寧武(wu)關(guan)是(shi)三(san)(san)關(guan)鎮守總(zong)兵駐(zhu)所(suo)所(suo)在地。關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)始建于明景泰元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1450年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),在明成(cheng)化、正德(de)、隆慶年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間,均(jun)有修(xiu)(xiu)繕。關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)雄(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)踞(ju)于恒(heng)山(shan)(shan)余(yu)脈的(de)(de)華蓋(gai)(gai)(gai)山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上,臨恢(hui)河,俯瞰東(dong)、西(xi)、南三(san)(san)面(mian),周(zhou)長(chang)(chang)2公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li),開東(dong)、西(xi)、南三(san)(san)門(men)。成(cheng)化二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1466年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))增(zeng)(zeng)修(xiu)(xiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周(zhou)圍約(yue)2公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li),基寬15米(mi),頂寬7.5米(mi),墻(qiang)(qiang)高約(yue)10米(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)、西(xi)、南三(san)(san)面(mian)開門(men)。成(cheng)化十(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1479年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),由巡撫魏(wei)紳主持,拓(tuo)廣(guang)關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),周(zhou)長(chang)(chang)3500多米(mi),加辟(pi)北(bei)門(men),建飛樓(lou)(lou)于其上,起名為(wei)(wei)鎮朔城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),南北(bei)較狹,東(dong)西(xi)為(wei)(wei)長(chang)(chang),關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周(zhou)長(chang)(chang)七里(li),呈長(chang)(chang)方形(xing),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)高大堅固(gu),四周(zhou)炮(pao)臺、敵樓(lou)(lou)星羅棋布。到弘(hong)治十(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1498年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)又被擴(kuo)展為(wei)(wei)周(zhou)圍約(yue)3.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)增(zeng)(zeng)高了(le)1.5米(mi),并(bing)加開了(le)北(bei)門(men),不過這時的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)仍為(wei)(wei)黃土夯筑,磚(zhuan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)是(shi)萬歷(li)三(san)(san)十(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1606年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))包砌(qi)的(de)(de)。萬歷(li)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間,在全(quan)部用青磚(zhuan)包砌(qi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)同時,還修(xiu)(xiu)建了(le)東(dong)西(xi)2座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)樓(lou)(lou),在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)華蓋(gai)(gai)(gai)山(shan)(shan)頂修(xiu)(xiu)筑了(le)一(yi)座巍峨聳峙的(de)(de)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墩,墩上筑有一(yi)座三(san)(san)層重樓(lou)(lou),名為(wei)(wei)華蓋(gai)(gai)(gai)樓(lou)(lou)。關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不僅與內長(chang)(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相連(lian),而且在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)還修(xiu)(xiu)筑了(le)一(yi)條長(chang)(chang)達二十(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)的(de)(de)邊(bian)墻(qiang)(qiang)。寧武(wu)據鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)凰山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)北(bei),傳說由鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)凰所(suo)變,故有“鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)凰城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稱,遇敵侵犯可(ke)神奇地飛走。但見城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池猶如鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)身(shen),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)華蓋(gai)(gai)(gai)山(shan)(shan)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墩酷似鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)首(shou),東(dong)西(xi)延伸的(de)(de)兩(liang)堡儼然鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)翅,南城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)迎薰樓(lou)(lou),正如高翹的(de)(de)鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)尾。雄(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)居城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)鼓(gu)樓(lou)(lou),堪(kan)稱鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)凰的(de)(de)心臟,使(shi)人產(chan)生美妙的(de)(de)聯想。萬歷(li)末年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),增(zeng)(zeng)高城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang),加以(yi)磚(zhuan)包,關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)更(geng)為(wei)(wei)堅固(gu)雄(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)壯。
當(dang)時(shi)為(wei)(wei)了(le)抵(di)御蒙古的進攻(gong),在北(bei)方不斷設險置關(guan)、修筑防(fang)線(xian)(xian),形(xing)成了(le)外邊(bian)與內邊(bian)。而(er)內邊(bian)者(zhe),就是指(zhi)西起山(shan)西偏(pian)關(guan)縣,經(jing)神池、寧(ning)武、代縣、朔縣、河(he)北(bei)蔚縣等(deng)地,抵(di)河(he)北(bei)延慶縣的內線(xian)(xian)長城,蜿蜒1000多(duo)公里。在這條防(fang)線(xian)(xian)上(shang),創關(guan)設堡,駐(zhu)守軍隊。在河(he)北(bei)境內者(zhe),沿線(xian)(xian)設紫(zi)荊、倒馬、居庸(yong)三關(guan),稱為(wei)(wei)內三關(guan)。在山(shan)西境內,設偏(pian)頭、寧(ning)武、雁門三關(guan),稱為(wei)(wei)外三關(guan)。外三關(guan)之(zhi)中(zhong),偏(pian)頭為(wei)(wei)極(ji)邊(bian),雁門為(wei)(wei)沖(chong)要(yao),而(er)寧(ning)武介二關(guan)之(zhi)中(zhong),控扼(e)內邊(bian)之(zhi)首,形(xing)勢尤(you)為(wei)(wei)重(zhong)要(yao)。故《邊(bian)防(fang)考》上(shang)說:“以重(zhong)兵駐(zhu)此,東可(ke)以衛雁門,西可(ke)以援(yuan)偏(pian)關(guan),北(bei)可(ke)以應云朔,蓋地利得勢。”
寧武(wu)關是(shi)三關中(zhong)歷代戰(zhan)爭最(zui)為(wei)頻繁的(de)關口。當時(shi)北方游(you)(you)(you)牧(mu)民(min)(min)族南(nan)下(xia),必經三關。偏關由于有(you)(you)黃河(he)作為(wei)天險,只有(you)(you)冬(dong)季匈奴的(de)騎(qi)(qi)兵(bing)才(cai)可(ke)以(yi)踏冰而過(guo),而雁門(men)以(yi)山為(wei)天險,騎(qi)(qi)兵(bing)難(nan)以(yi)突(tu)破(po)。寧武(wu)關所靠的(de)恢(hui)河(he)是(shi)季節(jie)性河(he)流,在(zai)恢(hui)河(he)斷流的(de)季節(jie),匈奴騎(qi)(qi)兵(bing)就(jiu)沿河(he)谷揮師南(nan)進(jin)(jin),直抵(di)關下(xia),當時(shi)恢(hui)河(he)河(he)谷可(ke)容(rong)“十騎(qi)(qi)并進(jin)(jin)”,所以(yi)大多(duo)數時(shi)候,寧武(wu)關成為(wei)游(you)(you)(you)牧(mu)民(min)(min)族和農(nong)耕民(min)(min)族交戰(zhan)的(de)主要戰(zhan)場(chang)。歷史上因鮮(xian)卑、突(tu)厥、契丹(dan)、蒙古等游(you)(you)(you)牧(mu)民(min)(min)族南(nan)下(xia)掠擄(lu),經常選擇寧武(wu)關為(wei)突(tu)破(po)口,所以(yi)在(zai)很多(duo)歷史時(shi)期,這(zhe)里(li)的(de)戰(zhan)爭幾乎連年(nian)(nian)不斷。在(zai)寧武(wu)關千百年(nian)(nian)來(lai)的(de)戰(zhan)爭紀錄中(zhong),最(zui)后一場(chang)大仗發生在(zai)明末崇禎年(nian)(nian)間。
