芒果视频下载

人物簡介

共工，為(wei)氏族名(ming)，又稱共工氏。為(wei)中國古代神(shen)話中的水神(shen)。《列(lie)子·湯問》：“共工氏與顓頊爭為(wei)帝(di)，怒而觸(chu)不周之山，折天柱(zhu)，絕地維，故天傾(qing)西(xi)北，日(ri)月(yue)星辰(chen)就焉；地不滿東(dong)南，故百(bai)川水潦歸(gui)焉。”另(ling)外(wai)還有一(yi)種說法，共工氏是(shi)軒轅裔黃(huang)帝(di)王朝(chao)時代的部落名(ming)，把共工與驩兜(dou)、三(san)苗、鯀列(lie)入(ru)四罪。

主要經歷

此(ci)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工并非神(shen)話中(zhong)的共(gong)(gong)(gong)工（神(shen)話中(zhong)的共(gong)(gong)(gong)工乃(nai)伏羲女(nv)媧政(zheng)權(quan)(quan)時期的人(ren)物），乃(nai)炎(yan)帝魁(kui)隗(wei)氏(shi)政(zheng)權(quan)(quan)五(wu)任帝祝融時期的“水正”部(bu)落首領的統稱，也是炎(yan)帝魁(kui)隗(wei)氏(shi)政(zheng)權(quan)(quan)最后一位統治者七(qi)任帝，后被神(shen)農氏(shi)擊敗，帶領部(bu)落改(gai)名(ming)“共(gong)(gong)(gong)工氏(shi)”。夸(kua)父(fu)則為魁(kui)隗(wei)氏(shi)嫡系(xi)九世孫，也是炎(yan)帝共(gong)(gong)(gong)工（炎(yan)帝共(gong)(gong)(gong)工只有一人(ren)，所以單指一人(ren)）的曾孫輩。

《史記：五(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)本紀》：昔帝(di)(di)(di)鴻氏有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)才子，掩義隱賊，好行兇(xiong)慝(ni)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)渾沌。少皞氏有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)才子，毀(hui)信惡(e)忠，崇飾(shi)惡(e)言(yan)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)窮奇。顓(zhuan)頊氏有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)才子，不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)教(jiao)訓，不(bu)(bu)(bu)知話言(yan)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梼杌。此(ci)三(san)族世憂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)堯(yao)(yao)，堯(yao)(yao)未能去。縉云(yun)氏有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)才子，貪(tan)于(yu)(yu)飲食，冒于(yu)(yu)貨賄，天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饕餮。天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)惡(e)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，比之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三(san)兇(xiong)。舜賓(bin)于(yu)(yu)四門(men)，乃流四兇(xiong)族，遷于(yu)(yu)四裔，以(yi)(yi)御螭魅(mei)，于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)四門(men)辟，言(yan)毋兇(xiong)人也(ye)。《尚(shang)書·堯(yao)(yao)典》：讙兜進言(yan)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，堯(yao)(yao)曰不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)而(er)(er)試之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)師，共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)果(guo)淫辟。四岳(yue)舉鯀治鴻水，堯(yao)(yao)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)，岳(yue)強請(qing)試之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，試之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)無功，故(gu)百姓(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)便。三(san)苗在江淮(huai)、荊州數為(wei)亂(luan)。于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)舜歸(gui)而(er)(er)言(yan)于(yu)(yu)帝(di)(di)(di)，請(qing)流（帝(di)(di)(di)鴻氏）共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)于(yu)(yu)幽陵，以(yi)(yi)變(bian)北狄；放（少皞氏）讙兜于(yu)(yu)崇山(shan)(shan)(shan)，以(yi)(yi)變(bian)南(nan)蠻；遷（縉云(yun)氏）三(san)苗于(yu)(yu)三(san)危，以(yi)(yi)變(bian)西戎；殛（顓(zhuan)頊氏）鯀于(yu)(yu)羽(yu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)，以(yi)(yi)變(bian)東夷：四罪而(er)(er)天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)咸服(fu)。“流共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)于(yu)(yu)幽州，放驩兜于(yu)(yu)崇山(shan)(shan)(shan)，竄三(san)苗于(yu)(yu)三(san)危，殛鯀于(yu)(yu)羽(yu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)，四罪而(er)(er)天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)咸服(fu)。”《列(lie)子·湯問》：“共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)氏與(yu)(yu)顓(zhuan)頊爭為(wei)帝(di)(di)(di)，（顓(zhuan)頊，黃帝(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)裔（《山(shan)(shan)(shan)海經(jing)·海內(nei)經(jing)》）。故(gu)此(ci)戰實為(wei)黃炎戰爭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)繼續(xu)）怒而(er)(er)觸不(bu)(bu)(bu)周之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)，折(zhe)天(tian)(tian)(tian)柱(zhu)，絕地(di)維，故(gu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)傾(qing)西北，日月星辰就(jiu)焉(yan)；地(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)滿東南(nan)，故(gu)百川水潦(liao)歸(gui)焉(yan)。”《山(shan)(shan)(shan)海經(jing)·海內(nei)經(jing)》：“炎帝(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妻，赤水之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子，聽沃生(sheng)炎居，炎居生(sheng)節并，節并生(sheng)戲(xi)器，戲(xi)器生(sheng)祝(zhu)融，祝(zhu)融降處于(yu)(yu)江水，生(sheng)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。”又《天(tian)(tian)(tian)文訓》、《淮(huai)南(nan)子》：“昔者共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)與(yu)(yu)顓(zhuan)頊爭為(wei)帝(di)(di)(di)，怒而(er)(er)觸不(bu)(bu)(bu)周之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)柱(zhu)折(zhe)，地(di)維絕。天(tian)(tian)(tian)傾(qing)西北，故(gu)日月星辰移焉(yan)；地(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)滿東南(nan)，故(gu)水潦(liao)塵埃(ai)歸(gui)焉(yan)。”

