明清(qing)時期由(you)于商(shang)(shang)品經濟的發展,商(shang)(shang)品流通(tong)領(ling)域(yu)擴(kuo)大,商(shang)(shang)人十(shi)分(fen)活躍,逐漸(jian)形(xing)成(cheng)了商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)。著名的有徽商(shang)(shang)、晉商(shang)(shang)、江右幫(bang)(bang)(bang)、洞庭(ting)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)、山東商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)、秦商(shang)(shang)、潮商(shang)(shang)、閩商(shang)(shang)、龍游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)、寧波商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)等十(shi)大商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)。
當(dang)徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)、晉商(shang)(shang)(shang)在商(shang)(shang)(shang)場爭雄(xiong)之時(shi),冷不防在浙江中西南部(bu)崛起一個頗有影響的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)。龍(long)(long)游歷史上(shang)有一個當(dang)年堪稱國(guo)家(jia)級的(de)(de)(de)大“幫(bang)派”,當(dang)然,這個大“幫(bang)派”系(xi)明清時(shi)列全國(guo)十(shi)大商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)之一的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)。龍(long)(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)雖以(yi)(yi)龍(long)(long)游命(ming)名,但并非單(dan)指龍(long)(long)游一縣的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人,而是實指浙江衢州(zhou)府(fu)所屬龍(long)(long)游、常(chang)山縣、西安(今衢縣)、開化和江山五縣的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人,其中以(yi)(yi)龍(long)(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)人人數最多,經商(shang)(shang)(shang)手段最為高明,故冠以(yi)(yi)龍(long)(long)游商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)之名,簡稱“龍(long)(long)游幫(bang)”。
商幫的出現,是(shi)我國商品經濟發展的重(zhong)要標志。
在明(ming)中葉嘉靖、萬(wan)歷年間(1522-1620),十大商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫中最(zui)活(huo)(huo)躍的是(shi)(shi)洞(dong)庭商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、徽(hui)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)和龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),當(dang)時社(she)(she)會上(shang)流傳著兩句諺(yan)語:“鉆天(tian)洞(dong)庭遍地(di)(di)徽(hui)”、“遍地(di)(di)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)”。這反(fan)映洞(dong)庭商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人、徽(hui)州商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人、龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人遍布(bu)全國并雄踞商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)界的事實。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)歷史上(shang)為姑(gu)篾文化發祥地(di)(di),更是(shi)(shi)“入閩要道(dao)(dao)”、“金衢處(chu)徽(hui)之沖”,為古代重要鹽道(dao)(dao)餉道(dao)(dao),“通浙孔道(dao)(dao),饋餉之所(suo)必系(xi)”之地(di)(di),又是(shi)(shi)浙皖閩贛4省交通樞紐。明(ming)人徐復初(chu)說:“邑(yi)(龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you))當(dang)孔道(dao)(dao),舟車所(suo)至,商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)貨所(suo)通,紛總填溢。”龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)人農耕之外,借交通之便,經商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)乃成(cheng)謀生重要手段(duan),加之龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)社(she)(she)會上(shang)素不賤商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),頭(tou)腦活(huo)(huo)絡之人多選經商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之路。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)有豐富(fu)的資源(yuan),這也為他(ta)們(men)經商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)提供了物(wu)質條(tiao)件。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)多山林竹(zhu)木和茶漆糧油等,這些土特產品成(cheng)為龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)最(zui)重要的外貿(mao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品。
當時的(de)(de)龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang),以龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主體,涵(han)蓋了(le)周(zhou)圍(wei)衢(qu)(qu)(qu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)諸縣(xian)的(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)家。龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)形成有(you)一個(ge)(ge)漫長的(de)(de)過程。它發軔(ren)于(yu)南宋(song),活躍(yue)于(yu)明中葉,至(zhi)(zhi)清乾隆年(nian)間(jian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)鼎盛。宋(song)室南遷后(hou),建都杭州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),為(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)方便同長江沿岸抗金(jin)前線的(de)(de)聯系(xi),官(guan)府修建了(le)東起京城杭州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),西接(jie)湘贛(gan)的(de)(de)官(guan)道(dao)。這(zhe)條官(guan)道(dao)在(zai)(zai)龍(long)游和壽(shou)昌交界的(de)(de)梅(mei)嶺關入龍(long)游境,龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)視此為(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)好商(shang)(shang)機,就把木材運到(dao)杭州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)銷售。也有(you)大(da)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)到(dao)浙江外地經(jing)商(shang)(shang)致富,如龍(long)游韋塘(tang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)朱世榮,“流寓常(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)致巨富,置(zhi)產(chan)(chan)亙常(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)三縣(xian)之半(ban),后(hou)歸衢(qu)(qu)(qu)江古碼里,復大(da)置(zhi)產(chan)(chan),當時以為(wei)(wei)(wei)財雄衢(qu)(qu)(qu)常(chang)二府。”到(dao)了(le)明朝,一個(ge)(ge)以龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中心,帶動整個(ge)(ge)衢(qu)(qu)(qu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)地區(qu)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)流域性商(shang)(shang)業團體響亮登場(chang),他(ta)們(men)在(zai)(zai)金(jin)衢(qu)(qu)(qu)盆地崛起,逐鹿中原,遠征邊關,漂洋出海,以“遍地龍(long)游”的(de)(de)氣勢被人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)“龍(long)游幫(bang)(bang)”。據史料記載(zai):明萬歷年(nian)間(jian),“龍(long)丘之民,往(wang)往(wang)糊口于(yu)四方,誦讀之外,農賈相半(ban)”。明天啟(qi)年(nian)間(jian),“龍(long)游之民,多向(xiang)天涯海角,遠行商(shang)(shang)賈,幾空縣(xian)之半(ban)。”如商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)童(tong)巨川在(zai)(zai)嘉靖年(nian)間(jian)至(zhi)(zhi)宣(xuan)府大(da)同做(zuo)邊貿生(sheng)意,“一往(wang)返旬月,獲利必倍(bei),歲(sui)得數(shu)萬金(jin),自(zi)是兄弟(di)更(geng)相往(wang)來,垂20余(yu)年(nian),遂成大(da)賈。”至(zhi)(zhi)清乾隆年(nian)間(jian)童(tong)氏(shi)家族(zu):“多行賈四方,其居家土著者,不過十之三四耳。”
龍游商(shang)幫不(bu)像(xiang)(xiang)晉商(shang)手握巨資,經(jing)營票號,在(zai)金融(rong)市場(chang)上(shang)顯(xian)(xian)山露水;也不(bu)像(xiang)(xiang)徽商(shang)壟斷(duan)鹽鹺,聲(sheng)名顯(xian)(xian)赫(he)。龍游商(shang)幫的(de)(de)顯(xian)(xian)著特點是,埋頭苦干(gan),不(bu)露聲(sheng)色,卻(que)在(zai)珠寶古董業中(zhong)獨占鰲頭,又在(zai)印書刻書販(fan)書業中(zhong)從事(shi)于文化傳播(bo),還在(zai)海外貿易中(zhong)插上(shang)一(yi)手,成為頗具實力(li)的(de)(de)一(yi)大(da)商(shang)幫。
龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商幫(bang)雖地處偏僻(pi),卻有(you)著開放的(de)心(xin)態(tai),在觀念(nian)上(shang)也比較(jiao)新潮(chao)。主要表現在兩個(ge)方面上(shang),即投資(zi)上(shang)的(de)"敢為天下先"精神(shen)和“海(hai)納(na)百川(chuan)”的(de)肚量(liang)。明清(qing)時(shi)期,許多商人將經營商業(ye)(ye)(ye)所賺得的(de)資(zi)金用來購買土地或者(zhe)經營典當、借(jie)貸(dai)業(ye)(ye)(ye),以求有(you)穩定的(de)收(shou)入(ru)。而(er)龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商敏(min)銳地意識到,要獲得更的(de)利潤,必須轉向手(shou)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)和工(gong)礦產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)上(shang)。他們果斷(duan)地投入(ru)于(yu)紙業(ye)(ye)(ye)、礦業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)商品生(sheng)產(chan)(chan),或者(zhe)直接參與商品生(sheng)產(chan)(chan),使商業(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)本轉化(hua)為產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)本,給(gei)當時(shi)封建(jian)社會(hui)注(zhu)入(ru)了帶有(you)雇(gu)傭關系的(de)新生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)關系。龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商人還不排斥外地商幫(bang)對本鄉的(de)滲透,并且(qie)相處友(you)善,吸收(shou)外地商人于(yu)己(ji)幫(bang),推進了龍(long)(long)游(you)(you)商幫(bang)的(de)發展。
