北(bei)邙(mang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),又名北(bei)芒、邙(mang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、北(bei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、平(ping)逢(feng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、太平(ping)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、郟(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。北(bei)邙(mang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)海拔300米左(zuo)右,東(dong)西橫亙數百(bai)里(li),位于河南省(sheng)洛陽(yang)市北(bei),黃(huang)河南岸,是秦嶺山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)的余(yu)脈(mo),崤(yao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)支脈(mo)。據《河南府志》記載,自邙(mang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)之首白馬(ma)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),往西到神尾山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),凡三十三峰。經澠池、新安(an)、洛陽(yang)、孟津、偃師(shi)、鞏縣六縣,東(dong)西長(chang)三百(bai)八十余(yu)里(li)。
唐(tang)代詩人王建有詩云:“北(bei)邙山頭少閑土,盡是洛陽人舊墓(mu)”。白居(ju)易則(ze)留下了“何事(shi)不隨東洛水,誰家又葬(zang)北(bei)邙山”的(de)詩句。北(bei)邙山上,現存有秦(qin)相呂不韋墓(mu)、漢光(guang)武帝(di)劉秀(xiu)的(de)原陵、西(xi)晉司(si)馬氏、南朝(chao)陳后主(zhu)、南唐(tang)李(li)后主(zhu)陵墓(mu),以及唐(tang)朝(chao)詩人杜甫、大(da)書(shu)法家顏真(zhen)卿等(deng)歷代名人之墓(mu)。
北邙山帝(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)分(fen)西段(duan)(北魏(wei)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)區(qu))、中段(duan)(東(dong)(dong)(dong)周、東(dong)(dong)(dong)漢、后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)唐陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)區(qu))、東(dong)(dong)(dong)段(duan)(西晉(jin)(jin)、曹(cao)魏(wei)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)區(qu))和夾河段(duan)(東(dong)(dong)(dong)漢、西晉(jin)(jin)墓(mu)(mu)群)四區(qu)段(duan),目前已知在此埋葬著6代(dai)共24座帝(di)(di)王陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)。其(qi)中東(dong)(dong)(dong)周時(shi)期王墓(mu)(mu)8座,東(dong)(dong)(dong)漢帝(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)5座,曹(cao)魏(wei)帝(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)1座,西晉(jin)(jin)帝(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)5座,北魏(wei)帝(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)4座,五代(dai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)唐帝(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)1座。東(dong)(dong)(dong)漢帝(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為漢光武(wu)帝(di)(di)原陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、漢安(an)帝(di)(di)恭陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、漢順帝(di)(di)憲陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、漢沖帝(di)(di)懷陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、漢靈帝(di)(di)文陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling);曹(cao)魏(wei)帝(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為魏(wei)文帝(di)(di)首陽陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling);西晉(jin)(jin)帝(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為晉(jin)(jin)宣(xuan)(xuan)帝(di)(di)高原陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、晉(jin)(jin)景帝(di)(di)峻(jun)平陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、晉(jin)(jin)文帝(di)(di)崇陽陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