當北(bei)同蒲鐵(tie)路(lu)線(xian)上北(bei)上的(de)(de)列車(che)像一(yi)條巨龍一(yi)樣,由煤鄉軒崗西北(bei)的(de)(de)崇山(shan)峻嶺中(zhong)穿越(yue)而過之(zhi)后,眼前,一(yi)座現代化的(de)(de)小(xiao)城(cheng)便出現在(zai)(zai)鐵(tie)路(lu)線(xian)西的(de)(de)河(he)谷(gu)中(zhong),這就是古代的(de)(de)晉北(bei)重鎮(zhen)——寧(ning)武關的(de)(de)所在(zai)(zai)地。寧(ning)武關故址就是今山(shan)西省(sheng)寧(ning)武縣城(cheng),當呂梁(liang)山(shan)脈北(bei)支(zhi)蘆芽(ya)山(shan)和(he)云中(zhong)山(shan)交會的(de)(de)谷(gu)口。谷(gu)口寬廣(guang),敞向北(bei)面的(de)(de)朔縣盆地。三面環山(shan),北(bei)倚內長城(cheng),深居于(yu)四(si)面屏蔽的(de)(de)腹地,形(xing)勢穩固,易(yi)守(shou)難攻。這里處于(yu)大同、朔縣聯合盆地的(de)(de)南(nan)(nan)緣(yuan),地形(xing)高(gao)亢。山(shan)西省(sheng)內兩條大河(he)桑干(gan)河(he)和(he)汾河(he)即源(yuan)于(yu)此(ci),分流(liu)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)。東西兩面又有滹沱河(he)、黃河(he)的(de)(de)支(zhi)流(liu)由此(ci)流(liu)出。因此(ci),這里雖(sui)是山(shan)區,卻具路(lu)通四(si)方之(zhi)利,交通方便。由此(ci)北(bei)上可(ke)到(dao)大同,南(nan)(nan)下(xia)可(ke)達(da)太(tai)原。
寧武關,在今寧武縣城區(qu)。始建于明代中(zhong)期,為萬(wan)里長城上的重(zhong)要關隘,地勢險(xian)要,因其地處“三關”中(zhong)路,素有“北屏大同,南扼太原,西應偏關,東援雁門”的戰略作用。
明代(dai)在中國歷史(shi)上(shang)是(shi)一個很難用一句話概括的朝(chao)代(dai)。從推翻元朝(chao)開始,明朝(chao)就不(bu)(bu)斷與(yu)北(bei)(bei)方少數民族征(zheng)戰(zhan)。先是(shi)蒙(meng)古,最(zui)后(hou)亡(wang)于(yu)清(qing)。朱元璋建(jian)國之初,深(shen)知國力(li)衰弱,而(er)(er)又(you)(you)沒能將“大元”殘余勢(shi)力(li)掃清(qing)。于(yu)是(shi)派遣朱棣駐北(bei)(bei),從戰(zhan)略(lve)上(shang)來說(shuo)就是(shi)遏制蒙(meng)古入侵(qin)。而(er)(er)燕王(wang)征(zheng)南之后(hou),可能源于(yu)奪了(le)侄子帝位而(er)(er)愧(kui)對祖先,于(yu)是(shi)遷都北(bei)(bei)京(jing)。然而(er)(er)這個遷都的舉動,卻(que)將大明王(wang)朝(chao)的中心近(jin)距離地展現(xian)在蒙(meng)古面(mian)前。于(yu)是(shi)朱棣在永樂十(shi)年以(yi)后(hou)開始北(bei)(bei)征(zheng)。五次北(bei)(bei)征(zheng)之后(hou),除前兩次有所斬獲外,其余多為(wei)勞民傷財(cai),使得剛(gang)剛(gang)恢(hui)復的經(jing)濟又(you)(you)背上(shang)了(le)沉重的包袱,為(wei)后(hou)世子孫留下了(le)長久不(bu)(bu)息的戰(zhan)爭隱患。
明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)憲(xian)(xian)宗(zong)朱見深(shen)是(shi)朱棣之(zhi)后明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)代(dai)不多幾個有些作為的(de)(de)(de)皇(huang)帝之(zhi)一。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)朝代(dai)建立寧(ning)武(wu)關(guan)其實(shi)是(shi)有特殊含義的(de)(de)(de)。明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)憲(xian)(xian)宗(zong)的(de)(de)(de)父親(qin)就是(shi)創(chuang)造(zao)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)生擒“奇跡(ji)”的(de)(de)(de)魯莽皇(huang)帝明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)英(ying)宗(zong)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)英(ying)宗(zong)時(shi),當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)蒙古在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)漠北的(de)(de)(de)勢力已經一分為二,瓦(wa)剌(la)(la)與(yu)韃靼,瓦(wa)剌(la)(la)強(qiang)大(da)(da)了起來,并不斷(duan)騷擾(rao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)朝的(de)(de)(de)北邊(bian)。太(tai)監王(wang)振鼓(gu)動英(ying)宗(zong)對瓦(wa)剌(la)(la)御駕親(qin)征,但是(shi)準備不足,糧(liang)餉(xiang)接濟不足,前(qian)線(xian)屢屢失敗。形勢不好,英(ying)宗(zong)撤軍(jun),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)懷(huai)來城外的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)木堡被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)包圍。全軍(jun)覆沒(mei),英(ying)宗(zong)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)俘。為了避免被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)瓦(wa)剌(la)(la)威脅,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)臣于(yu)謙的(de)(de)(de)倡(chang)議下(xia)立英(ying)宗(zong)弟弟朱祁(qi)鈺為帝,年號景泰。隨后朱見深(shen)太(tai)子(zi)位(wei)(wei)置被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)廢。“奪門之(zhi)變”后,他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)太(tai)子(zi)之(zhi)位(wei)(wei)也失而(er)復得。然(ran)(ran)而(er)這樣的(de)(de)(de)經歷,使他(ta)精神(shen)壓力非常大(da)(da),朱見深(shen)繼(ji)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)第二年改(gai)年號為“成(cheng)化”,而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)成(cheng)化三年就建立寧(ning)武(wu)關(guan),希(xi)望明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)王(wang)朝不要(yao)重蹈覆轍,防(fang)患于(yu)未(wei)然(ran)(ran)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)此之(zhi)后,寧(ning)武(wu)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)御功(gong)能(neng)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)發揮到淋漓盡致,有效的(de)(de)(de)擋住了蒙古的(de)(de)(de)入侵。
明正德八年(1513)蒙(meng)古(gu)騎兵(bing)從(cong)大同南下,進攻寧武關,企(qi)圖由此進入(ru)晉中(zhong)。守關官(guan)兵(bing)奮起抵抗,打敗蒙(meng)古(gu)兵(bing),保(bao)衛了晉中(zhong)的(de)(de)安全(quan)。寧武關的(de)(de)創設、加(jia)固以及沿(yan)關防(fang)戍(shu)的(de)(de)修(xiu)筑,將(jiang)偏頭、雁門、寧武三關連(lian)為一(yi)線,有(you)效地加(jia)強了明朝北部(bu)邊防(fang),在相當(dang)時期內(nei),保(bao)障了三晉人民的(de)(de)安全(quan)。
當(dang)時(shi)(shi)關防的(de)(de)設置,不僅有警邊(bian)御敵(di)的(de)(de)意(yi)圖(tu),同時(shi)(shi)也有防止和(he)鎮壓國(guo)內反(fan)抗的(de)(de)意(yi)圖(tu)。由(you)于前幾任皇帝(di)的(de)(de)橫征(zheng)暴斂,以及(ji)對于蒙(meng)古(gu)的(de)(de)多(duo)次用兵,到了崇禎皇帝(di)期間(jian),國(guo)庫空虛(xu)。而此時(shi)(shi)蒙(meng)古(gu)勢(shi)力逐漸弱小,滿(man)洲勢(shi)力大(da)增。為取(qu)得戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)勝利(li),崇禎皇帝(di)加征(zheng)兵餉。朝(chao)廷征(zheng)一(yi)(yi)分,官(guan)員(yuan)征(zheng)十分。在(zai)朝(chao)野腐敗的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下,激起了民變,李自成(cheng)從陜北(bei)起義。在(zai)對大(da)明朝(chao)的(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)中,寧武(wu)一(yi)(yi)戰(zhan)(zhan)非(fei)常慘烈。寧武(wu)破則北(bei)京危險。因此在(zai)此戰(zhan)(zhan)上,雙方都拼(pin)盡全力。明末這里曾發生過一(yi)(yi)場極其重要的(de)(de)大(da)戰(zhan)(zhan)。但攻關的(de)(de)卻(que)不是(shi)來自北(bei)方的(de)(de)入侵(qin),而是(shi)來自后方的(de)(de)攻擊(ji)。