明清(qing)時期龍游商(shang)(shang)幫是當時活躍于(yu)商(shang)(shang)壇的中(zhong)國(guo)十(shi)大商(shang)(shang)幫之一,它之所(suo)以能在(zai)(zai)與實(shi)力雄厚的徽商(shang)(shang)、晉商(shang)(shang)等競爭中(zhong)獨樹一幟,在(zai)(zai)珠寶業(ye)、墾拓(tuo)業(ye)、造紙業(ye)和(he)(he)印書業(ye)中(zhong)立于(yu)不敗之地,除了它有(you)(you)開(kai)拓(tuo)進取、不怕艱苦的精神和(he)(he)善于(yu)經營管理之外,恐怕與它具有(you)(you)較(jiao)高文化(hua)素養和(he)(he)誠實(shi)守信職業(ye)道德有(you)(you)著密切的關聯(lian)。
龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)人在營商(shang)(shang)活動中,歷來看重“財(cai)自道生(sheng),利緣(yuan)義(yi)取”“以儒術飾(shi)賈(jia)事”。主張誠(cheng)信為(wei)本(ben),堅守(shou)以義(yi)取利,是龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)一以貫(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)儒商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)格,也使(shi)其(qi)獲(huo)得(de)了良(liang)好的(de)(de)市場信譽。從(cong)根本(ben)意義(yi)上說,將誠(cheng)信作(zuo)為(wei)經商(shang)(shang)從(cong)賈(jia)的(de)(de)道德規范(fan),正(zheng)是龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)獲(huo)得(de)成功的(de)(de)要(yao)訣。龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)人傅(fu)家來開(kai)設(she)傅(fu)立宗(zong)紙(zhi)號,視(shi)產品(pin)(pin)質量為(wei)企業立身之(zhi)(zhi)本(ben),精益求精,所造(zao)之(zhi)(zhi)紙(zhi),質量上乘,且比同行(xing)出(chu)產的(de)(de)同一件(jian)紙(zhi)號要(yao)重十多斤(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)多。他(ta)還從(cong)把握(wo)造(zao)紙(zhi)生(sheng)產流程每個環節入手,嚴格檢驗,次品(pin)(pin)決不(bu)(bu)出(chu)售。產品(pin)(pin)享(xiang)譽大江南(nan)北(bei),歷久不(bu)(bu)衰。為(wei)了表示對用戶負(fu)責和維(wei)持良(liang)好的(de)(de)信譽,其(qi)產品(pin)(pin)都統一加(jia)印“西山傅(fu)立宗(zong)”印記。
與龍(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫誠(cheng)實(shi)守(shou)信(xin)的(de)(de)職業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)道(dao)(dao)德(de)相比(bi),我(wo)市(shi)(shi)信(xin)用(yong)環境卻長(chang)期不(bu)(bu)容(rong)樂觀(guan),少(shao)數企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和個人(ren)紅眼于周邊(bian)地區的(de)(de)發展,心(xin)(xin)態浮躁,急功近利,甚至不(bu)(bu)擇手段,前些年上街(jie)貿(mao)易大樓曾一度聚集(ji)眾(zhong)多(duo)商(shang)(shang)貿(mao)私營(ying)公(gong)司(si),但多(duo)為(wei)“殺豬”公(gong)司(si),彼此間以(yi)騙取外地客商(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)貨(huo)(huo)物為(wei)能事;外地車子被我(wo)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)貨(huo)(huo)運配載信(xin)息中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)所騙的(de)(de)投訴也(ye)不(bu)(bu)絕于耳(er);我(wo)市(shi)(shi)銀行(xing)的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)良資產中(zhong),因(yin)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)“失信(xin)”而造(zao)成的(de)(de)約占45%;有(you)關調查也(ye)表明,連衢(qu)州(zhou)人(ren)對(dui)本地企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)信(xin)用(yong)評價(jia)都已信(xin)心(xin)(xin)不(bu)(bu)足,普遍認(ren)為(wei)本省(sheng)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)好(hao)于國外企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),省(sheng)內(nei)其他市(shi)(shi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)好(hao)于本市(shi)(shi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。在(zai)(zai)這樣的(de)(de)背景下,龍(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)的(de)(de)誠(cheng)信(xin)精(jing)神,在(zai)(zai)我(wo)市(shi)(shi)尤其值得弘揚。信(xin)用(yong)衢(qu)州(zhou)的(de)(de)建設(she),除了(le)要繼續加大治(zhi)理力度之外,內(nei)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)德(de)教育也(ye)是極(ji)為(wei)重要的(de)(de)一方面。儒家教化學說的(de)(de)一個最(zui)為(wei)明顯的(de)(de)特點(dian),就在(zai)(zai)于在(zai)(zai)實(shi)施(shi)教化過程中(zhong),把社(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)德(de)規(gui)范內(nei)化為(wei)人(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)覺行(xing)動。在(zai)(zai)這方面,龍(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫自(zi)(zi)覺地以(yi)儒家道(dao)(dao)德(de)觀(guan)念規(gui)范自(zi)(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)行(xing)動,把信(xin)、誠(cheng)作為(wei)待人(ren)接(jie)物的(de)(de)基本原則(ze),無(wu)疑為(wei)我(wo)市(shi)(shi)經(jing)濟主體樹立了(le)極(ji)好(hao)的(de)(de)榜(bang)樣。
馳騁于商(shang)界(jie)(jie)的龍游商(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang),其經營區(qu)域(yu)甚廣,足跡遍及全國各地(di)。史書記載:龍游商(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)商(shang)人(ren)“挾資以出(chu)守為恒業,即秦、晉、滇、蜀,萬里(li)視(shi)若比舍(she),俗有(you)遍地(di)龍游之(zhi)諺(yan)”。明萬歷年間流(liu)傳的“遍地(di)龍游”之(zhi)民諺(yan),有(you)力地(di)說明了龍游商(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)與享有(you)“鉆天(tian)洞(dong)庭(ting)”、“無徽(hui)不成(cheng)鎮”等美譽的洞(dong)庭(ting)商(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)與徽(hui)州商(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)一樣,都是明清(qing)時(shi)期稱雄(xiong)商(shang)界(jie)(jie)的頗有(you)影響的地(di)域(yu)商(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)。龍游幫(bang)(bang)(bang)商(shang)人(ren)大多從事長途販銷活(huo)(huo)動,“龍游之(zhi)民多向天(tian)涯(ya)海角,遠行商(shang)賈(jia)”,不僅(jin)活(huo)(huo)躍在江南(nan)、北京、湖南(nan)、湖北和(he)閩(min)粵(yue)諸地(di),而且還一直深(shen)入到西北、西南(nan)等偏遠省份。如據有(you)關文獻記載:明成(cheng)化年間,僅(jin)云(yun)南(nan)姚安(an)府(即今云(yun)南(nan)楚雄(xiong)彝(yi)族自(zi)治州西部)就聚(ju)集了浙江龍游商(shang)人(ren)和(he)江西安(an)福(fu)商(shang)人(ren)三五萬人(ren)。
龍游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)這(zhe)種開拓進(jin)取、不(bu)畏(wei)艱辛、不(bu)戀家土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敬業(ye)精神,和當代(dai)溫(wen)臺(tai)地(di)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)家精神本質上是一(yi)(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),溫(wen)臺(tai)地(di)區(qu)(qu)農(nong)民(農(nong)村剩(sheng)余(yu)勞(lao)(lao)動力)為尋求(qiu)生路(lu),寧愿(yuan)背井離鄉,在(zai)外面開闊了眼(yan)界(jie)和有了微薄(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積累(lei)之(zhi)后,他們便把自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息(xi)、知(zhi)識(shi)、經(jing)驗及(ji)外界(jie)人(ren)(ren)緣等資(zi)源(yuan)向(xiang)親朋(peng)好(hao)友擴散(san)。溫(wen)臺(tai)經(jing)濟發展最(zui)(zui)初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖動來(lai)自于民間(jian),由卑微又見多識(shi)廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民間(jian)能人(ren)(ren)推(tui)動、發動。遺憾(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是龍游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)業(ye)沖動卻未能上升為浙西地(di)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)域人(ren)(ren)文(wen)精神,其可貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)精神最(zui)(zui)終仍(reng)淹沒(mei)于強勢農(nong)耕文(wen)化(hua)中(zhong)。到民國時期,連龍游(you)(you)本地(di)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)也(ye)幾(ji)乎(hu)全(quan)落(luo)入(ru)外地(di)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)手中(zhong),“遍地(di)龍游(you)(you)之(zhi)說(shuo)”也(ye)漸成絕唱。當前,我市(shi)要(yao)(yao)大力弘揚(yang)“龍游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)(bang)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)走出(chu)(chu)(chu)去(qu)精神,一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面要(yao)(yao)繼續堅定(ding)不(bu)移地(di)開展勞(lao)(lao)務輸出(chu)(chu)(chu),讓廣大農(nong)村剩(sheng)余(yu)勞(lao)(lao)動力在(zai)走出(chu)(chu)(chu)去(qu)中(zhong)接(jie)受市(shi)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)洗禮,涌(yong)現(xian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)越來(lai)越多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民間(jian)創(chuang)業(ye)者。另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面在(zai)接(jie)受產業(ye)梯度轉移的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時,還要(yao)(yao)大力推(tui)動和支持市(shi)內有比較優(you)勢、市(shi)外有市(shi)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)有計(ji)劃、有步驟地(di)到外地(di)辦廠,從而推(tui)動從產品到要(yao)(yao)素(su)、從資(zi)本到技術(shu)全(quan)面主動地(di)進(jin)入(ru)國內外市(shi)場,爭(zheng)取更大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展空間(jian)。