、晉(jin)(jin)武(wu)帝(di)(di)峻(jun)陽陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、晉(jin)(jin)惠帝(di)(di)太(tai)陽陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling);北魏(wei)帝(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為孝文帝(di)(di)長陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、宣(xuan)(xuan)武(wu)帝(di)(di)景陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、孝明帝(di)(di)定(ding)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、孝莊帝(di)(di)靜陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling);后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)唐帝(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為明宗徽陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)。另(ling)外后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)唐閔帝(di)(di)李從厚、末(mo)帝(di)(di)李從珂陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、以(yi)及三國時(shi)期蜀(shu)代(dai)末(mo)主劉禪、南唐后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)主李煜、后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)蜀(shu)末(mo)主孟昶等(deng)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)也均在邙山陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)區(qu)內。
洛陽古(gu)代(dai)藝術博(bo)物館(guan)(guan)原名洛陽古(gu)墓博(bo)物館(guan)(guan),占(zhan)地面(mian)積(ji)130余畝(mu),建(jian)筑面(mian)積(ji)8200余平方米,由一(yi)(yi)組仿漢代(dai)建(jian)筑群和(he)一(yi)(yi)組仿北(bei)魏建(jian)筑群組成,1987年建(jian)成開放。其面(mian)積(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)、風(feng)格(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)別致、收(shou)集古(gu)墓年代(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)久、類型及數(shu)量之(zhi)(zhi)多均屬(shu)世界首位,是(shi)中國(guo)一(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)(da)奇觀。因此,洛陽古(gu)墓博(bo)物館(guan)(guan)既是(shi)我國(guo)目前較大(da)(da)(da)的古(gu)墓博(bo)物館(guan)(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi),也是(shi)世界上第一(yi)(yi)座古(gu)墓博(bo)物館(guan)(guan)。洛陽古(gu)代(dai)藝術博(bo)物館(guan)(guan)分為歷(li)代(dai)典型墓葬(zang)、北(bei)魏帝(di)王(wang)陵和(he)古(gu)代(dai)壁畫館(guan)(guan)三大(da)(da)(da)展(zhan)區。
上(shang)清宮(gong)(gong),道(dao)教(jiao)名觀,位于北邙(mang)(mang)山(shan)翠云峰上(shang),始(shi)建(jian)于唐代,初稱(cheng)老(lao)君廟。相(xiang)傳老(lao)子(zi)曾在北邙(mang)(mang)煉丹(dan),山(shan)上(shang)建(jian)有上(shang)清觀以奉祀老(lao)子(zi)。附近(jin)還有道(dao)教(jiao)寺觀呂祖庵、武則天避暑行宮(gong)(gong)、中清宮(gong)(gong)、下(xia)清宮(gong)(gong)等古建(jian)筑。唐宋時期(qi),每逢重陽(yang)佳節(jie),上(shang)北邙(mang)(mang)游(you)覽者絡(luo)繹不絕。唐朝(chao)詩人張(zhang)籍詩云:“人居(ju)朝(chao)市未解愁(chou),請(qing)君暫向北邙(mang)(mang)游(you)。”“邙(mang)(mang)山(shan)晚(wan)眺”被譽(yu)為“洛(luo)陽(yang)八景”之一。每當(dang)夕陽(yang)西(xi)下(xia),萬(wan)家燈火(huo),如同天上(shang)繁星,登阜(fu)遠望,伊洛(luo)二川之勝,盡收眼底(di)。
呂不韋(wei)(wei)墓,位(wei)于(yu)今(jin)河南省偃(yan)師市首陽(yang)山鎮。據(ju)《史記集解(jie)》記載:“呂不韋(wei)(wei)冢在河南洛(luo)陽(yang)北邙道西大冢是也(ye)。民傳言呂母(mu)冢。不韋(wei)(wei)妻先(xian)葬(zang),故其(qi)(qi)冢名呂母(mu)也(ye)。”公元(yuan)前235年,文信(xin)侯呂不韋(wei)(wei)死(si)去(qu),被其(qi)(qi)賓(bin)客偷(tou)偷(tou)安葬(zang)在洛(luo)陽(yang)北芒山。《史記·秦(qin)始皇本紀》載:“十二(er)年,文信(xin)侯不韋(wei)(wei)死(si),竊葬(zang)。”唐代司馬(ma)貞《史記索隱》云:“不韋(wei)(wei)飲鴆死(si),其(qi)(qi)賓(bin)客數千人竊共葬(zang)于(yu)洛(luo)陽(yang)北芒山。”