當(dang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)末農民(min)起(qi)(qi)(qi)義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)暴席卷陜(shan)、晉大(da)(da)(da)地時,寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武關(guan)(guan)(guan)又(you)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)抵御李自(zi)(zi)成(cheng)農民(min)起(qi)(qi)(qi)義軍(jun)北(bei)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堡壘。公元1644年初,李自(zi)(zi)成(cheng)在(zai)西安(an)稱王后,隨即(ji)率大(da)(da)(da)軍(jun)北(bei)渡黃(huang)河(he),取道山西進行(xing)北(bei)伐。起(qi)(qi)(qi)義軍(jun)一(yi)(yi)路(lu)勢如(ru)(ru)破(po)竹(zhu)(zhu),很(hen)快便攻(gong)占了(le)(le)太原。當(dang)向北(bei)攻(gong)克雁門關(guan)(guan)(guan)準備攻(gong)擊(ji)大(da)(da)(da)同時,發現明(ming)(ming)(ming)軍(jun)在(zai)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武關(guan)(guan)(guan)聚集了(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)批軍(jun)隊(dui),有側擊(ji)起(qi)(qi)(qi)義軍(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企圖。當(dang)時李自(zi)(zi)成(cheng)由于(yu)曾經在(zai)羅城(cheng)(cheng)吃過周遇吉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敗仗,認為(wei)(wei)他是一(yi)(yi)塊硬(ying)骨頭,是有些害(hai)怕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。所(suo)以準備放棄(qi)攻(gong)打(da)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武關(guan)(guan)(guan),繞城(cheng)(cheng)而走,直(zhi)取大(da)(da)(da)同,盡(jin)快攻(gong)擊(ji)北(bei)京皇城(cheng)(cheng),然(ran)(ran)后再攻(gong)擊(ji)無援(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武。后來在(zai)軍(jun)師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勸說(shuo)下,以及寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武關(guan)(guan)(guan)在(zai)三關(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)相互策應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)位(wei)置(zhi),李自(zi)(zi)又(you)返身南(nan)下,奮戰七(qi)晝(zhou)夜(ye)以慘(can)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代價擊(ji)敗鎮守(shou)雁門關(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三關(guan)(guan)(guan)總兵(bing)周遇吉,為(wei)(wei)奪取北(bei)京掃(sao)清(qing)了(le)(le)障礙(ai)。如(ru)(ru)今在(zai)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武恢河(he)東岸,仍有周遇吉之墓,為(wei)(wei)磚(zhuan)石所(suo)筑。這一(yi)(yi)戰整(zheng)整(zheng)打(da)了(le)(le)七(qi)個(ge)晝(zhou)夜(ye),起(qi)(qi)(qi)義軍(jun)經血戰最終破(po)城(cheng)(cheng)全殲了(le)(le)守(shou)關(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)明(ming)(ming)(ming)軍(jun),但打(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卻(que)十分艱苦(ku)。這一(yi)(yi)戰也(ye)充(chong)分見證了(le)(le)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武關(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)險(xian)(xian)要(yao)和堅固。也(ye)正是因(yin)為(wei)(wei)這一(yi)(yi)戰,堅定了(le)(le)崇(chong)禎誓(shi)不(bu)南(nan)遷(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決心。他認為(wei)(wei)憑借層(ceng)層(ceng)險(xian)(xian)關(guan)(guan)(guan)足可(ke)阻擋(dang)起(qi)(qi)(qi)義軍(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)攻(gong)勢,可(ke)從(cong)容等待(dai)各路(lu)勤王之師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)到(dao)來。但他怎么也(ye)想不(bu)到(dao),自(zi)(zi)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武大(da)(da)(da)戰之后,大(da)(da)(da)同、宣化、居庸關(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三處守(shou)軍(jun),以及調(diao)去(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)援(yuan)軍(jun),竟然(ran)(ran)全部不(bu)戰而降(jiang)。層(ceng)層(ceng)險(xian)(xian)關(guan)(guan)(guan)要(yao)塞全成(cheng)了(le)(le)擺設,致使起(qi)(qi)(qi)義軍(jun)一(yi)(yi)路(lu)長驅直(zhi)入,迅(xun)速包圍了(le)(le)北(bei)京城(cheng)(cheng)。在(zai)那場(chang)勢如(ru)(ru)破(po)竹(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農民(min)起(qi)(qi)(qi)義中(zhong),農民(min)軍(jun)在(zai)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武竟然(ran)(ran)苦(ku)戰七(qi)晝(zhou)夜(ye),付(fu)出了(le)(le)慘(can)重(zhong)(zhong)代價,以至(zhi)于(yu)到(dao)處開倉(cang)放糧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)李自(zi)(zi)成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)怒之下火燒寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武關(guan)(guan)(guan),說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)了(le)(le)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武關(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堅固與險(xian)(xian)要(yao),如(ru)(ru)此慘(can)烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰爭也(ye)說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)了(le)(le)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武關(guan)(guan)(guan)在(zai)軍(jun)事地理位(wei)置(zhi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)作用,寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武關(guan)(guan)(guan)也(ye)因(yin)此聞(wen)名天下。寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武關(guan)(guan)(guan)見證明(ming)(ming)(ming)王朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衰敗,其實(shi)某(mou)種程度上不(bu)也(ye)說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming):真正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)口不(bu)在(zai)外形(xing),而更(geng)在(zai)人(ren)心。
在現(xian)代戰爭(zheng)中,寧武(wu)也是戰略要地。抗日(ri)戰爭(zheng)時期,寧武(wu)為(wei)晉西(xi)北抗日(ri)根據地的(de)一(yi)部分(fen)(fen)。1938年(nian),日(ri)偽軍一(yi)萬余人(ren)分(fen)(fen)四路(lu)圍攻晉西(xi)北根據地,并占領了(le)寧武(wu)等(deng)七縣城。八路(lu)軍120師(shi)(shi)采取集中兵力(li)各(ge)個(ge)擊(ji)破的(de)策略,首先擊(ji)敗其它各(ge)地的(de)敵(di)人(ren),然后以主(zhu)力(li)在寧武(wu)外圍活動(dong),切斷敵(di)軍歸路(lu),并以一(yi)部分(fen)(fen)緊逼寧武(wu)城。這時寧武(wu)之敵(di)便在從陽方口南下敵(di)人(ren)的(de)接應(ying)下,棄城北竄,120師(shi)(shi)予以沉重打(da)擊(ji),終于收復了(le)寧武(wu)城。在1940年(nian)的(de)百團大(da)戰中,八路(lu)軍120師(shi)(shi)曾以截(jie)斷同蒲路(lu)北段交(jiao)通為(wei)目的(de),以主(zhu)力(li)破擊(ji)寧武(wu)——軒崗段,在寧武(wu)、忻州展開(kai)破擊(ji)戰,有力(li)地打(da)擊(ji)了(le)日(ri)本侵(qin)略軍。現(xian)今山西(xi)南北交(jiao)通大(da)動(dong)脈同蒲鐵路(lu)從寧武(wu)關穿(chuan)過(guo),又有公(gong)路(lu)通向(xiang)四方。這里仍為(wei)晉北的(de)交(jiao)通要地。
清朝建(jian)立(li)以(yi)后,因(yin)為與蒙古的(de)和(he)睦關(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi),寧(ning)武關(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)要沖、防御作(zuo)用基本(ben)喪失(shi),成了祥(xiang)和(he)的(de)聚居之地,遂將關(guan)(guan)(guan)城(cheng)改為府城(cheng)。其防御設施和(he)內長(chang)城(cheng)也逐漸廢棄,成為了還尚可辨認的(de)遺跡(ji)。現存(cun)關(guan)(guan)(guan)城(cheng)舊址范圍分西關(guan)(guan)(guan)和(he)東關(guan)(guan)(guan)兩(liang)部分,城(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)依山(shan)勢而建(jian),十分壯觀。據(ju)史書記載,明弘治十一(yi)年(nian)(1498)擴城(cheng)七里。萬歷三十四年(nian)(1606)城(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)砌磚,周長(chang)3567米(mi)。城(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu)樓(lou)為寧(ning)武關(guan)(guan)(guan)代表性建(jian)筑(zhu)。周圍烽火(huo)臺峙(zhi)立(li),氣勢雄偉。寧(ning)武關(guan)(guan)(guan)城(cheng)筑(zhu)于(yu)呂梁山(shan)脈(mo)北部支脈(mo)的(de)山(shan)口,周長(chang)3.5公里余(yu),襟山(shan)帶水,地形險要,今(jin)已傾圮,兩(liang)側(ce)山(shan)上的(de)內長(chang)城(cheng)遺跡(ji)尚存(cun)。今(jin)除存(cun)極少的(de)零星(xing)夯土殘墻(qiang)(qiang)外,基本(ben)上全已被拆毀(hui),只剩下(xia)位于(yu)城(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)心的(de)一(yi)座(zuo)鼓(gu)(gu)樓(lou)在(zai)春風里笑傲紅塵,留下(xia)滄桑歷史的(de)裊(niao)裊(niao)余(yu)音,至今(jin)尚保存(cun)良好。