明清時(shi)期,有(you)許多外籍(ji)(ji)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)紛(fen)紛(fen)奔赴龍(long)游(you)(you)經商(shang)(shang)(shang),有(you)的(de)(de)還寓居于(yu)(yu)龍(long)游(you)(you),加入龍(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)行(xing)列,并(bing)把(ba)各自的(de)(de)經商(shang)(shang)(shang)經驗帶入到了龍(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)中,推進了龍(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)發展。如徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)程廷柱(zhu)在(zai)(zai)康熙(xi)年(nian)間(jian)曾率(lv)眾(zhong)在(zai)(zai)龍(long)游(you)(you)經營有(you)典業和(he)田(tian)莊;汪文(wen)俊在(zai)(zai)龍(long)游(you)(you)經營有(you)鹽業。又如贛(gan)商(shang)(shang)(shang)周學錦在(zai)(zai)康熙(xi)年(nian)間(jian)從江西(xi)撫州趨利業商(shang)(shang)(shang)于(yu)(yu)龍(long)游(you)(you),并(bing)定居于(yu)(yu)此。還如閩商(shang)(shang)(shang)三元戴(dai)馮氏(shi)、黃(huang)靜齋(zhai)、池明英(ying)等(deng)都先后經商(shang)(shang)(shang)于(yu)(yu)龍(long)游(you)(you)。清末至民國時(shi)期,龍(long)游(you)(you)縣籍(ji)(ji)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)漸少,客籍(ji)(ji)居多,他(ta)(ta)們大(da)多來自浙(zhe)江的(de)(de)遂(sui)昌、蘭溪、義烏、處州、紹興、寧波和(he)徽州府所屬(shu)各縣,以及江西(xi)、福建等(deng)省。由此可(ke)見,龍(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)群體融合(he)了徽商(shang)(shang)(shang)、粵商(shang)(shang)(shang)、蘇商(shang)(shang)(shang)、浙(zhe)商(shang)(shang)(shang)、閩商(shang)(shang)(shang)和(he)贛(gan)商(shang)(shang)(shang)等(deng)外地商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)。龍(long)游(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)形成基于(yu)(yu)血緣地緣關(guan)系,本質上具有(you)排他(ta)(ta)性,但他(ta)(ta)們卻能(neng)容納(na)其他(ta)(ta)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)(bang)的(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)融入,足可(ke)見其胸(xiong)襟的(de)(de)寬大(da)。
然而(er)隨(sui)著龍游(you)商幫(bang)的(de)沒落,這(zhe)方(fang)曾經如此(ci)大(da)(da)氣十足(zu)的(de)土地(di),反而(er)漸生(sheng)一種“排外”情(qing)結。很難想象,前些年在龍游(you)商幫(bang)的(de)發(fa)源地(di)會發(fa)生(sheng)因(yin)眼紅外地(di)布商物美價廉,而(er)引發(fa)的(de)哄搶布匹事(shi)件。去年投資環境的(de)一項調查也(ye)表明,大(da)(da)多數經濟(ji)主體有看到(dao)、聽到(dao)過(guo)或有過(guo)受本地(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)欺(qi)騙壓制的(de)感覺。證(zheng)實(shi)了(le)衢州人(ren)(ren)(ren)有較(jiao)濃的(de)排外傾向。這(zhe)些年的(de)實(shi)踐(jian)證(zheng)明,我市要(yao)加快發(fa)展,就(jiu)必須承接龍游(you)商幫(bang)的(de)開放胸(xiong)襟(jin),真正培育出兼(jian)容并蓄的(de)城市精神。要(yao)廣為吸納來自于海(hai)內外的(de)技術、資本、管理、人(ren)(ren)(ren)才等各種資源和生(sheng)產要(yao)素(su),吸收當今最先進的(de)發(fa)展理念(nian)、思想觀(guan)念(nian),為我市的(de)發(fa)展服務(wu),培育衢州人(ren)(ren)(ren)友(you)好親(qin)善、大(da)(da)度包容、海(hai)納百川的(de)胸(xiong)懷。在加強(qiang)(qiang)本地(di)企(qi)業(ye)家的(de)建設的(de)同時,要(yao)引導他們向外來企(qi)業(ye)家學習,使他們開闊視野,增長(chang)才干,克(ke)服小(xiao)(xiao)富即(ji)安、不思進取的(de)小(xiao)(xiao)農意識,進一步做大(da)(da)做強(qiang)(qiang)企(qi)業(ye)。
后人(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)嘆惋(wan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)如(ru)此行色(se)匆(cong)匆(cong)地(di)(di)(di)消失于(yu)(yu)歷史舞臺(tai)時(shi),多把(ba)原因(yin)歸結(jie)為(wei)當(dang)(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交通變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)及戰(zhan)亂。然而(er)外在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)并(bing)非(fei)(fei)根(gen)本,如(ru)二戰(zhan)過后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德、日兩國仍然能(neng)(neng)于(yu)(yu)滿目瘡夷中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)復(fu)興;溫(wen)臺(tai)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)雖幾經(jing)(jing)(jing)抑制卻是(shi)(shi)(shi)“春風吹(chui)又(you)生(sheng)”。區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長遠(yuan)發(fa)展(zhan)歸根(gen)到底靠(kao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)源遠(yuan)流長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)和(he)(he)(he)底蘊。儒(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)氛圍中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)崛(jue)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang),有(you)(you)著較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)水準,這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)當(dang)(dang)時(shi)眾(zhong)多商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)大區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)別。明代(dai)(dai)(dai)與(yu)唐寅(伯虎)、文(wen)(wen)征(zheng)明齊名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)名(ming)士(shi)李維楨,即(ji)專(zhuan)為(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)李汝(ru)(ru)衡立(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),題為(wei)《贈李汝(ru)(ru)衡序》;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)童佩、胡貿(mao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)與(yu)一(yi)(yi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)名(ming)士(shi)王世貞、歸有(you)(you)光等(deng)成莫(mo)逆之交。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)能(neng)(neng)與(yu)這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)清高(gao)自許的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)士(shi)結(jie)交,若非(fei)(fei)氣質相近是(shi)(shi)(shi)很(hen)難解釋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)“賈而(er)好(hao)儒(ru)”之風可見一(yi)(yi)斑。然而(er)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)優(you)勢能(neng)(neng)助龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)成就一(yi)(yi)個個奇跡(ji),接下(xia)來,傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桎梏(gu)卻注(zhu)定龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)走不(bu)了(le)(le)太(tai)遠(yuan)。地(di)(di)(di)處南宗(zong)(zong)儒(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浙(zhe)西地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),歷代(dai)(dai)(dai)方(fang)志在(zai)記述商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)(he)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)時(shi),都是(shi)(shi)(shi)低調處理(li)。浙(zhe)西人(ren)(ren)(ren)從(cong)內心深(shen)處鄙視商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)(he)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren),主要(yao)表現(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)兩個方(fang)面,一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)重農抑商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),二是(shi)(shi)(shi)重仕(shi)輕(qing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)樣具有(you)(you)很(hen)強宗(zong)(zong)法色(se)彩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儒(ru)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支配(pei)下(xia),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)大多始終(zhong)未能(neng)(neng)培植出對商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)忠心。