顏回(hui)(hui)是孔(kong)子最得(de)意的弟子,極富學(xue)問。《論(lun)語·雍也(ye)(ye)》說他(ta)“……一簞(dan)食,一瓢(piao)飲,在(zai)陋巷,人不堪(kan)其憂,回(hui)(hui)也(ye)(ye)不改(gai)其樂……”。為(wei)人謙(qian)遜好學(xue),“不遷怒(nu),不貳過”。孔(kong)子稱(cheng)贊他(ta)“賢哉,回(hui)(hui)也(ye)(ye)”,“回(hui)(hui)也(ye)(ye),其心三月(yue)不違仁(ren)”(《雍也(ye)(ye)》)。不幸早(zao)死。
顏(yan)回(hui)素以(yi)德(de)行著稱。嚴格按(an)照孔子關(guan)于(yu)“仁”“禮(li)”的要求,“敏于(yu)事而(er)慎于(yu)言”。故孔子常稱贊(zan)顏(yan)回(hui)具有(you)君子四德(de),即強于(yu)行義,弱于(yu)受(shou)諫,怵于(yu)待(dai)祿,慎于(yu)治身。他(ta)終(zhong)生所(suo)向往的就(jiu)是出現一個“君臣一心,上(shang)下和睦,豐衣足(zu)食(shi),老少(shao)康(kang)健(jian),四方(fang)咸(xian)服(fu),天下安寧”的無戰爭、無饑餓的理(li)想社(she)會。
公元前(qian)481年(nian),顏(yan)回先(xian)孔子而(er)去世,葬于(yu)魯城東(dong)防山前(qian)。孔子對他(ta)的早逝感到(dao)極為悲痛(tong),不禁哀嘆說(shuo);“噫(yi)!天(tian)喪予(yu)!天(tian)喪予(yu)!”
顏(yan)回一生沒(mei)有做過(guo)官(guan),也沒(mei)有留下傳(chuan)世(shi)之作,他(ta)的(de)(de)只(zhi)言片語,收集在(zai)《論語》等書中,其(qi)思(si)想與孔(kong)子的(de)(de)思(si)想基本(ben)是(shi)一致的(de)(de)。后(hou)世(shi)尊其(qi)為“復(fu)圣”。
幸虧有顏回(hui),才使得(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)與(yu)儒家(jia)之(zhi)仁不止(zhi)于(yu)過(guo)(guo)于(yu)墮落。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)弟子(zi)(zi)真(zhen)得(de)(de)其精髓者不過(guo)(guo)二三子(zi)(zi),顏回(hui)第一,卻(que)早逝,否則,中國大概也可(ke)以有與(yu)古希臘(la)師(shi)徒三賢蘇格(ge)拉(la)底(di)、柏拉(la)圖與(yu)亞里士多德相媲美的(de)機會,可(ke)惜顏回(hui)早逝!其余弟子(zi)(zi)皆(jie)不肖(xiao),真(zhen)得(de)(de)其傳之(zhi)二三子(zi)(zi),曾(ceng)點死(si)于(yu)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)前(qian),唯(wei)余詹臺,卻(que)不得(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)賞識(shi),此后孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)一脈式微。
政治志向
顏(yan)(yan)回(hui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)舜(shun)為(wei)(wei)志(zhi)。《孟(meng)子(zi)·滕(teng)文公》(上)記其語(yu),曰(yue):“舜(shun)何(he)(he)人(ren)也(ye),禹何(he)(he)人(ren)也(ye);有(you)為(wei)(wei)者(zhe)亦(yi)若(ruo)是(shi)!”顯然(ran),孟(meng)子(zi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)顏(yan)(yan)回(hui)與舜(shun)、稷“同道(dao)(dao)”。顏(yan)(yan)回(hui)很(hen)贊賞舜(shun)“無(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)而(er)治(zhi)”,即后來儒(ru)(ru)家所(suo)倡導的(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)“民(min)(min)”為(wei)(wei)本(ben)的(de)(de)“王道(dao)(dao)”政(zheng)治(zhi)思想。他嘗曰(yue):“昔舜(shun)巧(qiao)于(yu)(yu)使民(min)(min),而(er)造(zao)(zao)父(fu)巧(qiao)于(yu)(yu)使馬。舜(shun)不(bu)(bu)窮其民(min)(min),造(zao)(zao)父(fu)不(bu)(bu)窮其馬;是(shi)舜(shun)無(wu)(wu)失(shi)民(min)(min),造(zao)(zao)父(fu)無(wu)(wu)失(shi)馬也(ye)。”(《荀子(zi)·哀公篇(pian)》)顏(yan)(yan)回(hui)既與舜(shun)“同道(dao)(dao)”、“所(suo)追同一”,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi),當孔子(zi)要他和子(zi)路(lu)“各言(yan)爾(er)志(zhi)”時,子(zi)路(lu)答以(yi)(yi)(yi):“愿(yuan)車馬、衣輕裘,與朋(peng)(peng)友共(gong),敝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)無(wu)(wu)撼。”而(er)顏(yan)(yan)回(hui)則以(yi)(yi)(yi)“愿(yuan)無(wu)(wu)伐(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)善(shan)(shan),無(wu)(wu)施勞”(《論語(yu)·公冶(ye)》)相(xiang)答。朱(zhu)熹釋(shi)“無(wu)(wu)伐(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)善(shan)(shan)、無(wu)(wu)施勞”曰(yue):“伐(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),夸(kua)(kua)也(ye),善(shan)(shan)謂(wei)(wei)有(you)能(neng)。施亦(yi)張大之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意,勞謂(wei)(wei)有(you)功(gong)。”(《論語(yu)集注》)以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)夸(kua)(kua)己能(neng)、不(bu)(bu)揚己功(gong)為(wei)(wei)其意。但此(ci)(ci)(ci)說(shuo)不(bu)(bu)確。元人(ren)所(suo)著《四書辯疑》駁朱(zhu)說(shuo)云:“伐(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)善(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善(shan)(shan),乃其己所(suo)長之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)總稱(cheng),伐(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)忠、伐(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)直、伐(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)力、伐(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)功(gong)、伐(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)才、伐(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)藝,通謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)伐(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)善(shan)(shan)。又言(yan)伐(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)無(wu)(wu)巧(qiao),止是(shi)不(bu)(bu)伐(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一事。