明清時期由于商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品經濟(ji)的發展,商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品流通領域擴大(da),商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人十分活躍,逐漸形(xing)成了(le)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫。著名的有徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、晉商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、江右幫、洞(dong)庭商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫、山東商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫、秦商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、潮商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、閩商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、龍游商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫、寧波商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫等十大(da)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫。
當(dang)徽商(shang)(shang)、晉(jin)商(shang)(shang)在(zai)商(shang)(shang)場爭雄之時,冷不防在(zai)浙(zhe)江中(zhong)西南部崛起一(yi)個(ge)頗有影響的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)歷史上有一(yi)個(ge)當(dang)年堪(kan)稱國(guo)家級的(de)(de)大(da)(da)“幫(bang)(bang)派”,當(dang)然,這個(ge)大(da)(da)“幫(bang)(bang)派”系明清時列全國(guo)十大(da)(da)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)之一(yi)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)雖以龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)命名,但(dan)并非單指(zhi)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)一(yi)縣(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)人,而是實指(zhi)浙(zhe)江衢州府所屬龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)、常山縣(xian)(xian)、西安(an)(今衢縣(xian)(xian))、開化和江山五縣(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)人,其(qi)中(zhong)以龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)人人數最多,經商(shang)(shang)手段(duan)最為(wei)高明,故冠以龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)之名,簡(jian)稱“龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)幫(bang)(bang)”。
商幫的出現,是我國商品經濟發展的重(zhong)要(yao)標志。
在明中葉嘉靖、萬歷年間(1522-1620),十大商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)中最活躍的(de)是洞(dong)庭(ting)商(shang)(shang)(shang)、徽(hui)商(shang)(shang)(shang)和龍游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang),當時社(she)會(hui)(hui)上(shang)流(liu)傳(chuan)著兩句諺語(yu):“鉆天洞(dong)庭(ting)遍(bian)地(di)徽(hui)”、“遍(bian)地(di)龍游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)”。這反映洞(dong)庭(ting)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人、徽(hui)州商(shang)(shang)(shang)人、龍游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人遍(bian)布全國并雄踞商(shang)(shang)(shang)界的(de)事實。龍游(you)(you)歷史上(shang)為姑篾文化發(fa)祥地(di),更(geng)是“入閩(min)要(yao)(yao)道”、“金衢(qu)處徽(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)沖(chong)”,為古代重要(yao)(yao)鹽道餉道,“通浙孔道,饋(kui)餉之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)必系(xi)”之(zhi)(zhi)地(di),又(you)是浙皖閩(min)贛4省交通樞紐。明人徐復初(chu)說(shuo):“邑(龍游(you)(you))當孔道,舟車所(suo)至,商(shang)(shang)(shang)貨所(suo)通,紛總填(tian)溢。”龍游(you)(you)人農耕之(zhi)(zhi)外,借交通之(zhi)(zhi)便,經(jing)(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)乃(nai)成(cheng)謀生重要(yao)(yao)手(shou)段(duan),加之(zhi)(zhi)龍游(you)(you)社(she)會(hui)(hui)上(shang)素不(bu)賤商(shang)(shang)(shang),頭腦活絡之(zhi)(zhi)人多選(xuan)經(jing)(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)。龍游(you)(you)有豐富的(de)資源,這也為他們(men)經(jing)(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)提供了物質條(tiao)件(jian)。龍游(you)(you)多山林竹木和茶漆糧油等,這些(xie)土特產品(pin)成(cheng)為龍游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)最重要(yao)(yao)的(de)外貿商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)。
當(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫,以(yi)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)為(wei)主體(ti)(ti),涵(han)蓋了(le)周圍(wei)衢(qu)(qu)州(zhou)(zhou)諸縣(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)家。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)(de)形成有一(yi)個漫(man)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)過程。它發軔于(yu)南宋,活(huo)躍于(yu)明(ming)(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)葉,至(zhi)清乾(qian)隆年間為(wei)鼎盛。宋室南遷后,建都(dou)杭(hang)州(zhou)(zhou),為(wei)了(le)方便同長(chang)江沿岸抗(kang)金(jin)前(qian)線的(de)(de)(de)聯系(xi),官(guan)府修建了(le)東起京城杭(hang)州(zhou)(zhou),西接湘贛的(de)(de)(de)官(guan)道。這(zhe)條官(guan)道在(zai)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)和壽昌交界的(de)(de)(de)梅嶺關入龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)境,龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)視此為(wei)大(da)(da)好商(shang)(shang)(shang)機,就把木(mu)材運(yun)到(dao)杭(hang)州(zhou)(zhou)銷售。也有大(da)(da)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)到(dao)浙江外地(di)經商(shang)(shang)(shang)致(zhi)(zhi)富,如(ru)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)韋塘人(ren)(ren)朱世(shi)榮(rong),“流寓常州(zhou)(zhou)致(zhi)(zhi)巨富,置(zhi)產(chan)(chan)亙常州(zhou)(zhou)三縣(xian)(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)半(ban),后歸衢(qu)(qu)江古碼里,復大(da)(da)置(zhi)產(chan)(chan),當(dang)時(shi)以(yi)為(wei)財(cai)雄衢(qu)(qu)常二府。”到(dao)了(le)明(ming)(ming)朝,一(yi)個以(yi)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin),帶動整個衢(qu)(qu)州(zhou)(zhou)地(di)區(qu)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)流域性商(shang)(shang)(shang)業團體(ti)(ti)響亮(liang)登(deng)場(chang),他們(men)(men)在(zai)金(jin)衢(qu)(qu)盆地(di)崛起,逐鹿(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原,遠(yuan)征(zheng)邊關,漂洋出海,以(yi)“遍地(di)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)”的(de)(de)(de)氣勢(shi)被(bei)人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)稱(cheng)為(wei)“龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)幫”。據史料記載:明(ming)(ming)萬歷年間,“龍(long)(long)丘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民,往(wang)往(wang)糊口(kou)于(yu)四方,誦讀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,農賈(jia)相半(ban)”。明(ming)(ming)天啟(qi)年間,“龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民,多(duo)向(xiang)天涯海角,遠(yuan)行商(shang)(shang)(shang)賈(jia),幾(ji)空縣(xian)(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)半(ban)。”如(ru)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)童(tong)巨川(chuan)在(zai)嘉(jia)靖年間至(zhi)宣府大(da)(da)同做邊貿生意,“一(yi)往(wang)返旬(xun)月(yue),獲(huo)利必倍,歲得數萬金(jin),自是兄弟更相往(wang)來,垂20余年,遂成大(da)(da)賈(jia)。”至(zhi)清乾(qian)隆年間童(tong)氏家族:“多(duo)行賈(jia)四方,其居家土著者(zhe),不過十之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三四耳。”
龍游(you)商(shang)幫不像晉商(shang)手握(wo)巨資(zi),經營票(piao)號,在金融市場上顯(xian)山(shan)露水;也不像徽商(shang)壟斷(duan)鹽鹺,聲名顯(xian)赫。龍游(you)商(shang)幫的顯(xian)著特點是,埋頭(tou)苦干,不露聲色,卻在珠寶古董業(ye)(ye)中獨(du)占(zhan)鰲頭(tou),又在印書(shu)刻書(shu)販(fan)書(shu)業(ye)(ye)中從事(shi)于文(wen)化傳(chuan)播,還在海外貿(mao)易(yi)中插(cha)上一手,成為頗具實力的一大商(shang)幫。
龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫雖地(di)處(chu)偏僻,卻有著開放的(de)(de)心態,在(zai)觀念(nian)上也比較新(xin)潮(chao)。主要表現(xian)在(zai)兩個方面上,即投資(zi)上的(de)(de)"敢為(wei)天下先"精神和“海(hai)納百川”的(de)(de)肚量(liang)。明(ming)清時期,許多商(shang)(shang)(shang)人將經營商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)所賺得的(de)(de)資(zi)金用(yong)來購買土地(di)或者經營典當(dang)、借貸業(ye),以(yi)求有穩定(ding)的(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)。而(er)龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)敏銳(rui)地(di)意識(shi)到,要獲得更的(de)(de)利潤,必須轉向手(shou)工業(ye)生產和工礦產業(ye)上。他們果斷地(di)投入(ru)于(yu)紙業(ye)、礦業(ye)的(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)生產,或者直接參(can)與商(shang)(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)生產,使商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)資(zi)本轉化為(wei)產業(ye)資(zi)本,給當(dang)時封(feng)建社會(hui)注入(ru)了(le)帶有雇傭關(guan)(guan)系的(de)(de)新(xin)生產關(guan)(guan)系。龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)人還不排斥外地(di)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫對(dui)本鄉的(de)(de)滲(shen)透,并且相處(chu)友善,吸收(shou)(shou)外地(di)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人于(yu)己幫,推(tui)進了(le)龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)發(fa)展。