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)從(cong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)而(er)終(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)極少(shao),多數人(ren)(ren)(ren)無論是(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)了(le)(le)家或(huo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)賠了(le)(le)本,最(zui)(zui)終(zhong)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)葉落歸根(gen),返回(hui)到以農為(wei)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老路上(shang)來。一(yi)(yi)些(xie)富有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)把(ba)精力和(he)(he)(he)財(cai)產(chan)(chan)投入官場競(jing)逐(zhu);或(huo)如(ru)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)葉氏家族將經(jing)(jing)(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)所(suo)得巨資(zi)悉數投入葉氏建筑群,而(er)很(hen)少(shao)有(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)去投資(zi)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)擴大再生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)。而(er)值得深(shen)思的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi),同樣受(shou)(shou)南宗(zong)(zong)儒(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)滋養的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)州(zhou)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)華(hua)等(deng)浙(zhe)東(dong)南地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),卻批判地(di)(di)(di)繼承了(le)(le)朱(zhu)子(zi)理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),形成了(le)(le)有(you)(you)別于(yu)(yu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)儒(ru)家文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)——“永(yong)(yong)嘉(jia)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)派(pai)”和(he)(he)(he)“金(jin)(jin)(jin)華(hua)呂學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”、“永(yong)(yong)康之學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”等(deng)流派(pai)。文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)決定人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價值選(xuan)擇,“永(yong)(yong)嘉(jia)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)派(pai)”“金(jin)(jin)(jin)華(hua)呂學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)”講究實效、注(zhu)重功利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思想及其(qi)價值取向和(he)(he)(he)逐(zhu)利(li)追(zhui)求,又(you)有(you)(you)力地(di)(di)(di)塑造和(he)(he)(he)強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)了(le)(le)溫(wen)州(zhou)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)華(hua)等(deng)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)間心理(li)和(he)(he)(he)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong),構成了(le)(le)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)可或(huo)缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“遺傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)因(yin)子(zi)”。而(er)衢州(zhou)、龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)雖有(you)(you)柯山、清獻、鳳梧等(deng)大書院,但這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)書院因(yin)循(xun)守舊(jiu),抱殘守缺,也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)無一(yi)(yi)流名(ming)家學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者,因(yin)此即(ji)便歷史上(shang)因(yin)緣際(ji)會出現(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)這(zhe)(zhe)樣大規模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)群體(ti),也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)未能(neng)(neng)與(yu)之結(jie)合,產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)充滿活力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),反而(er)使(shi)浙(zhe)西地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)承受(shou)(shou)了(le)(le)太(tai)多儒(ru)家思想中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)庸保守文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沉(chen)重負荷,使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思想和(he)(he)(he)行動受(shou)(shou)到了(le)(le)限(xian)制,以至(zhi)幾次與(yu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)騰飛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)契機(ji)錯(cuo)失交臂。當(dang)(dang)前(qian),我市要(yao)從(cong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衰落中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)汲取經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗(yan)教訓,就必須進一(yi)(yi)步強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氛圍,以求縮小與(yu)省內發(fa)達地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差距,并(bing)爭取在(zai)同一(yi)(yi)梯度地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占據優(you)勢。要(yao)堅持不(bu)懈地(di)(di)(di)導入現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先進觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)和(he)(he)(he)相關知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi),在(zai)干部(bu)和(he)(he)(he)群眾(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)開展(zhan)教育、培訓和(he)(he)(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播,以新觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)新知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)逐(zhu)步取代(dai)(dai)(dai)舊(jiu)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)。迫切(qie)需要(yao)強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)市場經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)與(yu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)、經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)全(quan)球化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)與(yu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)、現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)社會法制和(he)(he)(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)倫(lun)理(li)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)與(yu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)、現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)道德觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)與(yu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),克服小農經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)意(yi)識(shi)、封建主義殘余意(yi)識(shi)和(he)(he)(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)計劃經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)意(yi)識(shi)。當(dang)(dang)全(quan)社會真正形成了(le)(le)有(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)(yu)企業(ye)(ye)家生(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會環(huan)境、體(ti)制環(huan)境、人(ren)(ren)(ren)文(wen)(wen)環(huan)境之時(shi),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)興也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就為(wei)期不(bu)遠(yuan)了(le)(le)。
時(shi)光流逝,沖淡了龍游商(shang)幫(bang)創立的(de)輝煌業績,只(zhi)留下一個(ge)(ge)個(ge)(ge)散落在浙西(xi)大地上的(de)民(min)居大院。難道作為后人(ren)的(de)我們,只(zhi)能是(shi)綴串起這一個(ge)(ge)個(ge)(ge)珍珠,向世人(ren)炫耀我們的(de)祖上也曾風(feng)光過就足了嗎?什么時(shi)候才能重新(xin)迎(ying)來浙西(xi)新(xin)一代(dai)“商(shang)幫(bang)”的(de)復(fu)興(xing)?這才是(shi)當前(qian)研(yan)究龍游商(shang)幫(bang)歷史(shi)的(de)真實所在。