分(fen)而(er)為(wei)(wei)二,顏(yan)(yan)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi),豈別(bie)無(wu)(wu)可(ke)道(dao)(dao)焉?……該‘無(wu)(wu)施勞’者(zhe),不(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)勞苦(ku)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事加于(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)也(ye)。夫勞而(er)不(bu)(bu)恤(xu),乃古今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通患。……顏(yan)(yan)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan),于(yu)(yu)世厚(hou)矣。”此(ci)(ci)(ci)說(shuo)極是(shi)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi),顏(yan)(yan)回(hui)這里所(suo)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)己志(zhi),乃是(shi)欲內(nei)修己德、外施愛(ai)民(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)。這與舜(shun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“無(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)而(er)治(zhi)”正相(xiang)仿佛(fo)。在顏(yan)(yan)回(hui)看來,唯以(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)志(zhi)施行于(yu)(yu)天下,方能(neng)實現孔子(zi)所(suo)謂(wei)(wei)“老者(zhe)安之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),少者(zhe)懷(huai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),朋(peng)(peng)友信之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”(《論語(yu)·公冶(ye)》)的(de)(de)社會理(li)想。由(you)此(ci)(ci)(ci)可(ke)見,顏(yan)(yan)回(hui)在政(zheng)治(zhi)志(zhi)向上不(bu)(bu)僅有(you)淑(shu)世濟人(ren)的(de)(de)入(ru)世情懷(huai),而(er)且頗(po)具早期(qi)儒(ru)(ru)家的(de)(de)民(min)(min)本(ben)主義精神。
顏回(hui)(hui)的一生(sheng),大(da)多為(wei)追隨孔(kong)(kong)子奔走(zou)于(yu)(yu)六國(guo),歸魯后(hou)亦(yi)(yi)未入仕,而是(shi)窮(qiong)居陋巷。他生(sheng)活(huo)于(yu)(yu)天下大(da)亂(luan)、禮崩樂(le)壞(huai)的社(she)會,儒(ru)家的仁(ren)義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)、王者之(zhi)(zhi)政常被斥為(wei)愚儒(ru)、譏為(wei)矯飾,“世以混濁莫能用”(《史記(ji)·儒(ru)林列傳(chuan)》)的社(she)會環(huan)境中,絲毫不(bu)愿(yuan)(yuan)改其(qi)志(zhi),仍“尚三教(即夏教忠、殷教敬、周教文)”,期于(yu)(yu)“承衰(shuai)救弊,欲民反(fan)正(zheng)道”(《白虎通·三教》)。王符稱贊他:“困饉于(yu)(yu)郊野,守志(zhi)篤固(gu),秉(bing)節不(bu)虧。寵祿不(bu)能固(gu),威(wei)武不(bu)能屈。雖有(you)(you)南面(mian)之(zhi)(zhi)尊(zun)、公(gong)侯之(zhi)(zhi)位,德(de)義(yi)有(you)(you)殆(dai),禮義(yi)不(bu)班,撓志(zhi)如(ru)(ru)芷,負心(xin)若(ruo)芬,固(gu)弗為(wei)也。”(《潛夫論(lun)(lun)》)若(ruo)征之(zhi)(zhi)《史記(ji)·孔(kong)(kong)子世家》所記(ji)顏回(hui)(hui)語:“夫道之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)修(xiu)也,是(shi)吾(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)丑也;道即已大(da)修(xiu)而不(bu)用,是(shi)有(you)(you)國(guo)者之(zhi)(zhi)丑也”,可知王氏所言非虛。這樣,顏回(hui)(hui)就只(zhi)能終生(sheng)不(bu)仕,惟(wei)以“愿(yuan)(yuan)貧如(ru)(ru)富、賤(jian)如(ru)(ru)貴,無勇而威(wei),與(yu)士交通,終身無患難(nan)”(《韓詩外(wai)傳(chuan)》卷十(shi))自勉自慰。孔(kong)(kong)子贊其(qi):“用之(zhi)(zhi)則(ze)(ze)行,舍之(zhi)(zhi)則(ze)(ze)藏(zang);惟(wei)我與(yu)爾有(you)(you)是(shi)夫!”(《論(lun)(lun)語·述而》)“一簞食(shi)、一瓢(piao)飲,在陋巷。人不(bu)堪其(qi)憂,回(hui)(hui)也不(bu)改其(qi)樂(le)!”(同(tong)上(shang)《雍也》)。顏回(hui)(hui)這種注重志(zhi)氣、追求真理并以之(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)樂(le)的精神,與(yu)孔(kong)(kong)子本(ben)人“飯疏食(shi)飲水,曲肱而枕之(zhi)(zhi),樂(le)亦(yi)(yi)在其(qi)中”(同(tong)上(shang))實同(tong)一旨趣。
陋巷簡居
顏(yan)回所處的(de)時代,已是中國的(de)春秋末期,不但(dan)周天子(zi)的(de)王權(quan)繼續衰落,而且各(ge)諸侯(hou)國的(de)公室也衰落了,由春秋初期的(de)“禮(li)樂(le)征(zheng)伐自諸侯(hou)出”進而變(bian)為“禮(li)樂(le)征(zheng)伐自大夫(fu)出”、“陪臣(chen)執國命”。
“陪臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)”,即臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)。如諸侯(hou)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)卿大夫對諸侯(hou)稱臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen),對天子(zi)(zi)(zi)則自(zi)稱“陪臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)”;卿大夫的(de)(de)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)對諸侯(hou)而(er)言也稱“陪臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)”。春秋(qiu)時(shi)魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“三(san)(san)桓(huan)(huan)”執政(zheng)(即魯(lu)(lu)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)后(hou)裔孟孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、叔(shu)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、季孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)把持(chi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)),至魯(lu)(lu)昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、定(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi),家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)勢(shi)力興起(qi),家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)叛(pan)亂(luan)屢(lv)有發生。