紅(hong)(hong)毛(mao)(mao)城(cheng)炮臺(tai)城(cheng)垣紅(hong)(hong)毛(mao)(mao)城(cheng)佇立在(zai)(zai)(zai)淡(dan)(dan)水街尾往淡(dan)(dan)海(hai)方向,高(gao)(gao)踞(ju)淡(dan)(dan)水河出海(hai)口的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)巔,迄今(jin)已(yi)超(chao)過三(san)(san)個半世紀歷(li)史(shi)(shi),是(shi)(shi)淡(dan)(dan)水最具歷(li)史(shi)(shi)意義的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu),也是(shi)(shi)一(yi)級古(gu)跡(ji)。由(you)西班牙(ya)駐軍(jun)于明崇(chong)禎二年(nian)(nian)(公元1629年(nian)(nian))所建(jian)(jian),作為(wei)(wei)傳教化民之地。后來荷蘭人將西班牙(ya)人逐出淡(dan)(dan)水,重新修(xiu)葺。當時(shi)臺(tai)灣(wan)人都(dou)稱荷蘭人為(wei)(wei)紅(hong)(hong)毛(mao)(mao),故(gu)名紅(hong)(hong)毛(mao)(mao)城(cheng)。以(yi)后又被英國(guo)人和(he)美國(guo)人占領(ling)。前后300多(duo)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)紅(hong)(hong)毛(mao)(mao)城(cheng)歷(li)史(shi)(shi),是(shi)(shi)淡(dan)(dan)水最具歷(li)史(shi)(shi)文(wen)化意義的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu),也是(shi)(shi)臺(tai)灣(wan)多(duo)年(nian)(nian)來的(de)(de)(de)滄桑縮影,現(xian)已(yi)列為(wei)(wei)臺(tai)灣(wan)一(yi)級文(wen)物古(gu)跡(ji)。 紅(hong)(hong)毛(mao)(mao)城(cheng)古(gu)炮紅(hong)(hong)毛(mao)(mao)城(cheng)古(gu)跡(ji)區概指主(zhu)樓(lou)(lou)、英領(ling)事館及南城(cheng)門等三(san)(san)處。主(zhu)樓(lou)(lou)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)呈正方形(xing),長寬各50米(mi)(mi),兩(liang)層高(gao)(gao)10米(mi)(mi),周(zhou)圍約7米(mi)(mi),外(wai)壁有(you)2米(mi)(mi)多(duo)厚,城(cheng)內有(you)1棟主(zhu)樓(lou)(lou)、別墅及樓(lou)(lou)間的(de)(de)(de)小宿舍;城(cheng)外(wai)有(you)4尊清(qing)朝嘉慶年(nian)(nian)間的(de)(de)(de)舊式大炮。四周(zhou)林木蒼郁,庭園幽(you)靜。具有(you)拱(gong)形(xing)回廊的(de)(de)(de)英國(guo)領(ling)事館就在(zai)(zai)(zai)旁邊(bian),外(wai)墻上(shang)仍可(ke)看見(jian)象(xiang)征英國(guo)維多(duo)利亞時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)薔薇飾磚,內部依舊時(shi)領(ling)事家居情形(xing)擺設,并(bing)陳列近代中(zhong)國(guo)對外(wai)關系、臺(tai)灣(wan)開發過程、淡(dan)(dan)水發展歷(li)史(shi)(shi)等有(you)關資(zi)料。城(cheng)頂(ding)的(de)(de)(de)觀望樓(lou)(lou),非常(chang)適合登(deng)高(gao)(gao)望遠。 由(you)堡內扶梯(ti)登(deng)臨(lin)城(cheng)上(shang),站在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)邊(bian),遠眺觀音(yin)山(shan)和(he)淡(dan)(dan)水,東望大屯諸峰,西望洶涌大海(hai),真(zhen)是(shi)(shi)風云萬千。而黃(huang)昏時(shi)分,滄海(hai)、落日(ri)及漸(jian)老紅(hong)(hong)樓(lou)(lou)將交映成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)美氣氛,風景(jing)令人叫(jiao)絕(jue),可(ke)以(yi)欣賞到難(nan)得的(de)(de)(de)“日(ri)落黃(huang)昏,滄海(hai)浴日(ri)”的(de)(de)(de)極佳(jia)景(jing)色(se)。早已(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)中(zhong)凝結成(cheng)淡(dan)(dan)水小鎮難(nan)以(yi)抹滅的(de)(de)(de)印記(ji)。
淡水紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)毛(mao)(mao)城(cheng)(cheng)全(quan)區分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)毛(mao)(mao)城(cheng)(cheng)及(ji)(ji)領(ling)事(shi)(shi)館(guan)兩部分(fen)(fen)。 紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)毛(mao)(mao)城(cheng)(cheng)古(gu)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)毛(mao)(mao)城(cheng)(cheng)主(zhu)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)前(qian)后歷經西(xi)班(ban)牙(ya)、荷蘭、明代(dai)、清(qing)代(dai)以及(ji)(ji)英(ying)(ying)(ying)國等數次不同(tong)使用(yong)(yong)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)修。