明清時(shi)期龍游(you)商(shang)幫(bang)是(shi)當時(shi)活躍于(yu)商(shang)壇的中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)十大商(shang)幫(bang)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi),它之(zhi)(zhi)所以(yi)能在與實力雄厚的徽商(shang)、晉商(shang)等競(jing)爭中(zhong)(zhong)獨樹(shu)一(yi)幟,在珠寶業(ye)(ye)、墾拓業(ye)(ye)、造紙業(ye)(ye)和(he)印書業(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)立于(yu)不(bu)敗之(zhi)(zhi)地,除(chu)了(le)它有開拓進取、不(bu)怕(pa)艱苦的精神和(he)善于(yu)經(jing)營管理之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai),恐怕(pa)與它具(ju)有較高文(wen)化素養和(he)誠實守信職業(ye)(ye)道德有著密切的關聯(lian)。
龍(long)(long)游(you)商人在營商活動中,歷來(lai)看(kan)重“財自道生(sheng),利緣義取”“以(yi)儒術飾賈事”。主張(zhang)誠信為本,堅(jian)守(shou)以(yi)義取利,是龍(long)(long)游(you)商幫一以(yi)貫(guan)之(zhi)的(de)儒商品(pin)格(ge),也(ye)使其獲得(de)了良好(hao)的(de)市(shi)場信譽。從(cong)根本意義上(shang)說(shuo),將誠信作為經商從(cong)賈的(de)道德規(gui)范(fan),正是龍(long)(long)游(you)商幫獲得(de)成功的(de)要訣。龍(long)(long)游(you)商人傅(fu)家(jia)來(lai)開設傅(fu)立(li)宗紙(zhi)號,視(shi)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)質量為企業(ye)立(li)身之(zhi)本,精(jing)益求(qiu)精(jing),所造(zao)之(zhi)紙(zhi),質量上(shang)乘,且比同行出產(chan)(chan)的(de)同一件紙(zhi)號要重十多(duo)斤(jin)之(zhi)多(duo)。他還從(cong)把(ba)握(wo)造(zao)紙(zhi)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)流程每(mei)個環節入手,嚴格(ge)檢(jian)驗,次品(pin)決不出售。產(chan)(chan)品(pin)享譽大(da)江南北,歷久不衰。為了表示對用戶負責和(he)維持(chi)良好(hao)的(de)信譽,其產(chan)(chan)品(pin)都統一加印“西山(shan)傅(fu)立(li)宗”印記。
與龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)商幫(bang)誠(cheng)實(shi)守(shou)信(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職業(ye)(ye)道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)相比,我市(shi)信(xin)(xin)用環境卻(que)長(chang)期不容樂觀(guan)(guan),少數企(qi)業(ye)(ye)和個人(ren)(ren)紅(hong)眼于周邊(bian)地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展,心態浮躁,急功近(jin)利(li),甚(shen)至不擇手段,前些年上街貿(mao)易大樓(lou)曾(ceng)一度(du)聚集眾多商貿(mao)私營(ying)公司,但多為“殺豬”公司,彼(bi)此間(jian)以騙(pian)取外(wai)(wai)地客商的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貨物為能事;外(wai)(wai)地車子被我市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貨運配載信(xin)(xin)息中(zhong)心所騙(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投訴也不絕于耳(er);我市(shi)銀行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不良資產中(zhong),因(yin)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)“失信(xin)(xin)”而(er)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約占45%;有關調查(cha)也表明(ming),連衢(qu)州人(ren)(ren)對本(ben)(ben)地企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)用評價都已(yi)信(xin)(xin)心不足,普遍認為本(ben)(ben)省(sheng)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)好于國外(wai)(wai)企(qi)業(ye)(ye),省(sheng)內(nei)其他市(shi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)好于本(ben)(ben)市(shi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)。在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背景下,龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)商人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誠(cheng)信(xin)(xin)精神,在(zai)(zai)我市(shi)尤其值得弘揚。信(xin)(xin)用衢(qu)州的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設,除了(le)要繼續加大治理力度(du)之外(wai)(wai),內(nei)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)教育也是極(ji)為重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一方面。儒家教化(hua)學說的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個最為明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點,就(jiu)在(zai)(zai)于在(zai)(zai)實(shi)施(shi)教化(hua)過程中(zhong),把(ba)社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)規范內(nei)化(hua)為人(ren)(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)覺行動。在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)方面,龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)商幫(bang)自(zi)(zi)覺地以儒家道(dao)(dao)德(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)念規范自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商業(ye)(ye)行動,把(ba)信(xin)(xin)、誠(cheng)作為待人(ren)(ren)接物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)(ben)原則,無疑為我市(shi)經濟主體樹(shu)立了(le)極(ji)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)榜樣(yang)。
馳騁于商(shang)(shang)(shang)界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang),其經營區域(yu)甚廣,足跡遍(bian)及全國各地。史書記(ji)載:龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)“挾資(zi)以出守(shou)為恒業,即秦、晉、滇、蜀,萬(wan)(wan)里視(shi)若比舍,俗有(you)(you)遍(bian)地龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)之諺”。明萬(wan)(wan)歷年間流傳(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)“遍(bian)地龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)”之民諺,有(you)(you)力地說明了(le)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)與享(xiang)有(you)(you)“鉆天洞(dong)(dong)庭”、“無徽不成(cheng)鎮”等美譽的(de)(de)(de)洞(dong)(dong)庭商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)與徽州商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)一樣(yang),都是明清時期(qi)稱雄商(shang)(shang)(shang)界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)頗(po)有(you)(you)影響的(de)(de)(de)地域(yu)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)幫(bang)(bang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)大多(duo)從事(shi)長途販銷活(huo)動,“龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)之民多(duo)向天涯海角,遠(yuan)行商(shang)(shang)(shang)賈”,不僅(jin)活(huo)躍在江(jiang)南(nan)、北(bei)(bei)京、湖(hu)南(nan)、湖(hu)北(bei)(bei)和閩粵諸地,而(er)且還(huan)一直(zhi)深入到(dao)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)、西(xi)(xi)南(nan)等偏(pian)遠(yuan)省份。如據(ju)有(you)(you)關文(wen)獻記(ji)載:明成(cheng)化(hua)年間,僅(jin)云南(nan)姚(yao)安府(即今(jin)云南(nan)楚雄彝族自治州西(xi)(xi)部)就聚集了(le)浙江(jiang)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)和江(jiang)西(xi)(xi)安福(fu)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)三五萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)。
龍(long)(long)游(you)商幫這種開拓進(jin)取(qu)、不畏(wei)艱辛、不戀家土的(de)(de)敬業(ye)精(jing)(jing)神(shen),和(he)(he)當(dang)(dang)代(dai)溫(wen)臺(tai)地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)企業(ye)家精(jing)(jing)神(shen)本質(zhi)上是一致的(de)(de),溫(wen)臺(tai)地(di)(di)區(qu)農(nong)民(農(nong)村剩余(yu)勞動(dong)力)為尋求生路,寧愿背(bei)井離鄉,在外(wai)(wai)面開闊了(le)眼界(jie)和(he)(he)有(you)了(le)微薄的(de)(de)積累之后,他們(men)便把自(zi)己的(de)(de)信息、知識、經(jing)驗(yan)及外(wai)(wai)界(jie)人(ren)緣等資源(yuan)向親朋好(hao)友(you)擴散。溫(wen)臺(tai)經(jing)濟發展最(zui)初(chu)的(de)(de)沖(chong)(chong)動(dong)來(lai)自(zi)于民間,由卑微又(you)見(jian)多識廣的(de)(de)民間能(neng)人(ren)推動(dong)、發動(dong)。遺憾的(de)(de)是龍(long)(long)游(you)商幫的(de)(de)創(chuang)業(ye)沖(chong)(chong)動(dong)卻未(wei)能(neng)上升為浙西地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)區(qu)域人(ren)文精(jing)(jing)神(shen),其可貴的(de)(de)商業(ye)精(jing)(jing)神(shen)最(zui)終仍淹沒于強勢(shi)農(nong)耕文化中(zhong)。到(dao)民國(guo)時期,連(lian)龍(long)(long)游(you)本地(di)(di)商業(ye)也(ye)幾乎全(quan)落入外(wai)(wai)地(di)(di)商人(ren)手中(zhong),“遍(bian)地(di)(di)龍(long)(long)游(you)之說”也(ye)漸成絕唱。當(dang)(dang)前,我(wo)市要(yao)(yao)大(da)力弘揚“龍(long)(long)游(you)商幫”的(de)(de)走出(chu)(chu)去(qu)精(jing)(jing)神(shen),一方(fang)面要(yao)(yao)繼(ji)續堅定不移(yi)地(di)(di)開展勞務(wu)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu),讓廣大(da)農(nong)村剩余(yu)勞動(dong)力在走出(chu)(chu)去(qu)中(zhong)接受(shou)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)洗禮(li),涌現出(chu)(chu)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)多的(de)(de)民間創(chuang)業(ye)者(zhe)。另一方(fang)面在接受(shou)產業(ye)梯(ti)度(du)轉移(yi)的(de)(de)同時,還要(yao)(yao)大(da)力推動(dong)和(he)(he)支持市內有(you)比較優勢(shi)、市外(wai)(wai)有(you)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)企業(ye)有(you)計劃(hua)、有(you)步驟地(di)(di)到(dao)外(wai)(wai)地(di)(di)辦廠,從(cong)而(er)推動(dong)從(cong)產品到(dao)要(yao)(yao)素(su)、從(cong)資本到(dao)技術全(quan)面主動(dong)地(di)(di)進(jin)入國(guo)內外(wai)(wai)市場(chang)(chang)(chang),爭取(qu)更(geng)大(da)的(de)(de)發展空間。
