing)代又(you)兼為(wei)(wei)(wei)處理政(zheng)務的(de)場所,清(qing)代的(de)“御(yu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)聽政(zheng)”、齋戒、請寶(bao)接寶(bao)等典禮儀式(shi)都在乾(qian)清(qing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)舉(ju)行。
乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)宮(gong) 乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)宮(gong)是內廷后三宮(gong)之一。始建(jian)于明(ming)永樂十八年(1420年),明(ming)清(qing)兩代曾因(yin)數(shu)次(ci)被焚毀而重建(jian),現(xian)有(you)(you)建(jian)筑為(wei)(wei)(wei)清(qing)嘉慶三年(1798年)所建(jian)。乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)宮(gong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)黃琉璃瓦(wa)重檐廡殿(dian)頂,座落在單層漢白(bai)玉石臺(tai)(tai)基之上,連廊面闊9間,進深5間,建(jian)筑面積1400平(ping)方米,自臺(tai)(tai)面至正(zheng)脊高(gao)20余(yu)米 ,檐角置脊9個。殿(dian)前(qian)寬敞的月臺(tai)(tai)上,左右分別有(you)(you)銅龜、銅鶴,日晷、嘉量,前(qian)設鎏(liu)金香爐4座,正(zheng)中出丹陛,接高(gao)臺(tai)(tai)甬路與(yu)乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)門(men)相連。乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)宮(gong)建(jian)筑規模(mo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)內廷之首,明(ming)代共有(you)(you)14位皇帝曾在此(ci)(ci)居住(zhu)。明(ming)代乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)宮(gong)也(ye)曾作為(wei)(wei)(wei)皇帝守喪之處。清(qing)順治、康熙也(ye)在此(ci)(ci)居住(zhu)。雍(yong)正(zheng)以(yi)后,密建(jian)皇儲的建(jian)儲匣存(cun)放乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)宮(gong)“正(zheng)大光明(ming)”匾(bian)后。康熙、乾(qian)(qian)隆兩朝這里也(ye)曾舉行過千叟(sou)宴(yan)。現(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)宮(gong)廷生活原狀(zhuang)陳列。
交泰殿
交(jiao)泰(tai)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)內(nei)(nei)廷后(hou)(hou)三(san)宮之(zhi)一(yi)(yi),位于乾清宮和坤寧宮之(zhi)間,約為(wei)(wei)明嘉靖(jing)年間建。交(jiao)泰(tai)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)平面(mian)為(wei)(wei)方形,深、廣各(ge)3間。明間設寶(bao)(bao)座(zuo),上懸康(kang)熙帝(di)御書“無(wu)為(wei)(wei)”匾,寶(bao)(bao)座(zuo)后(hou)(hou)有板屏一(yi)(yi)面(mian),上書乾隆(long)帝(di)御制《交(jiao)泰(tai)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)銘》。交(jiao)泰(tai)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)皇(huang)后(hou)(hou)千秋節受慶賀(he)禮(li)的(de)地(di)方。清代于此(ci)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)貯清二(er)十五(wu)寶(bao)(bao)璽。每(mei)年正月(yue),由欽天(tian)監選(xuan)擇吉日(ri)(ri)吉時,設案開封陳(chen)寶(bao)(bao),皇(huang)帝(di)來此(ci)拈香行(xing)禮(li)。清世祖所(suo)立“內(nei)(nei)宮不許干預政(zheng)事”的(de)鐵牌曾立于此(ci)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)。皇(huang)帝(di)大婚(hun)時,皇(huang)后(hou)(hou)的(de)冊、寶(bao)(bao)安設殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)左(zuo)右(you)案上。每(mei)年春季(ji)祀先(xian)蠶,皇(huang)后(hou)(hou)先(xian)一(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)在此(ci)查閱采桑(sang)的(de)用(yong)具。