由于(yu)所處的(de)(de)(de)(de)山坡(po)地(di)(di)形陡(dou)峭(qiao),可(ke)供建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)之(zhi)地(di)(di)有限,因而自初(chu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)至今都未曾移過(guo)。他的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎為(wei)(wei)西(xi)班(ban)牙(ya)人(ren)(ren)所奠。 紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)毛(mao)(mao)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao):為(wei)(wei)正(zheng)方(fang)(fang)形格局。適(shi)合防衛,地(di)(di)基深、墻(qiang)(qiang)壁厚,加(jia)上“外石內磚(zhuan)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)砌法,在(zai)古(gu)代(dai)可(ke)不畏炮(pao)火的(de)(de)(de)(de)攻擊,可(ke)能因地(di)(di)勢高(gao)(gao)(gao)聳(song),在(zai)荷蘭時代(dai)并(bing)沒有做突出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)碉堡(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao),而且把(ba)設有樓(lou)(lou)梯的(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)南角當作防衛的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)心,正(zheng)對著河口方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)。紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)毛(mao)(mao)城(cheng)(cheng)主(zhu)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)總高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)約十三公(gong)(gong)尺,內分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)上下(xia)二(er)(er)層樓(lou)(lou),內部采用(yong)(yong)半圓筒形的(de)(de)(de)(de)穹窿結(jie)構建(jian)(jian)(jian)造。底(di)層使用(yong)(yong)倆個并(bing)列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)穹窿,呈東(dong)西(xi)向(xiang);二(er)(er)樓(lou)(lou)亦使用(yong)(yong)倆個并(bing)列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)穹窿,方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)卻(que)轉(zhuan)為(wei)(wei)南北;上下(xia)樓(lou)(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)穹窿方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)相互(hu)垂直,讓(rang)主(zhu)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)更加(jia)穩固;此為(wei)(wei)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)毛(mao)(mao)城(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)之(zhi)最(zui)大(da)特色。底(di)樓(lou)(lou)分(fen)(fen)成(cheng)(cheng)四室,其(qi)中(zhong)兩間在(zai)英(ying)(ying)(ying)人(ren)(ren)整(zheng)修后做監牢(lao)之(zhi)用(yong)(yong),在(zai)清(qing)末,凡是(shi)在(zai)臺(tai)灣北部犯罪的(de)(de)(de)(de)英(ying)(ying)(ying)人(ren)(ren),經英(ying)(ying)(ying)國領(ling)事(shi)(shi)審判定(ding)罪后,階(jie)囚禁于(yu)此。二(er)(er)樓(lou)(lou)亦分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)四室,階(jie)作辦公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)用(yong)(yong)。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)穹窿頂部高(gao)(gao)(gao)達六公(gong)(gong)尺多,初(chu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)當年大(da)概做為(wei)(wei)守軍指揮官(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦公(gong)(gong)室。