明清時期,有(you)許多外籍(ji)(ji)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)紛紛奔赴龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)還寓(yu)居(ju)于(yu)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you),加(jia)入(ru)(ru)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)行列,并把各(ge)自(zi)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)經(jing)驗帶入(ru)(ru)到了(le)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)中,推進了(le)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展。如徽(hui)(hui)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)程廷(ting)柱在康熙年(nian)間(jian)曾率眾在龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)經(jing)營有(you)典業和(he)田莊;汪文俊在龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)經(jing)營有(you)鹽業。又如贛商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)周學錦在康熙年(nian)間(jian)從江西撫(fu)州趨利業商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)于(yu)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you),并定居(ju)于(yu)此。還如閩商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)三(san)元戴馮氏、黃靜齋(zhai)、池明英(ying)等(deng)都先后經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)于(yu)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)。清末至民國時期,龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)縣(xian)籍(ji)(ji)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)漸(jian)少,客籍(ji)(ji)居(ju)多,他(ta)們大多來自(zi)浙江的(de)(de)(de)遂昌(chang)、蘭(lan)溪(xi)、義烏(wu)、處州、紹興、寧波和(he)徽(hui)(hui)州府所(suo)屬各(ge)縣(xian),以及(ji)江西、福建等(deng)省。由此可見,龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)群體融(rong)合(he)了(le)徽(hui)(hui)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、粵商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、蘇商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、浙商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、閩商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)和(he)贛商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)等(deng)外地商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)形成基于(yu)血緣(yuan)地緣(yuan)關系,本質上具有(you)排他(ta)性,但他(ta)們卻能(neng)容納其他(ta)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)融(rong)入(ru)(ru),足可見其胸襟的(de)(de)(de)寬大。
然(ran)而(er)隨著龍游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沒落,這(zhe)方曾經如此大(da)(da)(da)氣(qi)十足的(de)(de)(de)(de)土地(di)(di),反而(er)漸生(sheng)一(yi)種“排外(wai)”情結。很難想象,前些年(nian)(nian)在龍游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發源地(di)(di)會發生(sheng)因眼(yan)紅外(wai)地(di)(di)布商(shang)(shang)物美(mei)價(jia)廉(lian),而(er)引(yin)(yin)發的(de)(de)(de)(de)哄搶布匹事件(jian)。去(qu)年(nian)(nian)投資(zi)環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)項調查也(ye)表明(ming),大(da)(da)(da)多數經濟(ji)主體有(you)(you)看到、聽到過(guo)或有(you)(you)過(guo)受(shou)本地(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)欺騙(pian)壓制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)感覺。證(zheng)實了衢州人(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)(you)較濃的(de)(de)(de)(de)排外(wai)傾向。這(zhe)些年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐證(zheng)明(ming),我市要(yao)加(jia)快發展,就必須承接龍游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開放胸(xiong)襟,真正培育出兼容(rong)并蓄(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)城市精神。要(yao)廣為吸納來自于海內外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)、資(zi)本、管理(li)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)等(deng)各種資(zi)源和生(sheng)產要(yao)素,吸收當(dang)今最先進的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展理(li)念(nian)、思(si)想觀念(nian),為我市的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展服(fu)務,培育衢州人(ren)(ren)(ren)友好(hao)親(qin)善、大(da)(da)(da)度包容(rong)、海納百川的(de)(de)(de)(de)胸(xiong)懷(huai)。在加(jia)強本地(di)(di)企(qi)業(ye)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi),要(yao)引(yin)(yin)導他們向外(wai)來企(qi)業(ye)家學習(xi),使他們開闊視野(ye),增長才(cai)干(gan),克服(fu)小(xiao)富即(ji)安、不思(si)進取的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)農意(yi)識,進一(yi)步做大(da)(da)(da)做強企(qi)業(ye)。
后人(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)嘆惋(wan)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)如(ru)此行(xing)色(se)(se)匆匆地(di)(di)消失(shi)于歷(li)(li)史(shi)舞(wu)臺時(shi)(shi),多把原因(yin)(yin)歸(gui)結為當(dang)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)及戰亂。然而(er)(er)外在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)并非根本,如(ru)二(er)戰過后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德、日兩國仍(reng)然能(neng)于滿目瘡夷中(zhong)復興;溫臺地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)雖(sui)幾(ji)經(jing)抑制卻是(shi)(shi)“春風吹又生(sheng)”。區(qu)(qu)(qu)域經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長遠(yuan)發(fa)(fa)展歸(gui)根到底(di)靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)源遠(yuan)流(liu)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)和(he)(he)底(di)蘊。儒(ru)學(xue)(xue)氛圍(wei)中(zhong)崛起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang),有(you)(you)(you)著較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)水(shui)準,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)眾多商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)區(qu)(qu)(qu)別。明代(dai)(dai)(dai)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)唐寅(伯虎)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)征明齊(qi)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)名(ming)士李維(wei)楨,即專為龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)李汝(ru)衡立傳(chuan)(chuan),題為《贈李汝(ru)衡序》;龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)童佩、胡貿也(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)名(ming)士王世貞(zhen)、歸(gui)有(you)(you)(you)光等成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)莫逆(ni)之(zhi)交(jiao)(jiao)。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)能(neng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)這(zhe)些(xie)清高自許的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)士結交(jiao)(jiao),若非氣質相近是(shi)(shi)很(hen)難(nan)解釋(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)“賈(jia)而(er)(er)好(hao)儒(ru)”之(zhi)風可見一(yi)(yi)斑。然而(er)(er)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)優(you)(you)勢(shi)能(neng)助龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)一(yi)(yi)個個奇(qi)跡(ji),接下來,傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桎梏卻注(zhu)定龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)走(zou)不(bu)(bu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)太(tai)遠(yuan)。地(di)(di)處南(nan)(nan)宗(zong)儒(ru)學(xue)(xue)中(zhong)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浙(zhe)西地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu),歷(li)(li)代(dai)(dai)(dai)方志在(zai)記述商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)和(he)(he)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)時(shi)(shi),都(dou)是(shi)(shi)低調處理。