鄧(deng)通(tong)(tong)的(de)父親鄧(deng)賢生(sheng)逢(feng)高祖劉邦開國初年(nian)(nian),避開了(le)(le)秦末(mo)的(de)戰(zhan)亂,家道殷實,也讀了(le)(le)幾年(nian)(nian)書。在(zai)接連有(you)(you)(you)了(le)(le)三(san)個(ge)(ge)女(nv)兒后,妻子(zi)(zi)終于為(wei)其(qi)生(sheng)下(xia)了(le)(le)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)兒子(zi)(zi),自然視為(wei)掌(zhang)上明珠。因村(cun)北南(nan)(nan)陽郡(jun)到(dao)(dao)汝(ru)南(nan)(nan)郡(jun)的(de)官(guan)道才修通(tong)(tong)十(shi)多年(nian)(nian),活(huo)了(le)(le)半輩子(zi)(zi)的(de)鄧(deng)賢方才見到(dao)(dao)驛騎飛馳、四(si)(si)方輻輳,就為(wei)兒子(zi)(zi)起(qi)(qi)名(ming)叫(jiao)“通(tong)(tong)”。幼年(nian)(nian)的(de)鄧(deng)通(tong)(tong)讀經習文(wen)之余,除到(dao)(dao)村(cun)北的(de)官(guan)道邊看車(che)(che)馬(ma)外,更(geng)多時間是去水(shui)深草豐的(de)南(nan)(nan)河西(xi)水(shui)中戲(xi)耍、摸(mo)魚、捉(zhuo)蝦。到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)弱冠(guan)之年(nian)(nian),讀書沒見大(da)的(de)起(qi)(qi)色(se),卻(que)練就了(le)(le)一(yi)副(fu)弄(nong)水(shui)撐(cheng)船(chuan)的(de)好身手。西(xi)漢(han)初年(nian)(nian),讀書人的(de)仕(shi)途大(da)致有(you)(you)(you)三(san)條:一(yi)條是郎官(guan),家有(you)(you)(you)中等(deng)財(cai)產(chan)(財(cai)產(chan)十(shi)萬錢以上,漢(han)景帝(di)改為(wei)四(si)(si)萬),自備車(che)(che)馬(ma)服裝生(sheng)活(huo)費,可以到(dao)(dao)京師(shi)做(zuo)郎官(guan),等(deng)候朝廷的(de)使(shi)用;一(yi)條是在(zai)本(ben)郡(jun)做(zuo)小官(guan)吏,不計財(cai)產(chan);一(yi)條是大(da)官(guan)府指(zhi)名(ming)征召(zhao),需有(you)(you)(you)高才大(da)名(ming)。到(dao)(dao)漢(han)武帝(di)時,才令(ling)郡(jun)縣推舉孝廉(lian)、秀才。在(zai)這(zhe)種情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia),頗有(you)(you)(you)資財(cai)的(de)鄧(deng)賢只有(you)(you)(you)置(zhi)辦車(che)(che)馬(ma)服飾,揮(hui)淚送別(bie)小兒鄧(deng)通(tong)(tong)前(qian)往京師(shi)長安,為(wei)鄧(deng)家尋求一(yi)條光宗耀祖、彰顯門楣的(de)道路。
年輕(qing)力(li)壯的鄧(deng)通一路(lu)行(xing)來并不(bu)(bu)覺得車馬之勞,因其性情(qing)誠謹(jin),擅(shan)長劃船(chuan),不(bu)(bu)久就被(bei)征召到(dao)皇宮里做了黃頭(tou)郎(lang),專(zhuan)職掌管(guan)行(xing)船(chuan)。
漢文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)劉恒為人仁孝寬厚,但(dan)也免(mian)不(bu)(bu)了(le)(le)帝(di)(di)王的通(tong)(tong)病:信(xin)鬼神、好長(chang)生、夢(meng)(meng)登(deng)天(tian)。一(yi)次(ci)(ci),文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)做(zuo)夢(meng)(meng)想上(shang)天(tian),卻(que)無論怎樣都(dou)登(deng)不(bu)(bu)上(shang)去(qu),這時有一(yi)個黃頭(tou)郎(lang)(lang)從(cong)(cong)后(hou)(hou)面把(ba)他推了(le)(le)上(shang)去(qu),他回(hui)頭(tou)看到黃頭(tou)郎(lang)(lang)穿(chuan)了(le)(le)一(yi)件橫腰(yao)的單(dan)短(duan)衫(shan),衣帶系結(jie)(jie)在背后(hou)(hou)。夢(meng)(meng)醒后(hou)(hou)文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)前往未(wei)央(yang)宮西邊(bian)蒼池中的漸臺,私下用眼光(guang)尋找夢(meng)(meng)中推他上(shang)天(tian)的黃頭(tou)郎(lang)(lang),看到鄧(deng)通(tong)(tong)衣帶從(cong)(cong)后(hou)(hou)面穿(chuan)結(jie)(jie),正如夢(meng)(meng)中所(suo)見(jian)。及至召問(wen)他姓名(ming),姓鄧(deng)名(ming)通(tong)(tong),音近“登(deng)通(tong)(tong)”。