英(ying)(ying)(ying)國人(ren)(ren)進駐后,將(jiang)原先灰(hui)白色的(de)(de)(de)(de)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)毛(mao)(mao)城(cheng)(cheng),粉刷成(cheng)(cheng)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)特色墻(qiang)(qiang)身,還將(jiang)尖形屋頂改成(cheng)(cheng)平(ping)臺(tai)式(shi)(shi),在(zai)東(dong)北及(ji)(ji)西(xi)南角位置(zhi)增(zeng)設各有一(yi)懸吊出(chu)去(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)眺望小堡(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao),是(shi)以五組類似中(zhong)國式(shi)(shi)石雕斗拱(gong)(gong)作支撐。二(er)(er)樓(lou)(lou)南側外也增(zeng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)露(lu)臺(tai),露(lu)臺(tai)上同(tong)樣(yang)設有雉堞及(ji)(ji)槍眼(yan),居高(gao)(gao)(gao)臨(lin)下(xia)看守,以防止入侵者(zhe)侵擾。英(ying)(ying)(ying)國領(ling)事(shi)(shi)館(guan):位于(yu)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)毛(mao)(mao)城(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)側。是(shi)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)磚(zhuan)、拱(gong)(gong)廊的(de)(de)(de)(de)洋(yang)樓(lou)(lou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu),完全(quan)不同(tong)于(yu)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)毛(mao)(mao)城(cheng)(cheng)強硬、封閉的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)性格,精美的(de)(de)(de)(de)磚(zhuan)造建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu),英(ying)(ying)(ying)國建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)師設計(ji)、中(zhong)國技師施工,領(ling)事(shi)(shi)館(guan)運用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)國建(jian)(jian)(jian)材(cai),紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)磚(zhuan)樓(lou)(lou)、拱(gong)(gong)圈回(hui)廊、斜屋頂和(he)高(gao)(gao)(gao)臺(tai)階(jie)卻(que)成(cheng)(cheng)功地(di)(di)表。
(1)由(you)(you)臺北市塔(ta)城街搭往淡(dan)海(hai)的指南客運(yun),或由(you)(you)公園路(lu)搭往淡(dan)海(hai)的新店客運(yun),至淡(dan)專(zhuan)站(zhan)下(xia)車即(ji)到。
(2)自淡水(shui)捷運總(zong)站沿中山路往淡海方向約1千米。
自從(cong)十六世紀西(xi)方(fang)的(de)(de)新航路發現之后, 西(xi)歐的(de)(de)航海(hai)(hai)強權國家(jia)逐漸由(you)海(hai)(hai)路到東方(fang)尋求貿(mao)易利益。當時,荷(he)蘭(lan)(lan)與西(xi)班牙兩(liang)個國家(jia)分別登陸了臺灣,并(bing)劃(hua)定范圍實(shi)施統治(zhi)。荷(he)蘭(lan)(lan)人控制南部;而(er)西(xi)班牙人占有北部。為(wei)了鞏固統治(zhi)權力,他們都選擇港(gang)口要塞作(zuo)為(wei)據點,建造(zao)了防衛性極高的(de)(de)城堡。荷(he)蘭(lan)(lan)人于1624年(nian)在今(jin)天的(de)(de)安平(ping)(ping)及(ji)臺南市(shi)一帶,建造(zao)了“熱蘭(lan)(lan)遮城”。而(er)西(xi)班牙人則(ze)在1626年(nian)于北部雞籠(今(jin)基隆)外的(de)(de)社(she)寮島(dao)(今(jin)和平(ping)(ping)島(dao))上建造(zao)了“圣(sheng)薩爾瓦多城”(San Salvador),并(bing)于1628年(nian)1在滬尾(今(jin)淡(dan)水)建造(zao)了“圣(sheng)多明哥城”(San Domingo;依(yi)西(xi)班牙語應為(wei)Santo Domingo圣(sheng)特·多明哥),即今(jin)日(ri)的(de)(de)紅毛城。
1642年(nian),荷(he)蘭(lan)人(ren)北上,乘西班牙(ya)人(ren)有(you)事于呂(lv)宋,而(er)趁(chen)機攻占基隆,并“不戰而(er)下淡水(shui)之(zhi)城(cheng)”。之(zhi)后,荷(he)蘭(lan)人(ren)于1644年(nian)春天,由臺南運來建材和匠人(ren),對“圣多明(ming)哥城(cheng)”重新筑城(cheng),城(cheng)名“安東尼堡”。由于漢人(ren)稱荷(he)蘭(lan)人(ren)為(wei)“紅(hong)(hong)毛”、“紅(hong)(hong)夷”,此城(cheng)因(yin)而(er)被(bei)民間稱為(wei)“紅(hong)(hong)毛城(cheng)”。這(zhe)(zhe)次的重建非常重要(yao),現紅(hong)(hong)毛城(cheng)大部分為(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)次的遺物。