坤寧(ning)(ning)宮(gong)(gong) 坤寧(ning)(ning)宮(gong)(gong)是內廷(ting)(ting)后三宮(gong)(gong)之一,始(shi)建于(yu)(yu)明(ming)永樂(le)十(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)),清(qing)沿明(ming)制于(yu)(yu)順治(zhi)二年(nian)(nian)(1645年(nian)(nian))重(zhong)修(xiu),順治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(1655年(nian)(nian))仿沈陽盛京清(qing)寧(ning)(ning)宮(gong)(gong)再(zai)次重(zhong)修(xiu)。坤寧(ning)(ning)宮(gong)(gong)座北面南(nan),面闊連廊9間(jian),進深(shen)3間(jian),黃琉璃瓦重(zhong)檐廡殿頂(ding)。明(ming)代是皇后的寢宮(gong)(gong)。清(qing)順治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)二年(nian)(nian)改建后,為(wei)薩(sa)滿教祭神的主要場所。改原明(ming)間(jian)開門為(wei)東次間(jian)開門,門的西(xi)(xi)側四間(jian)設南(nan)、北、西(xi)(xi)三面炕,作為(wei)祭神的場所。清(qing)康熙(xi)、同治(zhi)、光緒皇帝(di)在此大婚,溥儀結婚也都是在坤寧(ning)(ning)宮(gong)(gong)舉行。現(xian)為(wei)宮(gong)(gong)廷(ting)(ting)生(sheng)活原狀陳列(lie)。
御花園(yuan)(yuan) 御花園(yuan)(yuan)位于(yu)紫禁城中(zhong)軸(zhou)線上(shang)(shang),坤(kun)寧(ning)宮(gong)后方,明(ming)代稱(cheng)為“宮(gong)后苑”,清(qing)代稱(cheng)御花園(yuan)(yuan)。始建于(yu)明(ming)永樂十八年(nian)(1420年(nian)),以(yi)后曾(ceng)有增修(xiu),現仍保留(liu)初建時的(de)基(ji)本格(ge)局。全園(yuan)(yuan)南(nan)北縱(zong)80米(mi),東西寬140米(mi),占地(di)面(mian)積12000㎡。園(yuan)(yuan)內主(zhu)體建筑欽安殿為重檐盝頂式,座落(luo)于(yu)紫禁城的(de)南(nan)北中(zhong)軸(zhou)線上(shang)(shang),以(yi)其(qi)為中(zhong)心,向前方及兩側(ce)鋪展亭臺樓(lou)閣。園(yuan)(yuan)內的(de)松、柏、竹與山石,形成四季長青的(de)園(yuan)(yuan)林景觀。
御景(jing)亭(ting) 御景(jing)亭(ting)位于御花園內(nei)東側的假山(shan)頂上。原(yuan)是明代觀花殿的舊址,萬(wan)歷(li)間改堆假山(shan)。山(shan)的東西山(shan)石(shi)間各有登(deng)道,拾(shi)級而上可達山(shan)頂御景(jing)亭(ting)。亭(ting)子平面方(fang)形,四柱,一斗(dou)二升(sheng)交蔴葉斗(dou)栱,攢尖頂,上覆(fu)翠(cui)綠(lv)琉(liu)璃瓦(wa),黃(huang)色(se)琉(liu)璃瓦(wa)剪邊,鎏金寶(bao)頂,四面設隔扇門(men)。四周圍繞著(zhu)漢白玉石(shi)欄板。亭(ting)內(nei)天花藻井,面南設寶(bao)座。御景(jing)亭(ting)是皇帝、皇后在農歷(li)九月初(chu)九重陽節登(deng)高的地方(fang)。自亭(ting)上可俯瞰(kan)宮苑(yuan),遠眺紫禁城(cheng)、景(jing)山(shan)、西苑(yuan)。
摛藻(zao)堂(tang) 摛藻(zao)堂(tang)位于御花(hua)園內(nei)堆秀(xiu)山東側(ce),依墻面(mian)南,面(mian)闊5間,黃琉璃瓦硬山式(shi)頂,堂(tang)西墻辟有一(yi)小門(men)(men),可通西耳(er)房。堂(tang)前出(chu)廊,明(ming)間開(kai)門(men)(men),次梢(shao)間為(wei)檻窗。室(shi)內(nei)放(fang)置書架(jia),為(wei)宮中藏書之所(suo)。乾隆四(si)十四(si)年(1779年)后,《四(si)庫全書薈(hui)要(yao)》曾(ceng)貯(zhu)藏于此(ci)。
內廷西路
養(yang)(yang)(yang)心(xin)殿(dian) 養(yang)(yang)(yang)心(xin)殿(dian)位于(yu)(yu)內廷后三宮的(de)(de)(de)西側,西六宮的(de)(de)(de)南面。初(chu)建(jian)于(yu)(yu)明嘉(jia)靖年間(16世(shi)紀中(zhong)),一(yi)直做(zuo)為(wei)皇帝的(de)(de)(de)便殿(dian)。自從清(qing)雍(yong)正朝開始,這里做(zuo)為(wei)皇帝的(de)(de)(de)主要居所和日(ri)常理政之處,遂成清(qing)代(dai)皇帝實際上的(de)(de)(de)正寢(qin)。“養(yang)(yang)(yang)心(xin)”意為(wei)涵養(yang)(yang)(yang)心(xin)性。養(yang)(yang)(yang)心(xin)殿(dian)在宮中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)位置比(bi)較便利,殿(dian)內空(kong)間布局豐富而功能(neng)集(ji)中(zhong),廳(ting)堂、書房、寢(qin)室(shi)(shi)以(yi)及(ji)分(fen)別用來批(pi)閱(yue)奏折、密談、休憩(qi)、禮佛的(de)(de)(de)小室(shi)(shi)等一(yi)應俱全,比(bi)大殿(dian)宇更宜于(yu)(yu)宵衣旰食的(de)(de)(de)君(jun)主周旋其間,是清(qing)代(dai)高度(du)集(ji)權的(de)(de)(de)政治體制下更適宜皇帝起居活動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)場(chang)所。養(yang)(yang)(yang)心(xin)殿(dian)中(zhong)最著名的(de)(de)(de)是雍(yong)正皇帝的(de)(de)(de)“勤政親(qin)賢”室(shi)(shi)、乾(qian)隆皇帝的(de)(de)(de)三希堂以(yi)及(ji)東(dong)暖閣(ge)的(de)(de)(de)晚清(qing)垂簾聽政處。
