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人物簡介

共(gong)工(gong)，為氏族名，又稱共(gong)工(gong)氏。為中國古代神話中的(de)水神。《列子·湯(tang)問》：“共(gong)工(gong)氏與顓頊(xu)爭為帝(di)，怒而觸不周之山，折天柱，絕地維，故(gu)(gu)天傾西北(bei)，日(ri)月星辰就焉(yan)；地不滿東南，故(gu)(gu)百川水潦(liao)歸焉(yan)。”另外還有一種說法，共(gong)工(gong)氏是軒轅裔黃(huang)帝(di)王朝時代的(de)部落名，把共(gong)工(gong)與驩(huan)兜(dou)、三苗、鯀列入四罪。

主要經歷

此共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)并非(fei)神(shen)話中的(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)（神(shen)話中的(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)乃(nai)伏(fu)羲女(nv)媧(wa)政權(quan)(quan)時(shi)期的(de)(de)人物），乃(nai)炎(yan)帝(di)(di)魁(kui)隗氏政權(quan)(quan)五任(ren)帝(di)(di)祝(zhu)融(rong)時(shi)期的(de)(de)“水正”部(bu)落首領(ling)的(de)(de)統稱，也(ye)是(shi)炎(yan)帝(di)(di)魁(kui)隗氏政權(quan)(quan)最后一(yi)(yi)位統治者七(qi)任(ren)帝(di)(di)，后被神(shen)農氏擊(ji)敗，帶領(ling)部(bu)落改名(ming)“共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏”。夸(kua)父則為魁(kui)隗氏嫡系九世(shi)孫，也(ye)是(shi)炎(yan)帝(di)(di)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)（炎(yan)帝(di)(di)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)只有一(yi)(yi)人，所以單指一(yi)(yi)人）的(de)(de)曾孫輩。

