中國民(min)間神(shen)話傳說人物,在昆侖山開天(tian)辟地,盤(pan)(pan)古神(shen)話敘事見于《三(san)五歷(li)紀》、《五運歷(li)年(nian)記(ji)》、《述異記(ji)》等(deng)。盤(pan)(pan)古的開天(tian)辟地一說最(zui)早出(chu)在三(san)國吳人徐整的《三(san)五歷(li)記(ji)》 ,最(zui)早形象見于《廣博(bo)物志》和《乩仙天(tian)地判說》為龍首(shou)蛇(she)身或(huo)人面蛇(she)身。
一(yi)(yi)部分學者認(ren)為(wei)也(ye)認(ren)為(wei)盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)也(ye)姓方(fang)氏,因后來(lai)人(ren)們以(yi)天圓地方(fang)為(wei)大,盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)是中(zhong)國(guo)神話體系(xi)中(zhong)最古(gu)(gu)(gu)老的(de)神,他的(de)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)很古(gu)(gu)(gu)老,長期流傳在(zai)人(ren)們口頭,直到(dao)(dao)三國(guo)時(shi)才由吳國(guo)文人(ren)徐整記錄下來(lai)。但(dan)1986年(nian)饒宗頤先生(sheng)(sheng)發表的(de)《盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)圖考》,指出漢末興(xing)平元年(nian),即公元194年(nian);饒先生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)成(cheng)果,不(bu)僅將盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)出現的(de)時(shi)間上推到(dao)(dao)公元二世紀末,而(er)且在(zai)研究方(fang)法(fa)上,也(ye)提供了啟迪(di):神話與宗教是一(yi)(yi)個事物(wu)的(de)兩面(mian)體,語(yu)言與神像聯系(xi)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)起(qi),兩方(fang)面(mian)的(de)研究可(ke)以(yi)互證。廣(guang)東花(hua)都是古(gu)(gu)(gu)時(shi)“南海盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)國(guo)”的(de)所在(zai)地。
盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)最早出(chu)現于(yu)三(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)文人徐整的(de)《三(san)(san)五(wu)歷(li)記(ji)(ji)》。又有(you)《五(wu)運(yun)歷(li)年(nian)記(ji)(ji)》記(ji)(ji)載其(qi)化生(sheng)(sheng)萬物。《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)哲學史(shi)(shi)》教材引用了這兩段史(shi)(shi)料(liao)。對于(yu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)反(fan)映了中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)遠(yuan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)真實情(qing)況,教材論(lun)證說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)創世(shi)的(de)神話(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)雖(sui)(sui)不見于(yu)先秦文獻,但正(zheng)如呂(lv)思勉所說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):‘今(jin)世(shi)俗無不知(zhi)有(you)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)氏’,‘蓋其(qi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)甚舊,故傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)之甚廣(guang)’。由此(ci)推斷,由于(yu)遠(yuan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)時期(qi)沒有(you)文字,加之我們(men)的(de)祖(zu)先又有(you)述而不作的(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統,因此(ci),這一神話(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),形諸文字雖(sui)(sui)晚(wan),但其(qi)內(nei)容(rong)的(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)應在很早的(de)遠(yuan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)時期(qi),是(shi)千百(bai)年(nian)來中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華先民(min)口(kou)耳相傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)的(de)結果。”《鑒略》:“粵有(you)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)太荒,首(shou)出(chu)御世(shi),肇開(kai)(kai)混茫。”盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)神話(hua)流傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)時間下限至東漢(han)時代(dai)(dai),敘事見于(yu)《三(san)(san)五(wu)歷(li)紀》、《五(wu)運(yun)歷(li)年(nian)記(ji)(ji)》、《述異(yi)記(ji)(ji)》等。 公元(yuan)506年(nian)南朝梁(liang)人任昉在《述異(yi)記(ji)(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)記(ji)(ji)載的(de)“南海(hai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)國(guo)(guo)”,其(qi)遺跡就(jiu)在今(jin)廣(guang)東省花都區境(jing)內(nei)獅(shi)嶺爐山,也是(shi)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)瑤族(zu)的(de)居住地。 從《述異(yi)記(ji)(ji)》“今(jin)南海(hai)有(you)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)氏墓…桂林有(you)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)氏廟”等可知(zhi)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)上盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)神話(hua)當在古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)百(bai)越(yue)族(zu)系中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)流傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)是(shi)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)越(yue)族(zu)人自天地初開(kai)(kai)形成(cheng)神話(hua),是(shi)混沌(dun)大氣旋轉成(cheng)蛋形生(sheng)(sheng)出(chu)創世(shi)始祖(zu)。
在中國(guo)版圖(tu)上(shang),盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)分布很(hen)廣(guang)(guang),從(cong)南到北,從(cong)東到西,幾乎都有(you)盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)痕跡。全國(guo)專家花都繪制(zhi)“盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)地(di)(di)圖(tu)”,盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)遺(yi)跡遍布全國(guo)但廣(guang)(guang)東最(zui)多。 南方(fang)百越(yue)族聚(ju)居(ju)(ju)地(di)(di)主要(yao)為兩廣(guang)(guang)地(di)(di)區(qu),該地(di)(di)為今瑤、漢(han)、苗、壯、黎等族的(de)聚(ju)居(ju)(ju)地(di)(di),湖(hu)南省文(wen)聯研(yan)究員(yuan)、神(shen)話學(xue)者龍海(hai)清認為:“大量的(de)田(tian)野調查發(fa)現,凡是(shi)有(you)盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)化遺(yi)存的(de)地(di)(di)方(fang),都與(yu)苗瑤古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代先民曾經活動過(guo)或遷徙經過(guo)的(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)有(you)所(suo)關聯。” 在專家們看(kan)來(lai),被視為中華民族創世神(shen)話的(de)盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)開(kai)天辟地(di)(di)的(de)傳說,應當起源(yuan)于古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代“百越(yue)”之地(di)(di);而(er)嶺南,甚(shen)或說廣(guang)(guang)東先民,有(you)可能就是(shi)這(zhe)個人(ren)類文(wen)明(ming)史上(shang)最(zui)偉大神(shen)話之一的(de)創造者。
中(zhong)華(hua)民族(zu)天地形成(cheng)神(shen)(shen)話(hua)(hua),著名的(de)(de)當(dang)數盤(pan)古(gu)神(shen)(shen)話(hua)(hua)。它除了漢文古(gu)籍有(you)書面記載之外,南方不少民族(zu)有(you)活(huo)形態流傳。盤(pan)古(gu)神(shen)(shen)話(hua)(hua)產生(sheng)流傳時(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)下限,以往人們根據目前所(suo)知最(zui)早記錄者為三(san)(san)國時(shi)吳(wu)人徐(xu)整而定在三(san)(san)國時(shi)代;1989年,香(xiang)港(gang)學(xue)者饒宗(zong)頤(yi)在《中(zhong)央民族(zu)學(xue)院學(xue)報》當(dang)年第二期發表《盤(pan)古(gu)圖考》(1)一文確認,東漢獻帝(di)興平元年(194)益州學(xue)堂周公禮殿壁畫(hua)中(zhong)就已經出現(xian)盤(pan)古(gu)神(shen)(shen)像,從而又把下限提前至東漢時(shi)代。 但(dan)是(shi)關于(yu)盤(pan)古(gu)神(shen)(shen)話(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)敘事,最(zui)早還(huan)是(shi)見于(yu)三(san)(san)國時(shi)吳(wu)國人徐(xu)整所(suo)撰(zhuan)的(de)(de)《三(san)(san)五歷紀》。
歷(li)(li)來(lai)(lai)(lai)關于(yu)(yu)盤古(gu)(gu)來(lai)(lai)(lai)源的(de)(de)(de)討論(lun)可大體歸結為 “本(ben)土說” 與 “外來(lai)(lai)(lai)說” 兩(liang)種主(zhu)要觀點(dian)② 。持(chi) “本(ben)土說” 的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)者(zhe)主(zhu)要從(cong)兩(liang)方面(mian)立論(lun)。其(qi)一沒,多將 “盤古(gu)(gu)” 與“ 瓠(hu)” 相聯(lian)系,然 瓠(hu)本(ben)是(shi)神(shen)犬(quan),而(er)盤古(gu)(gu)是(shi)巨人;且(qie)瓠(hu)最(zui)初并無開辟天地(di)、 創生(sheng)萬物的(de)(de)(de)神(shen)跡或如(ru)聞一多、常任俠(xia)等先(xian)生(sheng)認為盤古(gu)(gu)即是(shi)伏羲(xi)的(de)(de)(de)青轉。李福清已辨其(qi)非(fei),這些(xie)都(dou)(dou)是(shi)基于(yu)(yu)所謂音轉的(de)(de)(de)證據(ju).而(er)事跡卻往往不相符合,故結論(lun)很可懷(huai)疑(yi)。其(qi)二,多有用近世乃至(zhi)現當代搜集(ji)的(de)(de)(de)民(min)族學(xue)二民(min)俗(su)學(xue)材料來(lai)(lai)(lai)論(lun)古(gu)(gu)代盤古(gu)(gu)來(lai)(lai)(lai)源者(zhe),這種方法面(mian)臨的(de)(de)(de)挑戰更多。而(er)持(chi)“外來(lai)(lai)(lai)說’的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)者(zhe)則大都(dou)(dou)沒有正(zheng)(zheng)面(mian)回答(da):如(ru)果三(san)國以前(qian)沒有盤古(gu)(gu)神(shen)話,中國本(ben)土文化(hua)傳統(tong)中又(you)是(shi)如(ru)何(he)解(jie)釋天地(di)生(sheng)成的(de)(de)(de)?誰(shui)又(you)是(shi)開辟和創世的(de)(de)(de)大神(shen)?此外。雙方學(xue)者(zhe)在(zai)使用基本(ben)史料時(shi),對(dui)史料來(lai)(lai)(lai)源追查不深(shen),使原本(ben)有限的(de)(de)(de)史料,定年不清,意涵發掘(jue)不夠,直接影響了對(dui)盤古(gu)(gu)神(shen)話傳衍(yan)歷(li)(li)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)確(que)理解(jie)。
“本(ben)土(tu)說(shuo)(shuo)” 除(chu)了王(wang)暉的(de)新論(lun)(lun),多(duo)有(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)是 “ 盤(pan)(pan)(pan)瓠(hu)(hu)” 的(de)音(yin)轉,盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)傳說(shuo)(shuo)出(chu)(chu)自(zi)苗民(min)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)瓠(hu)(hu)神(shen)話(hua)(hua)者(zhe)(zhe), 如清人(ren)蘇(su)時學(xue)(xue) 《爻(yao)山筆話(hua)(hua)》 、 李(li)慈銘 《越縵堂日記》 乙(yi)集(ji)(ji)、 民(min)國(guo)(guo)夏曾佑 《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代史(shi)(shi)》 、 聞(wen)一多(duo) 《 伏(fu)羲考》 等。 茅盾認(ren)定(ding)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)神(shen)話(hua)(hua)本(ben)發生于南方, 見(jian) 《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)神(shen)話(hua)(hua)研(yan)究(jiu)ABC》,1928 年(nian)(nian)初(chu)(chu)版(ban)(ban), 此據其(qi) 《神(shen)話(hua)(hua)研(yan)究(jiu)》 , 百花文(wen)(wen)藝出(chu)(chu)版(ban)(ban)社(she)(she) 1981年(nian)(nian)版(ban)(ban), 第(di)(di) 163—165 頁(ye)。楊(yang)寬(kuan)認(ren)同盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)與(yu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)瓠(hu)(hu)的(de)音(yin)轉關系,卻否認(ren)其(qi)出(chu)(chu)自(zi)苗民(min)神(shen)話(hua)(hua),認(ren)為(wei)出(chu)(chu)自(zi)北方或西北,見(jian)其(qi) 《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)上古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)史(shi)(shi)導論(lun)(lun)》 , 1938年(nian)(nian)初(chu)(chu)刊,此據 《古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)史(shi)(shi)辨(bian)》 7 冊上編(bian),上海古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)籍出(chu)(chu)版(ban)(ban)社(she)(she) 1982年(nian)(nian)影印本(ben),第(di)(di) 156—175頁(ye)。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)來(lai)自(zi) 《山海經》 中(zhong)(zhong)燭陰 ( 燭龍)神(shen)話(hua)(hua)者(zhe)(zhe), 有(you)顧頡(jie)剛、楊(yang)向奎 《三皇考》,《古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)史(shi)(shi)辨(bian)》 7 冊中(zhong)(zhong)編(bian),第(di)(di)151—155 頁(ye)。劉起 《開天辟地(di)的(de)神(shen)話(hua)(hua)與(yu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)》 , 1988 年(nian)(nian)初(chu)(chu)刊,此據 《古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)史(shi)(shi)續辨(bian)》,中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)社(she)(she)會科學(xue)(xue)出(chu)(chu)版(ban)(ban)社(she)(she)1991 年(nian)(nian)版(ban)(ban), 第(di)(di)74—91 頁(ye)等。“外(wai)來(lai)說(shuo)(shuo)” 除(chu)極少數主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)來(lai)自(zi)巴比(bi)倫(lun)文(wen)(wen)化外(wai),更(geng)多(duo)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)傳說(shuo)(shuo)來(lai)上古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)神(shen)話(hua)(hua),然也各(ge)有(you)不(bu)同。有(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)原(yuan)型(xing)乃(nai) tman 者(zhe)(zhe),如明(ming)人(ren)馬歡 《瀛涯勝覽》 ;有(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)為(wei) Brahmā 的(de)音(yin)譯,如何新 《諸(zhu)神(shen)的(de)起源(yuan)— — —中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)遠古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)太陽(yang)神(shen)崇(chong)拜(bai)》,光明(ming)日報(bao)出(chu)(chu)版(ban)(ban)社(she)(she) 1996 年(nian)(nian)版(ban)(ban), 第(di)(di)240—249 頁(ye)。高木(mu)敏(min)雄氏于1904 年(nian)(nian)出(chu)(chu)版(ban)(ban) 《比(bi)較(jiao)神(shen)話(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)》,提(ti)出(chu)(chu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)為(wei)吠陀神(shen)話(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)始巨人(ren)布路沙之說(shuo)(shuo)。 此說(shuo)(shuo)最足(zu)重視(shi),惜只見(jian)葉舒憲《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)神(shen)話(hua)(hua)哲學(xue)(xue)》 , 中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)社(she)(she)會科學(xue)(xue)出(chu)(chu)版(ban)(ban)社(she)(she) 1992 年(nian)(nian)版(ban)(ban),第(di)(di) 323—329頁(ye)對(dui)其(qi)說(shuo)(shuo)有(you)引證。此外(wai),認(ren)為(wei)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)神(shen)話(hua)(hua)乃(nai)通過(guo)漢末(mo)魏(wei)晉間佛經漢譯而得傳布者(zhe)(zhe), 見(jian)呂(lv)思勉 《盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)考》,《古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)史(shi)(shi)辨(bian)》 7 冊中(zhong)(zhong)編(bian),第(di)(di) 14—15 頁(ye)。饒宗(zong)頤 《安荼論(lun)(lun)與(yu)晉吳(wu)間之宇宙觀》 , 1965 年(nian)(nian)初(chu)(chu)刊, 此據 《饒宗(zong)頤史(shi)(shi)學(xue)(xue)論(lun)(lun)著選》,上海古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)籍出(chu)(chu)版(ban)(ban)社(she)(she) 1993 年(nian)(nian)版(ban)(ban),第(di)(di) 347—366 頁(ye);《圍陀與(yu)敦煌壁畫》 , 《敦煌吐(tu)魯番學(xue)(xue)研(yan)究(jiu)論(lun)(lun)文(wen)(wen)集(ji)(ji)》,漢語大詞典(dian)出(chu)(chu)版(ban)(ban)社(she)(she) 1990 年(nian)(nian)版(ban)(ban), 第(di)(di) 16—26 頁(ye)等。