寧武(wu)關鼓樓(lou)(lou),位于今寧武(wu)縣城人民大街,平面布局(ju)基(ji)本呈正方形,此樓(lou)(lou)下座為磚砌券拱十字穿(chuan)心洞,樓(lou)(lou)為三(san)層三(san)檐(yan)木結構歇山頂式建筑,通高30余米,氣勢宏偉,為省重點文物(wu)保護單位。鼓樓(lou)(lou)內的文物(wu)陳列中(zhong),有寧武(wu)縣古寺出土,當年修筑長城時用(yong)過的大水缸和戍守(shou)長城的將士們使用(yong)過的各種(zhong)兵器。
陽方(fang)(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)是明長(chang)(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)山(shan)(shan)西關(guan)隘。位于(yu)山(shan)(shan)西省寧(ning)武縣北約(yue)13公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li).陽方(fang)(fang)(fang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)重要口(kou)(kou)(kou)舊(jiu)為九牛(niu)口(kou)(kou)(kou)。長(chang)(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)過恢河地段(duan),原(yuan)建有(you)九孔石橋(qiao)一(yi)座,與兩(liang)側(ce)長(chang)(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)銜接,每個橋(qiao)孔內又有(you)一(yi)鐵(tie)(tie)牛(niu)鎮(zhen)(zhen)守。后(hou)鐵(tie)(tie)牛(niu)被(bei)水(shui)沖走,橋(qiao)亦(yi)坍塌,更今名。陽方(fang)(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)堡(bao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),東(dong)靠長(chang)(chang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)山(shan)(shan),西傍(bang)恢河,為明嘉靖(jing)十八年(1539)巡撫陳講所筑,萬歷四年(1576)增修。堡(bao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周(zhou)1公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)左右。有(you)“山(shan)(shan)西鎮(zhen)(zhen)中(zhong)路(lu)第一(yi)沖口(kou)(kou)(kou)”之稱。顧祖禹在《讀史方(fang)(fang)(fang)輿紀要》中(zhong)論(lun)述陽方(fang)(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)堡(bao)戰略地位時說(shuo):“大(da)同(tong)有(you)事,以(yi)重兵駐此,東(dong)可(ke)以(yi)衛(wei)雁門,西可(ke)以(yi)援偏關(guan),北可(ke)以(yi)應云朔,蓋地利得(de)也。’現陽方(fang)(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)亦(yi)為晉西北、大(da)同(tong)、大(da)原(yuan)的(de)交(jiao)通樞(shu)紐。北有(you)同(tong)蒲、寧(ning)苛兩(liang)條鐵(tie)(tie)路(lu),還有(you)忻州至(zhi)保(bao)德,崞陽至(zhi)偏關(guan),水(shui)泉(quan)、陽方(fang)(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)至(zhi)平魯(lu)等三(san)條公(gong)(gong)路(lu)干線通過。陽方(fang)(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)長(chang)(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)今已(yi)殘毀,尚(shang)存(cun)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北磚(zhuan)(zhuan)券拱門,用橫木(mu)支撐著,供(gong)行人來(lai)往。陽方(fang)(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)西的(de)長(chang)(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)存(cun)夯土殘墻和土筑墩臺。陽方(fang)(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)東(dong)長(chang)(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)尚(shang)存(cun)部分磚(zhuan)(zhuan)砌墻體,井有(you)三(san)座磚(zhuan)(zhuan)砌空心敵樓保(bao)存(cun)較(jiao)好。
古長(chang)城(cheng):在樓子山(shan)上有古長(chang)城(cheng)遺跡,明正德中,兵備(bei)張鳳羾(gong)立(li)石山(shan)下(xia),曰“紫(zi)塞長(chang)城(cheng)”,或疑為六國趙時所(suo)筑之舊。
古(gu)襄陽城:《太(tai)原(yuan)志》云:“在(zai)靜樂縣(xian)北(bei)九十里,古(gu)寧化軍南。”遺址微(wei)在(zai)。
林溪鎮城:在林溪山(shan)下,世傳隋煬帝避暑處(chu),金(jin)天(tian)會間,即其地(di)改為圣壽寺。
隋汾陽宮(gong):在(zai)縣西(xi)南六(liu)十里,即林(lin)溪鎮城處。
古(gu)樓煩關:在寧化(hua)南,靜樂界(jie)。
天池(chi)故城、元(yuan)池(chi)故城:并李克(ke)用表置者(zhe)。
汾陽故(gu)縣、六(liu)度故(gu)縣:上并唐筑(zhu)。
用武池:高齊于此(ci)大(da)蒐,因(yin)名。《崞縣志》稱:在(zai)寧武關。《魏(wei)志》云:疑即天池是。
天池監(jian)牧(mu)、元池監(jian)牧(mu)、樓煩(fan)(fan)監(jian)牧(mu):并唐時置,使牧(mu)馬處。自樓煩(fan)(fan)關(guan)以下,今皆無(wu)跡(ji)。
橐(tuo)蓮(lian)(lian)臺:在縣東北(bei)二十五里。《二鎮三關志(zhi)》云:“今陽方口河(he)西高山(shan)謂之‘橐(tuo)蓮(lian)(lian)臺’,世傳宋(song)王侁望楊業兵(bing)處(chu)。”《朔州志(zhi)》亦載之,唯《崞(guo)縣志(zhi)》但(dan)記臺名,不言(yan)王侁事。考元魏(wei)滅(mie)赫連(lian)氏(shi),遷其子(zi)孫散處(chu)雁門、代,北(bei)依(yi)山(shan)谷以居,故其地(di)有赫連(lian)臺,所云橐(tuo)蓮(lian)(lian)或是赫連(lian)之訛。
宋摩崖(ya)題(ti)名(ming):在(zai)樓子山崖(ya),題(ti)云:元佑缺年秋(qiu)七月己(ji)卯,文思(si)。副使知寧化軍事太原王(wang)余、應定(ding)山與前朝奉郎通判軍事汝南趙審道同(tong)游樓子山,飲于漏崖(ya)之(zhi)足(zu),以(yi)觀汾水之(zhi)源。酒酣,公為安(an)懿王(wang)泠(ling)瓏(long)之(zhi)琹,以(yi)撫秋(qiu)思(si)之(zhi)美,既闕(que),而奏雪中松之(zhi)曲。是行也,部吏(li)劉(liu)喜(xi)、王(wang)錫、魏廓、陸(lu)思(si)誠、鞏裕、李昌言、秋(qiu)球(qiu)、榆次尉石伯倫預(yu)焉,洛陽鞏裕書。右依《魏志》書之(zhi)“為安(an)懿王(wang)泠(ling)”,五字疑筆跡(ji)稍(shao)泐(le),文有訛隱,若“王(wang)”當(dang)為“玉”,“泠(ling)”當(dang)為“玲”,余三字則(ze)未詳也。
寧武府屬
在郡(jun)城中少東(dong)北七百(bai)戶街,負山臨逵,地勢(shi)高爽。雍正(zheng)四年(1726年),知(zhi)府(fu)郎(lang)瀚(han)建,即(ji)故寧武道(dao)署之舊,改創為(wei)(wei)(wei)之府(fu)。經(jing)歷謝廷恕董其事,署成規(gui)局(ju),宏整門(men)(men)(men)(men)屏(ping),東(dong)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)兩坊(fang)翼(yi)之,坊(fang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)高廣,太守車(che)騎所出入(ru)也;循(xun)坊(fang)列柵,以禁行者,柵周方寬(kuan)闊,中容吏士數百(bai)人(ren)。大(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)三(san)(san)(san)楹(ying),正(zheng)南(nan)面(mian)啟(qi),入(ru)為(wei)(wei)(wei)儀(yi)門(men)(men)(men)(men),自(zi)(zi)儀(yi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)入(ru),為(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang),堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)前(qian)有(you)抱廈堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang),左(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)兵餉(xiang)庫,右(you)為(wei)(wei)(wei)庫軍房(fang)(fang)(fang);堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)下東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)吏舍各六,東(dong)南(nan)官廳(ting)在焉,西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)則隸卒(zu)夜(ye)值者居之。儀(yi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)外,東(dong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)土神(shen)祠,西(xi)(xi)(xi)庫神(shen)廟。由大(da)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)而(er)后(hou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)宅(zhai)門(men)(men)(men)(men),門(men)(men)(men)(men)外,左(zuo)、右(you)班房(fang)(fang)(fang)各一;門(men)(men)(men)(men)內,左(zuo)、右(you)各有(you)房(fang)(fang)(fang)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian),皆北向(xiang)。