僻居于(yu)浙西山區的龍(long)游商(shang)幫在(zai)歷史上曾經(jing)輝(hui)煌一時,在(zai)明(ming)(ming)萬歷時已有“遍地(di)龍(long)游”之諺(參(can)見(jian)(jian)萬歷《龍(long)游縣志》),與當時馳名(ming)的“無徽不成鎮”、“鉆(zhan)天洞(dong)庭”的徽商(shang)蘇商(shang)等并(bing)駕齊驅。其所以能(neng)在(zai)市場競爭中(zhong)嶄露(lu)頭角,是與它有著(zhu)良好的商(shang)業(ye)道德很有關系,聲譽(yu)良好,贏得了(le)人(ren)們的信任。反之,也有些(xie)商(shang)人(ren)欺詐造假,只能(neng)蒙騙(pian)一時,不能(neng)長(chang)久(jiu)立(li)足(zu)于(yu)商(shang)壇。明(ming)(ming)代(dai)浙江人(ren)張應俞(yu)編著(zhu)了(le)《杜(du)騙(pian)新(xin)書(shu)》,列舉24類84則騙(pian)術,這就是明(ming)(ming)代(dai)中(zhong)葉以來(lai)商(shang)壇上不誠信的劣跡(詳見(jian)(jian)拙著(zhu)《明(ming)(ming)清時期商(shang)業(ye)及商(shang)人(ren)書(shu)之研究》下篇第(di)6章(zhang)。該書(shu)為《國學精粹叢書(shu)》的一種(zhong),臺灣(wan)洪葉文化事業(ye)有限公(gong)司,1997年出版)。
相比之(zhi)下,龍游(you)(you)商幫的誠實守信(xin)就顯得(de)非(fei)常可貴。龍游(you)(you)商人傅家(jia)(jia)來(lai)開設傅立(li)宗紙號(hao)(hao),非(fei)常注(zhu)重產(chan)(chan)品的質量,精益求精,所造(zao)(zao)之(zhi)紙,堅(jian)韌白(bai)凈,均勻齊整,比其(qi)他家(jia)(jia)的紙在同一件紙號(hao)(hao)中重十多(duo)斤(jin)。造(zao)(zao)紙是多(duo)工序的生產(chan)(chan)流(liu)程,他為(wei)了(le)保證(zheng)質量,層層把關,嚴格檢驗,次品決不出售。產(chan)(chan)品暢銷大江南北,經久不衰。為(wei)了(le)表示對用戶負(fu)責和維持良好的信(xin)譽,他的產(chan)(chan)品都統一加印
“西山傅立宗”印記。
姜益(yi)大(da)(da)棉布店以(yi)信(xin)譽(yu)著稱,冠為(wei)金(華)衢(州)嚴(州)三府第(di)一(yi)家。自從胡(hu)筱漁(yu)接(jie)管以(yi)來,非常(chang)重視(shi)信(xin)譽(yu),以(yi)誠(cheng)(cheng)實守信(xin)教(jiao)育每(mei)一(yi)位職(zhi)工(gong),多次提出要薄利(li)多銷,童叟(sou)無(wu)欺(qi),決不(bu)二價。為(wei)了(le)防止流通中有銀元(yuan)摻假損(sun)害顧(gu)客(ke)利(li)益(yi),特聘請了(le)三位有經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)驗銀工(gong),嚴格檢驗,凡經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)過(guo)他(ta)(ta)店的(de)(de)(de)銀幣加以(yi)“姜益(yi)大(da)(da)”印記,讓顧(gu)客(ke)放心(xin)(xin)。在(zai)(zai)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營中目光遠大(da)(da),不(bu)以(yi)短期行為(wei)來賺錢(qian),為(wei)了(le)信(xin)譽(yu),寧愿(yuan)承(cheng)擔(dan)暫時的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)。有一(yi)次,他(ta)(ta)在(zai)(zai)海(hai)寧訂購了(le)7500匹石門布,價值6萬銀元(yuan),在(zai)(zai)運輸過(guo)程(cheng)中遭劫,這本不(bu)關姜益(yi)大(da)(da)店的(de)(de)(de)事,海(hai)寧布商(shang)亦立(li)即(ji)派人來龍游(you)處理(li)此事,主動承(cheng)擔(dan)損(sun)失(shi),胡(hu)筱漁(yu)重義疏財,當場償(chang)付了(le)對方6萬元(yuan)布款(kuan),還再訂購了(le)7500匹棉布,并熱情款(kuan)待(dai)海(hai)寧布商(shang)。由于這一(yi)義舉(ju),姜益(yi)大(da)(da)布店信(xin)譽(yu)大(da)(da)增,遐(xia)邇聞名,在(zai)(zai)以(yi)后的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)商(shang)活(huo)動中,凡碰到貨物(wu)緊俏(qiao)時,海(hai)寧等地布商(shang)都(dou)首先滿足他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)貨源需求,全力支持他(ta)(ta)渡過(guo)難關。他(ta)(ta)對職(zhi)工(gong)也以(yi)禮相(xiang)(xiang)待(dai),以(yi)誠(cheng)(cheng)相(xiang)(xiang)待(dai),從不(bu)刻(ke)薄,職(zhi)工(gong)中年長者,以(yi)叔伯相(xiang)(xiang)稱,同輩以(yi)兄弟(di)、晚輩以(yi)弟(di)侄相(xiang)(xiang)呼,平等待(dai)人。年終還發“紅利(li)壓歲錢(qian)”,春節賞(shang)每(mei)一(yi)職(zhi)工(gong)一(yi)匹布代價的(de)(de)(de)獎勵金。以(yi)心(xin)(xin)比(bi)心(xin)(xin),誠(cheng)(cheng)摯待(dai)人,職(zhi)工(gong)受感動,工(gong)作就更負責,保證了(le)姜益(yi)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)良好運作。
大(da)(da)絲綢商(shang)李汝(ru)衡,商(shang)品(pin)販銷到湖(hu)廣十五(wu)郡,幾(ji)乎壟斷了楚(chu)湘的絲綢市場。他職業道德良好(hao),待人寬(kuan)厚(hou)誠(cheng)信,人望甚(shen)好(hao)。明代(dai)大(da)(da)文人李維楨著(zhu)文贊(zan)揚(yang)他:“李十二汝(ru)衡者,越之(zhi)龍游人也。……至汝(ru)衡而資(zi)益拓,所居積(ji)綺縠纻罽,遍(bian)四(si)方(fang)之(zhi)珍(zhen)異,挽舟轉轂(gu)以百數(shu),所冠帶衣履,遍(bian)楚(chu)之(zhi)十五(wu)郡。而善與時低(di)昂,人或(huo)就之(zhi)貰貸無所靳(jin),亦不責子錢(qian),久乃或(huo)負之(zhi),遂(sui)不復言。……楚(chu)人慕其誼,爭交歡(huan)汝(ru)衡。”(《大(da)(da)泌山房(fang)集》卷68,《贈李汝(ru)衡序》)
龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)本(ben)是(shi)姑(gu)篾故(gu)國舊地,素(su)有(you)(you)(you)(you)重文(wen)化(hua)的傳統,詩(shi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)禮樂傳家,耕讀(du)遵禮,弦歌不(bu)(bu)絕(jue)。就是(shi)出為(wei)賈(jia)也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)忘讀(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),故(gu)首選造紙(zhi)(zhi)刻書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)籍為(wei)業(ye)(ye)。龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)新造之(zhi)(zhi)紙(zhi)(zhi)在明(ming)代已(yi)(yi)具(ju)名氣。明(ming)著名刻書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家余(yu)象斗文(wen)臺,他刻印(yin)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)籍尤注重用紙(zhi)(zhi),他品(pin)評全(quan)國著名紙(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)有(you)(you)(you)(you)徽(hui)歙紙(zhi)(zhi)(青光白(bai)滑冰翼(yi)凝霜,績溪龍(long)須,西山(shan)觀音(yin)紙(zhi)(zhi)),江(jiang)西紙(zhi)(zhi)(觀音(yin)蓮七紙(zhi)(zhi)),鉛(qian)山(shan)(奏(zou)本(ben))紙(zhi)(zhi)等,而認為(wei)浙江(jiang)衢紙(zhi)(zhi)尤勝(sheng),“連四紙(zhi)(zhi),開(kai)化(hua)縣(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)連三連四紙(zhi)(zhi)亦佳,只要(yao)白(bai)厚(hou)無(wu)粉(fen)者為(wei)妙。”“常山(shan)縣(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)榜紙(zhi)(zhi),并(bing)中(zhong)夾紙(zhi)(zhi)奏(zou)本(ben)紙(zhi)(zhi)次(ci)于鉛(qian)山(shan)。”龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)縣(xian)(xian)溪口鎮是(shi)龐大的造紙(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)心兼銷售市場(chang),紙(zhi)(zhi)商麕集。乾(qian)隆間(jian)閩商林(lin)瓊茂來(lai)龍(long)擇地上塘設坊造紙(zhi)(zhi),傳至其(qi)(qi)孫林(lin)巨倫,已(yi)(yi)“積(ji)貲巨萬”。書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)商童佩(pei),名噪一(yi)時,刻書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)販書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)大江(jiang)南北,其(qi)(qi)父彥清(qing)(qing),“最稱(cheng)儒雅(ya),不(bu)(bu)寢然(ran)(ran)諾。”幼時從(cong)父販書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)吳(wu)越間(jian),“喜讀(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),手(shou)一(yi)帙,坐船(chuan)間(jian),日夜不(bu)(bu)輟,歷歲(sui)久,流(liu)覽既(ji)富(fu),所為(wei)詩(shi)風格清(qing)(qing)越,不(bu)(bu)失古音(yin)。為(wei)他文(wen)亦工善,尤善考(kao)證書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)畫金石彝(yi)敦之(zhi)(zhi)屬。”王(wang)(wang)(wang)世(shi)貞(zhen)稱(cheng)其(qi)(qi)“藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)萬卷(juan),皆其(qi)(qi)手(shou)所自校者”,是(shi)著名藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家刻書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家。所刻之(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)質量(liang)上乘,深(shen)(shen)受學者歡迎,時之(zhi)(zhi)名流(liu)碩儒王(wang)(wang)(wang)世(shi)貞(zhen)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)穉登(deng)、歸(gui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)光引之(zhi)(zhi)座客(ke),并(bing)為(wei)他作(zuo)序作(zuo)傳。他本(ben)人(ren)有(you)(you)(you)(you)《童子鳴集》、《佩(pei)萸雜(za)錄(lu)》、《九華游(you)(you)(you)記》、《南獄東(dong)岱詩(shi)》、與余(yu)湘(xiang)合纂《龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)縣(xian)(xian)志》等。刻印(yin)過《徐侍郎集》、《文(wen)房四譜》、《楊盈川(chuan)集》等。他的學問深(shen)(shen)得名儒稱(cheng)贊,胡應麟見其(qi)(qi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)目曰:“所臚列(lie)經史(shi)子集,皆犁然(ran)(ran)會心,令人(ren)手(shou)舞足蹈(dao)。”引為(wei)“子期(qi)”好友,王(wang)(wang)(wang)世(shi)貞(zhen)更(geng)稱(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)“千古是(shi)知(zhi)音(yin)”。龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)童氏是(shi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)香(xiang)門第,業(ye)(ye)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈(jia)者眾。如童富(fu),“為(wei)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈(jia),往來(lai)閩粵吳(wu)中(zhong)貿遷,……為(wei)人(ren)坦夷樸(pu)茂,樂善好施(shi),……湖(hu)海之(zhi)(zhi)士,多嘖嘖稱(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)。”另一(yi)位書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈(jia)胡貿,承父兄書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)業(ye)(ye),“往來(lai)賈(jia)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆(si)(si)及士人(ren)家”,也(ye)(ye)是(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)名的書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)賈(jia)。明(ming)代大學問家唐順之(zhi)(zhi)荊川(chuan)謙曰:“非貿,則予(yu)事無(wu)與成”。與唐深(shen)(shen)交(jiao),胡死后唐曾(ceng)贈棺以殮。龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)望族余(yu)氏也(ye)(ye)是(shi)世(shi)代營印(yin)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)業(ye)(ye),曾(ceng)在江(jiang)蘇太(tai)倉州(zhou)婁縣(xian)(xian)開(kai)設書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆(si)(si)。“清(qing)(qing)初,龍(long)游(you)(you)(you)余(yu)氏開(kai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)肆(si)(si)于婁縣(xian)(xian),刊(kan)讀(du)本(ben)四書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字畫無(wu)偽(wei),遠近購(gou)買。”