浙(zhe)西人(ren)(ren)(ren)從(cong)內心深處鄙視商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)和(he)(he)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren),主要(yao)表現(xian)在(zai)兩個方面(mian),一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)重農(nong)抑商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),二(er)是(shi)(shi)重仕(shi)輕(qing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。在(zai)這(zhe)樣具有(you)(you)(you)很(hen)強(qiang)宗(zong)法(fa)色(se)(se)彩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儒(ru)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)觀念(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支配(pei)下,龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)大(da)多始終未能(neng)培植(zhi)出(chu)(chu)對商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)忠(zhong)心。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)中(zhong)從(cong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)而(er)(er)終的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)極少(shao),多數(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)無(wu)論是(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)了(le)(le)(le)(le)家(jia)或是(shi)(shi)賠了(le)(le)(le)(le)本,最(zui)終還是(shi)(shi)葉落歸(gui)根,返回(hui)到以(yi)農(nong)為本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老路上來。一(yi)(yi)些(xie)富(fu)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或把精力和(he)(he)財產(chan)(chan)投(tou)(tou)入(ru)(ru)官場(chang)競逐(zhu);或如(ru)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)葉氏家(jia)族將經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)所得巨資悉數(shu)投(tou)(tou)入(ru)(ru)葉氏建(jian)筑群(qun),而(er)(er)很(hen)少(shao)有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)去投(tou)(tou)資產(chan)(chan)業(ye)擴大(da)再生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)。而(er)(er)值得深思(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),同樣受(shou)(shou)南(nan)(nan)宗(zong)儒(ru)學(xue)(xue)滋養的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫州(zhou)(zhou)、金華等浙(zhe)東南(nan)(nan)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu),卻批判(pan)地(di)(di)繼承了(le)(le)(le)(le)朱(zhu)子(zi)理學(xue)(xue),形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)有(you)(you)(you)別于傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)儒(ru)家(jia)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)——“永嘉學(xue)(xue)派(pai)(pai)”和(he)(he)“金華呂(lv)學(xue)(xue)”、“永康之(zhi)學(xue)(xue)”等流(liu)派(pai)(pai)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)決定人(ren)(ren)(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價值選(xuan)擇,“永嘉學(xue)(xue)派(pai)(pai)”“金華呂(lv)學(xue)(xue)”講究實效、注(zhu)重功利的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)想(xiang)及其價值取(qu)向(xiang)和(he)(he)逐(zhu)利追(zhui)求,又有(you)(you)(you)力地(di)(di)塑造和(he)(he)強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)了(le)(le)(le)(le)溫州(zhou)(zhou)、金華等地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民間心理和(he)(he)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong),構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域經(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)展中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)可或缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“遺傳(chuan)(chuan)因(yin)(yin)子(zi)”。而(er)(er)衢州(zhou)(zhou)、龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)雖(sui)有(you)(you)(you)柯山、清獻、鳳梧等大(da)書院(yuan),但這(zhe)些(xie)書院(yuan)因(yin)(yin)循(xun)守(shou)舊,抱殘守(shou)缺,也(ye)(ye)無(wu)一(yi)(yi)流(liu)名(ming)家(jia)學(xue)(xue)者,因(yin)(yin)此即便歷(li)(li)史(shi)上因(yin)(yin)緣際會出(chu)(chu)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)這(zhe)樣大(da)規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)群(qun)體,也(ye)(ye)未能(neng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)結合,產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)充滿活力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),反而(er)(er)使浙(zhe)西地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)承受(shou)(shou)了(le)(le)(le)(le)太(tai)多儒(ru)家(jia)思(si)想(xiang)中(zhong)庸保守(shou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沉重負荷,使人(ren)(ren)(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)想(xiang)和(he)(he)行(xing)動受(shou)(shou)到了(le)(le)(le)(le)限制,以(yi)至幾(ji)次與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)經(jing)濟(ji)騰(teng)飛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)契機錯失(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)臂。當(dang)前,我市要(yao)從(cong)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衰落中(zhong)汲取(qu)經(jing)驗教(jiao)訓(xun),就(jiu)必(bi)須進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步(bu)強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氛圍(wei),以(yi)求縮小與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)省內發(fa)(fa)達(da)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差距,并爭取(qu)在(zai)同一(yi)(yi)梯(ti)度地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)中(zhong)占據優(you)(you)勢(shi)。要(yao)堅持不(bu)(bu)懈地(di)(di)導入(ru)(ru)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先進(jin)觀念(nian)(nian)(nian)和(he)(he)相關知識,在(zai)干(gan)部和(he)(he)群(qun)眾中(zhong)開展教(jiao)育、培訓(xun)和(he)(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo),以(yi)新(xin)觀念(nian)(nian)(nian)新(xin)知識逐(zhu)步(bu)取(qu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)舊觀念(nian)(nian)(nian)。迫切(qie)需(xu)要(yao)強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)市場(chang)經(jing)濟(ji)觀念(nian)(nian)(nian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)知識、經(jing)濟(ji)全球化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)觀念(nian)(nian)(nian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)知識、現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)社(she)會法(fa)制和(he)(he)經(jing)濟(ji)倫理觀念(nian)(nian)(nian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)知識、現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)道德觀念(nian)(nian)(nian)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)知識等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),克服小農(nong)經(jing)濟(ji)意識、封建(jian)主義(yi)殘余意識和(he)(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)計(ji)劃(hua)經(jing)濟(ji)意識。當(dang)全社(she)會真正形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)有(you)(you)(you)利于企(qi)業(ye)家(jia)生(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會環境、體制環境、人(ren)(ren)(ren)文(wen)(wen)(wen)環境之(zhi)時(shi)(shi),龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復興也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)為期不(bu)(bu)遠(yuan)了(le)(le)(le)(le)。
時光流逝,沖淡(dan)了龍游(you)商幫(bang)創立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輝煌業(ye)績(ji),只留下一個個散(san)落在浙(zhe)(zhe)西大地上的(de)(de)(de)(de)民居大院。難道作為(wei)后人的(de)(de)(de)(de)我們(men),只能是綴(zhui)串起這一個個珍珠,向世(shi)人炫耀我們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)祖(zu)上也曾(ceng)風光過就足(zu)了嗎?什(shen)么(me)時候才(cai)能重新迎(ying)來浙(zhe)(zhe)西新一代“商幫(bang)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)復興?這才(cai)是當前研究龍游(you)商幫(bang)歷史的(de)(de)(de)(de)真實所(suo)在。