其北為(wei)(wei)(wei)二堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang),堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)東(dong)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)屋(wu)各三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian),堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)下門(men)(men)(men)(men)東(dong)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)啟(qi);自(zi)(zi)東(dong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)入(ru)為(wei)(wei)(wei)書室(shi)五(wu)間(jian)(jian)(jian),皆南(nan)向(xiang),后(hou)有(you)屋(wu)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian),北與書室(shi)對門(men)(men)(men)(men);由西(xi)(xi)(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)入(ru),書室(shi)二間(jian)(jian)(jian)、客廳(ting)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian),客廳(ting)南(nan)對者為(wei)(wei)(wei)“琴鶴軒”,亦為(wei)(wei)(wei)射廳(ting),凡三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian);射廳(ting)之西(xi)(xi)(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)馬(ma)(ma)廄,有(you)井以飲馬(ma)(ma),有(you)祠屋(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)間(jian)(jian)(jian)者四而(er)庳,以祀馬(ma)(ma)祖。自(zi)(zi)二堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)后(hou)入(ru)門(men)(men)(men)(men),為(wei)(wei)(wei)知(zhi)府(fu)內宅(zhai),住房(fang)(fang)(fang)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian),東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)洞(dong)房(fang)(fang)(fang)各二,廂房(fang)(fang)(fang)各三(san)(san)(san),門(men)(men)(men)(men)外東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)偏房(fang)(fang)(fang)各一,又(you)東(dong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)廚,最后(hou)房(fang)(fang)(fang)五(wu)間(jian)(jian)(jian),因(yin)山為(wei)(wei)(wei)趾(zhi),勢(shi)獨高,見郭外諸峰;房(fang)(fang)(fang)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)屋(wu)各三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian),又(you)夾(jia)道(dao)中屋(wu)二間(jian)(jian)(jian),東(dong)如之。
清(qing)代(dai)寧武府(fu)(fu)(fu)疆域(yu):在山西布政(zheng)司西北三(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)。東(dong)(dong)西廣(guang)三(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)里(li)(li),南北袤二(er)(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)。東(dong)(dong)至朔(shuo)平府(fu)(fu)(fu)朔(shuo)州界(jie)(jie)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)七里(li)(li),又(you)東(dong)(dong)至大同府(fu)(fu)(fu)應州界(jie)(jie)二(er)(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li),山陰縣(xian)界(jie)(jie)一百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li);西至太原(yuan)府(fu)(fu)(fu)岢嵐州界(jie)(jie)一百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)里(li)(li),又(you)西至保德州界(jie)(jie)二(er)(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li);南至代(dai)州崞縣(xian)界(jie)(jie)七里(li)(li);北至水泉營邊墻界(jie)(jie)二(er)(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)七十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li);西南至忻州靜(jing)樂縣(xian)界(jie)(jie)一百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li);東(dong)(dong)北至朔(shuo)平府(fu)(fu)(fu)平魯縣(xian)界(jie)(jie)二(er)(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li);至老營堡邊二(er)(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li);至朔(shuo)平府(fu)(fu)(fu)治(zhi)(zhi)三(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li);至大同府(fu)(fu)(fu)治(zhi)(zhi)三(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li);西北至保德州河曲縣(xian)界(jie)(jie)一百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li),至老牛灣蒙古(gu)界(jie)(jie)二(er)(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)。自府(fu)(fu)(fu)治(zhi)(zhi)由山西大同府(fu)(fu)(fu)經(jing)直隸宣(xuan)化府(fu)(fu)(fu),入居庸關至京師(shi)一千(qian)四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li);由代(dai)州東(dong)(dong)至易(yi)州,入紫荊關至京師(shi)九百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)十(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)。
乾(qian)隆年(nian)間(jian)寧武府屬四縣人口:
寧(ning)武府屬四縣,乾隆十(shi)(shi)年分至十(shi)(shi)四年,審定戶(hu)口(kou)共:土著民二萬(wan)(wan)二千五(wu)百(bai)七十(shi)(shi)戶(hu),男(nan)女共十(shi)(shi)二萬(wan)(wan)六(liu)(liu)千四百(bai)十(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)口(kou);大口(kou)六(liu)(liu)萬(wan)(wan)五(wu)千六(liu)(liu)百(bai)三(san)十(shi)(shi)九,小口(kou)六(liu)(liu)萬(wan)(wan)七百(bai)七十(shi)(shi)七。
縣倚郭
筑(zhu)于成(cheng)化二(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(1466年(nian)),初為(wei)(wei)關(guan)城(cheng),巡撫都御(yu)史李侃請即古寧(ning)化軍口置(zhi)(zhi)關(guan),設(she)都指揮領軍守備。乃以(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)年(nian)丁亥(1467年(nian))三(san)(san)月始事,明’年(nian)(1467年(nian))四月城(cheng)訖,以(yi)(yi)(yi)總兵(bing)鎮之(zhi),遂為(wei)(wei)鎮城(cheng)。城(cheng)北(bei)(bei)(bei)踞(ju)華蓋山,因其(qi)高而俯其(qi)東(dong)(dong)、南、西(xi)三(san)(san)面,周(zhou)四里(li)許(xu),基五丈(zhang),面廣(guang)(guang)(guang)半之(zhi),高三(san)(san)丈(zhang)有奇,門(men)其(qi)東(dong)(dong)、西(xi)、南三(san)(san)面而閉(bi)其(qi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)。東(dong)(dong)門(men)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“仁勝”,西(xi)門(men)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“人和”,南曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“迎(ying)熏”,上(shang)(shang)建重(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)。(宏)治十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(1498年(nian)),巡撫魏(wei)紳拓廣(guang)(guang)(guang)之(zhi),周(zhou)七里(li)一(yi)百二(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)步,增(zeng)埤五尺,加開北(bei)(bei)(bei)門(men),亦(yi)建飛樓(lou)(lou)(lou)于上(shang)(shang),名之(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“鎮朔”。城(cheng)狹于南北(bei)(bei)(bei),長于東(dong)(dong)西(xi),其(qi)形(xing)科橢,望之(zhi)若敷巾幅然,然皆土筑(zhu)。萬(歷(li))元(yuan)年(nian)(1573年(nian)),巡撫趙某議包(bao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)石(shi),益加增(zeng)高,連(lian)女墻(qiang)四丈(zhang)二(er)(er)(er)(er)尺,然未(wei)果(guo)。行至(zhi)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(1606年(nian)),寧(ning)武道郭光(guang)復始甃(zhou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)磚,又筑(zhu)東(dong)(dong)、西(xi)關(guan)城(cheng),皆磚甃(zhou),共長一(yi)千七十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)余丈(zhang),高三(san)(san)丈(zhang)五尺。西(xi)關(guan)門(men)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“永寧(ning)”,其(qi)南出者曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“阜財(cai)”;東(dong)(dong)關(guan)門(men)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“久安”,其(qi)南出者曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“解慍”,下有塹。