上述僅是龍游商幫中的(de)(de)(de)幾個例子。龍游商人深受中華傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)文(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)熏(xun)陶,亦賈亦儒,保持著良(liang)(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)節操(cao),以人品為重,注重自身修(xiu)養,有社會責任感,誠信(xin)為本,終于(yu)事業(ye)有成(cheng)。歷史的(de)(de)(de)經驗值得借(jie)鑒,發揚我國優秀(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)道德(de)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong),完善市(shi)場經濟條件下的(de)(de)(de)職業(ye)道德(de),提倡(chang)人人誠信(xin),形(xing)成(cheng)良(liang)(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)社會風氣,這是我們(men)這個時代的(de)(de)(de)一項重要工作。
點評:龍游商人(ren)"敢為天下先(xian)"的(de)精神和"海納(na)百川"的(de)肚量,是(shi)他(ta)(ta)們良好的(de)經商心態的(de)反映。他(ta)(ta)們雖然是(shi)出自一(yi)個偏僻(pi)之(zhi)(zhi)地,既無官府(fu)支持,又無強大的(de)宗族勢力作堅強后盾(dun),但他(ta)(ta)們卻能(neng)在強手(shou)如林(lin)的(de)各大商幫中崛(jue)起,自立于(yu)商幫之(zhi)(zhi)林(lin)。
龍(long)游商(shang)(shang)幫是指(zhi)以浙江(jiang)(jiang)衢(qu)州府(fu)龍(long)游縣為中(zhong)心的衢(qu)商(shang)(shang)集(ji)團,它萌發于(yu)南(nan)宋,興盛于(yu)明代(dai)中(zhong)葉,以經營珠寶業、販書業、紙張業著名。明萬(wan)歷(li)年間(jian)(1573—1602),它于(yu)徽商(shang)(shang)、晉商(shang)(shang)以及(ji)江(jiang)(jiang)右幫商(shang)(shang)人在商(shang)(shang)場(chang)中(zhong)角逐,稱(cheng)雄一(yi)(yi)時(shi),故有“遍地龍(long)游”之諺。它以一(yi)(yi)府(fu)一(yi)(yi)縣之地為基礎,聚集(ji)了(le)大量(liang)資金,而成為中(zhong)國十大商(shang)(shang)幫之一(yi)(yi),至清代(dai)逐漸為寧紹商(shang)(shang)幫所替(ti)代(dai)。
主 要 行 業 銷 售 范(fan) 圍 重要集鎮、代表商(shang)行或人物
1 紙 商 遠銷(xiao)江蘇一帶 龍游溪口鎮是造紙和(he)紙張貿(mao)易中(zhong)心
2 書(shu) 商 浙江、江蘇、河北(bei)及(ji)山(shan)東、京師 明代龍(long)游書(shu)商、藏書(shu)家童(tong)佩(pei)
3 糧食商 毗鄰各省 龍(long)游茶圩米市,年銷量1200萬噸
4 山貨商 全(quan)國及東南亞各國 胡同和號,年產各類(lei)油10萬余(yu)斤
5 藥材(cai)商 毗(pi)鄰地區 龍游縣城(cheng)滋福堂藥店
6 絲綢棉布商 遠銷(xiao)湖廣一帶(dai) 龍游縣城百年老店姜益(yi)大廣貨店
7 珠寶商 最大市場(chang)在(zai)京師 一(yi)般單人匹馬(ma)經(jing)營(ying)
8 海(hai)外(wai)貿易商 日本、東(dong)南亞各國 海(hai)外(wai)走私貿易為主(zhu)
9 邊貿商(shang) 遠銷緬甸、印度 在云南姚(yao)安地區墾荒經商(shang)
龍游商幫經(jing)營(ying)行業頗廣,有山(shan)貨、紙、刻印販書(shu)、珠寶(bao)古董、長途(tu)販運(yun)、農業屯墾、礦冶等(deng)。
山貨業。皆為當地產(chan)品竹木茶油(you)漆煙(yan)。清康熙(xi)年間龍游(you)縣志(zhi)記載:“南(nan)鄉稍有竹木紙筍(sun)之利(li),可(ke)以貿易他郡……北鄉則止有桕油(you)一項(xiang)。”
造紙業(ye)。造紙多以作坊或工遺址龍游北鄉(xiang)古商(shang)道場(chang)形式生產(chan),自產(chan)自銷(xiao),具有若(ruo)干商(shang)業(ye)資(zi)本與產(chan)業(ye)資(zi)本相結合(he)的生產(chan)方式。溪(xi)口(kou)鎮是生產(chan)和銷(xiao)售(shou)的中心。該(gai)鎮:“其繁盛(sheng),乃倍于城市焉。”
刻(ke)印(yin)(yin)販書(shu)(shu)業。龍游(you)多產紙木,可刻(ke)印(yin)(yin)書(shu)(shu)籍,又有文(wen)化傳(chuan)統,一些文(wen)人學士放下架(jia)子,從事于刻(ke)印(yin)(yin)販書(shu)(shu)業以(yi)聚財。望族余氏,還在江蘇婁縣開(kai)設書(shu)(shu)坊書(shu)(shu)肆,刊印(yin)(yin)讀本安(an)畫,銷(xiao)路很好(hao)。書(shu)(shu)販胡(hu)貿(mao)善錐書(shu)(shu),經常(chang)和一些文(wen)人交往。明大學者(zhe)唐順之(zhi)因愛書(shu)(shu),把(ba)胡(hu)貿(mao)引為座上客(ke)。他還說:“非貿(mao),則予事無與成(cheng)。”把(ba)自(zi)己成(cheng)就歸之(zhi)于與胡(hu)貿(mao)的交往。
珠(zhu)寶(bao)古董業(ye)。經營珠(zhu)寶(bao)業(ye)一需(xu)有(you)雄厚資金,二需(xu)有(you)鑒別觀(guan)賞能力,三需(xu)有(you)進貨銷貨的渠(qu)道,四需(xu)有(you)能躲過(guo)被劫(jie)被盜的應變能力。古書記載:“龍(long)游(you)商賈(jia),其所賈(jia)多(duo)明珠(zhu)、翠羽、寶(bao)石、貓眼類較(jiao)(軟(ruan))物(wu)。千金之貨,只(zhi)一身自赍京師、販絮、僧鞋、蒙戎、襤褸(lv)巨疽、膏藥內(nei)皆(jie)寶(bao)珠(zhu)所藏,人無(wu)所知者。”可見龍(long)游(you)商人不但有(you)雄厚的資金,還具有(you)較(jiao)高文化和應變能力,處事(shi)謹慎,是不事(shi)張揚的實干商人,
長途販運(yun)業。據王(wang)文祿《策樞(shu)》記載,龍(long)游(you)商(shang)人李汝衡,擁有重資,常備百余輛(艘)車船運(yun)銷(xiao)貨物,把(ba)絲(si)綢(chou)遠(yuan)銷(xiao)到湖北一(yi)省(sheng)十(shi)五郡(jun)之地,占領了全(quan)省(sheng)銷(xiao)售(shou)市(shi)場(chang)。明嘉(jia)靖(jing)年間捕獲(huo)的走私貿易中,就有龍(long)游(you)商(shang)人參與其(qi)事。
礦(kuang)冶業。據顧炎(yan)武(wu)《天下(xia)郡(jun)國利病書》中記載,有龍游(you)人祝(zhu)十八(ba),聚礦(kuang)工有數百人,在平洋銅(tong)塘(tang)、吳村一帶從事礦(kuang)冶。龍游(you)商幫肯吃苦,不畏艱辛(xin),不怕(pa)路遙道(dao)險。
他們足跡遍及全國各地,直至海(hai)(hai)外日本、呂宋等地。如(ru)在明(ming)嘉靖年(nian)間,就(jiu)(jiu)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)海(hai)(hai)外通商(shang)(shang)者中有龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)。另外,早(zao)于(yu)明(ming)成化元年(nian)(1465)龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)就(jiu)(jiu)與江(jiang)西(xi)(xi)安福商(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)一(yi)(yi)起,到(dao)云南姚安(今(jin)楚(chu)雄)從(cong)事(shi)屯(tun)墾(ken),種植糧(liang)食和經濟作(zuo)物。他們數萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)長途跋(ba)涉,克服(fu)了水土不服(fu)等困(kun)難(nan),在云貴(gui)一(yi)(yi)帶從(cong)事(shi)經商(shang)(shang)墾(ken)荒,享有“天(tian)涯(ya)賈客”之(zhi)譽,為我國西(xi)(xi)南的開(kai)發(fa)(fa)立下汗馬功(gong)勞,至今(jin)云貴(gui)高原還有許多龍游(you)人(ren)(ren)的后代。可(ke)以說龍游(you)商(shang)(shang)幫是(shi)中國歷史(shi)上西(xi)(xi)部(bu)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)的先驅之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。
龍(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)幫之所以(yi)名重(zhong)一時,還因為他們具有寬容、誠信等品性(xing)和良好的職業(ye)道德。如紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)商(shang)傅立宗,紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)優價實,為保證質量,紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品統加(jia)(jia)印(yin)“西山傅立宗”字樣,從(cong)(cong)示信用。姜(jiang)益大棉布號,特聘(pin)了(le)3名驗銀工(gong),凡經(jing)流通(tong)該(gai)店(dian)的通(tong)貨(huo),皆加(jia)(jia)蓋印(yin)記,以(yi)示負責。滋福堂(tang)是著名中藥店(dian),以(yi)重(zhong)金延請名醫(yi)監制丸藥,配制成藥準(zhun)確(que)無誤,分工(gong)細(xi)密,層(ceng)層(ceng)檢驗,要求(qiu)藥工(gong)對(dui)顧客的健康(kang)負責。龍(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)人(ren)從(cong)(cong)不排外,善(shan)待遷居來(lai)龍(long)(long)經(jing)商(shang)者(zhe),如經(jing)營、鹽、紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等的徽州大商(shang)程(cheng)廷柱率3個弟弟去龍(long)(long)游(you)經(jing)商(shang),很快融入龍(long)(long)游(you)社(she)會,所以(yi)龍(long)(long)游(you)商(shang)幫中就有閩、贛、徽諸商(shang)幫的成員。
龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)商幫雖有(you)輝(hui)煌的(de)(de)過去,但隨著交通條件(jian)的(de)(de)變化(hua),近代海洋文化(hua)的(de)(de)興(xing)起(qi)和海外(wai)貿易的(de)(de)發展,它與徽商、晉商等(deng)幫一(yi)樣未能適應時(shi)代的(de)(de)發展,逐漸衰落。到清道(dao)(dao)光年間,鴉片(pian)戰爭以(yi)后,寧波等(deng)地被辟為五口(kou)通商之埠,此時(shi)新(xin)興(xing)的(de)(de)上(shang)海、寧波、潮汕(shan)、廈漳等(deng)地商幫,取代了龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)等(deng)商幫。不過,龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)等(deng)商幫在歷史上(shang)的(de)(de)業(ye)績(ji)和經商道(dao)(dao)德,將永世不泯!