據《淮(huai)南子》等古(gu)(gu)書記載具有(you)創世神(shen)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是昊(hao)天(tian)上帝(di)、伏羲(xi)等。在(zai)(zai)東漢中(zhong)后(hou)期(qi),因為(wei)(wei)原來(lai)掌(zhang)管天(tian)地開(kai)(kai)辟(pi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本土最高神(shen)太一(yi)地位(wei)逐漸下降,從而為(wei)(wei)一(yi)個新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)辟(pi)大神(shen)出(chu)現提供了空間(jian)。但(dan)中(zhong)國古(gu)(gu)人在(zai)(zai)接受外(wai)來(lai)觀(guan)念時(shi),向來(lai)都是進行有(you)選擇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)汲納。漢末(mo)唐(tang)宋(song)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)國古(gu)(gu)人接受吠陀經典(dian)中(zhong)巨人尸(shi)體化(hua)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)話(hua)后(hou),并沒有(you)放棄本土原有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣化(hua)宇宙論(lun)。盤古(gu)(gu)神(shen)話(hua)雖出(chu),盤古(gu)(gu)雖然逐漸擠掉太一(yi)成為(wei)(wei)開(kai)(kai)辟(pi)之(zhi)神(shen),但(dan)來(lai)自印(yin)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宇宙論(lun)觀(guan)念卻始終不(bu)能夠取代中(zhong)國固有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宇宙生成論(lun)。自三國至(zhi)唐(tang)宋(song), 盤古(gu)(gu)神(shen)話(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文獻記載之(zhi)所以如此少見(jian),且多見(jian)于“述異” 之(zhi)記、 道典(dian)秘笈,或(huo)是文人戲謔(nve)之(zhi)作(zuo),也應是其實際影響有(you)限的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種反映 。20世紀初被古(gu)(gu)史辨派戳穿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) “自從盤古(gu)(gu)開(kai)(kai)天(tian)地,三皇五帝(di)到如今(jin)” 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)話(hua),也許本就不(bu)曾是宋(song)明以前人們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普遍觀(guan)念。
從中國(guo)上古(gu)以及(ji)先(xian)秦時期留下的(de)史料看,在老(lao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)哲學(xue)之(zhi)前,“天(tian)”或“帝”是(shi)(shi)最(zui)高信仰之(zhi)神,無論在甲骨(gu)金文還是(shi)(shi)在傳世(shi)文獻中都是(shi)(shi)如此(ci)(ci)。孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)述(shu)而不作,好古(gu)敏求,他說(shuo)(shuo)“唯天(tian)為(wei)大,唯堯(yao)則之(zhi)”(《論語(yu)·泰伯》),此(ci)(ci)即(ji)以“天(tian)”為(wei)最(zui)高的(de)范疇,它是(shi)(shi)堯(yao)、舜等(deng)古(gu)帝王效(xiao)法的(de)楷模。老(lao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)原創(chuang)性地(di)(di)提出“有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)物混成,先(xian)天(tian)地(di)(di)生”(《老(lao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)》二十(shi)五章),由此(ci)(ci),“天(tian)地(di)(di)”才(cai)不再是(shi)(shi)自古(gu)固有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)。于是(shi)(shi)在以后(hou)的(de)中國(guo)哲學(xue)中,才(cai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)了《易傳·系辭上》所(suo)謂(wei)“易有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)太(tai)極(ji)(ji),是(shi)(shi)生兩(liang)儀(yi)”(按“兩(liang)儀(yi)”即(ji)天(tian)地(di)(di),《系辭上》在“易有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)太(tai)極(ji)(ji),是(shi)(shi)生兩(liang)儀(yi)”句后(hou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)云“是(shi)(shi)故(gu)法象莫大乎(hu)天(tian)地(di)(di)”),《莊子(zi)(zi)(zi)·大宗師》所(suo)謂(wei)“夫道有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)情有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)信……自古(gu)以固存,神鬼神帝,生天(tian)生地(di)(di)”,以及(ji)《淮南子(zi)(zi)(zi)·天(tian)文訓》所(suo)謂(wei)“道始于虛霩(kuo),虛霩(kuo)生宇宙,宇宙生氣(qi)……清陽(yang)者薄靡而為(wei)天(tian),重濁者凝滯而為(wei)地(di)(di)”。從這一思想(xiang)的(de)發展脈絡看,沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)任(ren)何根據說(shuo)(shuo)盤(pan)古(gu)開天(tian)地(di)(di)的(de)創(chuang)世(shi)神話(hua)在老(lao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)哲學(xue)之(zhi)前就(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)了,而只能說(shuo)(shuo)其產生于漢代哲學(xue)之(zhi)后(hou)。
如(ru)許多研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)盤古傳說(shuo)的(de)論著所引,先秦時期追問天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)的(de)起源,較為典型的(de)史(shi)料是(shi)屈原《天(tian)(tian)問》所謂。史(shi)料的(de)背(bei)景應(ying)是(shi)老子(zi)提出了(le)“有(you)物(wu)(wu)混成,先天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)生(sheng)”,又(you)云:“道(dao)生(sheng)一,一生(sheng)二,二生(sheng)三,三生(sheng)萬物(wu)(wu)。萬物(wu)(wu)負陰(yin)而抱陽,沖(chong)氣以(yi)為和。”(《老子(zi)》四十二章(zhang))屈原是(shi)就此而追問天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)萬物(wu)(wu)如(ru)何產生(sheng)的(de)究(jiu)(jiu)竟,其中還提到(dao)了(le)“女(nv)歧無合,夫焉取九(jiu)子(zi)”、“女(nv)媧有(you)體(ti),孰(shu)制匠之(zhi)”等(deng)神話,這些神話都(dou)是(shi)講天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)開辟以(yi)后的(de)事,人們從中看不出有(you)盤古開天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)的(de)線索。
呂思勉(mian)在《盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)考》中(zhong)把《述(shu)異記》中(zhong)的(de)(de)“先儒(ru)說(shuo)”、“古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)說(shuo)”和(he)“吳(wu)楚間(jian)說(shuo)”區別于(yu)《三五歷(li)記》之說(shuo)和(he)《述(shu)異記》的(de)(de)首兩(liang)說(shuo),這對(dui)于(yu)人們(men)分(fen)析中(zhong)國古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代神話(hua)與(yu)“盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)開(kai)(kai)天地(di)”神話(hua)的(de)(de)不(bu)同仍(reng)是(shi)有(you)意義的(de)(de)。呂思勉(mian)認為,《述(shu)異記》中(zhong)的(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)三說(shuo)與(yu)《山(shan)海經》中(zhong)的(de)(de)“鐘山(shan)之神,名曰燭陰,視為晝,瞑(ming)為夜,吹為冬,呼(hu)為夏”云云有(you)相似之處(chu)。人們(men)可以(yi)看出(chu),中(zhong)國古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代關于(yu)伏(fu)羲、女媧(wa)以(yi)及(ji)神農、黃(huang)帝等等的(de)(de)神話(hua)傳說(shuo),也(ye)與(yu)《山(shan)海經》中(zhong)的(de)(de)神話(hua)傳說(shuo)大(da)致屬(shu)于(yu)一類(lei),即(ji)它們(men)都是(shi)講(jiang)“天地(di)開(kai)(kai)辟(pi)”以(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)事,而(er)不(bu)是(shi)講(jiang)類(lei)似于(yu)“盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)開(kai)(kai)天地(di)”的(de)(de)創世(shi)神話(hua)。因此(ci),即(ji)便是(shi)“盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”與(yu)“伏(fu)羲”音近相通,“盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”是(shi)從“伏(fu)羲”演(yan)變而(er)來(lai)的(de)(de)話(hua),那(nei)么,此(ci)“盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”的(de)(de)前身也(ye)并非后(hou)(hou)(hou)來(lai)那(nei)位“開(kai)(kai)天辟(pi)地(di)”的(de)(de)盤古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。
學界(jie)又(you)有(you)(you)“盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)”與(yu)“槃(pan)(pan)(pan)瓠(hu)”音近(jin)相通(tong)的觀點,而關于(yu)槃(pan)(pan)(pan)瓠(hu)的傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)始(shi)自《后(hou)漢(han)書(shu)·南(nan)蠻傳(chuan)(chuan)》。按“高(gao)辛氏(shi)(shi)(shi)”即傳(chuan)(chuan)為(wei)(wei)“五帝”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一的帝嚳,是(shi)黃帝的曾(ceng)孫,在(zai)少昊、顓頊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),堯(yao)、舜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前。“犬(quan)戎(rong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寇(kou)”發生在(zai)西周(zhou)時(shi)期,故而關于(yu)“槃(pan)(pan)(pan)瓠(hu)”的傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)當是(shi)西周(zhou)以后(hou)所編(bian)造。夏曾(ceng)佑在(zai)《中國歷史教(jiao)科書(shu)》中說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“今(jin)按盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名,古(gu)(gu)(gu)籍(ji)不見,疑非漢(han)族(zu)舊有(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),或(huo)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)、槃(pan)(pan)(pan)瓠(hu)音近(jin),槃(pan)(pan)(pan)瓠(hu)為(wei)(wei)南(nan)蠻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祖(zu)(zu)……故南(nan)海獨(du)有(you)(you)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)墓(mu),桂林又(you)有(you)(you)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)祠。不然,吾族(zu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)皇并(bing)在(zai)北方,何(he)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)獨(du)居南(nan)荒哉?”童書(shu)業認為(wei)(wei),夏氏(shi)(shi)(shi)的這個說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)是(shi)對(dui)的,但也有(you)(you)疑問(wen):“為(wei)(wei)什么南(nan)蠻民族(zu)的祖(zu)(zu)先會得變(bian)為(wei)(wei)開(kai)天(tian)辟(pi)(pi)地(di)的人物?” 呂(lv)思勉(mian)在(zai)《盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)考(kao)》中說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),對(dui)夏氏(shi)(shi)(shi)的說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)“予昔亦信之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),今(jin)乃知其非也”,“凡神話傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),雖(sui)今(jin)古(gu)(gu)(gu)不同,必有(you)(you)沿襲轉(zhuan)移之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)跡,未(wei)有(you)(you)若盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)、槃(pan)(pan)(pan)瓠(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),絕(jue)不蒙者” 。確實,“盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)”與(yu)“槃(pan)(pan)(pan)瓠(hu)”雖(sui)然音近(jin)相通(tong),但是(shi)前者為(wei)(wei)“開(kai)天(tian)辟(pi)(pi)地(di)”的創世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)神,后(hou)者只是(shi)“高(gao)辛氏(shi)(shi)(shi)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)帝犬(quan)或(huo)南(nan)蠻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始(shi)祖(zu)(zu),二者相差懸殊,絕(jue)不相蒙。
依呂思勉、饒宗頤等學者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo),《三(san)五(wu)歷記(ji)》和《述(shu)異記(ji)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)“盤古(gu)開(kai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)”創世神(shen)話(hua)本(ben)源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)印度,是(shi)(shi)在(zai)佛(fo)(fo)教東(dong)傳(chuan)之(zhi)(zhi)后“雜彼(bi)外(wai)(wai)(wai)道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)而(er)(er)成(cheng)”。既然是(shi)(shi)“雜彼(bi)外(wai)(wai)(wai)道(dao)”,那么其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)就也含有中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)本(ben)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)。如佛(fo)(fo)典(dian)《摩登伽經》述(shu)及(ji)外(wai)(wai)(wai)道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)圍陀多變(bian)(bian)。而(er)(er)在(zai)《三(san)五(wu)歷記(ji)》的(de)(de)(de)盤古(gu)傳(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)則是(shi)(shi):“盤古(gu)在(zai)其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)日九(jiu)變(bian)(bian),神(shen)于(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),圣于(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)……數(shu)起于(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),立于(yu)(yu)三(san),成(cheng)于(yu)(yu)五(wu),盛(sheng)于(yu)(yu)七(qi),處于(yu)(yu)九(jiu),故天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)去地(di)(di)(di)(di)九(jiu)萬里。”按《三(san)五(wu)歷記(ji)》的(de)(de)(de)“九(jiu)變(bian)(bian)”之(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)取于(yu)(yu)《周易》的(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)陽”之(zhi)(zhi)數(shu),與漢(han)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)易學有密(mi)切的(de)(de)(de)關系。如《京房易傳(chuan)》卷下云:“一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、三(san)、五(wu)、七(qi)、九(jiu),陽之(zhi)(zhi)數(shu)。”《易緯·乾鑿(zao)度》云:“易變(bian)(bian)而(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)變(bian)(bian)而(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)(wei)七(qi),七(qi)變(bian)(bian)而(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)(wei)九(jiu),九(jiu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)氣變(bian)(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)究也……一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)形變(bian)(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)始,清輕上為(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),濁(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)重下為(wei)(wei)(wei)地(di)(di)(di)(di)。”