先是(shi)萬(歷(li))二(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(1574年(nian)),寧(ning)武守備某筑(zhu)護城(cheng)墩于城(cheng)北(bei)(bei)(bei)山上(shang)(shang),方(fang)二(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八丈(zhang),高二(er)(er)(er)(er)丈(zhang)為(wei)(wei)基,基上(shang)(shang)為(wei)(wei)臺,臺上(shang)(shang)為(wei)(wei)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)三(san)(san)重(zhong)(zhong),樓(lou)(lou)(lou)外列堞(die)二(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四,登之(zhi)可(ke)眺百里(li);臺下周(zhou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)磚墻(qiang),直一(yi)丈(zhang),環廣(guang)(guang)(guang)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)丈(zhang),墻(qiang)上(shang)(shang)列垛(duo)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),屹然與城(cheng)表里(li),巡撫魏(wei)允貞(zhen)所使也,今樓(lou)(lou)(lou)垛(duo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)廢。國朝置(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)(fu)城(cheng),因其(qi)舊(jiu)寧(ning)武營在焉。乾(qian)隆六年(nian)(1741年(nian)),東(dong)(dong)關(guan)門(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)圮(pi),知府(fu)(fu)魏(wei)元(yuan)樞重(zhong)(zhong)葺(qi)之(zhi)顏,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“望華”,并修南、北(bei)(bei)(bei)二(er)(er)(er)(er)角(jiao)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)。城(cheng)南接鳳凰山,寧(ning)武人又呼為(wei)(wei)“鳳城(cheng)”。
社稷(ji)壇(tan)(tan):在南關(guan)河外,雍正三(san)年(1725年)建。壇(tan)(tan)廣二(er)丈(zhang)五尺(chi),高二(er)尺(chi)一寸,陛(bi),東、南、西各三(san)級,無封樹。
風云雷雨山(shan)川壇:在(zai)北關(guan)山(shan)坳,雍(yong)正三年建。壇基、高(gao)、廣(guang)與社稷壇同,無封(feng)樹。
先農壇:在郡(jun)東門外,教場東北。雍正五年(nian)(1727年(nian)),署寧(ning)武令、太(tai)原府西糧同(tong)知董(dong)泗儒奉(feng)文(wen)建。壇制與山川、社(she)稷(ji)同(tong)。大(da)殿(dian)五間,門樓(lou)一座,左右角門二(er),農器庫二(er)間,官(guan)廳二(er)間,壇旁地四畝(mu)九分以為田,季春亥(hai)日,郡(jun)、縣(xian)官(guan)九,推行事(shi)如制。
八蠟(la)廟:在府東關外。
厲壇(tan):在(zai)郡西關。
城隍廟:在府治西北,華(hua)蓋山之陽。
寧武府學
在(zai)(zai)(zai)府治西(xi)北城之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陽,繚以(yi)(yi)周(zhou)垣,外為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men),門(men)(men)(men)(men)外樹以(yi)(yi)屏壁(bi),夾以(yi)(yi)兩坊(fang)。自大(da)(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)入(ru),為(wei)(wei)泮池(chi),池(chi)上有橋,橋南(nan)為(wei)(wei)欞星(xing)(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men),凡(fan)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)。入(ru)欞星(xing)(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)戟(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men),入(ru)自戟(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)成殿,殿五(wu)(wu)(wu)楹(ying),左(zuo)右(you)為(wei)(wei)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)兩廡,廡各(ge)五(wu)(wu)(wu)楹(ying);其戟(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)傍東(dong)(dong)西(xi)角(jiao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)各(ge)一(yi)(yi)(yi)間(jian)。名宦祠在(zai)(zai)(zai)戟(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)左(zuo),鄉賢祠在(zai)(zai)(zai)戟(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)右(you),各(ge)凡(fan)三(san)(san)(san)楹(ying)。齋宿(su)房(fang)(fang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)欞星(xing)(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)內左(zuo),省(sheng)牲(sheng)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)欞星(xing)(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)內右(you),各(ge)凡(fan)三(san)(san)(san)楹(ying)。明(ming)倫(lun)堂(tang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)成殿后,堂(tang)左(zuo)右(you)齋房(fang)(fang)各(ge)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian);崇圣(sheng)祠三(san)(san)(san)楹(ying),在(zai)(zai)(zai)明(ming)倫(lun)堂(tang)東(dong)(dong);其在(zai)(zai)(zai)崇圣(sheng)祠南(nan),欞星(xing)(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)(dong)者(zhe),為(wei)(wei)魁星(xing)(xing)樓(lou)。學(xue)建于雍正五(wu)(wu)(wu)年(1757年)三(san)(san)(san)月,唯尊經(jing)堂(tang)未及構(gou)云(yun)。寧武府儒學(xue)教授(shou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)人,訓(xun)(xun)導(dao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)人,署在(zai)(zai)(zai)文(wen)廟(miao)西(xi)偏。講堂(tang)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian),東(dong)(dong)西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)斗、班房(fang)(fang)各(ge)一(yi)(yi)(yi)間(jian)。教授(shou)宅門(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)座,住(zhu)房(fang)(fang)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian),東(dong)(dong)西(xi)配房(fang)(fang)各(ge)一(yi)(yi)(yi)間(jian)。訓(xun)(xun)導(dao)宅如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其外為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)。學(xue)中所(suo)貯書(shu):《十三(san)(san)(san)經(jing)注疏》一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)(bu),通(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)百二十本,為(wei)(wei)函(han)十二;《二十一(yi)(yi)(yi)史(shi)(shi)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)(bu),通(tong)五(wu)(wu)(wu)百本,為(wei)(wei)函(han)五(wu)(wu)(wu)十;《明(ming)史(shi)(shi)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)(bu),通(tong)百十二本,為(wei)(wei)函(han)十二。先是經(jing)史(shi)(shi)皆買(mai)于布(bu)政司,而使(shi)郡縣(xian)學(xue)領(ling)焉。獨(du)寧武府學(xue),以(yi)(yi)無(wu)尊經(jing)閣,與禮(li)部(bu)(bu)例(li)不相(xiang)比,且(qie)不得領(ling)。時永平魏侯元(yuan)樞知郡事,乃(nai)與寧武令(ling)(ling)施作楫(ji)、神(shen)池(chi)令(ling)(ling)李識蒙(meng)、五(wu)(wu)(wu)寨令(ling)(ling)劉耀珪,共捐(juan)俸銀輸官以(yi)(yi)當書(shu)值(zhi),遂得領(ling)歸。郡學(xue)與舊所(suo)有:《周(zhou)易折中》、《書(shu)》、《詩》、《春秋三(san)(san)(san)經(jing)傳》;說若《朱子全(quan)(quan)書(shu)》、《康(kang)熙(xi)字典(dian)》、《康(kang)濟錄(lu)》、《急公自愛書(shu)》、《四書(shu)講義(yi)》、《學(xue)政全(quan)(quan)書(shu)》等(deng),凡(fan)十部(bu)(bu),使(shi)學(xue)廣文(wen)掌(zhang)藏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
寧(ning)化城(cheng):宋(song)嘉(jia)祐(you)六(liu)年(1061年),以河西西夏人往來隘(ai)口,乃立寧(ning)化軍(jun),因(yin)隋汾陽宮城(cheng)之(zhi)舊址,廓而筑(zhu)之(zhi),金、元因(yin)之(zhi)。明洪武二(er)年(1369年)設寧(ning)化巡(xun)(xun)檢(jian)司,山(shan)西都(dou)指揮使常守(shou)道帥官軍(jun)來屯,將舊城(cheng)六(liu)里(li)二(er)百(bai)七十步(bu)、南邊關(guan)廂裁去,于城(cheng)東山(shan)坡上,隨(sui)地形勢筑(zhu)城(cheng)二(er)里(li)一百(bai)九十七步(bu),未完調去。五年(1372年),延安侯唐宗勝、千戶(hu)唐成繼成其功,城(cheng)高三丈(zhang)一尺,壕深一丈(zhang),城(cheng)樓六(liu)座(zuo)。十一年(1378年),改(gai)(gai)巡(xun)(xun)檢(jian)為寧(ning)化守(shou)御(yu)千戶(hu)所(suo),隸(li)山(shan)西都(dou)司。嘉(jia)靖(jing)中(zhong),改(gai)(gai)隸(li)寧(ning)武。至萬(歷)十四年(1586年),甃土城(cheng)以磚,當改(gai)(gai)寧(ning)化所(suo),時設掌印千戶(hu)、巡(xun)(xun)捕、城(cheng)操(cao)吏目(mu)各一。中(zhong)有靜樂倉,今(jin)仍為寧(ning)化巡(xun)(xun)檢(jian)司。