龍游商(shang)(shang)人初(chu)露(lu)頭(tou)角于南宋,迨至明代已(yi)(yi)蔚為大(da)觀,萬歷時(shi)已(yi)(yi)是“遍地龍游”的(de)局面,分(fen)布于全國各大(da)市場上。隆萬間(jian)任職知(zhi)縣(xian)的(de)萬廷謙就說(shuo)“龍丘(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min),往往湖口(kou)于四(si)方(fang),誦讀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai),農賈(jia)相半(ban)”。晚明時(shi)龍游商(shang)(shang)人更是活躍,趨商(shang)(shang)者更眾(zhong)。天啟時(shi),“龍游之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min),多向天涯海(hai)角,遠行商(shang)(shang)賈(jia),幾(ji)空縣(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)半(ban),而居(ju)家(jia)耕(geng)種者,僅當(dang)縣(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)半(ban)。”至康乾間(jian),“其居(ju)家(jia)土著者,不(bu)過十之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三四(si)耳。”這當(dang)然是估計數(shu),不(bu)能(neng)作準(zhun)確的(de)計量(liang)分(fen)析,但總的(de)趨勢是從嘉隆萬間(jian)龍游商(shang)(shang)賈(jia)已(yi)(yi)遍布四(si)方(fang),至康雍乾間(jian)有(you)增無減。
由于經(jing)商的成功,龍游(you)商幫(bang)遂把財富(fu)返(fan)回家鄉,并將外地的風(feng)尚也(ye)帶回龍游(you),社會(hui)(hui)富(fu)庶,消(xiao)費需求(qiu)增長(chang),人皆曰(yue)俗之(zhi)侈(chi)(chi)靡已不可挽回。隆萬(wan)時(shi)陸瓚就說:“習尚昔固號儉嗇也(ye),今則日事于侈(chi)(chi)靡。”涂杰亦(yi)云:“服飾多(duo)用紗絹,器(qi)皿多(duo)用金銀,侈(chi)(chi)靡相(xiang)高,已非一日。”“邑(yi)中室廬往稱樸素,萬(wan)歷(li)中葉漸以(yi)雕琢相(xiang)高。”社會(hui)(hui)心理(li)是(shi)羨慕奢華(hua),愿向生活(huo)水平高的地方(fang)看齊,競相(xiang)仿效。萬(wan)歷(li)間已呈“俗侈(chi)(chi)靡,尤(you)效慕三吳(wu)之(zhi)豪”趨(qu)勢(shi)。生活(huo)穩定了,才有可能向蘇杭侈(chi)(chi)靡的風(feng)尚仿效。從這一側(ce)面也(ye)折射出龍游(you)商幫(bang)給龍游(you)帶來經(jing)濟的富(fu)庶和社會(hui)(hui)生活(huo)的安(an)定。風(feng)尚趨(qu)于侈(chi)(chi)靡是(shi)當時(shi)經(jing)濟社會(hui)(hui)進(jin)步的表征。
龍(long)游商幫與同時(shi)代其他商幫相(xiang)比,它(ta)最(zui)(zui)大特色和優點(dian)乃是(shi)富于開(kai)拓(tuo)精(jing)神(shen),不畏(wei)艱險,勇敢地邁出(chu)家門,走出(chu)山區,投向(xiang)廣(guang)闊的天地,在闖蕩市場中(zhong),逐漸地揚棄了“安土(tu)重遷”、“骨(gu)肉相(xiang)附”的情結(jie)。它(ta)是(shi)明清時(shi)代最(zui)(zui)早走向(xiang)西(xi)部開(kai)發(fa)的商壇(tan)勁旅。大批離開(kai)土(tu)地的農民(min)加入商賈(jia)行(xing)列,也有大批舍儒從商之徒,他們“挾(xie)資以出(chu),守為恒業,即秦晉蜀滇萬(wan)里(li),視(shi)若比舍,俗有遍地龍(long)游之諺。”
明(ming)清時(shi)期經(jing)濟最發(fa)達地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)長江(jiang)(jiang)三角(jiao)洲(江(jiang)(jiang)南(nan))和珠江(jiang)(jiang)三角(jiao)洲一帶,秦晉滇(dian)蜀西(xi)部地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)相對來說較(jiao)為(wei)后進,而龍游商(shang)幫不嫌西(xi)部經(jing)濟不發(fa)達,生活艱(jian)苦(ku),路途遙遠,行程險阻(zu),以豪邁(mai)氣(qi)概視天(tian)涯(ya)海角(jiao)若(ruo)比鄰,無遠而不屆,誠為(wei)天(tian)涯(ya)賈(jia)(jia)客(ke)。龍游商(shang)人(ren)李汝(ru)衡(heng)(heng),攜(xie)絲(si)綢經(jing)商(shang)于(yu)蜀楚。李維楨記:“李十(shi)二汝(ru)衡(heng)(heng)者,越之(zhi)(zhi)龍游人(ren)也(ye)。自(zi)其父鶴汀賈(jia)(jia)江(jiang)(jiang)陵,迄今人(ren)與年蓋兩(liang)世矣。父子饒(rao)心(xin)計,趨時(shi)不失累。至汝(ru)衡(heng)(heng)而資益(yi)拓,所居積(ji)綺(qi)縠纻罽,窮四方之(zhi)(zhi)珍異,車(che)免舟(zhou)轉轂以百數(shu)(shu),所冠(guan)帶衣(yi)履(lv),遍楚之(zhi)(zhi)十(shi)五郡。而善與時(shi)低昂,人(ren)或(huo)就之(zhi)(zhi)貰貸無所靳。……”童巨川偕(xie)其弟盛川于(yu)嘉靖間(jian),在(zai)“宣府(fu)大(da)同貿易邊庭,……厥(jue)后子若(ruo)侄嗣其業,資利(li)益(yi)饒(rao)。”童氏數(shu)(shu)代在(zai)宣大(da)做邊界貿易致巨富。最可值得大(da)書特書的是(shi)(shi)(shi)龍游商(shang)人(ren)群(qun)體挺進大(da)西(xi)南(nan)滇(dian)省姚安(an)等地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)開發(fa)。在(zai)明(ming)清時(shi)代交通條件(jian)下,攜(xie)妻(qi)帶子千萬里跋(ba)(ba)涉至西(xi)南(nan)決非易事,非得有(you)數(shu)(shu)月始可抵(di)達。驅(qu)動他們長途跋(ba)(ba)涉行動并非胸懷(huai)開發(fa)西(xi)部的公益(yi)心(xin),而利(li)益(yi)驅(qu)動倒(dao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)其原動力。因為(wei)在(zai)江(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)華南(nan)中原等地(di)(di)商(shang)業中競爭已不容易,施(shi)展才能(neng)的空(kong)間(jian)畢竟有(you)限,他們獲悉(xi)滇(dian)省尚有(you)大(da)發(fa)展的前景,所以才毅然前往,足見龍游商(shang)幫對商(shang)業信息還是(shi)(shi)(shi)靈通的。
明代成化元年就(jiu)有大批龍游商人偕同(tong)江右商人(江西(xi)安(an)(an)福)在云南邊陲姚(yao)安(an)(an)等(deng)府經(jing)商,姚(yao)安(an)(an)即今楚雄彝族自(zi)(zi)治州一(yi)帶。語(yu)言不(bu)通,生活(huo)習俗不(bu)同(tong),自(zi)(zi)然還(huan)會有水土(tu)不(bu)服的困難(nan),但(dan)是(shi)他們能(neng)克服種種困難(nan),準備長期生存下去,求得發展。他們不(bu)是(shi)流民,而是(shi)有眼光有氣(qi)魄的商賈(jia),據(ju)官方(fang)史籍記載(zai):
“成化(hua)元年(nian)(1465)十(shi)一月初七日(ri)禮部等(deng)(deng)(deng)衙門題(ti)為(wei)建言(yan)民情等(deng)(deng)(deng)事,該湖(hu)廣布政司等(deng)(deng)(deng)衙門右參議等(deng)(deng)(deng)官人等(deng)(deng)(deng)鄭序等(deng)(deng)(deng)建言(yan):……姚安軍民府(fu)陰陽學正木甘理(li)言(yan)一件(jian)(jian),禁約(yue)游(you)食(shi),初見云(yun)南(nan)遠(yuan)在(zai)萬(wan)里,各邊衛(wei)指(zhi)府(fu)軍民相參,山多(duo)田少,不(bu)通舟車,近年(nian)雨水不(bu)調,五(wu)谷少收(shou),米(mi)糧涌貴,過活艱難(nan)。有浙(zhe)江江西等(deng)(deng)(deng)布政司安福龍(long)游(you)等(deng)(deng)(deng)縣客(ke)商人等(deng)(deng)(deng)不(bu)下三(san)五(wu)萬(wan)人在(zai)衛(wei)府(fu)坐(zuo)(生)理(li),偏處(chu)城市鄉村(cun)屯堡(bao)安歇(xie),生放錢債,利上(shang)生利,收(shou)債米(mi)谷,賤買貴賣,娶妻生子,置買奴(nu)仆,游(you)食(shi)無度,二三(san)十(shi)年(nian)不(bu)回原籍(ji)。……行云(yun)南(nan)按(an)(an)察司著落各衛(wei)府(fu)查(cha)勘所屬鄉村(cun)屯堡(bao)城郭去處(chu),但有江西等(deng)(deng)(deng)處(chu)客(ke)民,不(bu)問(wen)從引新舊,盡數(shu)拿解原籍(ji)當(dang)差,不(bu)許托故稽遲及窩藏隱蔽,連歇(xie)家人等(deng)(deng)(deng)一律(lv)治罪(zui),庶使邊食(shi)稍寬(kuan),奸弊斯(si)革矣。前件(jian)(jian)云(yun)南(nan)按(an)(an)察司查(cha)究。”
這(zhe)(zhe)節史(shi)料充(chong)分反映了(le)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)數萬人(ren)成群(qun)結隊來(lai)到(dao)了(le)黔滇邊陲少數民(min)族聚居地(di)(di)(di)從事于(yu)(yu)屯(tun)(tun)墾(ken)事業(ye)(ye)(ye),把(ba)(ba)先進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產技術帶到(dao)西南(nan),他(ta)(ta)們(men)來(lai)到(dao)遠離城市“鄉村屯(tun)(tun)堡安歇。”干的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)放錢債,利(li)上(shang)(shang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)利(li);收債米谷,賤買(mai)貴賣(mai)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事業(ye)(ye)(ye)。這(zhe)(zhe)一方(fang)面是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)利(li)貸收錢收谷,即放青苗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法,利(li)用手頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雄(xiong)厚資金進行糧(liang)食買(mai)賣(mai);另(ling)一方(fang)面值(zhi)(zhi)得注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“置買(mai)奴(nu)仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu),游(you)(you)(you)食無(wu)度”這(zhe)(zhe)一句話。可能(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)流動性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屯(tun)(tun)墾(ken),即一地(di)(di)(di)一地(di)(di)(di)輪流開(kai)發(fa)墾(ken)拓,利(li)用雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)制吸(xi)收當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)閑散的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)動力(li),以(yi)(yi)(yi)奴(nu)仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)招(zhao)募(mu)勞(lao)(lao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進行大規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)屯(tun)(tun)墾(ken),這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很(hen)有(you)(you)意義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),值(zhi)(zhi)得深入研(yan)究。關(guan)鍵是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“奴(nu)仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)”系(xi)何種(zhong)身份之人(ren),估計不(bu)會是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)具(ju)有(you)(you)很(hen)強人(ren)身隸(li)屬關(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奴(nu)仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu),應是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)身份上(shang)(shang)自由(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)勞(lao)(lao)動者。