魯(lu)(lu)昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)538年(nian)(nian)(nian)),叔(shu)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)豎牛軟禁并餓死了叔(shu)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)豹(bao)(bao),設計殺害了叔(shu)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)豹(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)兩個嫡子(zi)(zi)(zi),擁立庶子(zi)(zi)(zi)叔(shu)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)諾(nuo)。魯(lu)(lu)昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)530年(nian)(nian)(nian))季平子(zi)(zi)(zi)立,對家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)南蒯(kuai)未加禮(li)(li)遇,南蒯(kuai)便密(mi)謀以(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)怒代(dai)(dai)替(ti)季平子(zi)(zi)(zi):“吾出季氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),而(er)歸其室于公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),子(zi)(zi)(zi)更其位,我(wo)以(yi)(yi)費為(wei)(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)。”(《左傳·昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十二年(nian)(nian)(nian)》)事泄(xie),南蒯(kuai)以(yi)(yi)費叛(pan)歸齊。魯(lu)(lu)定(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)至九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)505年(nian)(nian)(nian)至前(qian)501年(nian)(nian)(nian)),季氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)陽(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)專政(zheng),并把持(chi)了魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)。陽(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)之(zhi)亂(luan)是魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)叛(pan)亂(luan)中持(chi)續最長、影響最大的(de)(de)一次叛(pan)亂(luan)。陽(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)權勢(shi)凌駕于“三(san)(san)桓(huan)(huan)”之(zhi)上長達(da)三(san)(san)、四年(nian)(nian)(nian)。陽(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)原本為(wei)(wei)(wei)孟孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)庶支(zhi),后(hou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)季孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen),季平子(zi)(zi)(zi)時(shi)很受重用。季平子(zi)(zi)(zi)死,季孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)斯(桓(huan)(huan)子(zi)(zi)(zi))立,陽(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)已是季氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)世“元(yuan)(yuan)老”。在(zai)處理季平子(zi)(zi)(zi)葬禮(li)(li)上,陽(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)與季孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)另一家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)仲梁(liang)(liang)(liang)懷發生爭(zheng)執。陽(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)要求以(yi)(yi)魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)寶玉“玙璠”為(wei)(wei)(wei)季平子(zi)(zi)(zi)斂(lian)尸,仲梁(liang)(liang)(liang)懷卻認為(wei)(wei)(wei)那是季平子(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)遜國(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi),代(dai)(dai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)君行(xing)祭(ji)時(shi)所配,今定(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)已立,不(bu)(bu)能再用。陽(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)便勾結(jie)費宰公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)山(shan)不(bu)(bu)狃(niu),想聯合驅(qu)逐(zhu)(zhu)仲梁(liang)(liang)(liang)懷。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)山(shan)不(bu)(bu)狃(niu)初時(shi)并不(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)意,后(hou)因仲梁(liang)(liang)(liang)懷對其不(bu)(bu)敬重,才對陽(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)說:“子(zi)(zi)(zi)行(xing)之(zhi)乎!”陽(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)起(qi)事,并囚季桓(huan)(huan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)與公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)父文伯(bo)(季桓(huan)(huan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)從(cong)父昆(kun)弟),驅(qu)逐(zhu)(zhu)了仲梁(liang)(liang)(liang)懷。冬(dong)十月,陽(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)殺公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)何藐(季孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族人),與季桓(huan)(huan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)稷門內設立盟誓,舉行(xing)大規模詛咒(zhou),驅(qu)逐(zhu)(zhu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)父文伯(bo)與秦遄(季平子(zi)(zi)(zi)姑婿(xu)),徹底清除異己勢(shi)力,完全控制了季氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)族。魯(lu)(lu)定(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)502年(nian)(nian)(nian)),陽(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)想滅掉“三(san)(san)桓(huan)(huan)”,讓(rang)季寤代(dai)(dai)替(ti)季氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),讓(rang)叔(shu)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)輒(zhe)代(dai)(dai)替(ti)叔(shu)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),自(zi)己代(dai)(dai)替(ti)孟孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。陽(yang)虎(hu)(hu)(hu)借冬(dong)祭(ji)的(de)(de)機會起(qi)事,事敗,逃灌(guan)(今山(shan)東寧陽(yang)縣北(bei)稍西)、陽(yang)關(guan),據兩地反叛(pan)。