本路(lu)參將(jiang)設于嘉(jia)(jia)靖二(er)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)年,駐扎(zha)利(li)民,所轄寧武(wu)、盤道梁、神池、利(li)民、八(ba)角(jiao)(jiao)、寧化、長林、陽方(fang)八(ba)城堡(bao),凡(fan)屬守(shou)備五,防守(shou)二(er),千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)戶(hu)所者三,分管(guan)內(nei)邊東起廣武(wu)界(jie)神樹梁,西盡老(lao)營界(jie)地椒峁(mao),沿長二(er)百九(jiu)(jiu)里零四(si)十(shi)(shi)丈,邊墩一(yi)(yi)百二(er)十(shi)(shi)四(si)座,火路(lu)墩一(yi)(yi)百二(er)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)座。邊之(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)外續(xu)(xu)設小蓮花(hua)、夾柳樹、燕兒(er)水、雕窩梁、玄岡口、朔(shuo)寧、狗兒(er)澗、圪(土老(lao))罐、石(shi)湖(hu)嶺、西溝(gou)(gou)口、得勝、勒馬溝(gou)(gou)、蔣家(jia)峪、乾柴溝(gou)(gou)、野豬溝(gou)(gou)一(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)五堡(bao)以為犄角(jiao)(jiao)。兵(bing)(bing)馬除軍(jun)門標(biao)下兩掖營散(san)兵(bing)(bing)及標(biao)正二(er)營外,闔路(lu)見(jian)在(zai)官(guan)軍(jun)九(jiu)(jiu)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)八(ba)百八(ba)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)員名,馬騾(luo)三千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)七(qi)百七(qi)十(shi)(shi)匹頭(tou)(tou),內(nei)援兵(bing)(bing)官(guan)軍(jun)二(er)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)六百四(si)十(shi)(shi)五員名,馬騾(luo)二(er)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)三百九(jiu)(jiu)匹頭(tou)(tou)。本路(lu)東西援雁、平(ping)、偏(pian)老(lao),北(bei)控(kong)三云,南藩(fan)全(quan)晉,蓋(gai)山西鎮之(zhi)(zhi)要害也。嘉(jia)(jia)隆間頻遭虜(lu)患(huan),故于沖(chong)緊(jin)各處續(xu)(xu)添(tian)前項小堡(bao),分兵(bing)(bing)據守(shou)以扼虜(lu)沖(chong)。款后(hou)烽火不警,干(gan)戈載戢,軍(jun)民幸帖(tie)枕席之(zhi)(zhi)安。顧款久(jiu)則(ze)弛,兵(bing)(bing)驕則(ze)玩,乘此閃暇之(zhi)(zhi)時,正當圖綢(chou)繆之(zhi)(zhi)計,一(yi)(yi)切詰兵(bing)(bing)儲(chu)餉(xiang),未(wei)可以款事而遽忽之(zhi)(zhi)也。
寧文堡
本城舊筑(zhu)小土堡(bao)(bao)于今城之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)西,是為寧(ning)文堡(bao)(bao)。景泰(tai)元年(nian)筑(zhu)寧(ning)武(wu)土城,成(cheng)化間展修之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),隆(long)慶四(si)(si)年(nian)始議磚石包砌焉(yan),周七里零二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六步,高(gao)連女墻四(si)(si)丈二尺(chi)(chi)。萬歷二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七年(nian)添筑(zhu)西關土堡(bao)(bao)一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)(zuo),周四(si)(si)百(bai)六丈三(san)(san)尺(chi)(chi),二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(nian)又建東(dong)關土堡(bao)(bao)一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)(zuo),周五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)百(bai)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六丈九(jiu)(jiu)尺(chi)(chi),俱(ju)高(gao)三(san)(san)丈五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)尺(chi)(chi)。初(chu)設(she)(she)守(shou)備(bei)(bei)一(yi)(yi)員(yuan),弘治十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)添設(she)(she)守(shou)御千(qian)戶所,嘉(jia)靖二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)移偏頭(tou)關,副總(zong)兵改為總(zong)兵鎮(zhen)(zhen)守(shou)于此,添正兵,坐(zuo)營標(biao)(biao)兵,守(shou)備(bei)(bei)各(ge)一(yi)(yi)員(yuan),三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)設(she)(she)寧(ning)武(wu)兵備(bei)(bei)道及管(guan)糧通判,建學立倉,規制(zhi)大(da)備(bei)(bei),屹然稱雄鎮(zhen)(zhen)矣(yi)。見在官軍標(biao)(biao),正營六千(qian)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)員(yuan)名,馬(ma)(ma)騾(luo)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)千(qian)九(jiu)(jiu)百(bai)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)匹頭(tou),守(shou)備(bei)(bei)所領并(bing)寧(ning)武(wu)所二千(qian)二百(bai)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六員(yuan)名,馬(ma)(ma)騾(luo)三(san)(san)百(bai)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)匹頭(tou)。分(fen)管(guan)內(nei)邊沿長四(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里零四(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)丈,邊墩五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二座(zuo)(zuo),火路(lu)墩二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)座(zuo)(zuo),與(yu)所轄朔寧(ning),陽方,狗兒三(san)(san)堡(bao)(bao)防守(shou)把總(zong)畫地守(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。內(nei)陽方并(bing)西溝口,苦(ku)參窊(yu)等處皆虜馬(ma)(ma)經涉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處,嘉(jia)靖十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)大(da)舉(ju)二次,皆由此入搶至(zhi)忻州(zhou),崞縣,地方大(da)遭荼毒。故設(she)(she)總(zong)兵據險扼(e)吭,統重兵以彈壓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。無事則(ze)居(ju)中調(diao)度(du),有虎豹在山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勢(shi),遇(yu)警則(ze)隨在策(ce)應,無豺狼嗥(hao)野之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)虞。三(san)(san)關保障胥有賴焉(yan),非(fei)止寧(ning)武(wu)一(yi)(yi)隅已也(ye)。惟是地當孤懸,兵鮮(xian)土著,總(zong)兵所統標(biao)(biao)、正各(ge)兵雖(sui)多驍健,然半系四(si)(si)方烏合之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眾,驕悍(han)素號難(nan)制(zhi),駕馭(yu)頗費調(diao)停。惟在大(da)將平日威愛并(bing)濟,鼓舞有方,使烏合之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人心樂為我用,臨時調(diao)發應敵,以之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)克(ke)捷(jie)不難(nan)矣(yi)。至(zhi)一(yi)(yi)切兵食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)計,鎮(zhen)(zhen)道同心,謀(mou)必萬全云(yun)。
陽方堡
本堡(bao)于嘉靖于十(shi)(shi)八(ba)年土(tu)筑(zhu),萬歷四年磚包,周二里零八(ba)十(shi)(shi)步,高三(san)(san)丈(zhang)五尺(chi).設防守(shou)一(yi)員分領(ling)守(shou)備營及改撥見在旗軍(jun)三(san)(san)百(bai)四十(shi)(shi)九名,管邊(bian)一(yi)十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)里零一(yi)百(bai)五十(shi)(shi)步,邊(bian)墩三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)座(zuo),內西水口,苦(ku)參窊二處極沖(chong),通大虜(lu)(lu).本堡(bao)雖離虜(lu)(lu)巢稍遠,實為(wei)三(san)(san)關屏翰,寧武(wu)要沖(chong).議者謂虜(lu)(lu)犯大同,大將(jiang)當提兵移駐(zhu)于此(ci),一(yi)以擁護雁門而虜(lu)(lu)不(bu)敢(gan)(gan)東視,一(yi)以策應偏(pian),利(li)而虜(lu)(lu)不(bu)敢(gan)(gan)西下,朔,云(yun)且(qie)藉以聲(sheng)援而虜(lu)(lu)不(bu)敢(gan)(gan)外住蹂躪矣(yi).蓋(gai)門戶鞏固,則堂奧自安,此(ci)最得肯綮云(yun).
寧化城
本城(cheng)洪武十(shi)二年土筑,萬(wan)歷十(shi)年磚(zhuan)包,周三里零二百一十(shi)二步,高三丈三尺.設守御(yu)千戶所(suo)(suo),掌(zhang)印巡捕,城(cheng)操各一員,所(suo)(suo)領見在(zai)官(guan)軍七百四(si)十(shi)員名,火(huo)路墩九座.本城(cheng)地近腹(fu)里,雖非沖劇(ju),然支(zhi)鍋石,小(xiao)嶺(ling)兒虜騎可通(tong),亦屬要害,嘉(jia)靖間曾兩經入犯,地方頗遭花毒(du).必須防守嚴(yan)密,庶可保(bao)障無恐,甚勿(wu)以(yi)近腹(fu)而(er)少(shao)忽(hu)之(zhi).