漢(han)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)易學本(ben)于(yu)(yu)先秦的(de)(de)(de)《老子(zi)》和《易傳(chuan)》,由(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氣而(er)(er)分(fen)(fen)化(hua)出(chu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di),即(ji)《淮南(nan)子(zi)·天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)文(wen)訓》所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)“清陽者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)薄靡而(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),重濁(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)凝滯而(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)(wei)地(di)(di)(di)(di)”,這在(zai)秦漢(han)以后成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)儒、道(dao)兩(liang)家普遍認(ren)可(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)常識。《三(san)五(wu)歷記(ji)》的(de)(de)(de)盤古(gu)神(shen)話(hua)也講(jiang)“陽輕為(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),陰(yin)濁(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)地(di)(di)(di)(di)”,這在(zai)兩(liang)漢(han)儒、道(dao)學說(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)背景下毫不足奇,然而(er)(er)它一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定是(shi)(shi)講(jiang)在(zai)老子(zi)哲學之(zhi)(zhi)后,而(er)(er)不可(ke)(ke)能(neng)發(fa)生(sheng)在(zai)老子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)前的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)遠古(gu)。“陽輕為(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),陰(yin)濁(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)地(di)(di)(di)(di)”本(ben)是(shi)(shi)講(jiang)由(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氣分(fen)(fen)化(hua)出(chu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)自然演化(hua),所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)“陽輕”“陰(yin)濁(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)”就是(shi)(shi)講(jiang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)以分(fen)(fen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)原因,而(er)(er)《三(san)五(wu)歷記(ji)》又把盤古(gu)說(shuo)(shuo)成(cheng)是(shi)(shi)開(kai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)辟地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)創世之(zhi)(zhi)神(shen),這就是(shi)(shi)“雜彼(bi)外(wai)(wai)(wai)道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)而(er)(er)成(cheng)”了。
《五運歷年(nian)記(ji)》所謂(wei)“元氣(qi)蒙鴻(hong),萌芽茲(zi)始(shi),遂分天(tian)地,肇立乾坤,啟陰感陽(yang),分布元氣(qi),乃孕中和,是(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)人也”,這也是(shi)(shi)中國(guo)本土之說(shuo),惟后面(mian)的“首生(sheng)盤古,垂死化身”云云乃是(shi)(shi)“雜彼外(wai)道之說(shuo)”。中國(guo)古代的氣(qi)論思想在先秦時期已有較高程度(du)的發(fa)(fa)展,而(er)“元氣(qi)”概(gai)念(nian)始(shi)見于戰國(guo)末期的《鹖冠子》,至(zhi)漢代乃大為(wei)(wei)流行。《五運歷年(nian)記(ji)》講“元氣(qi)蒙鴻(hong)”,這也只能(neng)是(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)在漢代以后,而(er)不(bu)可(ke)能(neng)為(wei)(wei)先秦或(huo)中國(guo)遠古之說(shuo)。
依呂思勉(mian)、饒宗頤等學者的(de)考(kao)述,盤(pan)古(gu)開天地的(de)創世(shi)神話產生于(yu)佛教東傳(chuan)之后,不應(ying)早于(yu)東漢末年。在(zai)此之前,盤(pan)古(gu)之神不見于(yu)中國的(de)古(gu)籍(ji)和古(gu)畫。然而(er)在(zai)此之后,卻“傳(chuan)之甚廣”,不僅見于(yu)《藝文類聚》、《太平御覽》、《繹史》、《通鑒(jian)續編》、《唐開元占經》、《古(gu)今律歷考(kao)》等類書、史書和天文學著作,而(er)且也(ye)被(bei)漢魏以后的(de)神仙道教所(suo)吸收。如傳(chuan)為(wei)葛(ge)洪所(suo)作的(de)《枕中書》。
“盤(pan)古(gu)”成為(wei)道(dao)教的“元(yuan)始天王”,這當(dang)然也(ye)是“雜彼外(wai)道(dao)之(zhi)說而成”了。見《云笈(ji)七簽》卷(juan)三《天尊(zun)老君名號歷(li)(li)劫經(jing)略》。 在這里,“盤(pan)古(gu)”已由創世(shi)之(zhi)神(shen)降格為(wei)“天尊(zun)老君”的下屬。又(you)《云笈(ji)七簽》卷(juan)五十(shi)六(liu)《諸家(jia)氣法》。 顯(xian)然,這是在《易緯(wei)·乾鑿度》的“五太(tai)(tai)”(即太(tai)(tai)易、太(tai)(tai)初、太(tai)(tai)始、太(tai)(tai)素(su)、太(tai)(tai)極)之(zhi)說的后面再加(jia)上《五運(yun)歷(li)(li)年(nian)記》的盤(pan)古(gu)神(shen)話。又(you)明代邢(xing)云路《古(gu)經(jing)律歷(li)(li)考》卷(juan)二十(shi)八在“道(dao)藏”條(tiao)下有云:
道言(yan)太上靈(ling)寶,先天(tian)地而(er)生,然(ran)(ran)后(hou)有天(tian)地。數起(qi)于(yu)(yu)一,立于(yu)(yu)三(san)(san),成于(yu)(yu)五(wu),盛于(yu)(yu)七,極于(yu)(yu)九,故天(tian)去地九萬(wan)里。雖然(ran)(ran)這里講的(de)是道教的(de)“太上靈(ling)寶”,而(er)沒有講“盤古(gu)(gu)”,但“數起(qi)于(yu)(yu)一……極于(yu)(yu)九,故天(tian)去地九萬(wan)里”則分明是取(qu)自《三(san)(san)五(wu)歷記(ji)》的(de)盤古(gu)(gu)神話。
不(bu)僅道教(jiao)吸(xi)收了盤古(gu)神話,而且(qie)在儒(ru)、釋著作中(zhong)也(ye)有(you)采納盤古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)說者。如(ru)宋代理學家胡宏所作《皇王大紀》,雖然(ran)認為“世(shi)傳天地之(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)如(ru)雞子,盤古(gu)氏以身變化(hua)”云云乃“訛失其真”,但仍以盤古(gu)氏為“三才(cai)首君(jun)”(《繹(yi)史(shi)》卷一所謂(wei)“作史(shi)者目為三才(cai)首君(jun),何異說夢”,即是針對此)。
從盤古(gu)(gu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)話在(zai)(zai)漢魏以后(hou)“傳之甚廣”,被廣泛吸收并加以多種演(yan)(yan)繹看,在(zai)(zai)中古(gu)(gu)國西南(nan)少數民族中有(you)把“檠(qing)瓠”祖先演(yan)(yan)變為“盤古(gu)(gu)”者(zhe),將其傳唱為“開天(tian)(tian)辟(pi)(pi)地生(sheng)乾(qian)坤,生(sheng)得(de)乾(qian)坤生(sheng)萬(wan)(wan)物,生(sheng)得(de)萬(wan)(wan)物人(ren)最靈”的(de)創世之神(shen)(shen)(shen) ;又有(you)學者(zhe)在(zai)(zai)上(shang)世紀80年(nian)代經民間采風(feng)調查(cha),訪得(de)在(zai)(zai)河南(nan)桐柏山一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)有(you)盤古(gu)(gu)山、盤古(gu)(gu)廟以及“盤古(gu)(gu)出(chu)世,開辟(pi)(pi)天(tian)(tian)地,補天(tian)(tian)、戰洪水、除猛獸,發(fa)明衣服(fu)”等(deng)神(shen)(shen)(shen)話;這些(xie)少數民族的(de)盤古(gu)(gu)“史詩(shi)”和中原地區的(de)盤古(gu)(gu)“神(shen)(shen)(shen)話群”,雖然都有(you)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)依(yi)據,但實(shi)際上(shang)同漢代以后(hou)文(wen)獻中的(de)盤古(gu)(gu)傳說(shuo)一(yi)(yi)樣,只能(neng)說(shuo)明其“傳之甚廣”并有(you)多種演(yan)(yan)繹,而無任何證據足以說(shuo)明其發(fa)生(sheng)在(zai)(zai)老(lao)子哲學之前。
一個(ge)時期以來,有(you)(you)關(guan)盤古(gu)(gu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)話(hua)的(de)(de)淵源,學界(jie)眾說紛紜,莫衷一是,尤(you)其值得(de)注意的(de)(de)是,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)學者認為(wei),盤古(gu)(gu)之(zhi)名最早見(jian)之(zhi)于三(san)國(guo)吳人徐整的(de)(de)《三(san)五歷(li)紀》、 《五運歷(li)年記(ji)》中(zhong),先秦著作(zuo)無盤古(gu)(gu)名號,并以“盤古(gu)(gu)入籍晚(wan)”為(wei)由,來否定(ding)盤古(gu)(gu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)話(hua)的(de)(de)原始(shi)性(xing)和民(min)族性(xing),提出不(bu)應把盤古(gu)(gu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)話(hua)列為(wei)中(zhong)華民(min)族的(de)(de)先民(min)創世神(shen)(shen)(shen)話(hua)。這種說法(fa)雖(sui)然失之(zhi)偏頗,卻帶有(you)(you)一定(ding)的(de)(de)普遍性(xing)。對此,必須作(zuo)出應有(you)(you)的(de)(de)回答。三(san)國(guo)之(zhi)前真的(de)(de)沒(mei)有(you)(you)盤古(gu)(gu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)話(hua)嗎?三(san)國(guo)之(zhi)前,不(bu)但有(you)(you)盤古(gu)(gu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)話(hua)存在,而且在民(min)間已經廣泛流(liu)傳(chuan),也有(you)(you)文字記(ji)載,相當詳盡成熟。
民間(jian)的(de)盤(pan)古傳(chuan)說早于(yu)歷史(shi)典籍(ji)的(de)記(ji)載,但是民間(jian)的(de)傳(chuan)說究(jiu)竟(jing)起于(yu)何時(shi)何地(di)卻一(yi)直苦無確切(qie)的(de)歷史(shi)記(ji)載。從邏輯上來說,最早傳(chuan)播盤(pan)古文化的(de)地(di)方應該是傳(chuan)說中盤(pan)古開天辟(pi)地(di)的(de)所在——盤(pan)古山(shan)。從流(liu)(liu)傳(chuan)時(shi)間(jian)上看(kan)當早于(yu)秦漢(han),從流(liu)(liu)傳(chuan)的(de)地(di)域(yu)空(kong)間(jian)上看(kan),是在“吳楚(chu)間(jian)” 。
在李元星所著的《甲骨(gu)文(wen)中(zhong)的殷前古(gu)(gu)史》一(yi)書中(zhong),作者在殷卜(bu)辭(ci)中(zhong)查到(dao)有關盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)、王(wang)(wang)母、虙農(nong)(nong)黃(huang)(huang)即(ji)三皇祀典的卜(bu)辭(ci)約(yue)190條。其中(zhong)盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)6條、用虎祭(ji)祀的王(wang)(wang)母1條、虙(伏羲)、(神)農(nong)(nong)約(yue)20條、“虙列山”三字單、雙(shuang)、繁、簡(jian)四式合文(wen)約(yue)40條、黃(huang)(huang)帝(di)不下百(bai)條。遂從卜(bu)辭(ci)的祭(ji)祀對(dui)象(xiang)中(zhong)發現并歸納出(chu)殷人的盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)→王(wang)(wang)母→三皇→五帝(di)的古(gu)(gu)史知(zhi)識體系。作者還尤具苦心(xin)地以(yi)一(yi)百(bai)八(ba)十(shi)多條卜(bu)辭(ci)(見本書第21頁)論(lun)定了中(zhong)華文(wen)明“人文(wen)初祖”黃(huang)(huang)帝(di)的實際(ji)存在,使(shi)疑古(gu)(gu)派(pai)不攻自(zi)破。
有“活的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)石(shi)”之稱的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)始(shi)神話,不單純是人類童年社會先(xian)(xian)民(min)憑原(yuan)始(shi)思(si)維(wei)創(chuang)作的(de)(de)(de)“口頭文(wen)(wen)學”,也(ye)具(ju)有原(yuan)始(shi)先(xian)(xian)民(min)向后世傳(chuan)遞史料信息的(de)(de)(de)意義。而古石(shi)初(chu)畫、初(chu)文(wen)(wen)古字則是原(yuan)始(shi)神話的(de)(de)(de)載體(ti)。往(wang)往(wang)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)古代(dai)石(shi)刻、一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)原(yuan)始(shi)符號,能充分(fen)地反映(ying)出(chu)原(yuan)始(shi)先(xian)(xian)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)思(si)維(wei)活動,為我們(men)揭(jie)示(shi)早期人類文(wen)(wen)化(hua)思(si)維(wei)活動提(ti)供(gong)了最直(zhi)接(jie)、最可(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)素(su)材。在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)銅器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)方鼎(ding)上,有一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)奇特(te)別致的(de)(de)(de)符號。
它所表達的(de)(de)(de)意思(si)是(shi)(shi)什么呢?根據郭沫若等學者對甲骨文(wen)中(zhong)“盤(pan)”字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)正確(que)認(ren)識和先存在于(yu)中(zhong)國又(you)在世界上多處出現的(de)(de)(de)十字(zi)崇(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)十字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)原始(shi)含(han)意,可以認(ren)定,符(fu)號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)兩邊(bian)是(shi)(shi)“盤(pan)”字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)初文(wen)簡刻,中(zhong)間之(zhi)(zhi)空心十字(zi)圖案,乃是(shi)(shi)十字(zi)崇(chong)(chong)拜(bai)(bai)的(de)(de)(de)上神,是(shi)(shi)代表神祖的(de)(de)(de)符(fu)號(hao),這個(ge)符(fu)號(hao)應當念為“盤(pan)古(gu)”,有如中(zhong)國文(wen)字(zi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)單純詞尷尬、囹(ling)圄(yu)等一(yi)樣是(shi)(shi)不(bu)能分開使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de),只不(bu)過這個(ge)符(fu)號(hao)把盤(pan)古(gu)二字(zi)合(he)而為一(yi)了。這種簡樸古(gu)拙(zhuo)的(de)(de)(de)作法倒(dao)也符(fu)合(he)萬物起始(shi)也簡的(de)(de)(de)道理。此(ci)符(fu)號(hao)雖見之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)銅(tong)器(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)上,但不(bu)可以說它就產生于(yu)銅(tong)器(qi)時(shi)代。
其實,它在銅器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)之(zhi)前就已經(jing)產生。由(you)于生產力的(de)(de)限(xian)制(zhi),人們(men)只能把這一神圣的(de)(de)符號記(ji)在心(xin)里。而(er)進入銅器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)之(zhi)后(hou),人們(men)才有能力把它形之(zhi)于銅器(qi)。在史前社會(hui),既有盤古(gu)之(zhi)名的(de)(de)記(ji)載(zai),理(li)應有盤古(gu)之(zhi)事、盤古(gu)神話在史前社會(hui)的(de)(de)存在,已經(jing)不是問題了(le)。還(huan)有一個(ge)更能說明(ming)問題的(de)(de)例證,那(nei)就是云南滄源巖畫。
據(ju)(ju)專家(jia)考(kao)證,這幅(fu)巖畫為二萬年前(qian)原(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)作品,巖畫的(de)(de)內(nei)容是(shi):一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)頭(tou)上(shang)發出太陽之光芒(mang),左手(shou)握一(yi)石斧(fu),右手(shou)拿(na)手(shou)一(yi)木把,兩腿直立傲視(shi)一(yi)切。這種形象與(yu)盤古立于天(tian)地之間(jian),用斧(fu)頭(tou)劈開(kai)混沌開(kai)天(tian)辟地的(de)(de)傳說正相契合(he)。至(zhi)于人(ren)(ren)(ren)首(shou)所呈現的(de)(de)太陽之狀(zhuang),則是(shi)反映了原(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)先(xian)民(min)對太陽神的(de)(de)崇拜,也是(shi)對盤古把溫暖(nuan)送給(gei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)間(jian)的(de)(de)希望祈盼,對此,我(wo)們完全有理由(you)把它看(kan)作是(shi)盤古神話的(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)因子。據(ju)(ju)此,盤古神話信(xin)仰在二萬年前(qian)就已誕生。
大(da)王巖畫出現(xian)于麻栗坡縣,根據《文山學(xue)院學(xue)報(bao)》刊載諸(zhu)篇論(lun)文和《中(zhong)國文明(ming)起源》、《人類文明(ming)溯(su)源》、《史前易學(xue)》等著作的研(yan)究成果,大(da)王巖畫的兩巨(ju)人像具有(you)如下特點:
1.頂天(tian)立地(di)(di)的畫像,在大王巖畫當中出現了。而且確(que)實(shi)是“神于天(tian),圣(sheng)于地(di)(di)。天(tian)日(ri)高一丈,盤古日(ri)長一丈”。
2.大王巖畫的(de)(de)兩巨(ju)人像(xiang)出現了以手指表示數字,以奇偶(ou)數字表示男女的(de)(de)畫像(xiang),可以肯定“陽清為天(tian)(tian),陰濁為地(di)。盤古(gu)在其中,一(yi)日九(jiu)變,神于天(tian)(tian),圣于地(di)。天(tian)(tian)日高(gao)一(yi)丈,盤古(gu)日長一(yi)丈。如此(ci)萬八(ba)千歲(sui),天(tian)(tian)數極(ji)(ji)高(gao),地(di)數極(ji)(ji)深,盤古(gu)極(ji)(ji)長”這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)神話(hua)傳說,有大王巖畫這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)考(kao)古(gu)證據支持。
3.大王(wang)巖畫有(you)“天地(di)混沌如雞子(zi),盤古生其中,萬八(ba)千歲”的證據(ju)(ju)。這個(ge)證據(ju)(ju)出現在(zai)什么地(di)方(fang)呢?出現在(zai)大王(wang)巖畫兩巨人像的頭上。現在(zai),我要重點討(tao)論這個(ge)問(wen)題(ti):
大王(wang)巖(yan)畫出現了盤(pan)古神話所需要的諸種要素(su),可證大王(wang)巖(yan)畫就是盤(pan)古開(kai)天地(di)的考古證據!