長(chang)(chang)春(chun)宮(gong)(gong) 長(chang)(chang)春(chun)宮(gong)(gong),內(nei)廷(ting)西六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)之一,明(ming)永樂十八年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian))建成,清康熙二(er)十二(er)年(nian)(nian)(1683年(nian)(nian))重修,后又多次修整。咸(xian)豐九年(nian)(nian)(1859年(nian)(nian))拆除長(chang)(chang)春(chun)宮(gong)(gong)的宮(gong)(gong)門長(chang)(chang)春(chun)門,并將啟祥(xiang)宮(gong)(gong)后殿改為穿堂殿,咸(xian)豐帝(di)題額(e)曰“體元殿”。長(chang)(chang)春(chun)宮(gong)(gong)、啟祥(xiang)宮(gong)(gong)兩宮(gong)(gong)院由此連通。長(chang)(chang)春(chun)宮(gong)(gong)面闊5間,黃琉璃瓦歇山式頂。殿前左右設銅龜、銅鶴各(ge)(ge)1對。東配殿曰綏壽殿,西配殿曰承禧殿,各(ge)(ge)3間,前出廊(lang),與(yu)轉角廊(lang)相連,可通各(ge)(ge)殿。
翊坤(kun)宮 翊坤(kun)宮,內廷西(xi)六宮之(zhi)一(yi),明清(qing)時為妃嬪居所(suo)。建于明永樂(le)十(shi)八年(nian)(1420年(nian))。原(yuan)為二進院,清(qing)晚(wan)期將翊坤(kun)宮后(hou)殿(dian)改成穿堂殿(dian)曰體和殿(dian),東(dong)西(xi)耳房各(ge)改一(yi)間(jian)為通道(dao),使翊坤(kun)宮與儲秀宮相連,形成四進院的格局。正殿(dian)面闊5間(jian),黃(huang)琉璃(li)瓦歇山頂(ding),前(qian)后(hou)出(chu)廊(lang)。檐下施斗拱,梁枋飾以(yi)蘇(su)式彩畫。殿(dian)前(qian)設“光明盛昌”屏門,臺基下陳設銅鳳、銅鶴(he)、銅爐各(ge)一(yi)對。東(dong)西(xi)有配殿(dian)曰延(yan)洪(hong)殿(dian)、元和殿(dian),均(jun)為3間(jian)黃(huang)琉璃(li)瓦硬山頂(ding)建筑。
儲(chu)(chu)秀(xiu)宮(gong) 儲(chu)(chu)秀(xiu)宮(gong),內廷(ting)西六宮(gong)之一,明(ming)(ming)清時(shi)為(wei)妃嬪所居。始建于明(ming)(ming)永樂十八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)),光緒十年(nian)(nian)(1884年(nian)(nian))為(wei)慶祝(zhu)慈禧五十壽辰,耗費白(bai)銀63萬兩進行(xing)大規模整修(xiu),現存建筑為(wei)光緒十年(nian)(nian)重(zhong)修(xiu)后的形制。儲(chu)(chu)秀(xiu)宮(gong)原為(wei)二(er)進院,清晚期拆除了(le)儲(chu)(chu)秀(xiu)門及圍墻(qiang),并將翊(yi)(yi)坤宮(gong)后殿(dian)改為(wei)穿堂(tang)殿(dian),稱體和(he)殿(dian),連通儲(chu)(chu)秀(xiu)宮(gong)與翊(yi)(yi)坤宮(gong),形成相(xiang)通的四進院落。
太極(ji)殿 太極(ji)殿,內(nei)廷西六宮之(zhi)一,建(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)明永樂十(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian))。原(yuan)名未(wei)央宮,因(yin)嘉靖皇帝的生父興獻(xian)王朱祐杬生于(yu)(yu)(yu)此,故于(yu)(yu)(yu)嘉靖十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(1535年(nian)(nian))更名啟祥宮,清(qing)代(dai)晚期改(gai)稱太極(ji)殿。清(qing)代(dai)曾多次修葺。太極(ji)殿原(yuan)為二(er)進(jin)院(yuan),清(qing)后期改(gai)修長(chang)春(chun)宮時,將(jiang)太極(ji)殿后殿辟為穿堂殿,后檐接出(chu)抱廈,并(bing)與長(chang)春(chun)宮及(ji)其東西配(pei)殿以(yi)轉角(jiao)游廊(lang)(lang)相連(lian),形成回廊(lang)(lang),東西耳房各開一間為通道,使太極(ji)殿與長(chang)春(chun)宮連(lian)接成相互貫通的四(si)進(jin)院(yuan)。