西(xi)班牙人將淡水作(zuo)為統治淡水河的中樞,1632年西(xi)班牙人進駐臺北(bei)盆地,降服沿河諸“番(fan)社”,辟淡水至(zhi)基隆之陸路(lu)(約今陽金公路(lu)),或航由基隆河通往基隆,并(bing)也(ye)擴及(ji)勢力至(zhi)新(xin)竹(zhu)一(yi)帶。而天主教(jiao)(jiao)神(shen)父也(ye)隨行(xing)到此宣(xuan)教(jiao)(jiao),建教(jiao)(jiao)堂教(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)番(fan)民。
荷(he)蘭人(ren)所記(ji)的(de)(de)(de)“巴達維亞城日記(ji)”文獻(xian)資料,較詳細(xi)地記(ji)錄(lu)了(le)當時的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)造(zao)情形。陳嘉文對于這次的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)建(jian),有以(yi)下這樣的(de)(de)(de)敘述:“荷(he)蘭人(ren)是在(zai)(zai)1644年(nian)5月(yue)7日破土動工(gong)(gong),奠下第一塊石頭。除了(le)石材(cai),還使用以(yi)船只遠道(dao)運來的(de)(de)(de)石灰(hui)(hui)與磚頭。石灰(hui)(hui)使用量(liang)非(fei)常大,達數千包之(zhi)多(duo)。建(jian)造(zao)時,除了(le)挖(wa)深地基外(wai),也使用穹窿式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)構造(zao),證明荷(he)人(ren)有決心要建(jian)造(zao)一座非(fei)常堅固的(de)(de)(de)城堡。據當時的(de)(de)(de)文獻(xian)紀(ji)錄(lu),工(gong)(gong)程甚為艱鉅,至(zhi)1645年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)底,因為下大雨無(wu)法如期完工(gong)(gong),故重(zhong)建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)紅毛城大約在(zai)(zai)1646年(nian)才全部(bu)完成。”
1662年鄭成功驅(qu)逐了南部之(zhi)荷蘭(lan)人,淡(dan)水(shui)之(zhi)荷蘭(lan)人見大(da)勢已(yi)去遂而撤走。后來,鄭氏(shi)因防(fang)清軍(jun)乘虛攻其(qi)(qi)北(bei)部,曾命左(zuo)武衛何佑(you)駐防(fang)淡(dan)水(shui),重修(xiu)(xiu)紅(hong)(hong)毛(mao)城(cheng)。鄭氏(shi)在1683年降清以后,紅(hong)(hong)毛(mao)城(cheng)則任其(qi)(qi)圮廢(fei)。清初(chu)葉,由(you)于北(bei)臺私墾者眾多,帶來了撫番、治(zhi)安和海防(fang)的需要,1724年淡(dan)水(shui)廳同(tong)知(zhi)王汧重修(xiu)(xiu)此城(cheng),增設城(cheng)墻和城(cheng)門(men)以強化防(fang)務。但由(you)于防(fang)守形勢的改變,紅(hong)(hong)毛(mao)城(cheng)漸漸失(shi)去防(fang)衛機能,年久無用而成廢(fei)墟。
紅毛城(cheng)遭到(dao)多年(nian)棄置,到(dao)1851年(nian)五口(kou)通(tong)商之后(hou),卻(que)有了(le)(le)轉(zhuan)機,開啟了(le)(le)臺(tai)灣近代(dai)史的(de)序幕,也(ye)開始了(le)(le)紅毛城(cheng)的(de)新生命。咸豐年(nian)間(jian)兩次英法聯(lian)軍(jun)之役,和各國陸續訂立了(le)(le)天津條約(yue)、北京條約(yue)等通(tong)商條約(yue),臺(tai)灣的(de)雞(ji)籠、淡水、安平、打狗四個港(gang)口(kou),乃被迫(po)辟(pi)為通(tong)商口(kou)岸(an)。17世紀的(de)航海強(qiang)權國荷蘭及(ji)西班牙,已被新興的(de)英國和法國所取(qu)代(dai)了(le)(le)。英國尤其注意臺(tai)灣島的(de)經濟利益,于(yu)是在開放的(de)各口(kou)岸(an)設立洋(yang)行及(ji)領事(shi)館。
在那段期間,英國在打狗(gou)、安平及(ji)淡(dan)水皆(jie)設有領(ling)事(shi)館。打狗(gou)的領(ling)事(shi)館建于(yu)1865年(nian),紅(hong)磚洋(yang)(yang)樓至(zhi)今尚(shang)存(cun),是臺灣(wan)現存(cun)的最(zui)古老洋(yang)(yang)樓。淡(dan)水方面(mian),由于(yu)當時北部的茶葉(xie)及(ji)樟腦(nao)輸出(chu)正盛,港口貿易(yi)額直(zhi)線(xian)上升。英國乃于(yu)1867年(nian)與清廷訂立“紅(hong)毛城(cheng)永(yong)久租(zu)約”,第(di)二年(nian)并將領(ling)事(shi)館辦事(shi)處設在紅(hong)毛城(cheng)內(nei)。當時居住在紅(hong)毛城(cheng)內(nei)的英國人約有十(shi)人。除(chu)了代理領(ling)事(shi)威廉·格里高利(William Gregory)外,尚(shang)有海關助理官員(yuan)數(shu)人及(ji)洋(yang)(yang)行商人。