《三五歷記(ji)》:天(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)混沌如雞子(zi),盤(pan)古生其中。萬八千歲,天(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)開辟(pi),陽清為(wei)天(tian),陰濁為(wei)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。盤(pan)古在(zai)其中,一(yi)日(ri)九(jiu)變,神于(yu)(yu)天(tian),圣于(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。天(tian)日(ri)高(gao)一(yi)丈,地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)日(ri)厚一(yi)丈,盤(pan)古日(ri)長一(yi)丈。如此萬八千歲,天(tian)數極高(gao),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)數極深,盤(pan)古極長。后乃有三皇。數起(qi)于(yu)(yu)一(yi),立于(yu)(yu)三,成于(yu)(yu)五,盛于(yu)(yu)七(qi),處于(yu)(yu)九(jiu),故天(tian)去地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)九(jiu)萬里。(《藝文類聚》卷一(yi)引,并(bing)見《繹史》卷一(yi)引)
《五運歷(li)年記》云(yun):元氣蒙鴻,萌芽茲始(shi),遂分(fen)天地,肇立乾坤,啟陰感陽(yang),分(fen)布元氣,乃(nai)孕中和,是為(wei)人也。首生盤古,垂死化(hua)身,氣成風云(yun),聲(sheng)為(wei)雷霆,左眼為(wei)日,右眼為(wei)月,四(si)肢五體為(wei)四(si)極五岳,血液為(wei)江河(he),筋脈為(wei)地理,肌肉為(wei)田土,發(fa)髭為(wei)星(xing)辰,皮毛為(wei)草木(mu),齒骨(gu)為(wei)金(jin)石,精髓為(wei)珠玉,汗流為(wei)雨澤,身之諸蟲因風所感,化(hua)為(wei)黎甿。(《繹史》卷(juan)一引(yin),明董斯張《廣(guang)博物(wu)志》卷(juan)九引(yin))
《述異記》云(yun):盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)氏(shi),天地萬(wan)物之祖(zu)也(ye)。然則(ze)生物始(shi)于盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)。昔盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)氏(shi)之死(si)也(ye),頭(tou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四岳(yue)(yue),目為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)日(ri)月(yue),脂(zhi)膏(gao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)江海,毛(mao)發(fa)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)草木。秦(qin)漢間(jian)俗(su)說(shuo)(shuo),盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)氏(shi)頭(tou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)東(dong)岳(yue)(yue),腹為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中岳(yue)(yue),左臂為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)南岳(yue)(yue),右臂為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)北岳(yue)(yue),足(zu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)西岳(yue)(yue)。先儒說(shuo)(shuo),泣為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)江河(he),氣為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)風(feng)聲為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雷,目瞳(tong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)電。古(gu)(gu)說(shuo)(shuo),喜為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)晴(qing),怒為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)陰(yin)。吳楚間(jian)說(shuo)(shuo),盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)氏(shi)夫(fu)妻(qi),陰(yin)陽之始(shi)也(ye)。今南海有(you)(you)盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)氏(shi)墓,亙(gen)三(san)百余里。俗(su)云(yun)后人追葬盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)之魂(hun)也(ye)。(《繹史(shi)》卷一引(yin),《述異記》中有(you)(you)記任昉死(si)后之事,因而諸多學(xue)(xue)者以為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)此(ci)書托名而作,亦有(you)(you)學(xue)(xue)者認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)任昉原作,后人有(you)(you)增補(bu)。此(ci)處盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)條文,有(you)(you)學(xue)(xue)者云(yun)抄襲增改《灌畦暇(xia)語》,是非后辨)
宋黃休復《益州名(ming)畫錄》‘無畫有名(ming)’條記:‘《益州學館(guan)記》云(yun):獻帝興平元年,陳留高(gao)朕(zhen)為益州太(tai)守,更(geng)葺成都玉堂石室,東別創一(yi)石室,自為周(zhou)公禮殿,其壁上(shang)圖畫盤古、李老(lao)等神及歷代(dai)帝王之像。’(碑文殘(can)缺,補自《益州名(ming)畫錄》)
《枕中書》有(you)云(yun):昔二儀未分,瞑涬鴻蒙,未有(you)成形,天地(di)日月未具,狀如雞子,混(hun)沌玄黃,已有(you)盤古真人,天地(di)之精,自號元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始天王,游乎(hu)其中。……復經(jing)四(si)劫(jie),二儀始分,相去三(san)萬(wan)六(liu)千(qian)里。……復經(jing)二劫(jie),忽生太(tai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)玉女……號曰(yue)太(tai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)圣母(mu)。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始君下游見之,乃(nai)與(yu)通氣結精,招(zhao)還上宮(gong)。……元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始君經(jing)一(yi)劫(jie),乃(nai)一(yi)施太(tai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)母(mu),生天皇十三(san)頭(tou)……后(hou)生地(di)皇,地(di)皇十一(yi)頭(tou),地(di)皇生人皇九(jiu)頭(tou),各治三(san)萬(wan)六(liu)千(qian)歲。
《云(yun)笈七簽》卷三:神(shen)人(ren)氏出生,其(qi)狀神(shen)異,若盤(pan)古真人(ren),亦號(hao)盤(pan)古。即是無劫蒼生、萬(wan)物,之所承也。以(yi)己形狀,類象。分別(bie)天(tian)(tian)(tian)地、日月、星辰、陰陽(yang)、四時(shi)、五行、九(jiu)宮、八卦(gua)、六甲、山(shan)川、河(he)海,不能決定。故,以(yi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)中元(yuan)景元(yuan)年(nian)七月一日,上登(deng)太極。天(tian)(tian)(tian)王(wang)上啟元(yuan)始太上天(tian)(tian)(tian)尊,更(geng)授(shou)《神(shen)寶三皇內經(jing)》,并《靈寶五符經(jing)》。老君(jun)下(xia)降,授(shou)。神(shen)人(ren)氏得斯(si)經(jing)。下(xia)世(shi)則(ze)按《經(jing)》、《圖》,分畫天(tian)(tian)(tian)地名。前劫高上真人(ren),更(geng)新開乎(hu),造化時(shi)事。故,昧。前皇圣人(ren),功用所以(yi)于此,而為更(geng)始。但,世(shi)人(ren)相聚,只知由此盤(pan)古。豈(qi)明今天(tian)(tian)(tian)前始之初,復有盤(pan)古者哉?!所以(yi),自斯(si)盤(pan)古,以(yi)道治世(shi),萬(wan)九(jiu)千九(jiu)百九(jiu)十(shi)九(jiu)載。白日升仙(xian),上昆侖,登(deng)太清。天(tian)(tian)(tian)中授(shou)號(hao),曰:元(yuan)始天(tian)(tian)(tian)王(wang)。
《云笈七簽》卷(juan)三(san)《天(tian)尊老(lao)君(jun)名(ming)號(hao)歷劫經(jing)略》有云:老(lao)君(jun)至開冥賢(xian)劫之時(shi),托生榑桑太常玉帝(di)天(tian)宮(gong),以法授榑桑大(da)帝(di),號(hao)曰無極(ji)太上(shang)(shang)大(da)道(dao)(dao)君(jun),亦(yi)號(hao)曰最上(shang)(shang)至真正一真人,亦(yi)號(hao)曰無上(shang)(shang)虛皇(huang)元始天(tian)尊。在(zai)元陽(yang)之上(shang)(shang),則(ze)無極(ji)上(shang)(shang)上(shang)(shang)清微天(tian)中高上(shang)(shang)虛皇(huang)道(dao)(dao)君(jun)也。……爾時(shi)盤古(gu)真人因立功德,見(jian)召于天(tian)中。盤古(gu)乃(nai)稽首元始虛皇(huang)道(dao)(dao)君(jun),請受《靈(ling)寶內經(jing)》三(san)百七十(shi)五卷(juan)。時(shi)高上(shang)(shang)虛皇(huang)太上(shang)(shang)道(dao)(dao)君(jun)則(ze)授以《三(san)皇(huang)內經(jing)》三(san)十(shi)六(liu)卷(juan)。而(er)盤古(gu)真人乃(nai)法則(ze)斯經(jing),運行功用,成天(tian)立地,化造萬物。
《云(yun)(yun)笈七簽》卷(juan)五十六(liu)《諸家(jia)氣法》有云(yun)(yun):混沌之(zhi)先,太無(wu)空焉。混沌之(zhi)始(shi)(shi),太和寄焉。……窈窈冥(ming)冥(ming),是(shi)為(wei)太易(yi)。元(yuan)氣未形,漸為(wei)太初。元(yuan)氣始(shi)(shi)萌(meng),次謂(wei)(wei)太始(shi)(shi)。形氣始(shi)(shi)端,又謂(wei)(wei)太素。形氣有質,復謂(wei)(wei)太極。……元(yuan)氣先清,升上為(wei)天(tian);元(yuan)氣后濁,降(jiang)下為(wei)地。……洎(ji)乎(hu)元(yuan)氣蒙(meng)鴻(hong),萌(meng)芽茲(zi)始(shi)(shi),啟陰感陽,分布元(yuan)氣,乃(nai)孕中(zhong)和,是(shi)為(wei)人(ren)矣。首生盤古,垂死化身(shen),氣成風(feng)云(yun)(yun),聲為(wei)雷霆,左眼為(wei)日,右眼為(wei)月……身(shen)之(zhi)諸蟲因風(feng)所(suo)感,化為(wei)黎甿(meng)。
東(dong)吳韋昭《洞紀》:世俗相傳為(wei)(wei)盤(pan)古一日七十化,覆(fu)為(wei)(wei)天(tian),偃為(wei)(wei)地(di),八萬歲乃死。(唐(tang)釋澄(cheng)觀《大方廣佛華嚴經隨疏演義鈔》卷(juan)四二引)
《三王歷》:天地渾沌,盤(pan)古(gu)生其中。一(yi)日(ri)(ri)九變,神(shen)于天,圣于地,主于天地。天日(ri)(ri)高一(yi)丈,地日(ri)(ri)厚一(yi)丈,盤(pan)古(gu)亦長一(yi)丈,如此萬八千年,然后(hou)天地開(kai)辟。盤(pan)古(gu)龍身人(ren)首,首極(ji)東西,足極(ji)東西,左手(shou)極(ji)南,右手(shou)極(ji)北,開(kai)目成晝,合(he)目成夜,呼為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)暑,吸(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)寒,吹(chui)氣成風云,叱聲為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雷(lei)霆。盤(pan)古(gu)死,頭為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)甲,喉為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乙,肩(jian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)丙,心為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)丁,膽為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)戊(wu),脾為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)已,脅為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)庚,肺為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)辛(xin),腎為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)壬(ren),足為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)癸,目為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)日(ri)(ri)月,髭(zi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)星辰,眉(mei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)斗樞,九竅為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)九州,乳為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)昆侖(lun),膝(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)南岳,股為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太山。尻為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)魚鱉(bie),手(shou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)飛鳥,爪為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)龜龍,骨為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)金銀,發為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)草木(mu),毫(hao)毛(mao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鳧鴨,齒(chi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)玉石,汗為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雨水,大腸為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)江(jiang)海,小腸為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)淮泗,膀胱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)百川,面輪為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)洞庭。(唐釋(shi)澄(cheng)觀《大方廣(guang)佛華嚴經隨疏演義鈔》卷四二(er)引,或為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)《三五歷》之誤)
中唐不知撰(zhuan)人(ren)《灌畦暇(xia)語》:舊說盤古氏之(zhi)死也(ye),頭(tou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)五岳(yue),目為(wei)(wei)(wei)日(ri)月,脂膏為(wei)(wei)(wei)江海,毛發為(wei)(wei)(wei)草木。又(you)云:頭(tou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)東岳(yue),腹為(wei)(wei)(wei)中岳(yue),左臂(bei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)南(nan)岳(yue),右臂(bei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)北岳(yue),足為(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)岳(yue)。又(you)云:泣為(wei)(wei)(wei)江河,氣(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)風(feng),聲為(wei)(wei)(wei)雷,目瞳為(wei)(wei)(wei)電。又(you)云:喜則(ze)為(wei)(wei)(wei)晴,怒則(ze)為(wei)(wei)(wei)陰(yin)(yin)。老(lao)圃曰(yue)(yue):“信(xin)斯言(yan)也(ye),則(ze)是盤古氏未(wei)死以前(qian),未(wei)有(you)海岳(yue)、江河、草木于下也(ye);未(wei)有(you)日(ri)月、風(feng)云、雷電于上也(ye);未(wei)有(you)晦(hui)明(ming)、陰(yin)(yin)晴于中也(ye)。然則(ze)盤古氏何所(suo)運(yun)其想而(er)生?何所(suo)植其足而(er)立?何所(suo)注其耳目而(er)為(wei)(wei)(wei)視(shi)聽?何所(suo)取其甲子而(er)為(wei)(wei)(wei)春秋?為(wei)(wei)(wei)說如(ru)此,是謂(wei)汪(wang)洋大(da)海,而(er)不近事(shi)之(zhi)情。無(wu)(wu)已,則(ze)假為(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)詞(ci),猶(you)之(zhi)可(ke)也(ye)。其意若曰(yue)(yue):盤古氏天地(di)萬物之(zhi)祖始也(ye)。覆燾祏(shi)袒廣(guang)大(da),雖不可(ke)以為(wei)(wei)(wei)量(liang),要其大(da)形,實無(wu)(wu)以異于一人(ren)之(zhi)身(shen)。岳(yue)海之(zhi)遼絕,亦尻背(bei)之(zhi)間耳。故曰(yue)(yue):無(wu)(wu)已,則(ze)假為(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)辭(ci),猶(you)之(zhi)可(ke)也(ye)。”