姜亮夫(fu)《 楚(chu)辭通故 · 燭龍》 所(suo)據(ju)材料全抄自俞(yu)氏， 但其說卻大相徑庭， 他認為“ 燭龍”即“ 祝融” 之音(yin)轉

《山海(hai)(hai)經·海(hai)(hai)內經》：祝融降處于江水(shui)，生共工(gong)。此祝融是離(li)朱也叫(jiao)離(li)婁。江水(shui)即泗(si)水(shui)，今

.天泗水流域的邾婁(lou)便是祝融離朱生(sheng)共(gong)工的地方。《山海經·大荒東經》：東海之(zhi)外大壑，少(shao)昊(hao)之(zhi)國(guo)。少(shao)昊(hao)孺(ru)帝(di)顓頊于此。少(shao)昊(hao)之(zhi)都在曲阜，距離共(gong)工出(chu)生(sheng)地邾婁(lou)非常(chang)近。所(suo)以顓頊與(yu)共(gong)工原本是鄰居關系，他們共(gong)同的領袖是強大的少(shao)昊(hao)。

顓頊(xu)與共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)原(yuan)本應該是(shi)可(ke)以(yi)和睦相處的(de)(de)(de)(de)。但(dan)是(shi)由(you)于少(shao)(shao)昊統治(zhi)后(hou)期少(shao)(shao)昊族的(de)(de)(de)(de)衰(shuai)落，加(jia)上共(gong)工(gong)一(yi)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)崛起(qi)。原(yuan)本江水流域的(de)(de)(de)(de)統治(zhi)者(zhe)少(shao)(shao)昊已(yi)經(jing)沒(mei)有(you)能力約束(shu)崛起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)工(gong)，共(gong)工(gong)因(yin)此向少(shao)(shao)昊的(de)(de)(de)(de)統治(zhi)權發起(qi)了挑戰(zhan)。這正(zheng)是(shi)《國語(yu)·楚語(yu)》里面(mian)記載的(de)(de)(de)(de)：少(shao)(shao)昊氏(shi)(shi)(shi)之衰(shuai)也(ye)，九(jiu)(jiu)黎(li)亂(luan)德(de)(de)，其后(hou)三苗復九(jiu)(jiu)黎(li)之德(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)件。歷史上，共(gong)工(gong)也(ye)稱帝(di)江，就是(shi)江水之帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含義。面(mian)對共(gong)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)崛起(qi)，少(shao)(shao)昊指定的(de)(de)(de)(de)繼承人顓頊(xu)自然(ran)不(bu)服氣，于是(shi)乃命(ming)重(zhong)黎(li)對抗共(gong)工(gong)。重(zhong)黎(li)即重(zhong)部(bu)落和黎(li)部(bu)落。重(zhong)是(shi)少(shao)(shao)昊之子(zi)，也(ye)在江水流域；黎(li)部(bu)落是(shi)顓頊(xu)妻子(zi)女(nv)祿(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)娘(niang)家部(bu)落，女(nv)祿(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)祿(lu)(lu)(lu)是(shi)黎(li)字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)通假(jia)。女(nv)祿(lu)(lu)(lu)所(suo)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)落也(ye)叫(jiao)滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)，是(shi)祝融(rong)(rong)離朱后(hou)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)支。滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)叫(jiao)滕(teng)(teng)奔氏(shi)(shi)(shi)，奔是(shi)濆(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)通假(jia)。濆(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)字(zi)就是(shi)噴(pen)(pen)泉的(de)(de)(de)(de)意思，滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)即滕(teng)(teng)涌的(de)(de)(de)(de)噴(pen)(pen)泉。滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)在今.天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)山東滕(teng)(teng)州，滕(teng)(teng)州就是(shi)因(yin)滕(teng)(teng)涌的(de)(de)(de)(de)噴(pen)(pen)泉而得名(ming)。黎(li)(祿(lu)(lu)(lu))姓(xing)滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)地理位(wei)置在今.天(tian)滕(teng)(teng)州一(yi)帶，與他祖先祝融(rong)(rong)所(suo)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)邾婁很近(jin)，女(nv)祿(lu)(lu)(lu)與顓頊(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)代也(ye)有(you)一(yi)部(bu)分稱祝融(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。滕(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)本和共(gong)工(gong)同族，但(dan)因(yin)兄(xiong)弟分家不(bu)愉快所(suo)以(yi)也(ye)出來支持顓頊(xu)攻(gong)打共(gong)工(gong)。