永(yong)壽(shou)(shou)宮(gong) 永(yong)壽(shou)(shou)宮(gong)為內廷西六宮(gong)之(zhi)一。建于明(ming)永(yong)樂十(shi)八年(1420年),初名長(chang)樂宮(gong)。永(yong)壽(shou)(shou)宮(gong)為兩進院,前院正殿(dian)永(yong)壽(shou)(shou)宮(gong)面闊5間,黃琉璃瓦(wa)歇山(shan)頂。殿(dian)內高懸(xuan)乾(qian)(qian)隆(long)皇(huang)帝(di)御筆匾額“令德(de)淑儀”,東壁(bi)懸(xuan)乾(qian)(qian)隆(long)《圣(sheng)制(zhi)班姬(ji)辭輦贊》,西壁(bi)懸(xuan)《班姬(ji)辭輦圖》。乾(qian)(qian)隆(long)六年(1741年),乾(qian)(qian)隆(long)皇(huang)帝(di)下(xia)令,內廷東西十(shi)一宮(gong)的匾額“俱照永(yong)壽(shou)(shou)宮(gong)式樣制(zhi)造”,自(zi)掛起之(zhi)后,不許擅(shan)動或更(geng)換。
重(zhong)華(hua)宮 重(zhong)華(hua)宮位于內廷(ting)西(xi)(xi)(xi)路西(xi)(xi)(xi)六宮以(yi)(yi)北,原為(wei)(wei)(wei)明代乾西(xi)(xi)(xi)五所(suo)(suo)之二(er)所(suo)(suo)。雍正(zheng)十一(yi)年(nian)(1733年(nian)),弘歷被封(feng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“和碩(shuo)寶親(qin)王”,住地賜名(ming)(ming)“樂善堂(tang)(tang)”。弘歷登極后(hou),名(ming)(ming)重(zhong)華(hua)。重(zhong)華(hua)宮沿用乾西(xi)(xi)(xi)二(er)所(suo)(suo)的三進院(yuan)落格局。前院(yuan)正(zheng)殿為(wei)(wei)(wei)崇(chong)敬(jing)殿。殿內正(zheng)中懸(xuan)弘歷為(wei)(wei)(wei)和碩(shuo)寶親(qin)王時親(qin)筆書匾額“樂善堂(tang)(tang)”。此(ci)后(hou)嘉慶皇(huang)帝將(jiang)重(zhong)華(hua)宮茶宴(yan)聯句作為(wei)(wei)(wei)家法,于每年(nian)的正(zheng)月初(chu)二(er)至初(chu)十期間舉(ju)行。道光(guang)年(nian)間仍時有舉(ju)行,咸豐(feng)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)終止。
咸(xian)(xian)福(fu)(fu)(fu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong) 咸(xian)(xian)福(fu)(fu)(fu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)內廷西六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之一。為(wei)兩(liang)進(jin)院,正門咸(xian)(xian)福(fu)(fu)(fu)門為(wei)琉璃門,面(mian)闊3間,黃琉璃瓦廡殿(dian)頂,形制高于西六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中其它五宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),與東(dong)六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)相對稱位置的景(jing)陽(yang)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)形制相同(tong)。后(hou)院正殿(dian)名“同(tong)道(dao)堂(tang)”,室(shi)內設落地罩隔斷,頂棚(peng)為(wei)海墁天花。咸(xian)(xian)福(fu)(fu)(fu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)后(hou)妃所居(ju),前殿(dian)為(wei)行禮升座之處,后(hou)殿(dian)為(wei)寢(qin)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。道(dao)光帝琳貴人(ren)(莊順(shun)皇貴妃)、成貴妃、彤貴妃、常妃等都曾(ceng)在此居(ju)住。
漱(shu)(shu)芳(fang)(fang)齋(zhai)(zhai) 漱(shu)(shu)芳(fang)(fang)齋(zhai)(zhai)原為(wei)(wei)乾西五(wu)所之(zhi)頭所。清乾隆皇(huang)帝(di)即位后,改(gai)乾西二所為(wei)(wei)重華宮(gong),遂(sui)將頭所改(gai)為(wei)(wei)漱(shu)(shu)芳(fang)(fang)齋(zhai)(zhai),并建(jian)戲臺,作為(wei)(wei)重華宮(gong)宴集演戲之(zhi)所。漱(shu)(shu)芳(fang)(fang)齋(zhai)(zhai)為(wei)(wei)工(gong)字形殿,前殿與(yu)南(nan)房、東西配殿圍成獨立的小院(yuan),其間(jian)有游廊相連(lian)。乾隆年間(jian),逢萬壽節、圣壽節、中元節、除夕(xi)等重要節日(ri)(ri),常(chang)侍奉(feng)皇(huang)太后在后殿進膳、看(kan)戲,并賜宴于王(wang)公大臣。宣統皇(huang)帝(di)遜位后,同治(zhi)帝(di)瑜妃、瑨(jin)妃曾居漱(shu)(shu)芳(fang)(fang)齋(zhai)(zhai)芝蘭室,遇太妃誕辰日(ri)(ri),仍(reng)于此(ci)處傳戲,直至溥(pu)儀被迫“即日(ri)(ri)出宮(gong)”。