僻居于(yu)浙西(xi)山區(qu)的(de)龍游商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫在歷史上曾經輝煌(huang)一(yi)時,在明萬(wan)歷時已有“遍地(di)龍游”之諺(參見萬(wan)歷《龍游縣志》),與(yu)(yu)當(dang)時馳名的(de)“無徽(hui)不成鎮(zhen)”、“鉆天洞(dong)庭”的(de)徽(hui)商(shang)(shang)(shang)蘇商(shang)(shang)(shang)等(deng)并駕齊(qi)驅。其所以能在市場競爭中嶄露頭角,是與(yu)(yu)它有著(zhu)良好的(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業道(dao)德(de)很有關系,聲譽良好,贏得了(le)人(ren)(ren)們的(de)信(xin)任。反(fan)之,也有些(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)欺(qi)詐造假,只能蒙騙(pian)一(yi)時,不能長久立足于(yu)商(shang)(shang)(shang)壇(tan)。明代(dai)浙江人(ren)(ren)張應俞(yu)編著(zhu)了(le)《杜騙(pian)新書(shu)》,列舉24類(lei)84則騙(pian)術,這就是明代(dai)中葉(xie)以來商(shang)(shang)(shang)壇(tan)上不誠信(xin)的(de)劣跡(詳見拙(zhuo)著(zhu)《明清時期(qi)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業及商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)書(shu)之研究》下篇(pian)第6章。該書(shu)為《國(guo)學精粹叢(cong)書(shu)》的(de)一(yi)種(zhong),臺灣洪葉(xie)文化事業有限公司,1997年出版(ban))。
相比(bi)(bi)之下,龍游商幫的(de)(de)(de)誠實(shi)守信就(jiu)顯得(de)非(fei)(fei)常(chang)可貴。龍游商人傅家(jia)來開設傅立宗(zong)紙號,非(fei)(fei)常(chang)注重(zhong)產(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)質量,精益求精,所造之紙,堅韌白(bai)凈,均勻齊整,比(bi)(bi)其(qi)他(ta)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)紙在同一(yi)件紙號中(zhong)重(zhong)十多(duo)斤(jin)。造紙是多(duo)工序的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)流程,他(ta)為(wei)了保證(zheng)質量,層層把關,嚴格檢驗,次品決不出售。產(chan)品暢銷(xiao)大江(jiang)南北,經久不衰。為(wei)了表示對用戶負(fu)責和維持(chi)良好的(de)(de)(de)信譽,他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品都(dou)統(tong)一(yi)加印
“西山傅立宗”印記。
姜(jiang)益(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)棉(mian)布(bu)(bu)(bu)店(dian)以(yi)(yi)信譽著稱,冠為金(華(hua))衢(州)嚴(州)三府第一(yi)(yi)(yi)家(jia)。自從胡(hu)筱漁接管以(yi)(yi)來,非常重視信譽,以(yi)(yi)誠(cheng)實(shi)守信教育每(mei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)位職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong),多次(ci)提(ti)出要薄利(li)多銷,童叟無欺(qi),決(jue)不(bu)(bu)二價。為了防(fang)止流通中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)銀(yin)元摻假損害顧(gu)客(ke)利(li)益(yi)(yi),特(te)聘請了三位有(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)驗(yan)的(de)(de)驗(yan)銀(yin)工(gong)(gong)(gong),嚴格檢驗(yan),凡經(jing)(jing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)他(ta)(ta)店(dian)的(de)(de)銀(yin)幣加以(yi)(yi)“姜(jiang)益(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)”印記,讓顧(gu)客(ke)放心。在經(jing)(jing)營中(zhong)(zhong)目光遠大(da)(da),不(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)短期(qi)行(xing)為來賺(zhuan)錢,為了信譽,寧(ning)(ning)(ning)愿承(cheng)擔暫(zan)時的(de)(de)損失。有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci),他(ta)(ta)在海寧(ning)(ning)(ning)訂(ding)購了7500匹(pi)石門布(bu)(bu)(bu),價值6萬(wan)銀(yin)元,在運(yun)輸過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)遭劫,這本不(bu)(bu)關(guan)姜(jiang)益(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)店(dian)的(de)(de)事,海寧(ning)(ning)(ning)布(bu)(bu)(bu)商(shang)亦立即派人來龍游處(chu)理此事,主動(dong)承(cheng)擔損失,胡(hu)筱漁重義(yi)疏財(cai),當場償(chang)付了對方6萬(wan)元布(bu)(bu)(bu)款,還再訂(ding)購了7500匹(pi)棉(mian)布(bu)(bu)(bu),并熱(re)情款待海寧(ning)(ning)(ning)布(bu)(bu)(bu)商(shang)。由于這一(yi)(yi)(yi)義(yi)舉(ju),姜(jiang)益(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)布(bu)(bu)(bu)店(dian)信譽大(da)(da)增,遐邇聞(wen)名,在以(yi)(yi)后的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)商(shang)活(huo)動(dong)中(zhong)(zhong),凡碰(peng)到(dao)貨物緊俏時,海寧(ning)(ning)(ning)等地(di)布(bu)(bu)(bu)商(shang)都(dou)首先滿足他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)貨源需求,全(quan)力支持他(ta)(ta)渡過(guo)(guo)(guo)難(nan)關(guan)。他(ta)(ta)對職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)也以(yi)(yi)禮相(xiang)(xiang)待,以(yi)(yi)誠(cheng)相(xiang)(xiang)待,從不(bu)(bu)刻薄,職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)年長者,以(yi)(yi)叔伯相(xiang)(xiang)稱,同輩以(yi)(yi)兄弟、晚(wan)輩以(yi)(yi)弟侄相(xiang)(xiang)呼(hu),平(ping)等待人。年終還發“紅(hong)利(li)壓(ya)歲(sui)錢”,春節賞每(mei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)匹(pi)布(bu)(bu)(bu)代價的(de)(de)獎勵金。以(yi)(yi)心比心,誠(cheng)摯待人,職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)受感動(dong),工(gong)(gong)(gong)作就更負責,保證了姜(jiang)益(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)良好運(yun)作。
大(da)絲綢(chou)商李(li)(li)汝(ru)衡(heng),商品販銷到(dao)湖廣十五郡(jun),幾乎壟斷了楚(chu)湘的絲綢(chou)市場。他職業道德良好,待人寬厚誠(cheng)信,人望(wang)甚(shen)好。明代大(da)文(wen)人李(li)(li)維楨著文(wen)贊(zan)揚他:“李(li)(li)十二汝(ru)衡(heng)者,越之龍游(you)人也。……至汝(ru)衡(heng)而資(zi)益拓(tuo),所居積綺縠纻罽,遍四方(fang)之珍異,挽(wan)舟轉轂以百數,所冠帶(dai)衣履,遍楚(chu)之十五郡(jun)。而善(shan)與(yu)時低(di)昂,人或就之貰(shi)貸無所靳,亦不責(ze)子錢,久(jiu)乃或負之,遂不復言。……楚(chu)人慕其誼,爭交歡汝(ru)衡(heng)。”(《大(da)泌山(shan)房集》卷(juan)68,《贈李(li)(li)汝(ru)衡(heng)序》)
龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)本是姑篾故國舊地(di),素有(you)重文(wen)化的(de)(de)傳統,詩(shi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)禮樂傳家(jia),耕(geng)讀(du)遵禮,弦歌不(bu)(bu)絕。就是出為(wei)(wei)(wei)賈(jia)(jia)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)忘讀(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),故首選造(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi)刻(ke)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)籍為(wei)(wei)(wei)業(ye)。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)新造(zao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)紙(zhi)(zhi)在明(ming)代已(yi)具名(ming)(ming)(ming)氣。明(ming)著(zhu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)刻(ke)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家(jia)余(yu)象斗文(wen)臺,他(ta)刻(ke)印(yin)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)籍尤注重用紙(zhi)(zhi),他(ta)品評全國著(zhu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)紙(zhi)(zhi)品有(you)徽歙紙(zhi)(zhi)(青光白滑冰翼凝(ning)霜,績溪(xi)(xi)龍(long)(long)(long)須,西(xi)(xi)山觀音(yin)紙(zhi)(zhi)),江西(xi)(xi)紙(zhi)(zhi)(觀音(yin)蓮七紙(zhi)(zhi)),鉛山(奏本)紙(zhi)(zhi)等(deng),而(er)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)浙江衢紙(zhi)(zhi)尤勝,“連四(si)(si)(si)紙(zhi)(zhi),開化縣(xian)有(you)連三連四(si)(si)(si)紙(zhi)(zhi)亦佳,只要白厚無(wu)粉(fen)者為(wei)(wei)(wei)妙。”“常(chang)山縣(xian)有(you)榜紙(zhi)(zhi),并中(zhong)(zhong)夾紙(zhi)(zhi)奏本紙(zhi)(zhi)次于鉛山。”龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)縣(xian)溪(xi)(xi)口鎮是龐大的(de)(de)造(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心兼銷售(shou)市場,紙(zhi)(zhi)商(shang)麕集。乾隆間閩(min)商(shang)林瓊茂來龍(long)(long)(long)擇地(di)上塘設坊造(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi),傳至其孫林巨倫(lun),已(yi)“積貲巨萬(wan)”。書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)商(shang)童佩,名(ming)(ming)(ming)噪一(yi)(yi)時(shi),刻(ke)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)販書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)大江南北,其父彥清(qing),“最(zui)稱(cheng)儒雅(ya),不(bu)(bu)寢然(ran)諾(nuo)。”幼時(shi)從父販書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)吳越間,“喜讀(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),手(shou)一(yi)(yi)帙,坐船間,日夜不(bu)(bu)輟,歷歲(sui)久(jiu),流覽既(ji)富,所為(wei)(wei)(wei)詩(shi)風格清(qing)越,不(bu)(bu)失古(gu)音(yin)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)他(ta)文(wen)亦工善(shan)(shan),尤善(shan)(shan)考證書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)畫金石彝(yi)敦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬。”王(wang)(wang)世貞稱(cheng)其“藏書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)萬(wan)卷,皆其手(shou)所自校者”,是著(zhu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)藏書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家(jia)刻(ke)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家(jia)。所刻(ke)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)質量上乘,深受(shou)學(xue)者歡迎(ying),時(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)流碩儒王(wang)(wang)世貞、王(wang)(wang)穉登、歸有(you)光引之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)座(zuo)客,并為(wei)(wei)(wei)他(ta)作序作傳。他(ta)本人(ren)(ren)有(you)《童子(zi)(zi)鳴(ming)集》、《佩萸雜錄(lu)》、《九(jiu)華游(you)(you)(you)(you)記》、《南獄東岱詩(shi)》、與余(yu)湘合纂(zuan)《龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)縣(xian)志》等(deng)。