宋(song)張澡《元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)論(lun)》:洎(ji)乎元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)蒙鴻,萌芽茲始,遂分(fen)天地,肇(zhao)立乾坤,啟陰(yin)感陽,分(fen)布元(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi),乃孕中和(he),是為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人矣。首生盤(pan)古,垂死化身(shen),氣(qi)成風云,聲為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雷霆,左眼為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)日,右眼為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)月,四肢五(wu)體(ti)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四極五(wu)岳,血液為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)江河(he),筋脈(mo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)地里,肌肉(rou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)田土,發髭(zi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)星辰,皮毛為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)草木,齒骨為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)金石,精髓為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)珠(zhu)玉,汗流為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雨澤。身(shen)之(zhi)諸蟲(chong)(chong),因風所感,化為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)黎(li)甿;以其首黑,謂之(zhi)黔首,亦曰黔黎(li)。其下(xia)品者(zhe),名(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蒼頭。今人自(zi)名(ming)稱黑頭蟲(chong)(chong)也(ye),或為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)裸蟲(chong)(chong),蓋盤(pan)古之(zhi)后(hou),三皇之(zhi)前,皆裸形焉。(注:清馬骕《繹史》引《帝王(wang)五(wu)運歷年(nian)記(ji)》)
選(xuan)自《歷代神仙通鑒(jian)》卷一:盤古將(jiang)身一伸,天即漸高,地便墜(zhui)下(xia)。而(er)天地更有相連者,左手執鑿,右手持(chi)斧,或用斧劈,或以鑿開(kai)。自是神力(li),久而(er)天地乃分。二(er)氣升降,清者上(shang)為(wei)天,濁者下(xia)為(wei)地,自是混沌開(kai)矣。
明·周游《開辟衍繹》:天(tian)地(di)合閉(bi)……就象個(ge)大西瓜(gua),合得(de)(de)團(tuan)(tuan)團(tuan)(tuan)圓(yuan)圓(yuan)的,包羅萬物(wu)在內(nei),計一(yi)(yi)萬零八百年,凡一(yi)(yi)切諸(zhu)物(wu),皆(jie)溶(rong)(rong)化其(qi)中矣。止有金(jin)木(mu)水(shui)(shui)火土五(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)混于其(qi)內(nei),硬(ying)者(zhe)(zhe)如瓜(gua)子,軟者(zhe)(zhe)如瓜(gua)瓤(rang),內(nei)有青(qing)(qing)黃赤白(bai)黑(hei)五(wu)色(se),亦溶(rong)(rong)化其(qi)中。合閉(bi)已久,若不得(de)(de)開,卻得(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)盤(pan)古氏(shi),左手執(zhi)鑿,右手執(zhi)斧,猶如剖瓜(gua)相(xiang)似,辟為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)兩半(ban)。上半(ban)漸高為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian),含(han)(han)青(qing)(qing)黃赤白(bai)黑(hei),為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)色(se)祥云;下(xia)半(ban)漸低為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)地(di).亦含(han)(han)青(qing)(qing)黃赤白(bai)黑(hei),為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)色(se)石泥。硬(ying)者(zhe)(zhe)帶去上天(tian),人觀(guan)之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)星,地(di)下(xia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)石,星石總(zong)是一(yi)(yi)物(wu),若不信,今(jin)有星落(luo)地(di)下(xia),若人掘而觀(guan)之(zhi),皆(jie)同地(di)下(xia)之(zhi)石。然天(tian)下(xia)亦有泉(quan)水(shui)(shui),泉(quan)水(shui)(shui)無積(ji)處,流來人間,而注(zhu)大海。
明·周(zhou)游《開辟(pi)衍繹》附錄《乩仙天地(di)判說》:天人(ren)(ren)誕(dan)降大圣。曰(yue)渾(hun)敦氏(shi)(shi),即盤古氏(shi)(shi),初天皇氏(shi)(shi)也。龍首人(ren)(ren)身,神靈,一(yi)日(ri)九變,一(yi)萬八(ba)千歲為(wei)一(yi)甲子,荊(jing)湖南以十月十六日(ri)為(wei)生(sheng)辰。有初地(di)皇氏(shi)(shi),初人(ren)(ren)皇氏(shi)(shi)。
《古(gu)(gu)今(jin)圖書(shu)集成(cheng)·歲(sui)功典》卷八十三引《補衍開(kai)辟》:代(世(shi))所(suo)謂(wei)盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)氏者(zhe),神靈,一(yi)日(ri)變,蓋元混之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初,陶(tao)融造化(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主也。《六韜·大明》云(yun):“召公對文曰:‘天道凈清,地(di)(di)德(de)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng),人事安(an)寧。戒(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勿忘,忘者(zhe)不(bu)祥盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宗不(bu)可動也,動者(zhe)必兇。’”今(jin)贛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)會昌(chang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)山,本(ben)盤(pan)固名。其湘鄉有(you)(you)(you)(you)盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)保(bao),而(er)雩(yu)都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)祠,盤(pan)固之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)也。按《地(di)(di)理坤鑒》云(yun):“龍首人身。”而(er)今(jin)成(cheng)都(dou)、淮(huai)安(an)、京(jing)兆皆有(you)(you)(you)(you)廟(miao)祀。事具徐整《三五歷紀》及《丹壺(hu)記》。至(zhi)唐袁(yuan)天綱推言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《真源賦(fu)》,謂(wei)元始應世(shi),萬(wan)八千(qian)年為一(yi)甲子(zi)。荊湖南北今(jin)以十月十六日(ri)為盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)氏生(sheng)(sheng)日(ri),以候月之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陰暗,云(yun)其顯化(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)宜(yi),有(you)(you)(you)(you)以也。《元豐九(jiu)域志》:“廣陵有(you)(you)(you)(you)盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)冢、廟(miao)”,殆亦神假(jia)者(zhe)。《錄(lu)異記》成(cheng)都(dou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廟(miao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)三郎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)目,庸俗(su)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妄。
《路史·前紀(ji)一》羅蘋注:昔(xi)二氣(qi)(qi)(qi)未(wei)分,螟(ming)涬(xing)鴻(hong)蒙(meng),未(wei)有成形(xing),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)日(ri)月末具(ju),狀如雞子(zi),混(hun)沌玄黃(huang),已有盤古真人(ren),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing),自(zi)號元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)王,游乎其中。復(fu)經(jing)四劫,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)形(xing)如巨蓋(gai),上(shang)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所系,下(xia)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所依(yi),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,遼矚無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)端,玄玄太空,無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)響無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聲,元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)浩浩,如水之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing),下(xia)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)山岳,上(shang)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)列(lie)星,積(ji)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)堅(jian)剛(gang)大(da)柔(rou)服維天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)浮其中,展(zhan)轉無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)方。若無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)此氣(qi)(qi)(qi),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)不生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)者(zhe),如龍(long)旋回云中,復(fu)經(jing)四劫,二儀始分,相(xiang)去三萬(wan)六千里,崖石出血成水,水生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蟲,元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蟲生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)濱牽,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)剛(gang)須,剛(gang)須生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)龍(long)。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)王在天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)中心之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang),名曰玉(yu)京山,山中宮殿并金(jin)玉(yu)飾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),常仰(yang)吸(xi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),俯飲地(di)(di)(di)泉,復(fu)經(jing)二劫,忽生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)太元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)玉(yu)女(nv),在石澗積(ji)血之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中,出而能言,人(ren)形(xing)具(ju)足(zu),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)姿絕妙,當(dang)游厚地(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)問,仰(yang)吸(xi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),號曰太元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)圣母,元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始君(jun)下(xia)游見之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),乃與(yu)通氣(qi)(qi)(qi)結精(jing),招還(huan)上(shang)宮。當(dang)此之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時,二氣(qi)(qi)(qi)絪缊,覆載氣(qi)(qi)(qi)息,陰陽調和(he),無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)熱無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)寒,天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)得(de)一以清,地(di)(di)(di)得(de)一以寧,并不復(fu)呼吸(xi),宣氣(qi)(qi)(qi)合會相(xiang)成自(zi)然(ran)飽滿。大(da)道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)興,莫過(guo)于此,結積(ji)堅(jian)固,是以不朽。金(jin)玉(yu)珠者(zhe),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)也。服之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能與(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)相(xiang)畢。
明弘治諫議大(da)(da)夫左(zuo)長(chang)史翰(han)林檢討馬政撰文:盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)氏(shi)(shi),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)祖(zu)也(ye)。生于(yu)(yu)混(hun)沌(dun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初,鴻蒙未(wei)判之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)先。穴(xue)居而(er)(er)(er)野處,草衣(yi)而(er)(er)(er)木食,污尊而(er)(er)(er)抔飲。當此之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時也(ye),無三(san)(san)光五(wu)(wu)(wu)岳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名,無三(san)(san)皇(huang)五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作,無三(san)(san)墳五(wu)(wu)(wu)典之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書,列(lie)于(yu)(yu)太(tai)(tai)易、太(tai)(tai)初、太(tai)(tai)始、太(tai)(tai)素之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說也(ye)。盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)氏(shi)(shi),生參(can)三(san)(san)才而(er)(er)(er)贊兩儀,子(zi)三(san)(san)皇(huang)而(er)(er)(er)孫(sun)五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di),蓋自是(shi)而(er)(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)極始立,人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)道始明,人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)文始著。故(gu)曰:一(yi)氣(qi)未(wei)分道在(zai)(zai)天地,兩儀既判,道在(zai)(zai)圣人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)氏(shi)(shi)以之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),自是(shi)而(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)卦畫,而(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)結(jie)繩,而(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)網(wang)罟人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)制,何者不自盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)氏(shi)(shi)肇(zhao)邪?