菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(chrysanthemum stone carving)是(shi)湖南瀏(liu)陽縣(xian)獨特(te)的手工(gong)(gong)藝品,用生成(cheng)(cheng)于2億多(duo)年前的菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)雕(diao)琢(zhuo)而成(cheng)(cheng)。瀏(liu)陽菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)雕(diao)被譽為(wei)“全(quan)球第一”。此石(shi)(shi)像菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)一樣,花(hua)(hua)芯(xin)有單芯(xin)、雙芯(xin)、三芯(xin)和無芯(xin),有類似竹葉菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)、繡球龍葵(kui)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)、蒲(pu)葉菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)和金(jin)錢菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)型等。雕(diao)琢(zhuo)藝人利用菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)這(zhe)些(xie)特(te)點,精工(gong)(gong)雕(diao)琢(zhuo),理出花(hua)(hua)瓣,添(tian)枝加葉,浮(fu)雕(diao)成(cheng)(cheng)叢叢菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)。近(jin)年來,突破平面造型,發展到(dao)立體多(duo)層花(hua)(hua)卉(hui),并使人物(wu)(wu)進(jin)入這(zhe)一獨特(te)的工(gong)(gong)藝品,如(ru)雕(diao)琢(zhuo)成(cheng)(cheng)“黃(huang)巢詠菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)”、“天女散花(hua)(hua)”等人物(wu)(wu)神話(hua)故(gu)事作品。瀏(liu)陽菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)雕(diao)技(ji)藝精湛(zhan),構思巧妙,曾獲(huo)得巴(ba)拿馬萬國博覽會獎(jiang)牌。
花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國三大奇石(shi)(shi)之(zhi)一(yi),主要分布在湖(hu)南(nan)瀏陽,瀘(lu)溪一(yi)帶。其(qi)產(chan)(chan)生于(yu)(yu)(yu)2.7億年(nian)前(qian),為二疊紀(ji)棲(qi)霞期(qi)碳酸巖中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)柱(zhu)狀天青石(shi)(shi)和(he)菱鍶礦等(deng)(deng)含(han)鍶礦物圍繞某(mou)一(yi)結晶中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心生長而(er)成的(de)(de)結核(he)并(bing)經漫長地(di)質作(zuo)用而(er)形成的(de)(de),宛(wan)如潔白(bai)無瑕的(de)(de)菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),故又名“石(shi)(shi)菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”瀘(lu)溪菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)產(chan)(chan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)瀘(lu)溪縣(xian)浦(pu)市(shi)鎮辛(xin)女(nv)溪附近(jin)的(de)(de)巖門(men)溪水庫腹地(di)的(de)(de)灰洞(dong)坳村(cun)(cun)至高(gao)山(shan)坪村(cun)(cun)一(yi)帶,該地(di)已探(tan)明總儲量800萬立方米,資(zi)源十(shi)(shi)分豐富,尤其(qi)是灰洞(dong)坳村(cun)(cun)堪稱菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)之(zhi)村(cun)(cun)。村(cun)(cun)菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)質地(di)優良,十(shi)(shi)分適合作(zuo)為菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)雕刻工(gong)藝(yi)品原料,而(er)且(qie)本(ben)村(cun)(cun)菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)雕工(gong)藝(yi)品在菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)雕工(gong)藝(yi)品美(mei)(mei)(mei)術界(jie)享有(you)極高(gao)的(de)(de)聲譽(yu),其(qi)產(chan)(chan)品遠銷美(mei)(mei)(mei)國、日本(ben)、馬來(lai)西亞、新(xin)加(jia)坡(po)、香港等(deng)(deng)國家和(he)地(di)區。在這里(li)還有(you)個美(mei)(mei)(mei)麗的(de)(de)傳說盤(pan)(pan)(pan)瓠和(he)辛(xin)女(nv)的(de)(de)故事。盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古開天十(shi)(shi)八峒(tong),辛(xin)女(nv)撒下花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)數叢(cong)。唯有(you)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)瓠峒(tong)奇雅,菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)至今石(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)開。”瀘(lu)溪菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)取(qu)之(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)瀘(lu)溪縣(xian)浦(pu)市(shi)鎮,當(dang)地(di)遠古先民盤(pan)(pan)(pan)瓠和(he)辛(xin)女(nv)居住地(di)——盤(pan)(pan)(pan)瓠峒(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其(qi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)形成于(yu)(yu)(yu)兩億多年(nian)前(qian),被譽(yu)為“永不凋謝的(de)(de)菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”,以“全球一(yi)”著(zhu)稱于(yu)(yu)(yu)世。菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)雕乃雕刻藝(yi)術家隨(sui)石(shi)(shi)賦形,鬼斧神工(gong),與天共創之(zhi)珍品,觀賞和(he)收藏價值。已數獲世博(bo)會金獎,故宮博(bo)物院、人(ren)民大會堂和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國工(gong)藝(yi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)術館都有(you)珍品館藏。