刻(ke)印(yin)過《徐(xu)侍郎集》、《文(wen)房四(si)(si)(si)譜》、《楊(yang)盈川(chuan)集》等(deng)。他(ta)的(de)(de)學(xue)問深得(de)名(ming)(ming)(ming)儒稱(cheng)贊,胡應麟見(jian)其書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)目曰:“所臚(lu)列經史子(zi)(zi)集,皆犁(li)然(ran)會(hui)心,令人(ren)(ren)手(shou)舞(wu)足(zu)蹈。”引為(wei)(wei)(wei)“子(zi)(zi)期(qi)”好友,王(wang)(wang)世貞更稱(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“千古(gu)是知音(yin)”。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)童氏(shi)(shi)是書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)香(xiang)門第,業(ye)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈(jia)(jia)者眾。如(ru)童富,“為(wei)(wei)(wei)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈(jia)(jia),往來閩(min)粵吳中(zhong)(zhong)貿(mao)遷,……為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)坦夷樸茂,樂善(shan)(shan)好施,……湖海(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士,多嘖嘖稱(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”另一(yi)(yi)位書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈(jia)(jia)胡貿(mao),承父兄書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)業(ye),“往來賈(jia)(jia)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆(si)及(ji)士人(ren)(ren)家(jia)”,也(ye)是有(you)名(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈(jia)(jia)。明(ming)代大學(xue)問家(jia)唐(tang)順之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)荊川(chuan)謙曰:“非貿(mao),則(ze)予事無(wu)與成”。與唐(tang)深交,胡死后唐(tang)曾贈棺(guan)以(yi)殮(lian)。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)望族余(yu)氏(shi)(shi)也(ye)是世代營(ying)印(yin)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)業(ye),曾在江蘇太倉州(zhou)婁縣(xian)開設書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆(si)。“清(qing)初,龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)余(yu)氏(shi)(shi)開書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆(si)于婁縣(xian),刊(kan)讀(du)本四(si)(si)(si)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字畫無(wu)偽,遠近(jin)購買(mai)。”
上述僅(jin)是(shi)龍游商幫中的(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)個例子。龍游商人深(shen)受中華傳(chuan)統(tong)文化的(de)(de)(de)熏陶,亦(yi)賈亦(yi)儒(ru),保持著良(liang)(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)節(jie)操(cao),以人品為(wei)重(zhong)(zhong),注重(zhong)(zhong)自身修養,有社(she)會責任(ren)感,誠信為(wei)本(ben),終于事業有成。歷史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)經驗值(zhi)得借鑒,發揚我國(guo)優秀的(de)(de)(de)道德傳(chuan)統(tong),完善(shan)市場經濟條件下的(de)(de)(de)職業道德,提倡人人誠信,形成良(liang)(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)社(she)會風氣,這是(shi)我們這個時代的(de)(de)(de)一項重(zhong)(zhong)要工作。
點評:龍游商人(ren)"敢為天下先"的(de)精神(shen)和"海納百川"的(de)肚量,是(shi)(shi)他(ta)們良好(hao)的(de)經(jing)商心態(tai)的(de)反映。他(ta)們雖(sui)然是(shi)(shi)出自一(yi)個偏(pian)僻之地,既無(wu)官府支持,又無(wu)強大的(de)宗族(zu)勢力作(zuo)堅強后盾,但他(ta)們卻(que)能在強手(shou)如(ru)林的(de)各大商幫(bang)(bang)中崛起,自立于商幫(bang)(bang)之林。
龍游(you)商幫(bang)是指以浙江(jiang)衢州(zhou)府(fu)龍游(you)縣為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)心的衢商集(ji)團,它(ta)萌發于(yu)南(nan)宋,興盛(sheng)于(yu)明代(dai)中(zhong)葉,以經營(ying)珠寶(bao)業(ye)、販書業(ye)、紙張業(ye)著名。明萬(wan)歷(li)年間(1573—1602),它(ta)于(yu)徽商、晉商以及江(jiang)右幫(bang)商人(ren)在商場中(zhong)角逐,稱雄一時,故有(you)“遍地(di)龍游(you)”之(zhi)諺。它(ta)以一府(fu)一縣之(zhi)地(di)為(wei)(wei)基礎,聚集(ji)了大量資(zi)金,而成為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國十大商幫(bang)之(zhi)一,至清代(dai)逐漸為(wei)(wei)寧紹商幫(bang)所替代(dai)。
主 要(yao) 行 業 銷 售 范 圍 重要(yao)集鎮、代表商(shang)行或(huo)人物
1 紙 商 遠銷(xiao)江蘇一帶 龍游(you)溪口鎮是造紙和紙張貿易中心
2 書 商 浙(zhe)江、江蘇、河北及(ji)山東(dong)、京師(shi) 明代龍(long)游書商、藏書家童(tong)佩
3 糧(liang)食商 毗鄰(lin)各省 龍游(you)茶圩米市,年銷量1200萬噸(dun)
4 山貨商 全國及東南(nan)亞各國 胡同和號(hao),年產各類油(you)10萬余斤
5 藥(yao)材商(shang) 毗鄰(lin)地區 龍游縣城滋福堂(tang)藥(yao)店
6 絲綢棉布(bu)商 遠銷湖廣一帶 龍游縣城百(bai)年老店(dian)姜益大廣貨店(dian)
7 珠寶商(shang) 最大市場在京(jing)師(shi) 一(yi)般(ban)單人(ren)匹馬(ma)經營
8 海外(wai)貿易(yi)商 日(ri)本、東南(nan)亞(ya)各國(guo) 海外(wai)走私貿易(yi)為主
9 邊貿商(shang) 遠銷(xiao)緬甸、印度 在云南姚安地區(qu)墾(ken)荒經(jing)商(shang)
龍(long)游商(shang)幫經(jing)營(ying)行(xing)業頗廣,有(you)山貨、紙、刻印販(fan)書、珠寶古董、長途販(fan)運(yun)、農業屯(tun)墾、礦冶等。
山貨業(ye)。皆(jie)為當(dang)地(di)產品竹木茶油(you)漆煙。清(qing)康熙(xi)年間龍游縣志記載:“南鄉(xiang)稍有竹木紙筍之利,可以貿易他郡……北鄉(xiang)則止有桕油(you)一項。”
造紙業。造紙多以作坊或工遺(yi)址龍游北(bei)鄉(xiang)古商道場形式(shi)生產(chan),自產(chan)自銷,具(ju)有若干商業資本(ben)與產(chan)業資本(ben)相結(jie)合的生產(chan)方式(shi)。溪口鎮是生產(chan)和(he)銷售(shou)的中心。該鎮:“其(qi)繁盛,乃倍(bei)于城市焉(yan)。”
刻(ke)印販(fan)書(shu)業(ye)。龍游多產紙木,可刻(ke)印書(shu)籍,又有文(wen)(wen)化傳(chuan)統,一(yi)些文(wen)(wen)人(ren)學(xue)士放下架子,從(cong)事(shi)于刻(ke)印販(fan)書(shu)業(ye)以聚財(cai)。望族余(yu)氏,還(huan)在(zai)江蘇婁縣開設(she)書(shu)坊書(shu)肆,刊印讀本安畫,銷路很好(hao)。書(shu)販(fan)胡(hu)貿(mao)善(shan)錐(zhui)書(shu),經常和(he)一(yi)些文(wen)(wen)人(ren)交往。明(ming)大學(xue)者唐順之(zhi)因愛書(shu),把(ba)胡(hu)貿(mao)引為座上客。他還(huan)說:“非貿(mao),則予(yu)事(shi)無與成。”把(ba)自己成就歸之(zhi)于與胡(hu)貿(mao)的交往。
珠(zhu)寶(bao)古董業。經營珠(zhu)寶(bao)業一需(xu)有(you)(you)雄(xiong)厚資金(jin),二需(xu)有(you)(you)鑒別觀(guan)賞能力,三(san)需(xu)有(you)(you)進貨銷貨的渠道,四需(xu)有(you)(you)能躲過被劫被盜的應(ying)變(bian)能力。古書記載:“龍游(you)商賈,其所賈多明珠(zhu)、翠羽、寶(bao)石、貓(mao)眼類較(軟(ruan))物。千金(jin)之貨,只一身自赍京師、販(fan)絮(xu)、僧鞋、蒙戎、襤褸巨疽、膏藥(yao)內皆寶(bao)珠(zhu)所藏,人(ren)無所知者。”可見龍游(you)商人(ren)不(bu)但有(you)(you)雄(xiong)厚的資金(jin),還具有(you)(you)較高文化(hua)和應(ying)變(bian)能力,處事謹慎(shen),是(shi)不(bu)事張揚的實干商人(ren),
長途販運業。據王(wang)文祿《策樞》記載,龍(long)游(you)商(shang)人李汝(ru)衡,擁有重資,常備百余輛(艘)車船運銷貨(huo)物,把絲綢遠銷到湖(hu)北一(yi)省十五郡之地(di),占領了全省銷售市(shi)場。明(ming)嘉靖年間(jian)捕(bu)獲的(de)走(zou)私貿易中,就有龍(long)游(you)商(shang)人參與其事。
礦冶業。據顧炎武《天下郡國利病書》中記載(zai),有龍游(you)人(ren)祝十八(ba),聚礦工(gong)有數百人(ren),在平洋銅(tong)塘(tang)、吳村一帶從事礦冶。龍游(you)商幫肯吃苦,不(bu)畏艱辛,不(bu)怕路遙道險。
他(ta)(ta)們足跡遍及全國(guo)各地(di),直至海外(wai)日本、呂宋等(deng)地(di)。如在明嘉靖年間,就發現海外(wai)通商(shang)者中(zhong)有(you)龍(long)游(you)商(shang)人。另外(wai),早于明成(cheng)化元年(1465)龍(long)游(you)商(shang)人就與江(jiang)西安福商(shang)人一起,到云(yun)南姚(yao)安(今(jin)楚雄)從事(shi)屯墾,種(zhong)植糧食(shi)和經濟作物。他(ta)(ta)們數萬人長(chang)途(tu)跋(ba)涉,克(ke)服(fu)了(le)水土不服(fu)等(deng)困(kun)難,在云(yun)貴一帶從事(shi)經商(shang)墾荒,享有(you)“天涯(ya)賈客(ke)”之譽,為我(wo)國(guo)西南的開(kai)發立下汗(han)馬(ma)功勞,至今(jin)云(yun)貴高原還有(you)許多龍(long)游(you)人的后代。可(ke)以說龍(long)游(you)商(shang)幫是中(zhong)國(guo)歷史上西部開(kai)發的先驅之一。
龍(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫之所以(yi)(yi)名重一時,還因為他們(men)具有(you)寬容、誠(cheng)信等品性和良好的(de)(de)職業道(dao)德。如紙商(shang)(shang)傅(fu)立(li)宗,紙優價實(shi),為保證質量,紙品統加印“西(xi)山傅(fu)立(li)宗”字樣,從示信用。姜益大(da)棉(mian)布號,特聘了3名驗銀(yin)工,凡經(jing)流通該(gai)店的(de)(de)通貨,皆加蓋(gai)印記,以(yi)(yi)示負責。滋福堂是著名中藥店,以(yi)(yi)重金延(yan)請名醫監制丸藥,配制成藥準確(que)無誤,分工細密,層(ceng)層(ceng)檢驗,要(yao)求藥工對顧客的(de)(de)健康負責。龍(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)人從不排外,善待遷(qian)居(ju)來(lai)龍(long)經(jing)商(shang)(shang)者(zhe),如經(jing)營、鹽、紙等的(de)(de)徽(hui)州大(da)商(shang)(shang)程廷柱率3個弟(di)弟(di)去龍(long)游(you)(you)經(jing)商(shang)(shang),很快融(rong)入龍(long)游(you)(you)社會,所以(yi)(yi)龍(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫中就有(you)閩、贛、徽(hui)諸商(shang)(shang)幫的(de)(de)成員。
龍(long)游(you)商(shang)幫(bang)雖(sui)有(you)輝煌的(de)過去,但隨著交通條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)變化(hua),近代海(hai)洋文(wen)化(hua)的(de)興起和(he)海(hai)外貿易(yi)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展,它與徽商(shang)、晉商(shang)等(deng)幫(bang)一樣(yang)未(wei)能(neng)適應時代的(de)發(fa)(fa)展,逐(zhu)漸衰(shuai)落。到清道光年間,鴉片戰爭以后,寧(ning)波等(deng)地被(bei)辟為五(wu)口通商(shang)之埠,此(ci)時新興的(de)上(shang)海(hai)、寧(ning)波、潮汕、廈(sha)漳(zhang)等(deng)地商(shang)幫(bang),取代了龍(long)游(you)等(deng)商(shang)幫(bang)。不過,龍(long)游(you)等(deng)商(shang)幫(bang)在歷史上(shang)的(de)業績和(he)經商(shang)道德,將(jiang)永世不泯!