內廷東路
奉(feng)先殿(dian)(dian) 奉(feng)先殿(dian)(dian),位于(yu)(yu)(yu)紫禁城內廷東側,為明(ming)清(qing)皇室祭(ji)祀祖先的家廟,始建于(yu)(yu)(yu)明(ming)初。清(qing)沿明(ming)制,于(yu)(yu)(yu)清(qing)順治十(shi)四年(1657年)重建,后(hou)又多次修繕。奉(feng)先殿(dian)(dian)建筑面(mian)積(ji)1225.00㎡。黃色琉璃瓦重檐(yan)廡殿(dian)(dian)頂,檐(yan)下彩繪金線(xian)大(da)(da)點(dian)金旋子(zi)彩畫。按(an)清(qing)制,凡遇(yu)朔(shuo)望、萬壽圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)節、元旦(dan)及(ji)國家大(da)(da)慶等,大(da)(da)祭(ji)于(yu)(yu)(yu)前殿(dian)(dian);遇(yu)列圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)列后(hou)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)誕、忌辰及(ji)元宵、清(qing)明(ming)、中元、霜降、歲除等日,于(yu)(yu)(yu)后(hou)殿(dian)(dian)上香行(xing)禮;凡上徽(hui)號、冊立(li)、冊封(feng)、御(yu)經(jing)筵、耕耤、謁陵、巡狩、回鑾(luan)及(ji)諸慶典,均祗告于(yu)(yu)(yu)后(hou)殿(dian)(dian)。
承乾宮,內(nei)廷東六宮之一。明永樂十八年(1420年)建成(cheng),初曰永寧宮。宮為兩進院,后(hou)院正殿5間,明間開(kai)門。此宮在明代為貴妃(fei)所(suo)居。清代為后(hou)妃(fei)所(suo)居,清順治帝皇貴妃(fei)董鄂氏,道光帝孝(xiao)全(quan)成(cheng)皇后(hou)等都曾在此居住。
景仁宮(gong)(gong) 景仁宮(gong)(gong),內廷東六宮(gong)(gong)之一。明(ming)永樂十八年(1420年)建成,初(chu)曰長(chang)安宮(gong)(gong)。宮(gong)(gong)為二進院(yuan),正門(men)南向(xiang),門(men)內有(you)石影壁一座,傳(chuan)為元代遺物。后(hou)院(yuan)正殿5間(jian)(jian),明(ming)間(jian)(jian)開門(men)。景仁宮(gong)(gong)明(ming)代為嬪(pin)妃(fei)居所。清順治十一年(1654年)三月,康(kang)熙帝(di)生于此宮(gong)(gong)。乾隆帝(di)生母(mu)孝圣憲(xian)皇后(hou)、咸豐帝(di)婉(wan)貴(gui)妃(fei)、光緒帝(di)珍妃(fei)均曾在此居住。
延(yan)(yan)禧(xi)宮 延(yan)(yan)禧(xi)宮為內廷東(dong)六(liu)宮之一(yi),建于明(ming)永(yong)樂十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(1420年(nian)),初名(ming)長壽宮。殿(dian)(dian)前有(you)東(dong)西配(pei)殿(dian)(dian)各3間。后院正殿(dian)(dian)5間,亦有(you)東(dong)西配(pei)殿(dian)(dian)各3間,均為黃琉璃瓦硬山頂。宣(xuan)統元年(nian)(1909年(nian))在(zai)延(yan)(yan)禧(xi)宮原址(zhi)興工修建一(yi)座3層西洋(yang)式建筑--水(shui)殿(dian)(dian)。水(shui)殿(dian)(dian)四周(zhou)浚池,引(yin)玉泉(quan)山水(shui)環(huan)繞。主樓(lou)每(mei)層9間,底層四面當中各開一(yi)門,四周(zhou)環(huan)以圍廊。隆裕(yu)太后題匾額曰“靈沼軒”,俗稱“水(shui)晶宮”。1917年(nian)張勛復辟時,延(yan)(yan)禧(xi)宮北(bei)部(bu)被直系部(bu)隊飛機投(tou)彈炸毀(hui)。
景(jing)陽宮(gong)(gong)(gong) 景(jing)陽宮(gong)(gong)(gong),為內廷東六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)一,位(wei)于鐘粹宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)東、永和宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)北。明永樂(le)十(shi)八年(nian)(1420年(nian))建成,初名(ming)長陽宮(gong)(gong)(gong),嘉靖十(shi)四年(nian)(1535年(nian))更名(ming)景(jing)陽宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。明代為嬪(pin)妃(fei)所居。清代改作收(shou)貯圖(tu)書之(zhi)地。