杜甫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)陵園位(wei)于北(bei)邙山邙嶺上,陵園占地(di)34畝,座北(bei)向南,主體(ti)建(jian)筑(zhu)有大(da)門樓、杜甫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)大(da)型雕(diao)像、雙層亭(ting)、詩(shi)圣碑(bei)林、杜甫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)墓、吟(yin)詩(shi)亭(ting)、望鄉(xiang)亭(ting)、草亭(ting)、獻殿(dian)等。唐(tang)大(da)歷五(wu)年(770年)杜甫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)病歿于行往岳(yue)陽(yang)(yang)的(de)湘江舟中(一說死于耒陽(yang)(yang)),因家人無力安葬(zang),靈柩厝于岳(yue)州(今(jin)湖南岳(yue)陽(yang)(yang))。元和八年(813年),其(qi)(qi)孫杜嗣業遵其(qi)(qi)父囑托,將(jiang)杜甫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)靈柩歸葬(zang)于先祖(zu)墓旁,即洛(luo)陽(yang)(yang)偃師城西首陽(yang)(yang)山。后又遷于鞏縣(xian)(鞏義市),杜甫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)兩個兒子宗(zong)文、宗(zong)武陪葬(zang)墓側,當地(di)群眾(zhong)稱“圣人三冢(zhong)”。
國(guo)家牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)園(yuan)又名中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)洛陽(yang)國(guo)家牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)基因(yin)庫,位于洛陽(yang)市(shi)邙(mang)山中(zhong)(zhong)溝西。占地(di)面積700畝(mu),其中(zhong)(zhong)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)觀(guan)賞園(yuan)分南園(yuan)和北園(yuan),面積500畝(mu),育(yu)苗200畝(mu),搜集國(guo)內(nei)(nei)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)園(yuan)藝品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)600余個,野生種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)6個,培育(yu)新(xin)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)72個,數量50余萬(wan)(wan)株,引進國(guo)外園(yuan)藝品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)100余個,數量5萬(wan)(wan)株。年繁殖九大(da)色(se)(se)系,品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)齊(qi)全,花大(da)色(se)(se)艷(yan)的優質商(shang)品(pin)(pin)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)30萬(wan)(wan)株,已成為野生牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)引種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)馴化(hua),新(xin)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)培育(yu)和商(shang)品(pin)(pin)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)繁殖的國(guo)內(nei)(nei)較大(da)生產基地(di)。
北邙(mang)山(shan)位于東亞地貌(mao)階(jie)梯低邊界帶(dai)上(shang),地處以風(feng)塵(chen)沉(chen)積為主的(de)黃(huang)土(tu)區向以風(feng)塵(chen)沉(chen)積與流(liu)水沉(chen)積共(gong)同作(zuo)用的(de)平原區的(de)過(guo)(guo)渡地帶(dai),是(shi)黃(huang)土(tu)高(gao)原與華(hua)北平原過(guo)(guo)渡帶(dai)上(shang)最東南緣的(de)黃(huang)土(tu)塬(yuan)。
北邙山地(di)勢(shi)起伏平(ping)緩,高敞而(er)空(kong)曠,中間高而(er)四周低,黃土土層(ceng)深(shen)厚(hou),黏結性好(hao),堅固致(zhi)密,滲水率低。
北邙山為東西走向,地形屬于低山黃土丘陵地帶,山上丘陵、崗地相間。其中西北的新安段地勢起伏較大,北坡陡峭,南坡較緩,嶺坡連綿,溝壑縱橫,地形切割嚴重。而孟津段、偃師段地勢起伏較為平緩。
北邙山(shan)(shan)是洛陽牡(mu)丹的原生地(di),陽春三月,北邙山(shan)(shan)遍山(shan)(shan)野(ye)花(hua)(hua)競相開放,如龍柏連翹(qiao)、牡(mu)丹、杜(du)鵑(juan)等。北邙山(shan)(shan)面(mian)對(dui)黃河,松柏碧草間多清泉流溪。北邙山(shan)(shan)地(di)勢高(gao),陽光照(zhao)射充足,晝夜溫(wen)差大,獨特的小氣候造就(jiu)了極適宜牡(mu)丹生長的自然條(tiao)件,所植(zhi)牡(mu)丹花(hua)(hua)朵(duo)大、花(hua)(hua)色艷、花(hua)(hua)期(qi)長,已形成了集科(ke)研、種(zhong)植(zhi)、觀(guan)賞、銷售于一體(ti)的牡(mu)丹產業。
北邙山(shan)的野生動物(wu)主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)草兔(tu)、蛇(she)等體積較小的獸類、爬(pa)行類、兩棲(qi)類等,鳥類較多常(chang)見的有(you)麻雀、石雞(ji)、貓頭(tou)鷹、啄木鳥等。昆蟲(chong)有(you)蝴蝶、蜻蜓、蟬、蜂、蠶(can)、蜈蚣(gong)、蜘蛛、蝎子、蝸牛、螢火蟲(chong)、金龜子等。