日(ri)本在(zai)(zai)1895年(nian)(nian)(nian)占領臺灣(wan)島(dao)以后,英領事館曾向日(ri)本重(zhong)提租約(yue),于(yu)1912年(nian)(nian)(nian)獲同意(yi)。1941 年(nian)(nian)(nian)珍珠港事件后,日(ri)本人接收紅毛城直到1945年(nian)(nian)(nian)日(ri)本投降。翌(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)3月(yue),英人重(zhong)新復館直至1972年(nian)(nian)(nian),因為(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民黨當(dang)局與英國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)“斷交”的(de)(de)緣故(gu),英國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)撤館,并(bing)委托澳大利亞大使(shi)館代(dai)(dai)為(wei)管(guan)理。后來(lai)澳國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)再與國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民黨當(dang)局“斷交”,再托美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大使(shi)館代(dai)(dai)為(wei)管(guan)理,國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民黨當(dang)局與美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)“斷交”后再移交“美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)臺協會(hui)(hui)”代(dai)(dai)管(guan)。一直到1980年(nian)(nian)(nian),經由臺灣(wan)當(dang)局的(de)(de)奔走和教會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)斡旋(xuan),方在(zai)(zai)6月(yue)30日(ri)交回(hui)臺灣(wan)當(dang)局,再次(ci)整修后于(yu)1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)開(kai)放供(gong)民眾參(can)觀(guan)。
淡水河
淡(dan)水(shui)(shui)河(he)(he)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)臺(tai)(tai)灣(wan)第三(san)大河(he)(he)川(chuan),發(fa)源于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央山(shan)脈北(bei)端的品(pin)田山(shan),流(liu)域(yu)(yu)面積(ji)2726平方公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),河(he)(he)長(chang)158.7公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),主流(liu)上(shang)游為(wei)(wei)(wei)大漢(han)溪,新店溪及(ji)基隆(long)河(he)(he)二大支流(liu)蜿(wan)蜒(yan)經臺(tai)(tai)北(bei)地(di)區(qu)平地(di),分(fen)別(bie)于(yu)江子翠及(ji)關渡二地(di)匯合成本流(liu)后(hou)向西(xi)北(bei)流(liu),于(yu)淡(dan)水(shui)(shui)鎮油車口(kou)注入臺(tai)(tai)灣(wan)海(hai)峽。流(liu)域(yu)(yu)上(shang)游大漢(han)溪發(fa)源于(yu)品(pin)田山(shan),河(he)(he)長(chang)135公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),流(liu)域(yu)(yu)面積(ji)1163平方公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),水(shui)(shui)力蘊藏(zang)豐富(fu),目前已(yi)開發(fa)者有榮華壩、義興(xing)電廠(chang)與石(shi)門多目標水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)工(gong)程,為(wei)(wei)(wei)臺(tai)(tai)灣(wan)北(bei)部灌溉及(ji)公(gong)(gong)共給水(shui)(shui)之(zhi)樞紐;石(shi)門以(yi)下河(he)(he)床轉寬且平緩,淡(dan)水(shui)(shui)河(he)(he)航運全盛時期,舟楫曾航行至大漢(han)溪。淡(dan)水(shui)(shui)河(he)(he)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)包括臺(tai)(tai)北(bei)市、臺(tai)(tai)北(bei)縣(xian)大部份、桃園及(ji)新竹兩縣(xian)之(zhi)小部份;其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)臺(tai)(tai)北(bei)市為(wei)(wei)(wei)臺(tai)(tai)灣(wan)地(di)區(qu)政治及(ji)經濟文(wen)化中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心。而(er)北(bei)勢溪流(liu)域(yu)(yu)以(yi)坪林為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心,村落散(san)布于(yu)河(he)(he)口(kou)開闊處(chu),居(ju)(ju)民多以(yi)種茶、果園,或在山(shan)澗(jian)種田為(wei)(wei)(wei)生。基隆(long)河(he)(he)上(shang)游山(shan)區(qu)煤蘊藏(zang)量(liang)豐富(fu),自平溪至瑞芳間之(zhi)居(ju)(ju)民多以(yi)礦工(gong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)業。