龍游商(shang)人(ren)初露頭角(jiao)于南宋,迨至(zhi)明代已蔚為大(da)觀(guan),萬(wan)(wan)歷時已是(shi)(shi)“遍地龍游”的局面,分布于全(quan)國各(ge)大(da)市場上。隆萬(wan)(wan)間(jian)任職知縣的萬(wan)(wan)廷謙就說“龍丘(qiu)之民,往往湖口于四(si)方(fang),誦(song)讀(du)之外,農賈相半”。晚明時龍游商(shang)人(ren)更(geng)是(shi)(shi)活(huo)躍,趨商(shang)者更(geng)眾。天啟(qi)時,“龍游之民,多向(xiang)天涯海(hai)角(jiao),遠行商(shang)賈,幾空縣之半,而居(ju)家(jia)耕種者,僅當縣之半。”至(zhi)康乾(qian)間(jian),“其居(ju)家(jia)土著者,不過十之三(san)四(si)耳。”這當然是(shi)(shi)估計數,不能作準確(que)的計量分析,但總的趨勢是(shi)(shi)從嘉隆萬(wan)(wan)間(jian)龍游商(shang)賈已遍布四(si)方(fang),至(zhi)康雍乾(qian)間(jian)有(you)增無減(jian)。
由于(yu)經商(shang)的(de)(de)成功,龍(long)(long)游商(shang)幫(bang)遂把財富(fu)(fu)返回家鄉,并將外地(di)的(de)(de)風尚(shang)也(ye)(ye)帶回龍(long)(long)游,社會富(fu)(fu)庶(shu),消(xiao)費需求增(zeng)長,人(ren)皆曰俗之侈(chi)靡(mi)已(yi)不可(ke)挽(wan)回。隆萬時陸瓚就說:“習尚(shang)昔固號(hao)儉(jian)嗇也(ye)(ye),今則(ze)日事于(yu)侈(chi)靡(mi)。”涂杰亦云:“服(fu)飾(shi)多用紗(sha)絹,器皿(min)多用金銀,侈(chi)靡(mi)相(xiang)(xiang)高,已(yi)非一日。”“邑中(zhong)室(shi)廬往(wang)稱(cheng)樸素,萬歷中(zhong)葉漸(jian)以雕琢相(xiang)(xiang)高。”社會心理(li)是(shi)羨慕奢華,愿向生(sheng)活水平(ping)高的(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)看齊,競相(xiang)(xiang)仿效(xiao)(xiao)。萬歷間已(yi)呈(cheng)“俗侈(chi)靡(mi),尤效(xiao)(xiao)慕三吳(wu)之豪”趨勢。生(sheng)活穩(wen)定(ding)了,才有可(ke)能向蘇杭侈(chi)靡(mi)的(de)(de)風尚(shang)仿效(xiao)(xiao)。從這(zhe)一側面也(ye)(ye)折射(she)出龍(long)(long)游商(shang)幫(bang)給龍(long)(long)游帶來經濟的(de)(de)富(fu)(fu)庶(shu)和社會生(sheng)活的(de)(de)安定(ding)。風尚(shang)趨于(yu)侈(chi)靡(mi)是(shi)當時經濟社會進步的(de)(de)表征。
龍(long)游商幫(bang)與同時代(dai)其他(ta)商幫(bang)相比,它最(zui)大(da)特色和優(you)點乃是(shi)(shi)富(fu)于開(kai)(kai)拓(tuo)精神,不(bu)畏艱險,勇敢地(di)邁(mai)出(chu)(chu)家門,走(zou)出(chu)(chu)山區,投向廣闊的天地(di),在闖蕩(dang)市場中,逐漸地(di)揚棄了“安土重遷”、“骨肉(rou)相附”的情結。它是(shi)(shi)明清時代(dai)最(zui)早走(zou)向西(xi)部開(kai)(kai)發的商壇勁旅(lv)。大(da)批(pi)離開(kai)(kai)土地(di)的農民(min)加(jia)入(ru)商賈行列,也有大(da)批(pi)舍儒(ru)從商之(zhi)徒,他(ta)們“挾資以出(chu)(chu),守(shou)為恒業,即秦晉(jin)蜀滇萬(wan)里,視若比舍,俗有遍地(di)龍(long)游之(zhi)諺。”
明(ming)清(qing)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)經濟(ji)最(zui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)達地(di)區是(shi)(shi)長江(jiang)三角(jiao)洲(江(jiang)南(nan))和珠江(jiang)三角(jiao)洲一帶(dai),秦(qin)晉(jin)滇(dian)(dian)蜀(shu)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)地(di)區相對來說較為后進,而龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)不(bu)嫌西(xi)部(bu)(bu)經濟(ji)不(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)達,生活艱苦(ku),路途遙遠(yuan),行程險阻,以(yi)豪邁氣概視天涯海(hai)角(jiao)若(ruo)(ruo)比鄰(lin),無(wu)遠(yuan)而不(bu)屆,誠為天涯賈客。龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)李汝(ru)衡,攜絲(si)綢經商(shang)(shang)于蜀(shu)楚(chu)。李維楨記:“李十二汝(ru)衡者(zhe),越之龍游(you)人(ren)也。自(zi)其父鶴汀賈江(jiang)陵(ling),迄今人(ren)與年蓋兩世矣。父子(zi)饒心計,趨(qu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)失累。至汝(ru)衡而資(zi)益拓,所(suo)居(ju)積綺縠(hu)纻罽,窮四(si)方(fang)之珍異,車免舟(zhou)轉轂以(yi)百數,所(suo)冠帶(dai)衣履,遍楚(chu)之十五(wu)郡。而善與時(shi)(shi)(shi)低(di)昂(ang),人(ren)或就之貰貸無(wu)所(suo)靳。……”童(tong)巨(ju)川偕其弟盛川于嘉靖間(jian),在“宣府大(da)(da)同貿(mao)易(yi)(yi)邊庭,……厥后子(zi)若(ruo)(ruo)侄嗣其業,資(zi)利益饒。”童(tong)氏(shi)數代在宣大(da)(da)做(zuo)邊界貿(mao)易(yi)(yi)致巨(ju)富。最(zui)可值得大(da)(da)書特(te)書的(de)是(shi)(shi)龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)群體挺(ting)進大(da)(da)西(xi)南(nan)滇(dian)(dian)省姚安等地(di)區開發(fa)(fa)(fa)。在明(ming)清(qing)時(shi)(shi)(shi)代交通條件下,攜妻帶(dai)子(zi)千萬里跋涉至西(xi)南(nan)決非(fei)易(yi)(yi)事,非(fei)得有(you)數月(yue)始(shi)可抵達。驅動(dong)他們(men)長途跋涉行動(dong)并(bing)非(fei)胸懷(huai)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)的(de)公益心,而利益驅動(dong)倒是(shi)(shi)其原動(dong)力。因為在江(jiang)南(nan)華(hua)南(nan)中(zhong)(zhong)原等地(di)商(shang)(shang)業中(zhong)(zhong)競爭(zheng)已不(bu)容(rong)易(yi)(yi),施(shi)展才能的(de)空間(jian)畢竟有(you)限,他們(men)獲(huo)悉滇(dian)(dian)省尚(shang)有(you)大(da)(da)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展的(de)前(qian)景,所(suo)以(yi)才毅然前(qian)往,足見龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)對商(shang)(shang)業信息還是(shi)(shi)靈通的(de)。
明代成化元年就(jiu)有(you)大批(pi)龍游商(shang)人偕(xie)同江(jiang)右商(shang)人(江(jiang)西安(an)福)在云南邊(bian)陲姚安(an)等(deng)府經商(shang),姚安(an)即今楚雄(xiong)彝族自(zi)治州(zhou)一帶(dai)。語言不通,生活習(xi)俗不同,自(zi)然(ran)還會有(you)水土不服(fu)的困難,但是他們(men)能克(ke)服(fu)種(zhong)種(zhong)困難,準(zhun)備長期生存下去,求得發展。他們(men)不是流(liu)民,而是有(you)眼光(guang)有(you)氣(qi)魄的商(shang)賈,據(ju)官(guan)方(fang)史籍記載(zai):
“成化元年(nian)(nian)(1465)十一月初七日禮(li)部等(deng)(deng)(deng)衙(ya)門題為建言(yan)民(min)情等(deng)(deng)(deng)事(shi),該湖廣布政(zheng)司(si)等(deng)(deng)(deng)衙(ya)門右參(can)議等(deng)(deng)(deng)官人(ren)等(deng)(deng)(deng)鄭序等(deng)(deng)(deng)建言(yan):……姚安(an)(an)軍民(min)府(fu)(fu)陰陽學正木甘理言(yan)一件(jian),禁約游食,初見云(yun)南遠(yuan)在(zai)萬(wan)里,各邊(bian)衛指(zhi)府(fu)(fu)軍民(min)相參(can),山多田少(shao),不(bu)(bu)通舟車,近年(nian)(nian)雨水(shui)不(bu)(bu)調,五谷(gu)少(shao)收(shou),米糧(liang)涌貴(gui),過(guo)活艱(jian)難。有浙江江西(xi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)布政(zheng)司(si)安(an)(an)福龍游等(deng)(deng)(deng)縣客商人(ren)等(deng)(deng)(deng)不(bu)(bu)下三五萬(wan)人(ren)在(zai)衛府(fu)(fu)坐(生(sheng))理,偏處城(cheng)市鄉(xiang)村(cun)屯堡(bao)安(an)(an)歇,生(sheng)放錢(qian)債(zhai),利上生(sheng)利,收(shou)債(zhai)米谷(gu),賤買(mai)(mai)貴(gui)賣,娶妻生(sheng)子,置買(mai)(mai)奴仆,游食無(wu)度,二三十年(nian)(nian)不(bu)(bu)回原籍。……行(xing)云(yun)南按察司(si)著落各衛府(fu)(fu)查勘(kan)所屬鄉(xiang)村(cun)屯堡(bao)城(cheng)郭去處,但有江西(xi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)處客民(min),不(bu)(bu)問從引新舊,盡數(shu)拿解原籍當差,不(bu)(bu)許托故稽遲(chi)及窩藏隱蔽,連歇家人(ren)等(deng)(deng)(deng)一律治罪,庶使邊(bian)食稍寬(kuan),奸弊斯革矣。前件(jian)云(yun)南按察司(si)查究。”
這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)節(jie)史(shi)料(liao)充(chong)分反映了龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)幫(bang)(bang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)數(shu)萬人成群(qun)結(jie)隊來(lai)到(dao)(dao)(dao)了黔滇邊(bian)陲少數(shu)民族聚(ju)居地(di)從事于(yu)(yu)(yu)屯墾(ken)(ken)事業(ye),把(ba)(ba)先(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)(de)農業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)技術(shu)帶(dai)(dai)到(dao)(dao)(dao)西(xi)南(nan),他們(men)(men)來(lai)到(dao)(dao)(dao)遠(yuan)離城市“鄉村屯堡安歇。”干的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“生(sheng)放錢債(zhai),利上(shang)(shang)生(sheng)利;收(shou)債(zhai)米谷,賤買貴賣”的(de)(de)(de)(de)事業(ye)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)高利貸收(shou)錢收(shou)谷,即放青苗(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)法,利用手頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)雄厚資金進行糧食(shi)買賣;另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)值得注(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“置買奴(nu)仆,游(you)(you)(you)食(shi)無(wu)(wu)度”這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)句話。