魯(lu)(lu)(lu)國(guo)經“三桓專權(quan)”、“陪臣(chen)執國(guo)命(ming)”兩個(ge)時(shi)期(qi)后,不僅使宮室衰(shuai)敗(bai),魯(lu)(lu)(lu)國(guo)舊日的(de)(de)(de)(de)貴族(zu)世(shi)家也(ye)大(da)都衰(shuai)落。魯(lu)(lu)(lu)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)顏(yan)氏家族(zu)到顏(yan)路、顏(yan)回父子(zi)時(shi),除了保有(you)祖傳的(de)(de)(de)(de)貴族(zu)身份及顏(yan)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)魯(lu)(lu)(lu)卿(qing)大(da)夫頭(tou)銜(xian)外,便(bian)只有(you)陋(lou)巷(xiang)(xiang)簡樸的(de)(de)(de)(de)住宅及五十畝郭外之田(tian),十畝郭內(nei)之圃(pu)了。在生(sheng)產力極(ji)為低(di)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)春秋時(shi)期(qi),些許田(tian)產難以維持一個(ge)貴族(zu)家庭的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)計,顏(yan)回父子(zi)不得(de)不省去(qu)作(zuo)為貴族(zu)家庭的(de)(de)(de)(de)一般性(xing)開支,簡居于(yu)陋(lou)巷(xiang)(xiang)。
師從孔子
顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)“年(nian)十三,入(ru)孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)門”時,孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)聚徒講(jiang)學(xue)已(yi)達十三年(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)久。其(qi)(qi)(qi)聲望(wang)遠(yuan)播于(yu)各諸侯(hou)國,其(qi)(qi)(qi)弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路、孟懿子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、南宮敬叔等在(zai)魯國已(yi)小(xiao)有(you)名氣。顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)剛入(ru)孔門時,在(zai)弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)中(zhong)年(nian)齡最小(xiao),性格(ge)又內向,沉默寡言,才智較少外露,有(you)人便(bian)覺(jue)得他有(you)些愚。馬骕《繹(yi)史》引《沖波傳》曰:“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路、顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)浴于(yu)洙水(shui),見五(wu)色(se)鳥(niao)(niao),顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)問,子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路曰:“熒(ying)熒(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)鳥(niao)(niao)。”后日,顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)與子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路又浴于(yu)泗(si)水(shui),更見前鳥(niao)(niao),復問由:“識此鳥(niao)(niao)否(fou)?”子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路曰:‘同(tong)同(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)鳥(niao)(niao)。’顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)曰:“何一(yi)(yi)鳥(niao)(niao)而(er)二(er)名?”子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路曰:“譬如絲綃,煮(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)則為帛,染之(zhi)(zhi)則為皂。一(yi)(yi)鳥(niao)(niao)二(er)名,不亦(yi)宜乎?”,其(qi)(qi)(qi)大意是:有(you)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)隨(sui)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路去洙水(shui)洗澡,見五(wu)色(se)鳥(niao)(niao)在(zai)河(he)(he)中(zhong)戲(xi)水(shui),便(bian)問子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路是什么鳥(niao)(niao)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)答(da)說:這(zhe)(zhe)叫(jiao)熒(ying)熒(ying)鳥(niao)(niao)。過了(le)些日子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)與子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路又去泗(si)水(shui)洗澡,又在(zai)河(he)(he)中(zhong)碰見五(wu)色(se)鳥(niao)(niao),顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)再次(ci)問子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路:您(nin)認得這(zhe)(zhe)鳥(niao)(niao)嗎?子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路又答(da)曰:這(zhe)(zhe)是同(tong)同(tong)鳥(niao)(niao)。顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)反問:為什么一(yi)(yi)種鳥(niao)(niao)有(you)兩(liang)個(ge)名字呢?子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)路說:就像我們這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)出產的魯絹一(yi)(yi)樣,用(yong)清水(shui)漂(piao)洗就是帛,用(yong)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)色(se)染就是皂,一(yi)(yi)種鳥(niao)(niao)兩(liang)個(ge)名字不是很(hen)自(zi)然嗎?