自是(shi)而(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)耒(lei)耜 ,而(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)衣(yi)裳,而(er)(er)(er)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)律(lv)呂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)音,何者不自盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)氏(shi)(shi)來耶(ye)。史弁(bian) 三(san)(san)皇(huang),書冠五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di),古(gu)(gu)(gu)今上(shang)下(xia)知(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)(san)皇(huang)五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di),而(er)(er)(er)不知(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)氏(shi)(shi),豈(qi)荒(huang)遠在(zai)(zai)所略(lve)耶(ye)!側聞(wen) ,萬物本乎天,人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)本乎祖(zu),不有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)我(wo)祖(zu),何開我(wo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。豈(qi)可(ke)使古(gu)(gu)(gu)今上(shang)下(xia)知(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)我(wo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)而(er)(er)(er)不知(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)我(wo)祖(zu)也(ye)!茫茫堪輿,俯仰無垠,知(zhi)(zhi)者蓋寡,誰其(qi)貌 之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。青(qing)實故(gu)虛也(ye),在(zai)(zai)邑南十有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)(wu)里(li),邃 故(gu)跡(ji)可(ke)尋,第恐莊列(lie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言涉于(yu)(yu)虛,史傳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)紀淪于(yu)(yu)妄,夷考其(qi)實,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)廟在(zai)(zai)里(li),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)墓(mu)在(zai)(zai)溝(gou),突(tu)兀如(ru)(ru)昔(xi);自有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)國有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)家而(er)(er)(er)即(ji)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)也(ye)。皆青(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所見(jian)聞(wen)者,矧可(ke)繹思(si) 。走童(tong)而(er)(er)(er)謁,尚記(ji)陳容(rong)古(gu)(gu)(gu)貌,精爽逼人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。土僧傳說:楊仆等建造,弘治戊申(shen)劉侯視篆,得(de)陳景(jing)春氏(shi)(shi)作俑,而(er)(er)(er)一(yi)新之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),猶未(wei)備也(ye)。訖周(zhou)侯下(xia)車(che),得(de)孫(sun)克暉(hui)作倡而(er)(er)(er)大(da)(da)新之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。易小以大(da)(da),易甓 以石(shi),易涂(tu)泥而(er)(er)(er)金鐵(tie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),使萬古(gu)(gu)(gu)不易之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基(ji),一(yi)旦而(er)(er)(er)改觀。祝(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)雨,禱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)晴,報(bao)應如(ru)(ru)響,誰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)績歟(yu)?謂可(ke)無記(ji),以垂(chui)永久,昭后來也(ye)。記(ji)歟(yu),敢從(cong)而(er)(er)(er)銘(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),銘(ming)曰;盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)廟,青(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)瞻(zhan)眺;盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)像(xiang),青(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)仰望;盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)溝(gou),青(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)夷游;盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)墓(mu),青(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)慨慕;盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)門,青(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)見(jian)聞(wen);盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)里(li),青(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)振起(qi);盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)名,青(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)勒銘(ming)。——弘治十七年(nian)歲(sui)在(zai)(zai)甲子(zi)春正月丁丑立
《康(kang)熙詞典》:首(shou)出御世,曰盤(pan)(pan)古氏。任昉《述異記》:盤(pan)(pan)古氏夫(fu)婦,陰陽之(zhi)始也,天地萬物之(zhi)祖業。今,南海中盤(pan)(pan)古國(guo)人,皆以盤(pan)(pan)古為(wei)姓。
《瀛涯勝覽》:王居之側,有一大山(shan),侵(qin)云高(gao)聳。山(shan)頂,有人腳跡(ji)一個。入石,深二尺,長八(ba)尺余。云:人祖(zu)阿聃圣人,即盤(pan)古之足跡(ji)也。
很多(duo)很多(duo)年以前,天和地還沒(mei)有分開(kai),宇(yu)宙(zhou)的(de)景(jing)象(xiang)只是混沌的(de)一(yi)團。
開天大(da)神(shen)盤古,這個(ge)其大(da)無比的巨人(ren),就孕育在這混沌之(zhi)中(zhong)。
他在混(hun)沌中(zhong)孕育(yu)著,成長著,呼(hu)呼(hu)地睡著覺,一(yi)直經(jing)過了一(yi)萬八千(qian)年。
有(you)一(yi)天,他忽然醒過(guo)來。睜開眼(yan)睛(jing)一(yi)看,啊呀,什么也看不見,眼(yan)前只(zhi)是(shi)模(mo)糊(hu)的一(yi)片(pian),悶得(de)怪心慌。
他覺得(de)這(zhe)種狀況(kuang)非常(chang)可惱(nao),心里一(yi)(yi)生氣,不知道從哪里抓過來一(yi)(yi)把大板斧(fu),朝著(zhu)眼前的(de)混沌(dun)用(yong)力這(zhe)么一(yi)(yi)揮(hui),只聽得(de)一(yi)(yi)聲(sheng)霹靂巨響,大混沌(dun)忽然(ran)破裂開來。其中有些輕而(er)清的(de)東西(xi),冉冉上升(sheng),變成天(tian)(tian);另外(wai)有些重(zhong)而(er)濁的(de)東西(xi),沉沉下降,變成地。——當初是混沌(dun)不分(fen)的(de)天(tian)(tian)地,就這(zhe)樣(yang)給盤古板斧(fu)一(yi)(yi)揮(hui),劃(hua)分(fen)開了。
天和(he)地分(fen)開(kai)以后(hou),盤古怕它們還要合攏,就頭頂(ding)天,腳踏地,站(zhan)在天地的當中,隨著它們的變化(hua)(hua)而變化(hua)(hua)。
天(tian)每(mei)(mei)天(tian)升(sheng)高一(yi)(yi)丈(zhang),地(di)每(mei)(mei)天(tian)加厚(hou)一(yi)(yi)丈(zhang),盤古的身子也(ye)每(mei)(mei)天(tian)增長(chang)一(yi)(yi)丈(zhang)。這樣又過了一(yi)(yi)萬八千年(nian),天(tian)升(sheng)得極高了,地(di)變得極厚(hou)了,盤古的身子也(ye)長(chang)得極長(chang)了。
盤古的(de)身子(zi)究竟有(you)(you)多(duo)長呢?有(you)(you)人說是有(you)(you)九萬里長。這巍峨的(de)巨(ju)人,一根長柱子(zi)似(si)的(de),直挺(ting)挺(ting)地(di)撐在天和地(di)的(de)當中,不讓它們有(you)(you)重歸(gui)于(yu)混沌的(de)機會。
他(ta)(ta)孤獨(du)地站在(zai)那里,做這種非常吃力的工作,又一個一萬八千(qian)年(nian)。到后來(lai),天(tian)和地的構造似乎已(yi)經(jing)逐漸成形了(le),他(ta)(ta)不必再擔心(xin)它(ta)們會合(he)攏了(le),他(ta)(ta)實在(zai)也需要休息(xi)休息(xi),終于倒下了(le)。
就(jiu)在這時候,他周身突然發生了(le)很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)變化:他口里呼出的(de)(de)(de)氣變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)風和(he)云,他的(de)(de)(de)左眼變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)太(tai)陽,右眼變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)月亮,他的(de)(de)(de)手足(zu)和(he)身軀(qu)變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)大(da)地的(de)(de)(de)四(si)極和(he)五方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)名山,他的(de)(de)(de)血液(ye)變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)江河,他的(de)(de)(de)筋(jin)脈變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)道路,他的(de)(de)(de)肌肉變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)田土(tu),他的(de)(de)(de)頭發變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)天上的(de)(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing),他渾身的(de)(de)(de)汗毛變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)花草樹木,他的(de)(de)(de)牙齒、骨頭、骨髓等,也(ye)都變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)閃光(guang)的(de)(de)(de)金屬、堅(jian)硬的(de)(de)(de)石頭、溫(wen)潤(run)的(de)(de)(de)寶玉(yu),就(jiu)是那最沒有用處的(de)(de)(de)身上出的(de)(de)(de)汗,也(ye)變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)清露(lu)和(he)甘霖。
總之一句(ju)話:天地就(jiu)是盤古所造(zao),盤古用他(ta)整個的身體使這新誕生的宇宙豐富而美麗。
盤(pan)古(gu)兄妹的結(jie)合是(shi)為“陰陽(yang)之始(shi)” ,反(fan)映了遠古(gu)血緣婚的歷史,這是(shi)盤(pan)古(gu)神(shen)話與伏羲-女媧(wa)神(shen)話相結(jie)合的一種發展(zhan)。 如(ru)今在桐柏山地區仍然非常(chang)流行(《桐柏文史資(zi)料》第六輯2004.12)。馬(ma)卉欣(xin)、韓芳主編的《萬代盤(pan)古(gu)論》所附的《盤(pan)古(gu)神(shen)話選(xuan)》中幾乎都(dou)是(shi)講的“盤(pan)古(gu)兄妹”或“盤(pan)古(gu)爺”、“盤(pan)古(gu)奶(nai)”的故(gu)事,說明這個母題流傳既(ji)廣泛且(qie)久遠。
泌陽(yang)縣(xian)盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)山:相(xiang)傳(chuan),盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)兄妹(mei)以打柴維持生活,那時(shi)天(tian)地混(hun)沌未(wei)開(kai)。后來天(tian)塌地陷,盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)兄妹(mei)藏(zang)在石獅子肚里躲(duo)過劫難。當(dang)時(shi),世上(shang)只剩下(xia)盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)兄妹(mei)二人(ren),天(tian)地鴻(hong)蒙一(yi)片,盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)兄手拿大斧劈開(kai)混(hun)沌,清者(zhe)為天(tian),濁者(zhe)為地。接著,天(tian)上(shang)的太(tai)陽(yang)、月亮、星星都露出(chu)來了(le),地上(shang)山川河流交(jiao)織,花(hua)草(cao)樹木繁(fan)茂,鳥兒鳴(ming)唱、六(liu)畜(chu)興(xing)旺……
具體版本:青年盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)時的社會風氣很壞,老(lao)天(tian)爺派太(tai)白金星下(xia)(xia)來找好人,同(tong)時想毀滅世界。話說(shuo)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)上學的路上有塊形(xing)狀像(xiang)獅子的石(shi)頭,石(shi)頭旁出現了一(yi)位白胡子老(lao)漢。老(lao)漢讓盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)喂(wei)石(shi)獅子吃饃(mo),并要求他每天(tian)都喂(wei),同(tong)時告訴他:如果哪(na)天(tian)看到石(shi)獅子眼紅時,就和(he)妹(mei)妹(mei)一(yi)起(qi)躲到獅子的肚子里去。后來,盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)拉著正在院里劈柴的妹(mei)妹(mei)隨石(shi)獅子飛上了天(tian)空。地(di)面大雨下(xia)(xia)了七七四十九天(tian),天(tian)地(di)一(yi)片漆黑。石(shi)獅子落(luo)下(xia)(xia)后,盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)拿著妹(mei)妹(mei)劈柴的斧子劈開了天(tian)地(di),兄妹(mei)倆從(cong)此生(sheng)兒育女、安居樂(le)業。現 在,盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)山(shan)下(xia)(xia)還(huan)有石(shi)獅子以及(ji)泛洪水時從(cong)天(tian)上拋下(xia)(xia)、準備搭救家(jia)禽家(jia)畜的石(shi)船(chuan)等。
民間神話里,盤古是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)對兄(xiong)妹兼配偶(ou),一(yi)(yi)般是(shi)(shi)盤古兄(xiong)拿(na)盤古妹的斧頭開天(tian),也有傳(chuan)說盤古妹開辟天(tian)地(di)。兄(xiong)妹倆(lia)是(shi)(shi)陰陽之始、萬物(wu)之祖。
民(min)俗傳說:相傳盤古(gu)開天(tian)之(zhi)前,一(yi)(yi)片混(hun)荒(huang),萬(wan)天(tian)混(hun)沌,萬(wan)物(wu)猶蒙沌!盤古(gu)想(xiang)開天(tian)之(zhi)后,怎么(me)(me)辦(ban)呢?把(ba)自己的(de)(de)身(shen)體變(bian)成(cheng)天(tian)地萬(wan)物(wu)。那自己沒(mei)有(you)(you)傳人(ren)怎么(me)(me)辦(ban)?想(xiang)把(ba)自己的(de)(de)本(ben)領和(he)性(xing)格傳給自己的(de)(de)后人(ren)。他在把(ba)自己的(de)(de)身(shen)體全(quan)部變(bian)化成(cheng)天(tian)地萬(wan)物(wu)后,剩下眼(yan)睛與(yu)(yu)頭發。等眼(yan)睛化做(zuo)日月星辰(chen)之(zhi)后,他把(ba)自己的(de)(de)眼(yan)淚(lei)藏起來(lai),還(huan)有(you)(you)自己的(de)(de)兩根頭發也(ye)藏起來(lai),等過(guo)了不(bu)知道數年(nian),有(you)(you)億億億……年(nian),當有(you)(you)熊(xiong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)君少典(dian)(dian)從一(yi)(yi)個小山丘(qiu)經(jing)過(guo)時候(hou),不(bu)小心碰到了盤古(gu)的(de)(de)眼(yan)淚(lei)。天(tian)空長虹貫(guan)日,氣(qi)象萬(wan)千(qian),祥瑞祥和(he),第一(yi)(yi)個存在的(de)(de)民(min)族就(jiu)是(shi)伏羲(xi)一(yi)(yi)族,所以(yi)伏羲(xi)稱為人(ren)祖,意思是(shi)人(ren)類(lei)始祖,人(ren)類(lei)始祖經(jing)過(guo)了若干年(nian)后,其中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)個民(min)族少典(dian)(dian)就(jiu)有(you)(you)了孩子(zi)。這個孩子(zi)就(jiu)是(shi)軒轅黃帝,他與(yu)(yu)炎帝結(jie)盟(meng)。成(cheng)為中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)最(zui)有(you)(you)名的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)君--黃帝。
盤古用斧頭的設定最(zui)初(chu)出自明清(qing)《開辟(pi)演(yan)義》:
昆多(duo)(duo)崩姿(zi)那(nei)受佛命畢(bi),只得頂禮辭別(bie)世(shi)尊并諸大(da)菩薩,駕一(yi)朵祥(xiang)云(yun),離了(le)西方佛境,直(zhi)來至南(nan)贍部洲大(da)洪荒處,大(da)吼(hou)一(yi)聲(sheng),投下(xia)地(di)中,化成一(yi)物,團圓如(ru)一(yi)蟠桃樣,內有(you)(you)核如(ru)孩形(xing),于天(tian)(tian)地(di)中滾(gun)來滾(gun)去;約(yue)有(you)(you)七七四(si)十九(jiu)轉(zhuan),漸(jian)漸(jian)長成一(yi)人,身長三丈(zhang)六尺,頭角猙獰,神(shen)眉(mei)怒目(mu),獠牙巨口,遍體皆(jie)毛;將身一(yi)伸,天(tian)(tian)即漸(jian)高,地(di)便墜下(xia),而(er)(er)天(tian)(tian)地(di)更有(you)(you)相連(lian)者(zhe),左手(shou)(shou)執鑿,右手(shou)(shou)持斧(fu)(fu),或(huo)用斧(fu)(fu)劈,或(huo)以鑿開(kai),自是神(shen)力(li)。久而(er)(er)天(tian)(tian)地(di)乃分,二氣升降,清者(zhe)上為天(tian)(tian),濁者(zhe)下(xia)為地(di)。自此(ci)而(er)(er)混(hun)茫開(kai)矣,即有(you)(you)太極(ji)生兩(liang)儀,兩(liang)儀生四(si)象,四(si)象變化,而(er)(er)庶類繁矣,相傳(chuan)首(shou)出御世(shi)。從此(ci),昆多(duo)(duo)崩娑那(nei)立一(yi)石碑,長三丈(zhang),闊九(jiu)尺,自鐫二十字于其(qi)上曰(yue):
吾乃盤古氏,開天(tian)辟地(di)基(ji)。
亥子重交媾(gou),依舊似今(jin)時(shi)。
首(shou)先,盤古神話(hua)表現了一(yi)種人(ren)本主(zhu)義思(si)想(xiang)。一(yi)切(qie)以(yi)人(ren)為本,宇宙由人(ren)開(kai)辟,由盤古頂(ding)天(tian)立地(di),天(tian)日(ri)高一(yi)丈,地(di)日(ri)厚一(yi)丈,而(er)盤古日(ri)長一(yi)丈,如此一(yi)萬八千(qian)年,盤古巨人(ren)長得多么高大(da),說他(ta)“神于(yu)天(tian),圣(sheng)于(yu)地(di)”,表現了人(ren)類(lei)是自(zi)然的(de)主(zhu)人(ren)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)人(ren)本主(zhu)義的(de)寶貴思(si)想(xiang)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是很有意義的(de)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是一(yi)種生(sheng)(sheng)命意識,人(ren)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)命不息(xi),勞(lao)動不息(xi),就可以(yi)創造一(yi)切(qie),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)正(zheng)是盤古神話(hua)所顯示出(chu)的(de)思(si)想(xiang)光輝。
其(qi)次(ci),人的本質在勞(lao)動(dong)(dong),正是(shi)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)使人類(lei)高于一(yi)切動(dong)(dong)物(wu),區別于一(yi)切動(dong)(dong)物(wu),盤古神話實質上正是(shi)對人類(lei)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)贊美的一(yi)曲(qu)最壯麗的凱歌。勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)創(chuang)造(zao)世界,勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)創(chuang)造(zao)萬(wan)物(wu),正是(shi)盤古神話最深刻的思(si)想內涵(han)。
首先,盤古精神可以概括(kuo)為開天辟地的開創精神,創新精神,這對于改革開放創造(zao)和諧幸福的新世界是(shi)非(fei)常必要的。
其次,盤古(gu)精(jing)(jing)神包(bao)含唯物辯證法的(de)(de)實事求是精(jing)(jing)神。同時,盤古(gu)精(jing)(jing)神就是勞動(dong)創(chuang)造世界、勞動(dong)創(chuang)造一切的(de)(de)信念(nian),就是不怕困難,刻苦堅(jian)持,長期奮斗,自(zi)我犧牲(sheng),為民造福(fu)的(de)(de)精(jing)(jing)神。
一是(shi)(shi)圖騰(teng)標(biao)準。古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)籍中盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)神(shen)話說(shuo)“盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)氏(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)首(shou)……”顯然,古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代先民崇拜的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long),認為(wei)(wei)祖先盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)就是(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)后代,所(suo)以,盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)子孫就以龍(long)(long)(long)(long)為(wei)(wei)圖騰(teng)標(biao)示,千古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)傳(chuan)承。有關盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)和龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)說(shuo)也很多(duo)。桐柏山盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)塑像的(de)(de)頭部有兩(liang)只龍(long)(long)(long)(long)角,與“盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)氏(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)首(shou)”之說(shuo)如出一轍,而其它的(de)(de)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)神(shen)話流(liu)傳(chuan)區別是(shi)(shi)鳳圖騰(teng),鳥(niao)、雞圖騰(teng),與龍(long)(long)(long)(long)圖騰(teng)格格不入。具有龍(long)(long)(long)(long)圖騰(teng)特征的(de)(de)桐柏盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)神(shen)話則比較正宗。
二(er)是(shi)地(di)理標(biao)準。古(gu)(gu)(gu)籍中關于(yu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)神(shen)話(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)記(ji)載最(zui)早(zao)莫過于(yu)三(san)國吳(wu)人徐整的(de)(de)(de)《三(san)五(wu)歷紀》、《五(wu)運歷年記(ji)》,其中涉及地(di)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)只有一(yi)(yi)處,為(wei)“盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)死(si)后……血為(wei)淮(huai)瀆……”明顯將盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)與(yu)淮(huai)河發源(yuan)地(di)相聯(lian)系。明代(dai)學者李夢(meng)陽(yang)撰文《大復山(shan)(shan)賦》時(shi),將桐(tong)(tong)柏(bo)(bo)山(shan)(shan)水簾洞(dong)以西的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)道(dao)酷似人形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)脈(mo)稱(cheng)為(wei)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu),“昔盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)氏作(zuo)茲焉,用(yong)宅……”清代(dai)學者貢愈淳(chun)作(zuo)《桐(tong)(tong)柏(bo)(bo)山(shan)(shan)賦》曰:“盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)開天而首出……”明確(que)指出桐(tong)(tong)柏(bo)(bo)山(shan)(shan)是(shi)陰陽(yang)未分(fen)、大水茫茫的(de)(de)(de)混沌之時(shi)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)首出開天的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方。唐朝、宋朝編修的(de)(de)(de)《元(yuan)豐九(jiu)域(yu)志(zhi)》曰:“桐(tong)(tong)柏(bo)(bo)山(shan)(shan),淮(huai)水所出。淮(huai)瀆廟(miao),盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)廟(miao)。”縱觀千古(gu)(gu)(gu)典(dian)籍,遍查全國盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)神(shen)話(hua)(hua)流傳區的(de)(de)(de)方志(zhi),唯(wei)有桐(tong)(tong)柏(bo)(bo)山(shan)(shan)、淮(huai)河源(yuan)、水簾洞(dong)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)理名(ming)詞與(yu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)神(shen)話(hua)(hua)密(mi)切關聯(lian)。同時(shi),桐(tong)(tong)柏(bo)(bo)山(shan)(shan)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)躺臥(wo)處還存有一(yi)(yi)座盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)廟(miao),許多地(di)方還保留著盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)(shan)、盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)洞(dong)、盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)斧、盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)井等與(yu)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)神(shen)話(hua)(hua)密(mi)切相關的(de)(de)(de)實景地(di)名(ming)。
三(san)是民(min)俗標(biao)準。桐柏(bo)(bo)民(min)間(jian)(jian)流傳(chuan)著許多(duo)習(xi)俗,可(ke)以(yi)(yi)說(shuo)是原始(shi)盤古神(shen)話(hua)(hua)的遺存。如神(shen)話(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)說(shuo)中,說(shuo)人類之(zhi)(zhi)初是兩條魚變(bian)成(cheng)了(le)兩只(zhi)猿,這(zhe)兩只(zhi)猿就(jiu)是“陰陽之(zhi)(zhi)始(shi)”的盤古夫婦。盤古崇(chong)敬(jing)祖(zu)(zu)先,就(jiu)有了(le)盤古抱二(er)魚以(yi)(yi)示(shi)崇(chong)敬(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)。后來,盤古抱魚之(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)就(jiu)形(xing)象地演化(hua)成(cheng)了(le)太(tai)極圖(tu)(tu)。人們效(xiao)仿祖(zu)(zu)先,就(jiu)形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)民(min)間(jian)(jian)掛太(tai)極圖(tu)(tu)之(zhi)(zhi)俗。桐柏(bo)(bo)民(min)間(jian)(jian)在現(xian)代生活中還(huan)習(xi)慣在門頭上(shang)、窗戶上(shang)、院落影壁(bi)墻(qiang)上(shang)掛太(tai)極圖(tu)(tu),以(yi)(yi)示(shi)吉利,并(bing)有希冀祖(zu)(zu)先庇佑以(yi)(yi)辟邪(xie)之(zhi)(zhi)意。桐柏(bo)(bo)民(min)俗中嫁女送竹(zhu)竿、玩(wan)獅子吞小孩、玩(wan)青龍(long)火龍(long)救眾生等都包含著耐人尋(xun)味(wei)的盤古神(shen)話(hua)(hua)故事元(yuan)素。
四(si)是(shi)(shi)敬祖(zu)標(biao)準。在神(shen)話流(liu)傳(chuan)區,人(ren)們(men)對神(shen)話人(ren)物崇(chong)敬程度的(de)(de)高低是(shi)(shi)判斷神(shen)話產生根源地是(shi)(shi)與(yu)否的(de)(de)標(biao)準之一(yi)(yi)。在桐(tong)柏(bo),人(ren)們(men)對祖(zu)先(xian)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)崇(chong)敬程度達(da)到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)頂點。如桐(tong)柏(bo)民間傳(chuan)說(shuo)中正月(yue)(yue)初(chu)一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)生日,這一(yi)(yi)天(tian)祖(zu)先(xian)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)要(yao)回來(lai)過年,需要(yao)清(qing)靜,所以在桐(tong)柏(bo)初(chu)一(yi)(yi)到(dao)初(chu)十是(shi)(shi)不能進行鬧新春的(de)(de)游藝活動的(de)(de),直到(dao)正月(yue)(yue)初(chu)十以后才能開始,否則是(shi)(shi)犯了(le)(le)(le)大(da)忌的(de)(de)。另外,走(zou)遍全國盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)神(shen)話流(liu)傳(chuan)區,民間稱盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)為(wei)王、為(wei)帝的(de)(de)多,唯有(you)桐(tong)柏(bo)山居民稱盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)爺和盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)奶,這也反(fan)映(ying)了(le)(le)(le)桐(tong)柏(bo)山居民敬祖(zu)之意的(de)(de)親切和深刻(ke)。
五是(shi)活(huo)(huo)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)標準。到今天(tian)還(huan)掛在人(ren)(ren)(ren)們口頭上的(de)(de)神(shen)話,被專家稱(cheng)為(wei)“活(huo)(huo)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)”。它的(de)(de)數量多少反映出當(dang)地(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們對盤(pan)古(gu)神(shen)話的(de)(de)知(zhi)曉度,這也是(shi)判(pan)斷盤(pan)古(gu)神(shen)話傳說(shuo)根源地(di)(di)的(de)(de)依據之一(yi)。經過(guo)開(kai)展民間文學普查工(gong)作,桐(tong)柏(bo)縣(xian)搜集出上百(bai)種盤(pan)古(gu)神(shen)話。在桐(tong)柏(bo)的(de)(de)大(da)街小(xiao)巷、村村莊(zhuang)莊(zhuang),不管(guan)是(shi)老年人(ren)(ren)(ren)還(huan)是(shi)年輕人(ren)(ren)(ren),不論是(shi)干部、工(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)還(huan)是(shi)農(nong)民,都(dou)(dou)能講上一(yi)段,說(shuo)上幾(ji)句盤(pan)古(gu)神(shen)話,都(dou)(dou)是(shi)盤(pan)古(gu)開(kai)天(tian)辟地(di)(di)、捏泥(ni)造人(ren)(ren)(ren)、滾磨(mo)成親(qin)、造衣(yi)服、馴牛(niu)、降龍、治水(shui)、造酒、造農(nong)具等,以桐(tong)柏(bo)山為(wei)中心方圓幾(ji)百(bai)里的(de)(de)區(qu)域成為(wei)盤(pan)古(gu)神(shen)話“活(huo)(huo)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)”的(de)(de)豐富蘊(yun)藏地(di)(di)。這種特(te)有的(de)(de)文化(hua)(hua)現象,就是(shi)盤(pan)古(gu)文化(hua)(hua)根源地(di)(di)的(de)(de)特(te)征。
《康熙詞典(dian)》記載:首出御(yu)世(shi),曰盤古氏。任(ren)昉(fang)《述異(yi)記》:盤古氏夫婦,陰陽(yang)之(zhi)始也,天地萬(wan)物之(zhi)祖(zu)業(ye)。今,南海(hai)中盤古國人,皆以盤古為姓。
史學家呂思勉認(ren)為(wei):“明言盤古(gu)氏有(you)夫妻二(er)人(ren),且南海(hai)有(you)其墓,南海(hai)中(zhong)有(you)其國,其人(ren)猶以盤古(gu)為(wei)姓(xing),則(ze)人(ren)而(er)非(fei)神矣”,此(ci)當源于“南方民(min)族”的(de)傳說(shuo),而(er)“與一身化為(wei)萬有(you)之說(shuo),尤(you)厘然有(you)別”。
2005年河南(nan)省桐柏(bo)縣(xian)被中國(guo)民間(jian)文(wen)藝(yi)家協會正式命名為“中國(guo)盤(pan)古(gu)之鄉”。當(dang)地的(de)“盤(pan)古(gu)廟會”被確定為國(guo)家第(di)二批(pi)非物質文(wen)化(hua)遺產之一。2008年,桐柏(bo)還啟動了“盤(pan)古(gu)創世神話傳說(shuo)群”國(guo)家級非物質文(wen)化(hua)遺產的(de)申報工作。2005年3月,桐柏(bo)被中國(guo)民間(jian)文(wen)藝(yi)家協會命名為“中國(guo)盤(pan)古(gu)文(wen)化(hua)之鄉”。2006年10月30日,桐柏(bo)舉辦(ban)了“全球華人首次(ci)祭(ji)祀盤(pan)古(gu)大典”,并(bing)將(jiang)每年農歷九月初九定為祭(ji)祀盤(pan)古(gu)日。
2007年(nian)(nian),花都區傳統民(min)間(jian)文化活動“盤古(gu)王(wang)誕(dan)”入選廣(guang)州市(shi)首(shou)批非物質(zhi)文化遺(yi)產(chan)代表(biao)作, 2009年(nian)(nian)1月,花都獅嶺鎮被廣(guang)東(dong)省文聯和(he)省民(min)協授予(yu)了(le)“廣(guang)東(dong)省盤古(gu)文化之鄉”稱(cheng)號(hao)。 2012年(nian)(nian)起,花都盤古(gu)王(wang)誕(dan)祈福活動從民(min)間(jian)組織舉(ju)辦(ban)提(ti)升(sheng)到市(shi)區層(ceng)(ceng)面來舉(ju)辦(ban),不僅活動的(de)規(gui)格和(he)規(gui)模更上一層(ceng)(ceng)樓,對盤古(gu)文化的(de)傳承(cheng)和(he)發揚(yang)也進一步得到提(ti)升(sheng)。上年(nian)(nian),盤古(gu)王(wang)誕(dan)被列入了(le)第六批廣(guang)東(dong)省非物質(zhi)文化遺(yi)產(chan)代表(biao)性(xing)項目(mu)名(ming)錄,并首(shou)次(ci)升(sheng)格為中國(guo)(獅嶺)盤古(gu)王(wang)民(min)俗文化節。