文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)聽(ting)后(hou)(hou)十(shi)分高興,之后(hou)(hou)一(yi)天(tian)比一(yi)天(tian)地寵(chong)他。鄧(deng)通(tong)(tong)個性(xing)溫和(he)、謹慎,不(bu)(bu)喜歡張揚(yang),更不(bu)(bu)善于交際,文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)雖然幾次(ci)(ci)賜(si)他休(xiu)假(jia),但(dan)他還是不(bu)(bu)出去(qu)玩。于是文(wen)(wen)帝(di)(di)前后(hou)(hou)賞(shang)賜(si)鄧(deng)通(tong)(tong)十(shi)幾次(ci)(ci),累計有億萬錢之多。
有(you)一天,文帝命令許負為鄧通(tong)(tong)相面。許負說:“鄧通(tong)(tong)的(de)命會窮(qiong)困(kun)餓死(si)。”文帝說:“能使鄧通(tong)(tong)富有(you)的(de)在于我,怎么說他會貧困(kun)呢?”于是將鄧通(tong)(tong)家鄉附近(jin)的(de)大小銅山(shan)都賞賜給他,準許他鑄錢(qian)。
鄧(deng)通(tong)被(bei)文帝賞賜了(le)家鄉的大(da)小銅山(shan)用來鑄錢(qian)(qian)的消(xiao)息(xi)傳到老家后,親朋鄰里奔走(zou)相告。年(nian)已(yi)古稀的父親十(shi)分感念(nian)皇(huang)上(shang)的恩德,帶(dai)領(ling)幾個(ge)女兒和女婿雇工(gong)匠在銅山(shan)一帶(dai)采銅、燒炭、鑄錢(qian)(qian),嚴格遵(zun)照鄧(deng)通(tong)的囑咐,每一個(ge)錢(qian)(qian)都(dou)要精工(gong)細作,又(you)從不在鑄錢(qian)(qian)時摻雜鉛(qian)、鐵而取巧謀利,因而制作出的鄧(deng)通(tong)錢(qian)(qian)光澤亮,分量足(zu),厚薄勻,質地(di)純(chun)。上(shang)自王公(gong)大(da)臣,中至豪商巨賈(jia),下(xia)到販(fan)夫(fu)走(zou)卒,無(wu)不喜(xi)愛鄧(deng)通(tong)錢(qian)(qian)。吳(wu)國錢(qian)(qian)以發(fa)行量大(da)占優(you)勢,鄧(deng)通(tong)錢(qian)(qian)以質地(di)優(you)良取勝。這(zhe)一時期(qi),吳(wu)國與鄧(deng)通(tong)所(suo)鑄的錢(qian)(qian)幣流遍全國。
鄧(deng)(deng)通(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)漢(han)文帝的(de)嬖(bi)臣,他(ta)別的(de)本(ben)(ben)事沒有(you),只有(you)一(yi)套(tao)阿諛奉承的(de)本(ben)(ben)領(ling),于(yu)是(shi)(shi)他(ta)拿出渾身解(jie)數(shu),奉承吹(chui)捧,以(yi)取媚于(yu)漢(han)文帝,時常能(neng)把(ba)文帝捧得云里霧里的(de)。漢(han)文帝從(cong)此更加(jia)寵愛他(ta),時常跑到鄧(deng)(deng)通(tong)(tong)家(jia)中,跟他(ta)玩各種游(you)戲。
一(yi)天(tian),文帝(di)叫一(yi)個看(kan)相(xiang)的術士(shi)給(gei)鄧通看(kan)相(xiang),相(xiang)士(shi)直(zhi)言不諱地對文帝(di)說:“鄧大(da)夫以(yi)后會因貧困而餓(e)死。”文帝(di)聽后大(da)不高興,憤憤地對鄧通說:“朕(zhen)要想讓你富,有何難哉?”說完即下了一(yi)道詔(zhao)書,把蜀郡嚴道縣的銅山賜給(gei)鄧通,并允許他鑄錢。鄧通從此富可敵(di)國。鄧通既蒙文帝(di)寵愛(ai),感激涕零,更加想要有所(suo)報答(da)才行了。
文帝(di)(di)患(huan)癰,因感念他的寵愛(ai)(ai)(ai)與恩德,鄧(deng)通(tong)(tong)常為(wei)其吸(xi)吮(shun)(shun)患(huan)處(chu)。文帝(di)(di)悶悶不樂地問鄧(deng)通(tong)(tong):“天下誰最愛(ai)(ai)(ai)我呢?”鄧(deng)通(tong)(tong)答:“應該沒(mei)有比太子更愛(ai)(ai)(ai)您的了。”后來太子進宮問候文帝(di)(di)的病情,文帝(di)(di)要(yao)他吸(xi)吮(shun)(shun)患(huan)處(chu)。太子吸(xi)時卻(que)面露難色(se),事后聽說(shuo)鄧(deng)通(tong)(tong)經常為(wei)皇上(shang)吮(shun)(shun)癰,心里感到慚愧(kui),卻(que)也因此而怨恨他了。
幾(ji)年后文帝(di)死(si),太子(zi)即(ji)位(wei),這就是景(jing)帝(di)。景(jing)帝(di)一(yi)即(ji)位(wei),首先便把鄧通革職,追奪銅山(shan),并沒收他的所(suo)有家產(chan)。可憐富(fu)逾王侯(hou)的鄧通,一(yi)旦落難,竟與乞丐一(yi)樣,身無(wu)分文,最后竟應了許負的話(hua),餓死(si)街(jie)頭(tou)。
司馬遷《史記(ji)》:①“通(tong)亦(yi)愿(yuan)謹(jin),不好外(wai)交”; ②“然鄧通(tong)無他能(neng),不能(neng)有所(suo)薦士,獨自(zi)謹(jin)其身以媚上而已(yi)。”