可能是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)流動性的(de)(de)(de)(de)屯墾(ken)(ken),即一(yi)(yi)(yi)地(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)地(di)輪流開發(fa)(fa)(fa)墾(ken)(ken)拓(tuo),利用雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)制吸收(shou)當(dang)(dang)地(di)閑散的(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)動力,以(yi)奴(nu)仆形式(shi)招募勞(lao)(lao)工(gong)(gong)進行大(da)規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)農業(ye)屯墾(ken)(ken),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很有意(yi)(yi)義的(de)(de)(de)(de),值得深入研究。關(guan)鍵是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“奴(nu)仆”系何種(zhong)身份之人,估計(ji)不會是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)具有很強人身隸(li)屬關(guan)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)奴(nu)仆,應是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)身份上(shang)(shang)自由的(de)(de)(de)(de)雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)勞(lao)(lao)動者。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)人出(chu)錢雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)他們(men)(men),從事于(yu)(yu)(yu)農業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)墾(ken)(ken)荒(huang)、耕種(zhong)等(deng)(deng)勞(lao)(lao)務。在(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)當(dang)(dang)地(di)就有雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)仆婢從事家務或商(shang)業(ye)上(shang)(shang)勞(lao)(lao)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情形,據康(kang)熙《龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)縣志》記:“士庶之家,不能廣置婢仆,仆多(duo)(duo)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong),婢則(ze)出(chu)市貿易,多(duo)(duo)白(bai)首不嫁以(yi)終(zhong)其身。”從“仆多(duo)(duo)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong),婢則(ze)出(chu)市貿易”來(lai)看(kan),并無(wu)(wu)身份上(shang)(shang)隸(li)屬關(guan)系。也(ye)(ye)(ye)許他們(men)(men)把(ba)(ba)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)關(guan)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)帶(dai)(dai)到(dao)(dao)(dao)云南(nan)邊(bian)陲農業(ye)屯墾(ken)(ken)業(ye)中來(lai)。如(ru)(ru)果理解不錯(cuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)話,當(dang)(dang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)人已(yi)具有先(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)(de)理營(ying)(ying)理念,將土地(di)作(zuo)為(wei)生(sheng)息資本(ben)來(lai)經營(ying)(ying),以(yi)先(xian)進技術(shu)提高生(sheng)產(chan)力,采取農業(ye)雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)制來(lai)經營(ying)(ying)經濟作(zuo)物,把(ba)(ba)收(shou)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)農產(chan)品作(zuo)為(wei)商(shang)品再投(tou)放市場,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)無(wu)(wu)疑是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)新(xin)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經營(ying)(ying)方(fang)(fang)式(shi),把(ba)(ba)商(shang)業(ye)資本(ben)轉(zhuan)化為(wei)農業(ye)產(chan)業(ye)資本(ben)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)變(bian)革,具有轉(zhuan)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)義,表(biao)示著新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)萌(meng)芽。過(guo)去在(zai)(zai)研討中國封建社會里資本(ben)主義萌(meng)芽時(shi)人們(men)(men)較(jiao)普(pu)遍重視(shi)手工(gong)(gong)業(ye),礦(kuang)冶業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)品生(sheng)產(chan)與(yu)雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)萌(meng)發(fa)(fa)(fa),也(ye)(ye)(ye)較(jiao)多(duo)(duo)著眼于(yu)(yu)(yu)先(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)(de)區域(yu)如(ru)(ru)江南(nan)以(yi)及大(da)中城市的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)變(bian)革,對(dui)(dui)農業(ye)、對(dui)(dui)偏遠(yuan)地(di)區重視(shi)不足,今以(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)人開發(fa)(fa)(fa)大(da)西(xi)南(nan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實例來(lai)看(kan),不能不注(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)(yi)到(dao)(dao)(dao)他們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)創造。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)幫(bang)(bang)等(deng)(deng)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)西(xi)南(nan),對(dui)(dui)融洽(qia)民族關(guan)系,開發(fa)(fa)(fa)邊(bian)疆地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很有意(yi)(yi)義的(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)近世(shi)歷史(shi)(明(ming)清)上(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不了起的(de)(de)(de)(de)超前行動,表(biao)現了龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前衛意(yi)(yi)識和對(dui)(dui)西(xi)部(bu)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貢獻,可以(yi)說它是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中國歷史(shi)上(shang)(shang)最早走向西(xi)部(bu)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)驅者。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)缺乏輔證史(shi)料(liao),有待于(yu)(yu)(yu)再發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘新(xin)史(shi)料(liao),現在(zai)(zai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)只能做(zuo)如(ru)(ru)此的(de)(de)(de)(de)推論。
明中央政府及當地政府官員(yuan)守舊求穩,怕人口流動影響(xiang)邊(bian)陲的社會治安和糧食供(gong)應豐足,千方百計(ji)下令強制回(hui)遷這些在邊(bian)陲安家落戶“二三十不(bu)回(hui)原籍”的商(shang)民,采用“拿解原籍當差”,這實是(shi)很不(bu)明智的短視行為。官方行文如(ru)此,到底各級政府執行如(ru)何?未見下文,估計(ji)龍游安福(fu)(fu)商(shang)民仍會“屯堡安歇”、“娶妻生子”而長期(qi)“生理”下去,今之滇省遺民,必有(you)血脈繁衍的安福(fu)(fu)龍游商(shang)人后裔(yi)。
商品、市(shi)場(chang)、商業(ye),信(xin)息是(shi)社(she)會經(jing)濟發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要杠桿之一,明(ming)清時(shi)(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)龍游商幫已初步(bu)意識到(dao)(dao)它(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)意義。他(ta)們(men)(men)利(li)用自己稟賦(fu)的(de)(de)(de)知識和才能,窺測市(shi)場(chang),注(zhu)重(zhong)信(xin)息,挺身(shen)(shen)遠(yuan)出,躋身(shen)(shen)于(yu)收(shou)益大(da)的(de)(de)(de)珠寶(bao)業(ye)和海外貿易業(ye),憑借自身(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)優勢,利(li)用知識經(jing)營印書業(ye)。他(ta)們(men)(men)意識到(dao)(dao)社(she)會資源(yuan)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)價值,不(bu)辭(ci)萬里,融洽民族關系,“進軍”大(da)西南,開(kai)(kai)發(fa)滇省姚(yao)安地區,采用雇傭制的(de)(de)(de)方式經(jing)營邊陲的(de)(de)(de)屯墾業(ye)。這是(shi)一種新的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產方式,是(shi)一大(da)創造,表(biao)明(ming)了明(ming)清時(shi)(shi)代龍游商幫具(ju)有(you)無(wu)遠(yuan)不(bu)屆、天涯賈客的(de)(de)(de)大(da)無(wu)畏精神,也展示(shi)了他(ta)們(men)(men)走在時(shi)(shi)代前頭,具(ju)有(you)先進的(de)(de)(de)理念(nian)。他(ta)們(men)(men)對西部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)發(fa),作(zuo)出了歷史性的(de)(de)(de)貢獻(xian);它(ta)是(shi)中國(guo)歷史上真(zhen)正開(kai)(kai)發(fa)西部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)先驅者。
1.為商之道,仁信為本。商戰取勝,理性致上。
2.一招鮮,吃(chi)遍天。
3.敢(gan)想敢(gan)干,敢(gan)為人先。
4.財散人聚,財聚人散;取之有道,用之歡樂。
5.多看則清(qing),多聽則明,多思則準,多干則成(cheng)。
6.思路決定財路,一(yi)切(qie)都是人為。
7.裁衣(yi)先量(liang)體,經商先摸底。
8.不(bu)摸行情休開(kai)店。
9.常(chang)去(qu)同(tong)行看看,生(sheng)意不會清淡。
10.貴中看(kan)賤(jian),賤(jian)中看(kan)貴。
11.先賣(mai)出手,后(hou)買(mai)入手。
12.豐(feng)年紙馬鋪(pu),歉年糧食行(xing)。
13.兵以(yi)快勝(sheng),商以(yi)奇贏。
14.逆(ni)境(jing)看順境(jing),順境(jing)看逆(ni)境(jing)。順逆(ni)都來看,經商風險小(xiao)。
15.貧賤(jian)莫(mo)尋親,富貴(gui)莫(mo)露(lu)財。
16.道由天(tian)定,事在(zai)人為(wei)。