宮(gong)(gong)(gong)為二進院(yuan),正(zheng)(zheng)門(men)南(nan)向,名(ming)景(jing)陽門(men),前院(yuan)正(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)即景(jing)陽宮(gong)(gong)(gong),面闊(kuo)3間,黃(huang)琉(liu)璃(li)瓦廡殿(dian)(dian)頂(ding),與(yu)東六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)中其(qi)它五宮(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)屋(wu)頂(ding)形式不(bu)同。后院(yuan)正(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)為御書房,面闊(kuo)5間,明間開門(men),黃(huang)琉(liu)璃(li)瓦歇山式頂(ding)。次、梢間為檻墻(qiang)、檻窗,檐下(xia)施以斗栱,飾龍和璽(xi)彩(cai)畫。東西六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)年(nian)節張掛的(de)《宮(gong)(gong)(gong)訓圖(tu)》原收(shou)藏于此。
永(yong)和宮 永(yong)和宮,內(nei)廷東六宮之(zhi)一,位(wei)于承(cheng)乾(qian)宮之(zhi)東、景陽宮之(zhi)南(nan)。明代為(wei)妃嬪(pin)所居,清代為(wei)后(hou)妃所居。清康熙帝孝恭仁皇后(hou)久居此宮。其后(hou),道光帝靜(jing)貴(gui)妃,咸豐帝麗貴(gui)人等先后(hou)在此居住。宮為(wei)二進院(yuan),正(zheng)(zheng)門(men)南(nan)向,名永(yong)和門(men),前院(yuan)正(zheng)(zheng)殿即(ji)永(yong)和宮,面闊5間(jian)(jian)(jian)。明間(jian)(jian)(jian)開門(men),次、梢間(jian)(jian)(jian)皆為(wei)檻墻,上安支窗(chuang)。正(zheng)(zheng)間(jian)(jian)(jian)室內(nei)懸乾(qian)隆御題“儀昭淑慎(shen)”匾,吊(diao)白(bai)樘箅子頂(ding)棚(peng),方(fang)磚墁地。東西有(you)配(pei)(pei)殿各3間(jian)(jian)(jian),明間(jian)(jian)(jian)開門(men),黃琉璃(li)瓦硬山式頂(ding),檐下飾旋子彩畫。東西配(pei)(pei)殿的北側(ce)皆為(wei)耳房,各3間(jian)(jian)(jian)。
毓(yu)(yu)(yu)慶(qing)(qing)宮 毓(yu)(yu)(yu)慶(qing)(qing)宮位于內廷東(dong)路奉(feng)先殿(dian)與齋(zhai)宮之間,系清康熙(xi)十(shi)八年(1679年)在明代奉(feng)慈殿(dian)基址上修建(jian)(jian)(jian)而成(cheng)。是(shi)由長(chang)方(fang)形(xing)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)落組成(cheng)的建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑群,前后共四(si)進(jin)。正門(men)前星門(men),門(men)內為(wei)(wei)第一進(jin)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)落,有值房3座,西(xi)墻開陽(yang)曜門(men)與齋(zhai)宮相通。過(guo)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)北祥旭門(men)為(wei)(wei)第二進(jin)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)落,正殿(dian)惇本殿(dian),東(dong)西(xi)配殿(dian)各3間。第三進(jin)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)東(dong)西(xi)兩側各有圍房20間,直抵第四(si)進(jin)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),正殿(dian)即毓(yu)(yu)(yu)慶(qing)(qing)宮,建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑為(wei)(wei)工(gong)字殿(dian)。毓(yu)(yu)(yu)慶(qing)(qing)宮是(shi)康熙(xi)年間特為(wei)(wei)皇太子允(yun)礽(reng)所建(jian)(jian)(jian),后作為(wei)(wei)皇子居(ju)所。同治、光(guang)緒兩朝,此(ci)宮均作為(wei)(wei)皇帝(di)讀書處(chu),光(guang)緒皇帝(di)曾在此(ci)居(ju)住。
齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮(gong)(gong) 齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮(gong)(gong)位于紫禁城東六宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)南,毓(yu)慶(qing)宮(gong)(gong)西,為皇(huang)帝(di)行(xing)祭天祀(si)地(di)典禮前(qian)的(de)(de)齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒(jie)(jie)之(zhi)所(suo)。明代和清前(qian)期(qi),祭天祀(si)地(di)前(qian)的(de)(de)齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒(jie)(jie)均在宮(gong)(gong)外進行(xing)。齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮(gong)(gong)系前(qian)朝后寢(qin)兩進的(de)(de)長方形院落。前(qian)殿齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮(gong)(gong),面闊5間(jian)(jian),黃琉璃(li)瓦歇山(shan)頂(ding),前(qian)出抱廈3間(jian)(jian),明間(jian)(jian)、兩次(ci)間(jian)(jian)開(kai)隔扇門,兩梢間(jian)(jian)為檻窗。凡祭天祀(si)地(di)及祈谷、常雩大(da)祀(si)前(qian),皇(huang)帝(di)致齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)于此。遇皇(huang)帝(di)宿齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮(gong)(gong),恭設齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒(jie)(jie)牌(pai)、銅人(ren)于齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)宮(gong)(gong)丹陛(bi)左(zuo)側(ce)。齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒(jie)(jie)日,皇(huang)帝(di)與陪祀(si)大(da)臣佩戴齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒(jie)(jie)牌(pai),各宮(gong)(gong)懸(xuan)齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒(jie)(jie)木牌(pai)于簾額。齋(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)戒(jie)(jie)期(qi)間(jian)(jian),不(bu)作樂,不(bu)飲(yin)酒,忌辛辣(la)。
其他建筑
武英(ying)殿(dian) 武英(ying)殿(dian)始建于明(ming)初(chu)(chu)(chu),位(wei)于外朝熙和門以(yi)西(xi)(xi)。正殿(dian)武英(ying)殿(dian)南(nan)向,面闊5間(jian)(jian),進深3間(jian)(jian),黃琉璃瓦歇山頂。東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)配殿(dian)分(fen)別(bie)是凝道殿(dian)、煥章殿(dian),左右(you)共有(you)廊房63間(jian)(jian)。院(yuan)落東(dong)(dong)北(bei)有(you)恒(heng)壽(shou)齋,西(xi)(xi)北(bei)為(wei)浴德堂(tang)。明(ming)初(chu)(chu)(chu)帝(di)王齋居、召見大臣皆于武英(ying)殿(dian),后移至文華殿(dian)。清(qing)兵入關(guan)之初(chu)(chu)(chu),攝政王多爾袞先(xian)行(xing)抵(di)京,以(yi)武英(ying)殿(dian)作為(wei)理事之所。
皇(huang)(huang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)殿 皇(huang)(huang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)殿為寧(ning)(ning)壽(shou)宮區的主體建筑,始建于(yu)(yu)清康熙二十(shi)八年(1689年),初名(ming)寧(ning)(ning)壽(shou)宮。皇(huang)(huang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)殿位于(yu)(yu)寧(ning)(ning)壽(shou)宮區中軸(zhou)線前部,與(yu)后殿寧(ning)(ning)壽(shou)宮前后排列于(yu)(yu)單(dan)層(ceng)石臺基之上。殿座北朝南,面(mian)闊9間(jian)(jian),進深5間(jian)(jian),取帝尊九五之制。皇(huang)(huang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)殿丹陛左右(you)分置(zhi)日晷、嘉(jia)量(liang),是(shi)體現皇(huang)(huang)權(quan)的重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)陳設。御(yu)道兩側各有六方須彌座一個,座上置(zhi)重(zhong)(zhong)檐六角亭,亭身每面(mian)鐫(juan)篆體壽(shou)字各三(san)。
慈(ci)寧(ning)宮(gong) 慈(ci)寧(ning)宮(gong)位于(yu)內廷(ting)外(wai)西路隆宗門(men)西側。始建于(yu)明嘉靖十五年(1536年)。乾隆三十四年(1769年)興(xing)工(gong)將(jiang)慈(ci)寧(ning)宮(gong)正殿(dian)由單檐(yan)改為重(zhong)(zhong)檐(yan),并將(jiang)后寢(qin)殿(dian)后移,始定今(jin)之形制(zhi)。正殿(dian)慈(ci)寧(ning)宮(gong)居中,前后出廊,黃(huang)琉璃(li)瓦重(zhong)(zhong)檐(yan)歇山頂(ding)。面闊7間(jian),當中5間(jian)各(ge)(ge)開4扇(shan)雙(shuang)交四椀菱花槅扇(shan)門(men)。兩(liang)梢間(jian)為磚(zhuan)砌坎墻(qiang),各(ge)(ge)開4扇(shan)雙(shuang)交四椀菱花槅扇(shan)窗。殿(dian)前出月臺,正面出三階,左右各(ge)(ge)出一階,臺上陳鎏金銅(tong)香爐4座。東西兩(liang)山設卡(ka)墻(qiang),各(ge)(ge)開垂花門(men),可(ke)通后院。