瀏陽(yang)菊(ju)花(hua)石雕工藝由(you)僅(jin)有的(de)浮雕和半浮雕,發(fa)展(zhan)到現在的(de)圓雕、鏤(lou)空雕、透雕;石雕作品由(you)原來的(de)平面苗(miao)葉發(fa)創立體(ti)花(hua)卉,由(you)山水花(hua)草發(fa)展(zhan)到古今(jin)人物、飛禽走獸。瀏陽(yang)菊(ju)花(hua)石雕《梅(mei)蘭竹菊(ju)》花(hua)瓶,曾在巴拿馬國(guo)際博覽會上榮獲(huo)金(jin)質獎章。
菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)是(shi)中國著名的(de)(de)三大(da)石(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)之一(yi)(yi),當時民眾(zhong)取石(shi)(shi)(shi)砌(qi)壩,無意(yi)中發現(xian)了(le)這種奇特的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)頭。它與眾(zhong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)不同,色(se)(se)澤呈灰色(se)(se)或灰黑色(se)(se),上面(mian)顯現(xian)著一(yi)(yi)朵朵天(tian)(tian)然生成(cheng)的(de)(de)菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)狀白(bai)色(se)(se)花(hua)(hua)(hua)紋,其(qi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)紋潔(jie)白(bai)晶(jing)瑩、奇趣天(tian)(tian)成(cheng)。于是(shi)當地陽(yang)長(chang)厚開設“補(bu)天(tian)(tian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)”作坊(fang),采用此石(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)成(cheng)硯(yan)池,磨出墨汁,久潤(run)不干,具(ju)“奇石(shi)(shi)(shi)質潤(run),色(se)(se)緊而聲清”,深受人們喜愛(ai)。菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)發掘、雕(diao)(diao)(diao)刻成(cheng)工藝品,雖始(shi)于清乾隆年間,但當時只作宮廷貢(gong)品,后(hou)來(lai)才(cai)流傳民間。據《故(gu)宮博物院院刊》記載:“清代(dai)內府中已藏(zang)有菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)硯(yan)多(duo)方,其(qi)大(da)者近尺半,小者約七八寸不等。”從此,瀏陽(yang)菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)和菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao),名噪一(yi)(yi)時。被歷代(dai)朝廷、官員(yuan)、富(fu)商作為收藏(zang)、饋贈的(de)(de)佳品。清末民初,開始(shi)發展浮雕(diao)(diao)(diao),半浮雕(diao)(diao)(diao)、鏤穿(chuan)和圓(yuan)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)茶(cha)具(ju)、酒杯、茶(cha)幾、桌面(mian)、假山、花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓶(ping)等。花(hua)(hua)(hua)形由(you)簡到繁,如“梅蘭竹菊(ju)(ju)”四君子、蝴蝶采菊(ju)(ju)、蜜(mi)蜂采花(hua)(hua)(hua)、金雞采菊(ju)(ju)等作品,成(cheng)為工藝美(mei)術珍品。清代(dai)乾隆五年(1740)左右,永(yong)和鎮(zhen)的(de)(de)書畫(hua)家(jia)歐錫藩和藝人程(cheng)維達(da)合(he)作,用菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)刻成(cheng)硯(yan)臺、筆(bi)洗、筆(bi)筒、筆(bi)架(jia)等文房用具(ju)。譚嗣同曾題刻《菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)秋影硯(yan)銘》,贊賞故(gu)鄉(xiang)瀏陽(yang)的(de)(de)菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)硯(yan)。
菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種除了“假花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)山(shan)”、橫屏等(deng)欣賞品(pin)(pin)外,還有茶壺、茶杯(bei)、碗、酒杯(bei)、桌面(mian)、像框、印盒、圖章等(deng)實(shi)用品(pin)(pin)。1910年(nian)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)美術(shu)大(da)(da)師戴清(qing)升(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)仿石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao),參加清(qing)政(zheng)府在南京舉(ju)辦(ban)的(de)(de)(de)勸業(ye)會(hui)(hui)展(zhan)覽,榮獲(huo)稀(xi)世(shi)珍(zhen)品(pin)(pin)獎章。1915年(nian),巴拿馬萬國(guo)博(bo)覽會(hui)(hui),戴清(qing)升(sheng)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)琢的(de)(de)(de)“映雪(xue)”花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)瓶、“梅(mei)蘭竹(zhu)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)”屏風(feng)參展(zhan),令世(shi)人瞠目,拍(pai)案(an)驚奇“石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)頭能開(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”,一(yi)(yi)舉(ju)榮獲(huo)“珍(zhen)品(pin)(pin)金獲(huo)”,至今(jin)保存在聯合國(guo)博(bo)物館(guan)。1924年(nian),菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)頗為(wei)(wei)興(xing)盛(sheng),有“補天(tian)(tian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”等(deng)著名(ming)(ming)作坊。菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)精(jing)品(pin)(pin)1959年(nian),新中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)成(cheng)立不久,瀏陽(yang)人民(min)將一(yi)(yi)尊(zun)高(gao)(gao)1.2米,長60厘米,寬48厘米,重(zhong)400公斤,號稱國(guo)寶的(de)(de)(de)巨型(xing)立雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)珍(zhen)品(pin)(pin)“石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)森山(shan)”呈現北京人民(min)大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)堂(tang)供(gong)各族人民(min)觀賞,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)直徑大(da)(da)達(da)54厘米,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣長36厘米,寬9厘米,“菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”形態潔白晶瑩,飄逸瀟灑,共有菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)56朵(duo)(duo);1984年(nian),由藝(yi)人李(li)鶴章精(jing)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)(de)荷花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)金魚硯、菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)硯等(deng)12件珍(zhen)品(pin)(pin)在日本展(zhan)出(chu)時引擎起轟動;1999年(nian),為(wei)(wei)喜迎澳(ao)門回歸,湖南省工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)美術(shu)館(guan)以工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)美術(shu)大(da)(da)師袁(yuan)耀初老師為(wei)(wei)首的(de)(de)(de)五位大(da)(da)師耗時一(yi)(yi)年(nian)時間設計制作了雙層菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)《龍(long)球》,獻給澳(ao)門特別行(xing)政(zheng)區政(zheng)府。2000年(nian),在廣(guang)(guang)州舉(ju)辦(ban)的(de)(de)(de)“首屆旅(lv)游購物節(jie)”上,瀏陽(yang)送展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)“艷(yan)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)迎秋(qiu)”、“菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)山(shan)”、“梅(mei)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)”香爐、硯池等(deng)9件展(zhan)品(pin)(pin)獲(huo)“天(tian)(tian)馬銀(yin)獎”,并被日、港、臺客商(shang)搶購一(yi)(yi)空(kong);廣(guang)(guang)州鄭氏兄(xiong)弟收藏的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)塊(kuai)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)1.7米,上有66朵(duo)(duo)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),當時被稱為(wei)(wei)瀏陽(yang)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)多的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)塊(kuai)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),為(wei)(wei)稀(xi)世(shi)珍(zhen)品(pin)(pin)。一(yi)(yi)件被稱為(wei)(wei)世(shi)界上大(da)(da)、重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在長沙(sha)亮相。盡管(guan)瀏陽(yang)盛(sheng)產天(tian)(tian)然(ran)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)久負盛(sheng)名(ming)(ming),但整塊(kuai)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)制如此大(da)(da)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還是首次。這塊(kuai)天(tian)(tian)然(ran)巨型(xing)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)原(yuan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)重(zhong)達(da)3.5噸(dun),為(wei)(wei)顯現湖南獨有的(de)(de)(de)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)制工(gong)(gong)藝(yi),3名(ming)(ming)特級石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)技師歷經6個多月的(de)(de)(de)精(jing)心雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)琢,除雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)出(chu)形態各異(yi)、婀娜(na)多姿的(de)(de)(de)188朵(duo)(duo)天(tian)(tian)然(ran)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)外,還雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)制了18釘仰(yang)天(tian)(tian)呼嘯的(de)(de)(de)玉龍(long)環繞(rao)在花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之間,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)底(di)部是碧波蕩漾的(de)(de)(de)湘(xiang)江(jiang),其(qi)深遠(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)湖湘(xiang)文化寓(yu)意十(shi)分深刻,成(cheng)型(xing)作品(pin)(pin)高(gao)(gao)達(da)1.5米,長為(wei)(wei)3.5米,重(zhong)達(da)1.3噸(dun)。