泌陽(yang)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan),位于河南省泌陽(yang)縣南三十里。2005年(nian)12月4日正式命名泌陽(yang)縣為(wei)“中國盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)圣地(di)”。盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)神話(hua)成為(wei)第二(er)批國家級非(fei)物質文(wen)化(hua)遺產及河南省民間文(wen)化(hua)遺產搶救工程項目。 更因(yin)有盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)廟(miao)及盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)廟(miao)會而聞名四(si)方(fang)。盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)開天辟地(di)是(shi)中華(hua)民族最古(gu)(gu)(gu)老(lao)的(de)傳說之一,盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)化(hua)是(shi)中華(hua)民族的(de)“根(gen)文(wen)化(hua)”。泌陽(yang)縣城南15公里處的(de)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan),是(shi)傳說中盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)開天辟地(di)、造化(hua)萬物的(de)地(di)方(fang)。每(mei)年(nian)農歷三月初(chu)三的(de)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)山(shan)廟(miao)會,都有數(shu)萬人從四(si)面八方(fang)趕來祭拜盤(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)。
沅(yuan)陵盤(pan)古洞,位于(yu)湖南(nan)省懷化(hua)市沅(yuan)陵縣境內有一(yi)盤(pan)古洞,洞內有一(yi)巨大的石(shi)鎖,和(he)很多人工刁鑿的生活用具。據說(shuo)在一(yi)張(zhang)石(shi)床上(shang)有一(yi)鐘乳石(shi)柱,高有數(shu)米。專家推測,想這樣的大型鐘乳石(shi)柱,其形成時間(jian)約萬(wan)于(yu)年。
廣州盤古山,山中(zhong)有座盤古王廟(miao)。據清(qing)末編《花縣志》載,盤古王廟(miao)神壇重建于清(qing)嘉慶十(shi)四年(nian)(公元1809年(nian)),后燒毀(hui),到光緒二十(shi)七年(nian)(公元1901年(nian))再花巨資重建,成(cheng)為(wei)古典(dian)藝術(shu)廟(miao)宇(yu),保存至(zhi)今。
宜(yi)川盤(pan)古山(shan),位于宜(yi)川縣的(de)(de)(de)(de)集(ji)義鎮和壽(shou)峰(feng)鄉之間,有(you)座(zuo)大山(shan)叫“盤(pan)古山(shan)”。 當(dang)地有(you)個公山(shan)母(mu)山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳說,說集(ji)義南邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)是(shi)公山(shan),即盤(pan)古,北邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)是(shi)母(mu)山(shan),即盤(pan)古妹妹,在很(hen)久很(hen)久以(yi)前,世上還沒有(you)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候,他倆晚上婚(hun)配,白天就分(fen)開,這(zhe)樣(yang)就繁衍下人(ren)類。后人(ren)為了紀(ji)念祖先,在兩山(shan)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)川道(dao)里建(jian)起盤(pan)古廟。據壽(shou)峰(feng)院明代碑文記載:“西(xi)聳盤(pan)古真梵(fan)”。說“盤(pan)古寺(si)”在壽(shou)峰(feng)院的(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)邊,可見盤(pan)古廟的(de)(de)(de)(de)存在更早。
湘西(xi)盤古峰(feng),位于湘西(xi)德(de)夯村(cun)西(xi)側,據考察,峰(feng)頂有球核(he) 虎(hu)皮楠(nan)、烏岡(gang)櫟(li)、蚊母樹、海(hai)桐(tong)、紅炳木犀、川桂、黃祀(si)、杜(du)鵑(juan)、山(shan)礬、石斑 木、小紅栲青岡(gang)樹、欏(luo)木石楠(nan)、黃連木等(deng)等(deng),森林遮(zhe)林遮(zhe)天蔽日,蔭深涼爽,空(kong)氣(qi)特(te)別新鮮。
在民間流傳(chuan)著這樣的《盤(pan)古(gu)開天辟地歌》:
盤古開天地,
造山坡河流,
劃州來住人,
造海來蓄水。
盤古開天地,
分山地平原,
開辟三岔路,
四處有路通。
盤古開天地,
造日月星辰,
因為有盤古,
人才得光明。
——摘(zhai)自黃現璠著(zhu)《壯(zhuang)族通史》
1、《三五歷(li)紀》記載:大禹同(tong)伯益(yi)民(min)治水,在(zai)開挖徙駭河時建立殿堂,紀念盤古(gu)。
2、《元史·本紀·世族七》記:世祖十五年夏(xia)四(si)月乙(yi)卯,修會川縣“盤古王祠(ci)”祀之。
3、明永樂四(si)年(nian)重修,成化元年(nian)知縣(xian)(xian)劉素再(zai)修,(二(er)十年(nian)后倒塌)。弘治十四(si)年(nian)知縣(xian)(xian)周忠,易(yi)小以(yi)大,易(yi)甓以(yi)石(shi),易(yi)涂泥而(er)金鐵之,歷時四(si)年(nian)而(er)工(gong)成。
4、清康熙二十七(qi)年(nian)因(yin)河水汴刷廟(miao)毀,故南遷(qian)河西,并有(you)傳“盤古墓在(zai)水中(zhong),又石棺,鐵(tie)鎖系之”之記。但是新建(jian)的盤古廟(miao)規模縮小了很(hen)多。
5、中華(hua)民(min)(min)國五年(nian)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)毀(hui)于(yu)天(tian)(tian)火。主(zhu)持(chi)僧本信(xin)信(xin)苦形(用(yong)兩(liang)根鐵絲穿(chuan)在腳后(hou)跟的筋骨之間,用(yong)一(yi)(yi)條(tiao)鐵鏈再連在一(yi)(yi)起(qi),以(yi)示自己有罪帶鐐),徙步去天(tian)(tian)津(jin)齋化。得津(jin)沽巨(ju)商寧世福等八家施舍,遂于(yu)民(min)(min)國八年(nian)重修,歷時十年(nian)。不(bu)僅(jin)殿堂(tang)比(bi)以(yi)前(qian)又小了不(bu)少(shao),而且因資金不(bu)足,有些(xie)工(gong)序未能如(ru)愿便草(cao)草(cao)收工(gong)。1937年(nian)9月18日,幾名日軍(jun)占領盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)殿頂(ding),向(xiang)百姓開(kai)槍,后(hou)進(jin)駐偽軍(jun),建立(li)據點。在1946年(nian)秋,青縣人(ren)民(min)(min)武裝攻克盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)據點,盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)整個(ge)盤(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)廟毀(hui)于(yu)一(yi)(yi)旦。可謂“建于(yu)戰(zhan)亂,毀(hui)于(yu)戰(zhan)亂。”
6、1987年(nian)秋盤古(gu)人自(zi)發成立“盤古(gu)廟籌(chou)建委員會”。借村(cun)民(min)一(yi)處,權作“盤古(gu)廟堂(tang)”。92年(nian)重修(xiu)(xiu)盤古(gu)墓,建了盤古(gu)墓碑亭。2005年(nian)再(zai)度粉刷、修(xiu)(xiu)整。
建(jian)國后盤(pan)古廟的三大殿(dian)被拆(chai)除(chu)將木材用于了建(jian)設縣政府劇院。所剩房(fang)社成為新成立的盤(pan)古人民公(gong)社的辦公(gong)所在地。2008年在道路闊(kuo)寬過程中,所剩房(fang)社也被拆(chai)除(chu)。
盤古廟(miao)(miao)會(hui)每(mei)年兩(liang)次,三(san)月初三(san)和九月初九兩(liang)次舉行(xing),(始于三(san)國(guo)魏)廟(miao)(miao)會(hui)正(zheng)期(qi)(qi)四天延期(qi)(qi)或(huo)(huo)十晌或(huo)(huo)半月不定(ding)又有(you)唱戲的、說書的、馬(ma)(ma)戲雜耍等助興。期(qi)(qi)間善男信(xin)女、寺院僧道(dao)、商賈游客車(che)馬(ma)(ma)舟(zhou)楫云(yun)集于此。
盤(pan)古(gu)廟重修計劃和(he)(he)面(mian)臨的(de)問題:無論過(guo)去如何輝(hui)煌,但是在現實生(sheng)活中展現在人們(men)眼(yan)前(qian)的(de)都(dou)只是一(yi)片廢(fei)墟和(he)(he)一(yi)座由單獨的(de)房間組成(cheng)的(de)小(xiao)廟。這很讓里(li)人傷感和(he)(he)愧疚(jiu)。重修盤(pan)古(gu)廟,為盤(pan)古(gu)再造金身的(de)呼聲(sheng)一(yi)直在民間傳響。
青(qing)縣人民政府通過了(le)《以“精神投資”為先導(dao),啟動青(qing)縣經濟騰飛》的重(zhong)修(xiu)盤古(gu)廟(miao)振興(xing)盤古(gu)文化的決議。
主體工程占地(di)270畝,以九尺紅墻圍之(zhi)。首為“盤古祠”(近代被毀前規格),次第“媧(wa)皇宮”、“禹王殿(dian)”、“靈(ling)宵(xiao)殿(dian)”、“封神閣”、“道院”、“儒院”、“觀音殿(dian)”最(zui)后是“盤古文院”。并建立“茶香齋”、“妙語齋”、“潑墨(mo)亭”、“太始宮”。
廣東(dong)花(hua)都(dou),相傳(chuan)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)古(gu)(gu)時(shi)"南(nan)海盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)國(guo)(guo)"的(de)所在(zai)。在(zai)南(nan)朝梁人(ren)任昉(fang)的(de)《述(shu)異記》中(zhong)(zhong)有這(zhe)(zhe)樣一(yi)(yi)段(duan)記載:"今南(nan)海有盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)氏墓,亙三百里(li),俗云后人(ren)追葬盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)魂(hun)也(ye),桂林有盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)祠(ci),今人(ren)祝祀,南(nan)海中(zhong)(zhong)有盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)國(guo)(guo),今人(ren)皆以盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)為姓(xing)。"只是(shi)(shi),任昉(fang)并沒有對盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)國(guo)(guo)進行具體的(de)記載。直到1992年,中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)專(zhuan)門(men)研究盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)專(zhuan)家馬(ma)卉欣通過大量的(de)實地(di)考核(he),證實花(hua)縣建(jian)縣前(qian)(qian)在(zai)南(nan)朝已(yi)經(jing)屬(shu)于(yu)南(nan)海郡管(guan)轄,也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)千五百年前(qian)(qian)有"南(nan)海中(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)國(guo)(guo)"中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)南(nan)海郡。而查遍整(zheng)個古(gu)(gu)南(nan)海郡所轄的(de)珠(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)三角洲(zhou)(zhou),都(dou)沒有盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)氏的(de)古(gu)(gu)跡和傳(chuan)說,唯獨(du)花(hua)都(dou)有盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)王山、盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)峒,又(you)有史料記載的(de)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)王神壇,并流傳(chuan)著《盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)王伏龍降獅》等神話傳(chuan)說。因而,他認定(ding),"南(nan)海中(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)國(guo)(guo)的(de)遺(yi)址就(jiu)在(zai)花(hua)縣",并在(zai)當年震驚(jing)神話學界。2009年1月,花(hua)都(dou)區(qu)獅嶺鎮被廣東(dong)省文(wen)(wen)聯和省民協授予了"廣東(dong)省盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)之(zhi)(zhi)鄉"稱號(hao)。這(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)珠(zhu)江(jiang)(jiang)三角洲(zhou)(zhou)地(di)區(qu)唯一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)個以盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)古(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)命(ming)名(ming)的(de)鄉鎮。
“盤(pan)古(gu)王(wang)誕”可追(zhui)溯至(zhi)秦漢時期漢族盤(pan)古(gu)崇拜與瑤(yao)族盤(pan)瓠崇拜的(de)嶺南(nan)融合。廣(guang)東省花(hua)都,就是古(gu)時“南(nan)海盤(pan)古(gu)國”的(de)所在。 據史料記載,現花(hua)都區獅(shi)嶺鎮一(yi)(yi)(yi)帶曾是瑤(yao)族居住地,他們(men)在梯面盤(pan)古(gu)峒修(xiu)建盤(pan)古(gu)廟,定農歷十(shi)月十(shi)六為盤(pan)王(wang)節(jie)于盤(pan)古(gu)廟前慶(qing)賀,祈求(qiu)風調雨順,人畜興(xing)旺(wang)。 因此,每年農歷八月十(shi)二,花(hua)都獅(shi)嶺人們(men)共同慶(qing)賀一(yi)(yi)(yi)年一(yi)(yi)(yi)度的(de)盤(pan)古(gu)王(wang)誕,進行各(ge)種有關盤(pan)古(gu)文化的(de)民俗活動。
根據當地(di)(di)縣志的(de)(de)(de)記載,在(zai)(zai)(zai)明末清初之(zhi)時(shi),由于(yu)(yu)聚集(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)現近梯面一帶的(de)(de)(de)瑤族通報受到(dao)鎮壓,在(zai)(zai)(zai)當地(di)(di)廣為傳播的(de)(de)(de)盤(pan)(pan)古信仰幾乎一度消亡(wang)。直到(dao)清朝(chao)嘉(jia)慶初年,當地(di)(di)讀書人(ren)(ren)(ren)邱(qiu)(qiu)毛松在(zai)(zai)(zai)獅(shi)嶺一帶神(shen)(shen)(shen)游,行至爐(lu)山(shan)(今盤(pan)(pan)古王山(shan))半山(shan)腰,無意中(zhong)發現這塊盤(pan)(pan)古神(shen)(shen)(shen)碑(bei),碑(bei)上正面刻著"初開天地(di)(di)盤(pan)(pan)古大(da)王圣帝神(shen)(shen)(shen)位",傳說為瑤人(ren)(ren)(ren)逃亡(wang)時(shi)遺落。邱(qiu)(qiu)毛松于(yu)(yu)是在(zai)(zai)(zai)山(shan)腰搭起一座(zuo)"盤(pan)(pan)古神(shen)(shen)(shen)壇(tan)",把這塊盤(pan)(pan)古神(shen)(shen)(shen)碑(bei)供立其中(zhong),邱(qiu)(qiu)毛松將(jiang)拾到(dao)神(shen)(shen)(shen)牌的(de)(de)(de)農歷八(ba)月十二定為盤(pan)(pan)古王誕(dan)(dan)日(ri)。邱(qiu)(qiu)毛松每天在(zai)(zai)(zai)神(shen)(shen)(shen)壇(tan)施醫救(jiu)人(ren)(ren)(ren),并四處游說讓周圍的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)去參拜。于(yu)(yu)是,盤(pan)(pan)古神(shen)(shen)(shen)壇(tan)漸(jian)漸(jian)遠近聞名,殘存在(zai)(zai)(zai)漢化(hua)瑤族人(ren)(ren)(ren)當中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)盤(pan)(pan)古信仰逐(zhu)漸(jian)復活(huo)。盤(pan)(pan)古王由此在(zai)(zai)(zai)漢人(ren)(ren)(ren)中(zhong)間的(de)(de)(de)影響日(ri)益(yi)增大(da),最終形成了"盤(pan)(pan)古王誕(dan)(dan)"的(de)(de)(de)大(da)型民俗活(huo)動。
所謂盤古即盤觚也,他(ta)就是和道(dao)(dao)祖太(tai)上(shang)一同(tong)藏身于瓠觚之中的那(nei)條花(hua)白相間的狗。他(ta)和道(dao)(dao)祖太(tai)上(shang)一同(tong)成(cheng)長(chang)修行。他(ta)是妖(yao)修后代,說(shuo)他(ta)是狗,并(bing)不是說(shuo)他(ta)與道(dao)(dao)祖太(tai)上(shang)是人(ren)與狗的關系。在(zai)那(nei)個(ge)蒙昧未開,蠻荒(huang)遍地的時代,無所謂人(ren)類或非人(ren)類,只是外形外貌(mao)差(cha)異而已(yi)。就像(xiang)這個(ge)人(ren)長(chang)這樣(yang),那(nei)個(ge)人(ren)長(chang)那(nei)樣(yang)。盤古誕(dan)生時正(zheng)值帝(di)(di)堯時期(qi),蚩尤(you)被(bei)黃帝(di)(di)聯(lian)合(he)炎帝(di)(di)打敗(bai),到了(le)帝(di)(di)堯時期(qi),蚩尤(you)部落遺(yi)族(zu)(zu),流亡百(bai)(bai)越之地。蚩尤(you)為戰(zhan)神,所以盡管戰(zhan)敗(bai),他(ta)部族(zu)(zu)里還是有一些(xie)手段本領強大(da)的人(ren)。正(zheng)當百(bai)(bai)越諸部內(nei)亂紛爭,近乎絕境之時,是盤古救(jiu)了(le)百(bai)(bai)越之地眾多蚩尤(you)遺(yi)族(zu)(zu)部落。后來盤古就成(cheng)了(le)百(bai)(bai)越南疆,苗疆等地的救(jiu)世創世神。