顏(yan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)忠(zhong)厚與(yu)內向,掩蓋了他的(de)聰穎善思,就連(lian)孔(kong)子(zi)一時也(ye)難以斷(duan)定顏(yan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)天資(zi)究(jiu)竟(jing)屬于(yu)哪個層次。經過一段時間的(de)深入觀察了解,孔(kong)子(zi)才(cai)指(zhi)出顏(yan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)并不(bu)愚(yu)。《論語·為政》記(ji)載:“子(zi)曰(yue):‘吾與(yu)回(hui)(hui)(hui)言(yan)終日(ri),不(bu)違,如(ru)愚(yu)。退(tui)而(er)省其私,亦足(zu)以發,回(hui)(hui)(hui)也(ye)不(bu)愚(yu)。'”顏(yan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)天資(zi)極聰慧,就連(lian)能言(yan)善辯(bian)的(de)子(zi)貢也(ye)坦(tan)率地說不(bu)敢與(yu)顏(yan)回(hui)(hui)(hui)相比(bi)。《論語·公冶(ye)長》記(ji)載:“子(zi)謂子(zi)貢曰(yue):‘女與(yu)回(hui)(hui)(hui)也(ye)孰愈?'對曰(yue):‘賜(si)也(ye)何敢望(wang)回(hui)(hui)(hui)?回(hui)(hui)(hui)也(ye)聞一以知(zhi)十,賜(si)也(ye)聞一以知(zhi)二(er)。'子(zi)曰(yue):‘弗如(ru)也(ye);吾與(yu)女弗如(ru)也(ye)。'”
顏回(hui)聰(cong)敏過(guo)人(ren),虛心(xin)好學(xue),使他(ta)較早(zao)地體認到孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)學(xue)說(shuo)的(de)精深博大,他(ta)對孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)尊敬已(yi)(yi)超出(chu)一(yi)般弟(di)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)尊師(shi)之(zhi)情。他(ta)以尊崇(chong)千古(gu)圣哲(zhe)之(zhi)情尊崇(chong)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),其親若父與(yu)(yu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。《論(lun)語(yu)·子(zi)(zi)(zi)罕(han)》曰(yue):“顏淵喟然嘆曰(yue):‘仰之(zhi)彌高,鉆之(zhi)彌堅。瞻之(zhi)在(zai)前(qian),忽焉(yan)在(zai)后(hou)。夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)循循然善誘人(ren),博我(wo)以文(wen),約我(wo)以禮,欲罷不能。既竭吾才,如有(you)所立卓(zhuo)爾(er)。雖欲從之(zhi),末(mo)由也(ye)(ye)已(yi)(yi)。’”其大意是(shi)(shi):顏回(hui)曾感嘆地說(shuo):老(lao)師(shi)的(de)道,越抬頭看,越覺得它(ta)(ta)高明,越用力鉆研,越覺得它(ta)(ta)深奧(ao)。看著它(ta)(ta)似(si)乎在(zai)前(qian)面(mian)(mian),等(deng)我(wo)們(men)向前(qian)面(mian)(mian)尋(xun)找時(shi),它(ta)(ta)又忽然出(chu)現在(zai)后(hou)面(mian)(mian)。老(lao)師(shi)的(de)道雖然這樣高深和不易捉摸,可(ke)是(shi)(shi)老(lao)師(shi)善于有(you)步(bu)驟地誘導我(wo)們(men),用各種文(wen)獻知識來豐富我(wo)們(men),提高我(wo)們(men),又用一(yi)定的(de)禮來約束我(wo)們(men),使我(wo)們(men)想停止(zhi)學(xue)習(xi)都不可(ke)能。我(wo)已(yi)(yi)經用盡我(wo)的(de)才力,似(si)乎已(yi)(yi)能夠獨(du)立工作。要(yao)想再向前(qian)邁一(yi)步(bu),又不知怎樣著手了。所以在(zai)少正卯(mao)與(yu)(yu)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)爭奪(duo)弟(di)子(zi)(zi)(zi)時(shi),使“孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)門三(san)盈三(san)虛”,唯有(you)顏回(hui)未離孔(kong)門半步(bu),因而后(hou)人(ren)評價說(shuo):“顏淵獨(du)知孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)圣也(ye)(ye)。”(《論(lun)衡·講瑞》)
顏(yan)回求學期間,曾于(yu)魯定(ding)公(gong)八年(nian)(公(gong)元前502年(nian)),娶宋國女(nv)子(zi)戴氏(shi)為妻。次年(nian)生(sheng)子(zi)顏(yan)歆。
魯定公(gong)七年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)前503年(nian))時,顏回(hui)西游(you)至衛,由衛至宋(song)。《說苑(yuan)·敬慎》載(zai):“顏回(hui)將西游(you),問孔子(zi)曰(yue):‘何以為身(shen)?'孔子(zi)曰(yue):‘恭敬忠(zhong)信(xin)(xin),可以為身(shen)。恭則(ze)(ze)免(mian)于眾(zhong),敬則(ze)(ze)人(ren)(ren)愛(ai)之(zhi),忠(zhong)則(ze)(ze)人(ren)(ren)與(yu)之(zhi),信(xin)(xin)則(ze)(ze)人(ren)(ren)恃之(zhi)。人(ren)(ren)所(suo)愛(ai),人(ren)(ren)所(suo)與(yu),人(ren)(ren)所(suo)恃,必免(mian)于患矣。可以臨國(guo)家,何況于身(shen)乎?故(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)比(bi)數而比(bi)諫,不(bu)(bu)(bu)亦(yi)遠乎?不(bu)(bu)(bu)修中而修外,不(bu)(bu)(bu)亦(yi)反乎?不(bu)(bu)(bu)先慮事(shi),臨難乃謀,不(bu)(bu)(bu)亦(yi)晚乎?”,《孔子(zi)家語》、《莊子(zi)》兩書對顏回(hui)將西游(you)也有記載(zai),只是文字略(lve)有不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)。
顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)回西(xi)(xi)游的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de),主要是(shi)去(qu)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)國(guo)向戴氏求婚。據(ju)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)景琴著《顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)(zi)評傳》考證,顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)回途經衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo),是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)其本家(jia)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)濁(zhuo)鄒(zou)在衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)。顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)同宗顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)濁(zhuo)鄒(zou)在衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)有一定的(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)地位和影響,為(wei)(wei)(wei)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)賢大夫,而(er)且(qie)家(jia)資豐厚,后來(lai)孔子(zi)(zi)周游列國(guo),初(chu)到衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)時(shi),就住在他家(jia)中。顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)(zi)到衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)并(bing)不(bu)是(shi)他最終的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)地。按《家(jia)語(yu)》說,應是(shi)經衛(wei)(wei)(wei)而(er)到宋(song)(song)(song)(song)國(guo)去(qu)。若顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)(zi)直接由魯國(guo)到宋(song)(song)(song)(song)國(guo)去(qu),便不(bu)能(neng)說“顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)(zi)將西(xi)(xi)游”,因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)國(guo)在魯國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)南方,而(er)不(bu)是(shi)在西(xi)(xi)方。顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)(zi)到宋(song)(song)(song)(song)國(guo)去(qu)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de),很可能(neng)與其婚姻有關。顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)(zi)之所以先(xian)到衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)而(er)后到宋(song)(song)(song)(song)國(guo),看來(lai)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)濁(zhuo)鄒(zou)在其間充當了月老的(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)色,故(gu)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)(zi)以到衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)去(qu)游學為(wei)(wei)(wei)由,而(er)實際上(shang)是(shi)請顏(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)濁(zhuo)鄒(zou)一同前往(wang)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)國(guo)。
顏(yan)回在其人生的(de)第一階段(duan),十(shi)三歲入孔門(men),用了大(da)約六年的(de)時(shi)間,其學業基本已成。東漢郎(lang)凱(kai)說:昔顏(yan)子“十(shi)八,天下歸仁”。十(shi)九歲向(xiang)宋戴氏求婚,二十(shi)歲與(yu)戴氏完(wan)婚,二十(shi)一歲生子顏(yan)歆。
關于顏回婚配(pei)(pei)的(de)年齡(ling),學術界尚有不同的(de)說法。一(yi)說三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)歲(sui)娶(qu)戴(dai)氏。但據(ju)《周禮(li)·地官(guan)》曰:“媒氏掌(zhang)萬(wan)民之(zhi)判。凡(fan)男(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)自成(cheng)名(ming)以上皆書年、月、日,名(ming)焉(yan),令男(nan)(nan)三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)而娶(qu),女(nv)(nv)二十(shi)而嫁。”意(yi)思是說,媒人(ren)掌(zhang)管天下萬(wan)民男(nan)(nan)女(nv)(nv)結合為夫婦的(de)事,一(yi)般(ban)是在男(nan)(nan)孩(hai)(hai)或(huo)女(nv)(nv)孩(hai)(hai)滿三(san)(san)(san)個月之(zhi)后(hou)就登記在冊(ce)。如果(guo)男(nan)(nan)滿三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)歲(sui),女(nv)(nv)滿二十(shi)歲(sui)還沒婚配(pei)(pei),則(ze)由官(guan)媒作主令其嫁、娶(qu)某人(ren),個人(ren)與家(jia)長便失去了選擇的(de)自由。春秋時(shi)期(qi)戰亂頻繁,為爭霸天下,各諸侯國大都把(ba)《周禮(li)》規定的(de)最高(gao)嫁娶(qu)年齡(ling)界限向前提,以便迅速繁衍人(ren)口(kou)。到顏回所處的(de)春秋末期(qi),越國已(yi)下令:“凡(fan)男(nan)(nan)二十(shi),女(nv)(nv)十(shi)七不婚者,有罪及父母。”孔子是十(shi)九歲(sui)娶(qu)亓官(guan)氏的(de),顏回晚一(yi)年,應是二十(shi)歲(sui)婚配(pei)(pei),而不是三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)歲(sui)。