盤道梁堡
本堡(bao)(bao)新(xin)舊磚城二(er)(er)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),一土建于(yu)嘉靖三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)年(nian),萬(wan)歷十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)年(nian)磚包,今(jin)在邊外(wai),二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)年(nian)因地勢低洼,改移新(xin)城于(yu)邊內,周一里(li)(li)零一百(bai)四(si)步,高三(san)丈(zhang)五(wu)尺.初設防守,繼(ji)改操守,二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)始設守備,先屬雁(yan)平,后改寧武(wu),所(suo)(suo)領見在官軍七(qi)百(bai)三(san)員(yuan)名,馬(ma)騾一百(bai)四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)匹頭.分(fen)管內邊沿長(chang)四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八里(li)(li)零四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)丈(zhang),內磚石包砌(qi)三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)里(li)(li),靠山鏟削一十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)里(li)(li)零四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)丈(zhang),邊墩(dun)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),火路(lu)墩(dun)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),與(yu)所(suo)(suo)轄(xia)小蓮花,惡化柳樹(shu),燕(yan)兒(er)水(shui),雕窩梁(liang),玄岡口五(wu)堡(bao)(bao)防守畫地守之(zhi).本堡(bao)(bao)坐(zuo)落山巔,汲水(shui)外(wai)溝,土脈(mo)砂(sha)松(song),墻垣易圯(yi).且邊長(chang)兵(bing)寡(gua),分(fen)布(bu)為(wei)難,極沖凡一十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)處,嘉靖間大虜(lu)兩次內犯忻(xin)州(zhou)等處,俱由此(ci)出入.內火燒梁(liang)駱(luo)駝梁(liang),金家嘴舊有邊壕,今(jin)宜挑浚(jun),雕窩梁(liang)山徑可通虜(lu)馬(ma),今(jin)宜阻塞(sai).其(qi)燕(yan)兒(er)水(shui)之(zhi)臥羊坡尤虜(lu)屯(tun)牧之(zhi)處,相(xiang)連漫坡,易于(yu)馳突.若修墻臺,浚(jun)壕塹(qian)以遏(e)其(qi)入,庶可免侵軼(yi)之(zhi)患(huan),此(ci)在守土者所(suo)(suo)當加之(zhi)意(yi)耳.
山西瀕塞要害之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)關三(san):雁門、偏頭及(ji)新置寧(ning)武(wu)(wu)是(shi)也(ye)(ye)。寧(ning)武(wu)(wu),舊名(ming)“橐蓮(lian)臺”《地志》謂(wei):“即古寧(ning)武(wu)(wu)軍口”。今(jin)因以(yi)(yi)名(ming)關,與(yu)雁門、偏頭東(dong)西相顧,聯絡數(shu)百(bai)里,狀若鼎(ding)峙。北控云中,南障(zhang)(zhang)太原(yuan),旁援朔、應、忻、崞、岢嵐、靜樂諸州縣。雖山勢磅礴綿亙而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)原(yuan)隰(xi)平(ping)衍(yan),有道(dao)可(ke)通,非若彼二(er)關之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)峻(jun)險回阻也(ye)(ye)。往歲,北□輒徑此(ci)入我境內(nei),當事(shi)(shi)(shi)武(wu)(wu)臣常請設堡,屯卒(zu)以(yi)(yi)謹防御,未果行(xing)(xing)。近,朝(chao)廷慮(lv)(lv)山西邊(bian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)頗殷,命太監鄭同、僉(qian)都御史李(li)侃、署都督僉(qian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)王信,鎮撫其地,兼督諸關戎(rong)務。三(san)公既(ji)至(zhi),一心協(xie)慮(lv)(lv),加意(yi)(yi)綏輯,兵民(min)以(yi)(yi)和(he)。既(ji)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)躬歷邊(bian)陲,厘(li)剔廢(fei)(fei)馳,至(zhi)今(jin)置關之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處,周(zhou)(zhou)覽(lan)形勝(sheng)。僉(qian)曰:“此(ci)誠缺障(zhang)(zhang)也(ye)(ye),及(ji)今(jin)弗圖保,無(wu)囊時(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患(huan)乎(hu)?”遂議建城(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)關,選將提師與(yu)偏頭、雁門等。又虞工(gong)役(yi)(yi)浩(hao)繁,不免勞(lao)民(min),并疏(shu)區(qu)畫(hua)方(fang)略(lve)以(yi)(yi)聞,制曰:“可(ke)”。乃于(yu)(yu)成(cheng)化(hua)丁(ding)亥(hai)(1467年)三(san)月始事(shi)(shi)(shi),伐石于(yu)(yu)山,采木(mu)于(yu)(yu)林(lin),陶甓作冶(ye),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)工(gong)徒(tu)則(ze)取兵民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)當調戍(shu)者。明‘年告(gao)(gao)成(cheng),周(zhou)(zhou)圍四里許(xu),基(ji)五丈(zhang)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)廣(guang)半之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),高三(san)丈(zhang)有奇,環為(wei)聛聣,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)門其東(dong)、西、南三(san)面,前翼甕城(cheng)(cheng),城(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)建守帥廳,事(shi)(shi)(shi)藩杲行(xing)(xing)署,走傳有驛(yi),糧儲有倉,積(ji)芻有場,棲卒(zu)有廬,戰守之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)具畢備(bei)。歲調卒(zu)為(wei)二(er)番(fan),兵丁(ding)總(zong)四千(qian)人(ren),騎千(qian)有奇,各以(yi)(yi)指揮(hui)以(yi)(yi)下分隸部伍,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)請專(zhuan)敕都指揮(hui)使(shi)同知田春(chun)領其事(shi)(shi)(shi)。三(san)公往來蒞督,役(yi)(yi)方(fang)就緒(xu),鄭公被召還京師,王公移(yi)鎮于(yu)(yu)代,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)終董(dong)其成(cheng)者,惟(wei)李(li)公。三(san)關之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)既(ji)設等,則(ze)侯(hou)望(wang)益時(shi),巡徼益密,保障(zhang)(zhang)益固。不惟(wei)將卒(zu)得(de)據以(yi)(yi)制敵,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)旁州比縣,昔嘗被患(huan)者亦恃以(yi)(yi)無(wu)恐(kong)矣。李(li)公俾綬書其事(shi)(shi)(shi),以(yi)(yi)告(gao)(gao)來者。竊惟(wei)大易于(yu)(yu)萃,以(yi)(yi)戒(jie)不虞,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)重門擊拆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制,有取于(yu)(yu)豫。蓋居安慮(lv)(lv)危,思患(huan)豫防,以(yi)(yi)為(wei)銷萌(meng)御暴計者。雖在中區(qu)甸服而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)城(cheng)(cheng)墉(yong)關隘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)除(chu)修,猶不容以(yi)(yi)少(shao)緩,矧荒(huang)裔要害之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地乎(hu)?茍(gou)徒(tu)恤(xu)一時(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勞(lao)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不圖,所以(yi)(yi)起廢(fei)(fei)補罅固于(yu)(yu)無(wu)窮(qiong),則(ze)雖良(liang)平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)智(zhi),賁育之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勇,曷足以(yi)(yi)勝(sheng)將來不測(ce)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變哉?是(shi)役(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye),勞(lao)一時(shi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)利久遠,所謂(wei)以(yi)(yi)佚道(dao)使(shi)民(min)者也(ye)(ye)。凡有事(shi)(shi)(shi)于(yu)(yu)斯者,其尚求置關之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi),以(yi)(yi)善體(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)哉!
《寧武關》,傳統戲(xi)曲(qu)曲(qu)目,事(shi)見《鐵冠圖》傳奇。
《寧武關》,京劇又名《別(bie)母亂箭》、《一門忠(zhong)烈》,該劇早(zao)年曾為(wei)余叔(shu)巖、言菊朋的代(dai)表劇目,因世人對該劇主(zhu)題及人物褒貶(bian)各異,故(gu)不常演以至今已失(shi)傳。
故事大意:明(ming)末(mo),李自(zi)成(cheng)率部攻打寧(ning)武(wu)關(guan)(guan),守(shou)將周遇吉(ji)固守(shou),終難抵擋。周遇吉(ji)突圍(wei)探母,欲保護老(lao)母及妻兒等逃(tao)離,周母誓與城池共存(cun),令其再戰(zhan)。李自(zi)成(cheng)兵逼(bi)城關(guan)(guan),周母令媳(xi)、孫自(zi)殺,然后放火自(zi)焚。周遇吉(ji)力(li)抗義軍,被亂(luan)箭射傷,后自(zi)刎(wen)身亡。
此(ci)(ci)劇為(wei)京劇、昆(kun)曲(qu)文(wen)武老生傳統戲之一,全劇通唱曲(qu)牌,亦文(wen)亦武,在別母、中(zhong)箭、殉城等(deng)場次中(zhong),有繁難的身(shen)段表演及曲(qu)牌演唱。川劇、湘劇、桂劇、秦腔(qiang)、同州梆子、河北梆子均(jun)有此(ci)(ci)劇目,徽劇名《別母亂箭》。