文淵閣(ge) 文淵閣(ge)是文華(hua)殿后的(de)藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)樓,乾隆四十(shi)一(yi)年(1776年)仿(fang)浙江藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)名樓“天一(yi)閣(ge)”建造。閣(ge)分上下兩層,黑(hei)色(se)(se)琉(liu)璃瓦(wa)(wa)覆頂,綠色(se)(se)琉(liu)璃瓦(wa)(wa)剪邊,色(se)(se)調深沉雅致,又寓含(han)五行中黑(hei)色(se)(se)主水(shui),以水(shui)克火的(de)用意(yi)。閣(ge)內(nei)藏(zang)《四庫全(quan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)》與《欽定(ding)古今圖(tu)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)集成(cheng)》,清代乾隆朝以后,除了皇(huang)帝來這里讀書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)外,也允許(xu)臣(chen)工和學(xue)士們(men)來此(ci)查閱(yue)圖(tu)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。
暢音閣(ge) 暢音閣(ge)通(tong)高20.71米,在寧壽(shou)(shou)宮區的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)部,是(shi)紫禁城(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)大的(de)戲(xi)樓(lou)。清乾隆四十一年(1776年)建(jian)成,嘉(jia)慶年(19世(shi)紀初)又增建(jian)扮戲(xi)樓(lou)。閣(ge)高20余米,從城(cheng)墻外也能(neng)望見樓(lou)閣(ge)的(de)綠琉(liu)璃瓦頂。“暢音”即(ji)盡情賞樂音之意。高閣(ge)分上、中(zhong)(zhong)、下(xia)三層,分別為福、祿(lu)、壽(shou)(shou)臺(tai)。壽(shou)(shou)臺(tai)臺(tai)面有五口井(jing)通(tong)地下(xia)室,上有三個天井(jing)通(tong)祿(lu)臺(tai)。此(ci)閣(ge)朝北,與帝(di)后等賞戲(xi)的(de)閱(yue)是(shi)樓(lou)相對。每逢年節,宮中(zhong)(zhong)即(ji)在此(ci)開演(yan)大戲(xi),臺(tai)上、臺(tai)下(xia)都熱(re)鬧非凡。
壽(shou)(shou)安宮 壽(shou)(shou)安宮位于(yu)內廷外西路壽(shou)(shou)康宮以北,英(ying)華(hua)殿以南。始(shi)建于(yu)明代,初名咸(xian)熙宮,嘉靖四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1525年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))改(gai)稱(cheng)咸(xian)安宮。清初沿(yan)明制,雍正年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間在此興辦咸(xian)安宮官學(xue),乾(qian)(qian)隆(long)(long)十(shi)(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1751年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))咸(xian)安宮官學(xue)移出(chu)。同年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),乾(qian)(qian)隆(long)(long)皇帝為慶(qing)賀(he)皇太后(hou)(hou)六十(shi)(shi)壽(shou)(shou)誕,將此宮修葺一(yi)新后(hou)(hou)改(gai)稱(cheng)壽(shou)(shou)安宮。乾(qian)(qian)隆(long)(long)二十(shi)(shi)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1760年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),為皇太后(hou)(hou)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)圣(sheng)壽(shou)(shou)慶(qing)典(dian),在院中(zhong)添建一(yi)座3層大戲(xi)臺。嘉慶(qing)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1799年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))將戲(xi)臺拆除(chu),扮(ban)戲(xi)樓改(gai)建為春禧殿后(hou)(hou)卷殿。