孔(kong)子夸(kua)贊顏(yan)回:“有顏(yan)回者(zhe)好學,不(bu)遷(qian)怒(nu),不(bu)貳(er)過,不(bu)幸短命死矣。”
顏回隨師周游列國時,其子顏歆已(yi)五(wu)歲(sui)。他還(huan)是孔子的弟子。
據(ju)《兗(yan)州(zhou)府志(zhi)》(清乾隆三十五(wu)年(nian)刻本)記載(zai):“顏(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)故(gu)居,在(zai)滋陽縣署前小巷(今兗(yan)州(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)內文(wen)廟小學),相傳即顏(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)陋巷也(ye)。”“城(cheng)(cheng)南八里,有顏(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)廓外田名曰陋地(di)。”《縣志(zhi)》記載(zai):顏(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)“邑人,久(jiu)祀學宮,并(bing)有陋巷遺跡”。在(zai)很早以前,城(cheng)(cheng)中就修建(jian)了紀念他的顏(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)閣,城(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)家(jia)村建(jian)有顏(yan)(yan)(yan)氏(shi)家(jia)廟。
《論語》、《家語》、《史記(ji)》等書中說(shuo),顏回(hui)出身于貧苦的農民家庭,身居茅(mao)屋陋巷(xiang),用竹筒子(zi)當碗盛飯,用瓢喝水,但他(ta)人窮(qiong)(qiong)志不窮(qiong)(qiong),安于其樂。他(ta)是孔(kong)子(zi)得意的高材(cai)弟子(zi),少孔(kong)子(zi)三十歲。自(zi)幼勤奮好(hao)學,孔(kong)子(zi)說(shuo)他(ta)能“聞一(yi)知十”。
一次,顏(yan)回請(qing)教孔(kong)子說(shuo):“我(wo)認為一個人(ren)(ren)雖然出(chu)身貧苦,但(dan)應安分(fen)守已,不(bu)(bu)以貧為恥;自己(ji)雖是無職無權(quan)的(de)(de)卑(bei)賤者,但(dan)不(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)自卑(bei),不(bu)(bu)應在(zai)貴人(ren)(ren)面前(qian)低三下四(si);不(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)依靠擺架子耍威風來(lai)樹立自己(ji)的(de)(de)威望;與別人(ren)(ren)交朋友(you)要(yao)(yao)與他一輩子共(gong)(gong)患(huan)難。把這樣(yang)幾條(tiao)當做待人(ren)(ren)處世的(de)(de)標準你(ni)看如何?”孔(kong)子說(shuo):“好呀(ya)!如果一個人(ren)(ren)雖貧,不(bu)(bu)在(zai)富人(ren)(ren)面前(qian)自卑(bei),安于貧,這樣(yang)就沒有其他欲望;自己(ji)沒有地位也不(bu)(bu)覺得比貴人(ren)(ren)低下,這樣(yang)自然謙和;有禮貌,平等(deng)待人(ren)(ren),不(bu)(bu)裝腔作勢(shi),就會自然受(shou)人(ren)(ren)尊敬,不(bu)(bu)脫離群眾(zhong);交朋友(you),講忠義(yi),共(gong)(gong)患(huan)難,不(bu)(bu)說(shuo)過頭(tou)話,不(bu)(bu)辦過頭(tou)的(de)(de)事,就一定能搞好團結。如果你(ni)能做到這樣(yang)幾點,就是上古的(de)(de)圣人(ren)(ren)也不(bu)(bu)過如此。”
顏回(hui)言行一(yi)(yi)(yi)致,孔子(zi)稱贊(zan)他(ta)的德仁,說(shuo)他(ta)“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)遷怒,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)貳過(guo)(guo)”,“其(qi)心(xin)三月不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)違仁”,“善哉回(hui)也”。據傳說(shuo),當時有的同窗認為孔子(zi)對顏回(hui)的評價過(guo)(guo)高,很不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)服氣(qi)。有一(yi)(yi)(yi)天,他(ta)們出(chu)了個點子(zi),想考驗顏回(hui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)下。見顏回(hui)走來,就派(pai)人繞(rao)道(dao)于前,在路上偷偷放(fang)下一(yi)(yi)(yi)錠金(jin)子(zi),然(ran)后躲在一(yi)(yi)(yi)邊,遠(yuan)遠(yuan)地看他(ta)如(ru)何處(chu)置。顏回(hui)突然(ran)發現(xian)了路上閃(shan)閃(shan)發光的金(jin)子(zi),拾起(qi)來一(yi)(yi)(yi)看,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)禁(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)愣,上面(mian)清清楚楚地寫著(zhu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)行小字:“天賜顏回(hui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)錠金(jin)”。他(ta)搖(yao)(yao)了搖(yao)(yao)頭,把(ba)金(jin)子(zi)翻過(guo)(guo)來,在另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)面(mian)也寫了一(yi)(yi)(yi)行字:“外(wai)財不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)發命(ming)窮人”。寫完后,把(ba)金(jin)子(zi)仍放(fang)在原處(chu),拂袖而去。這(zhe)件事很快傳開了,大家從心(xin)里更加佩服顏回(hui)。