就這樣得(de)到了江水流(liu)域(yu)重(zhong)和(he)黎部落的(de)支持(chi)，顓(zhuan)頊實力大(da)增，把共工逼走。《文子(zi)》曰(yue)：“共工為(wei)水害，故(gu)顓(zhuan)頊誅之。”此時(shi)共工依然(ran)強大(da)，為(wei)了取得(de)長久的(de)和(he)平，顓(zhuan)頊與共工還(huan)搞了聯姻關系，顓(zhuan)頊和(he)女(nv)祿(lu)的(de)后代老童娶了共工大(da)臣根水氏和(he)竭水氏為(wei)妻(qi)。

《山海(hai)經》中(zhong)(zhong)也有記載：“朝陽之谷，神曰天吳，是為(wei)(wei)水(shui)伯”。帝(di)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)時(shi)期（約公元(yuan)前25世紀），顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)部(bu)落(luo)聯盟與(yu)共(gong)工(gong)部(bu)落(luo)聯盟在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)原地(di)區(qu)（今(jin)河南北部(bu)）作戰(zhan)。原始社會晚期，相傳黃(huang)帝(di)之孫顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)號高陽氏(shi)，繼黃(huang)帝(di)為(wei)(wei)該部(bu)落(luo)聯盟首(shou)領(ling)(ling)(ling)。他生于(yu)若水(shui)而居帝(di)丘(qiu)（今(jin)河南濮陽東(dong)南），正處黃(huang)河（約當今(jin)衛河）東(dong)岸附近。炎(yan)(yan)帝(di)共(gong)工(gong)的(de)后(hou)裔為(wei)(wei)炎(yan)(yan)帝(di)族分支共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)部(bu)落(luo)聯盟的(de)首(shou)領(ling)(ling)(ling)，居住(zhu)在(zai)九州黃(huang)河中(zhong)(zhong)游河西地(di)區(qu)（約在(zai)今(jin)河南輝縣境），在(zai)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)部(bu)落(luo)聯盟的(de)上(shang)流。在(zai)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)高陽氏(shi)政權取(qu)得黃(huang)帝(di)（黃(huang)帝(di)并(bing)非一(yi)人，為(wei)(wei)一(yi)個時(shi)期的(de)政權領(ling)(ling)(ling)導統稱）之位時(shi)，顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)以借口帶領(ling)(ling)(ling)軍(jun)隊南征北戰(zhan)，降服各路(lu)諸(zhu)侯，共(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)為(wei)(wei)其中(zhong)(zhong)之一(yi)。

人物評價

據說共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)氏姓姜，是(shi)炎帝(di)的(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代(dai)。共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)氏是(shi)神(shen)(shen)農氏之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，又一個為(wei)(wei)發展(zhan)農業(ye)生(sheng)產做出過重要貢獻的(de)人(ren)。他發明了(le)筑堤蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)的(de)辦(ban)(ban)法(fa)。關(guan)于他的(de)傳說，幾(ji)乎全(quan)與(yu)水(shui)(shui)有關(guan)，有名的(de)故事是(shi)：共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)怒觸不周山(shan)。黃河的(de)經常泛濫威脅到(dao)了(le)部落(luo)的(de)生(sheng)存，共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率領大家與(yu)洪水(shui)(shui)英(ying)勇搏斗，他們采(cai)取“堵”而(er)(er)不是(shi)“疏”的(de)辦(ban)(ban)法(fa)來治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)，未能根治(zhi)(zhi)洪水(shui)(shui)，但(dan)是(shi)為(wei)(wei)后(hou)(hou)(hou)人(ren)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)積累(lei)了(le)經驗。共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)華夏(xia)的(de)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)英(ying)雄，被后(hou)(hou)(hou)世尊(zun)為(wei)(wei)水(shui)(shui)神(shen)(shen)。共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)表現出來的(de)永不言(yan)敗的(de)精神(shen)(shen)，是(shi)中華民族寶貴的(de)精神(shen)(shen)財富。之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)與(yu)顓頊(xu)爭奪部落(luo)盟主地位，而(er)(er)顓頊(xu)則利用民眾迷信的(de)心理(li)，聲(sheng)稱共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)會(hui)“觸怒上天”，導致共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)失去支(zhi)持(chi)，最終失敗。而(er)(er)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)捍衛自己的(de)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)大業(ye)，撞(zhuang)山(shan)自殺，以表示(shi)“看，這(zhe)樣(yang)都沒(mei)有‘觸怒上天’”。共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)與(yu)顓頊(xu)爭奪帝(di)位的(de)故事，后(hou)(hou)(hou)被演(yan)繹(yi)成“怒而(er)(er)觸不周之(zhi)山(shan)”的(de)神(shen)(shen)話。