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)出(chu)(chu)錢雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)他(ta)(ta)們(men),從事于(yu)(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墾(ken)荒、耕種(zhong)等(deng)勞(lao)(lao)務。在(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)就有(you)(you)雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)婢從事家務或商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)上(shang)(shang)勞(lao)(lao)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情形,據康熙《龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)縣志》記:“士庶(shu)之家,不(bu)能(neng)(neng)廣置婢仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu),仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)多(duo)傭(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong),婢則出(chu)(chu)市貿(mao)易,多(duo)白首不(bu)嫁以(yi)(yi)(yi)終(zhong)其(qi)身。”從“仆(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)多(duo)傭(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong),婢則出(chu)(chu)市貿(mao)易”來(lai)看(kan),并(bing)無(wu)身份上(shang)(shang)隸(li)屬關(guan)系(xi)。也(ye)許(xu)他(ta)(ta)們(men)把(ba)(ba)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)關(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)帶到(dao)云(yun)南(nan)邊陲農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)屯(tun)(tun)墾(ken)業(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)來(lai)。如(ru)(ru)果理(li)(li)解不(bu)錯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話,當(dang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)已具(ju)有(you)(you)先進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)營(ying)理(li)(li)念,將土地(di)(di)(di)作為(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)息資本來(lai)經(jing)營(ying),以(yi)(yi)(yi)先進技術提高(gao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產力(li),采取農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)制來(lai)經(jing)營(ying)經(jing)濟作物,把(ba)(ba)收成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產品(pin)(pin)作為(wei)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)再投放市場,這(zhe)(zhe)無(wu)疑是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)新式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)營(ying)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),把(ba)(ba)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)資本轉化(hua)為(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)資本。這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一大變革,具(ju)有(you)(you)轉型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義,表示著新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)萌芽(ya)(ya)。過去在(zai)(zai)研(yan)討(tao)中(zhong)國封建社會里資本主義萌芽(ya)(ya)時人(ren)們(men)較普(pu)遍重視(shi)手工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye),礦(kuang)冶(ye)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)品(pin)(pin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產與(yu)雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)萌發(fa),也(ye)較多(duo)著眼(yan)于(yu)(yu)先進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)域(yu)如(ru)(ru)江(jiang)南(nan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及大中(zhong)城市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)變革,對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、對(dui)偏遠地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)重視(shi)不(bu)足,今以(yi)(yi)(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)人(ren)開(kai)發(fa)大西南(nan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實例來(lai)看(kan),不(bu)能(neng)(neng)不(bu)注意到(dao)他(ta)(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創造。龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)等(deng)開(kai)發(fa)西南(nan),對(dui)融洽民(min)族關(guan)系(xi),開(kai)發(fa)邊疆(jiang)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很(hen)有(you)(you)意義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)近世歷史(shi)(明清)上(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)了(le)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)超前行動,表現(xian)了(le)龍(long)(long)(long)游(you)(you)(you)商(shang)(shang)幫(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前衛意識和(he)對(dui)西部(bu)(bu)開(kai)發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貢(gong)獻,可以(yi)(yi)(yi)說它是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國歷史(shi)上(shang)(shang)最早走向(xiang)西部(bu)(bu)開(kai)發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先驅(qu)者。由(you)于(yu)(yu)缺乏輔(fu)證史(shi)料,有(you)(you)待于(yu)(yu)再發(fa)掘新史(shi)料,現(xian)在(zai)(zai)也(ye)只(zhi)能(neng)(neng)做(zuo)如(ru)(ru)此的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推論。
明中央政府及當(dang)地政府官員守舊(jiu)求穩,怕人(ren)口流動影響邊陲(chui)的(de)(de)社會(hui)治(zhi)安(an)和糧食供應(ying)豐(feng)足(zu),千方(fang)百計下(xia)(xia)令強制回遷這(zhe)些在邊陲(chui)安(an)家(jia)落戶“二(er)三(san)十不回原(yuan)籍”的(de)(de)商(shang)民(min),采用(yong)“拿(na)解原(yuan)籍當(dang)差(cha)”,這(zhe)實是很(hen)不明智的(de)(de)短視行為。官方(fang)行文如(ru)此,到底各(ge)級政府執行如(ru)何?未見下(xia)(xia)文,估計龍游安(an)福(fu)商(shang)民(min)仍會(hui)“屯堡(bao)安(an)歇”、“娶(qu)妻生子”而長期“生理”下(xia)(xia)去,今(jin)之滇省遺民(min),必有血脈繁衍的(de)(de)安(an)福(fu)龍游商(shang)人(ren)后裔(yi)。
商品、市場、商業(ye)(ye),信息(xi)是(shi)(shi)社(she)會經濟發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)重要杠桿之一,明(ming)(ming)清(qing)時代的(de)(de)(de)龍游(you)(you)商幫(bang)已初(chu)步意識到(dao)它們的(de)(de)(de)意義。他們利用自(zi)己稟賦的(de)(de)(de)知識和才能,窺測市場,注重信息(xi),挺身遠(yuan)出,躋身于收益大的(de)(de)(de)珠寶業(ye)(ye)和海外貿易業(ye)(ye),憑(ping)借自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)優勢,利用知識經營印(yin)書業(ye)(ye)。他們意識到(dao)社(she)會資(zi)源開發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)價值(zhi),不辭萬里,融(rong)洽民族(zu)關(guan)系,“進(jin)軍”大西(xi)南,開發(fa)滇省姚安(an)地區(qu),采用雇傭(yong)制的(de)(de)(de)方式經營邊陲的(de)(de)(de)屯(tun)墾(ken)業(ye)(ye)。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)一種新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)生產方式,是(shi)(shi)一大創造,表明(ming)(ming)了明(ming)(ming)清(qing)時代龍游(you)(you)商幫(bang)具有(you)(you)無(wu)(wu)遠(yuan)不屆、天涯賈客的(de)(de)(de)大無(wu)(wu)畏(wei)精(jing)神,也展(zhan)示了他們走在時代前頭,具有(you)(you)先(xian)進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)理念。他們對(dui)西(xi)部的(de)(de)(de)開發(fa),作(zuo)出了歷史性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)貢獻;它是(shi)(shi)中國歷史上真正(zheng)開發(fa)西(xi)部的(de)(de)(de)先(xian)驅(qu)者。
1.為商之道,仁信為本。商戰取勝,理(li)性致上。
2.一(yi)招(zhao)鮮(xian),吃遍天(tian)。
3.敢(gan)(gan)想敢(gan)(gan)干,敢(gan)(gan)為人先。
4.財散人聚(ju)(ju),財聚(ju)(ju)人散;取之有道,用(yong)之歡樂。
5.多(duo)(duo)看則清,多(duo)(duo)聽則明,多(duo)(duo)思則準(zhun),多(duo)(duo)干則成。
6.思路(lu)(lu)決定財路(lu)(lu),一(yi)切(qie)都是人(ren)為。
7.裁(cai)衣先(xian)(xian)量體,經商先(xian)(xian)摸底。
8.不摸行情休(xiu)開店。
9.常去同行看(kan)看(kan),生意不會清(qing)淡。
10.貴(gui)中(zhong)看(kan)賤,賤中(zhong)看(kan)貴(gui)。
11.先賣出手,后買入手。
12.豐年(nian)紙馬鋪,歉年(nian)糧食行。
13.兵以快勝,商以奇贏。
14.逆境(jing)(jing)看順(shun)境(jing)(jing),順(shun)境(jing)(jing)看逆境(jing)(jing)。順(shun)逆都來看,經(jing)商風險小(xiao)。
15.貧賤(jian)莫尋親,富貴莫露財(cai)。
16.道由(you)天定,事在(zai)人為。