孔子(zi)還說過(guo):“我自從(cong)有了顏(yan)(yan)回,在他(ta)(ta)的影響下,弟子(zi)更加親(qin)密團結”。但由于顏(yan)(yan)回用(yong)腦過(guo)度,二十九歲時,頭發全(quan)白,不幸在四十歲病死。顏(yan)(yan)回死后,歷代統治者都為(wei)他(ta)(ta)封(feng)官晉(jin)爵,唐朝(chao)贈封(feng)他(ta)(ta)為(wei)兗公,宋朝(chao)封(feng)他(ta)(ta)為(wei)兗國(guo)公,元朝(chao)封(feng)他(ta)(ta)為(wei)兗國(guo)復(fu)圣公,明(ming)嘉靖九年又尊(zun)為(wei)復(fu)圣顏(yan)(yan)子(zi)。
顏氏之儒
顏回通過自己講學授徒,傳授儒(ru)學六經(jing);通過協助(zhu)孔(kong)子整理古(gu)代典籍(ji),逐漸擴大(da)了(le)自己的影響,形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)儒(ru)家(jia)的一(yi)個宗派——顏氏(shi)之儒(ru)。
《韓非子·顯學》指出:自(zi)孔子死后,儒(ru)分八派,“顏(yan)氏之儒(ru)”是其中的(de)(de)(de)一派。后世儒(ru)學專家大多認為韓非子所說的(de)(de)(de)顏(yan)氏之儒(ru),是指顏(yan)回弟子在(zai)繼承顏(yan)子思想的(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)發展起來的(de)(de)(de)儒(ru)學支派。重于立德
顏(yan)(yan)回(hui)之(zhi)德(de)(de)(de)是顏(yan)(yan)回(hui)留給后(hou)世最(zui)豐厚,也是最(zui)不(bu)(bu)朽(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)文(wen)化遺產。《左傳·襄公二十四年》:“豹聞(wen)之(zhi),大上有(you)立德(de)(de)(de),其次有(you)立功,其次有(you)立言。雖(sui)久(jiu)不(bu)(bu)廢,此之(zhi)謂不(bu)(bu)朽(xiu)(xiu)。”顏(yan)(yan)回(hui)的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)朽(xiu)(xiu),在于其重(zhong)立德(de)(de)(de),后(hou)世稱他為“復圣”,便是對(dui)其重(zhong)于立德(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)肯(ken)定。顏(yan)(yan)回(hui)之(zhi)德(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)核心是“仁(ren)”,他把孔子的(de)(de)“仁(ren)”,落實于個人的(de)(de)行(xing)動中(zhong),而不(bu)(bu)是停留在口頭上。顏(yan)(yan)回(hui)以其高尚(shang)的(de)(de)道德(de)(de)(de)人格(ge)影響(xiang)社會,啟迪(di)后(hou)世。
天人合一
顏回(hui)的言行體現(xian)了他善(shan)于領略天地(di)造化的力量(liang),尊重客觀規律(lv),順應自(zi)然,但又重視人(ren)的能動性,守(shou)道而不(bu)移(yi)其志。顏回(hui)有入士為(wei)相的愿(yuan)望,希望通過(guo)人(ren)的努力,達(da)到“無伐善(shan),無施勞”。在(zai)條(tiao)件不(bu)成熟時,能主動退讓,待時而行。“用之(zhi)則行,舍之(zhi)則藏(zang)”,居陋巷(xiang)簞食瓢飲(yin)不(bu)改其樂(le),把自(zi)我化于自(zi)然之(zhi)中。“同于大(da)道”(《莊子·大(da)宗師(shi)》),使自(zi)我行動符合客觀規律(lv)。
辯證思維
事物發展到極限(xian)會走向反面,這是辯(bian)證法的觀點之一。顏(yan)回(hui)從東(dong)野畢(bi)(bi)不(bu)愛惜馬(ma)(ma)力推知其馬(ma)(ma)將逃(tao)跑(pao)。魯(lu)定公(gong)問何以(yi)知其馬(ma)(ma)將逃(tao)跑(pao)時(shi),顏(yan)回(hui)說(shuo):“臣以(yi)政知之。昔舜(shun)巧于使民(min),而造父巧于使馬(ma)(ma),舜(shun)不(bu)窮(qiong)(qiong)其民(min),造父不(bu)窮(qiong)(qiong)其馬(ma)(ma);是以(yi)舜(shun)無(wu)失(shi)民(min),造父無(wu)失(shi)馬(ma)(ma)也(ye)。今東(dong)野畢(bi)(bi)之馭(yu),上車執轡,銜體(ti)正矣;步驟馳騁(cheng),朝禮畢(bi)(bi)矣;歷(li)險致(zhi)遠,馬(ma)(ma)力盡矣。然(ran)猶(you)求馬(ma)(ma)不(bu)已,是以(yi)知之也(ye)。”定公(gong)問:“善!可(ke)得少進乎?”顏(yan)回(hui)答:“臣聞之,鳥(niao)窮(qiong)(qiong)則(ze)啄,獸窮(qiong)(qiong)則(ze)攫,人窮(qiong)(qiong)則(ze)詐。自古及今,未有窮(qiong)(qiong)其下而無(wu)危者也(ye)。”(《荀子·哀公(gong)》)
顏(yan)(yan)回(hui)在(zai)(zai)學習和弘揚孔子(zi)所創(chuang)立的儒家(jia)學說的過(guo)程中,總是殫(dan)精竭思,傾注全部心血,再加上“簞食(shi)瓢飲”的困苦生活,這(zhe)種狀況(kuang)嚴重地損害了(le)(le)(le)他(ta)的健康。魯哀公十四(si)年(公元前(qian)481年)夏(xia)歷八月二十三日,一代儒學宗師顏(yan)(yan)子(zi)不幸(xing)病逝,給世(shi)人留(liu)下了(le)(le)(le)永久的遺(yi)憾。由于他(ta)的家(jia)境十分(fen)困難,以至無力按(an)照當(dang)時有關禮儀殯葬(zang),最(zui)后經他(ta)的父親顏(yan)(yan)路四(si)處(chu)籌措,并在(zai)(zai)其弟子(zi)及(ji)同(tong)門(men)好(hao)友的幫助下,才(cai)勉強完成了(le)(le)(le)葬(zang)禮。
《孔子家語》中有顏回一篇。據(ju)說顏回非常聰明(ming),深曉(xiao)推(tui)理之(zhi)術。他主張為人要謹慎,克(ke)己,多(duo)注意自己的行為是否正確……在孔教(jiao)中顏回得到特別的尊(zun)重。但是孔子門下(xia)的學生,有聰明(ming)才智的一樣有很多(duo)--像子路等人都可以(yi)為代表。