《史記：五帝本紀》：昔帝鴻氏(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)才(cai)子(zi)，掩義隱賊，好行兇(xiong)(xiong)慝(ni)，天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)渾沌。少皞氏(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)才(cai)子(zi)，毀信惡(e)忠(zhong)，崇飾惡(e)言(yan)(yan)(yan)，天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)窮奇。顓(zhuan)頊氏(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)才(cai)子(zi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)可教訓(xun)(xun)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)知話言(yan)(yan)(yan)，天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)梼杌(wu)。此三(san)(san)族(zu)世憂(you)之(zhi)(zhi)。至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)堯(yao)，堯(yao)未能去。縉云(yun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)才(cai)子(zi)，貪于(yu)(yu)(yu)飲食(shi)，冒(mao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)貨賄(hui)，天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)饕餮。天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)惡(e)之(zhi)(zhi)，比之(zhi)(zhi)三(san)(san)兇(xiong)(xiong)。舜賓(bin)于(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)門(men)，乃流四(si)兇(xiong)(xiong)族(zu)，遷于(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)裔，以(yi)御螭魅，于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)四(si)門(men)辟(pi)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)毋兇(xiong)(xiong)人也。《尚書(shu)·堯(yao)典》：讙(huan)兜(dou)進言(yan)(yan)(yan)共工(gong)(gong)，堯(yao)曰不(bu)(bu)(bu)可而試(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)師，共工(gong)(gong)果淫辟(pi)。四(si)岳(yue)舉(ju)鯀治鴻水(shui)(shui)，堯(yao)以(yi)為(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可，岳(yue)強請試(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)，試(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)而無(wu)功，故(gu)百姓不(bu)(bu)(bu)便。三(san)(san)苗在江(jiang)淮(huai)、荊州(zhou)數為(wei)亂。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)舜歸而言(yan)(yan)(yan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)帝，請流（帝鴻氏(shi)(shi)(shi)）共工(gong)(gong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)幽陵，以(yi)變(bian)(bian)北(bei)狄(di)；放（少皞氏(shi)(shi)(shi)）讙(huan)兜(dou)于(yu)(yu)(yu)崇山，以(yi)變(bian)(bian)南(nan)蠻(man)；遷（縉云(yun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)）三(san)(san)苗于(yu)(yu)(yu)三(san)(san)危，以(yi)變(bian)(bian)西(xi)(xi)戎(rong)；殛(ji)（顓(zhuan)頊氏(shi)(shi)(shi)）鯀于(yu)(yu)(yu)羽(yu)山，以(yi)變(bian)(bian)東夷(yi)：四(si)罪而天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)咸(xian)服(fu)。“流共工(gong)(gong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)幽州(zhou)，放驩兜(dou)于(yu)(yu)(yu)崇山，竄三(san)(san)苗于(yu)(yu)(yu)三(san)(san)危，殛(ji)鯀于(yu)(yu)(yu)羽(yu)山，四(si)罪而天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)咸(xian)服(fu)。”《列子(zi)·湯問》：“共工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)與顓(zhuan)頊爭(zheng)(zheng)為(wei)帝，（顓(zhuan)頊，黃(huang)帝之(zhi)(zhi)裔（《山海(hai)經(jing)·海(hai)內經(jing)》）。故(gu)此戰實為(wei)黃(huang)炎戰爭(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)繼續）怒(nu)而觸(chu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)山，折天(tian)(tian)柱，絕(jue)地(di)維，故(gu)天(tian)(tian)傾西(xi)(xi)北(bei)，日(ri)月(yue)星(xing)辰就焉(yan)；地(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)滿(man)(man)東南(nan)，故(gu)百川水(shui)(shui)潦歸焉(yan)。”《山海(hai)經(jing)·海(hai)內經(jing)》：“炎帝之(zhi)(zhi)妻(qi)，赤水(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)，聽沃(wo)生炎居(ju)，炎居(ju)生節并，節并生戲(xi)(xi)器，戲(xi)(xi)器生祝融(rong)，祝融(rong)降處于(yu)(yu)(yu)江(jiang)水(shui)(shui)，生共工(gong)(gong)。”又《天(tian)(tian)文訓(xun)(xun)》、《淮(huai)南(nan)子(zi)》：“昔者共工(gong)(gong)與顓(zhuan)頊爭(zheng)(zheng)為(wei)帝，怒(nu)而觸(chu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)周(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)山，天(tian)(tian)柱折，地(di)維絕(jue)。天(tian)(tian)傾西(xi)(xi)北(bei)，故(gu)日(ri)月(yue)星(xing)辰移焉(yan)；地(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)滿(man)(man)東南(nan)，故(gu)水(shui)(shui)潦塵埃歸焉(yan)。”

姜(jiang)亮夫《 楚辭通故 · 燭龍(long)》 所據材(cai)料全抄自俞氏， 但其(qi)說卻大相徑庭， 他認(ren)為(wei)“ 燭龍(long)”即“ 祝融(rong)” 之音(yin)轉

《山海經·海內經》：祝融降處于江水，生(sheng)共工。此祝融是離朱也叫離婁。江水即(ji)泗水，今

.天泗水流域的邾婁便是(shi)祝融離朱生共(gong)工(gong)的地方。《山海經(jing)·大(da)荒(huang)東(dong)(dong)經(jing)》：東(dong)(dong)海之外大(da)壑，少(shao)昊之國。少(shao)昊孺帝顓(zhuan)頊于此。少(shao)昊之都在(zai)曲阜，距離共(gong)工(gong)出生地邾婁非常近。所以(yi)顓(zhuan)頊與(yu)共(gong)工(gong)原(yuan)本(ben)是(shi)鄰(lin)居關系，他們共(gong)同(tong)的領袖是(shi)強大(da)的少(shao)昊。

顓頊與(yu)(yu)共工(gong)(gong)氏(shi)(shi)原(yuan)本(ben)應該是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可以和睦相處的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由于少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)統治后期少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衰落(luo)(luo)，加上共工(gong)(gong)一(yi)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崛(jue)(jue)起(qi)。原(yuan)本(ben)江(jiang)水(shui)流(liu)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統治者少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)已經(jing)沒有能力(li)約束崛(jue)(jue)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共工(gong)(gong)，共工(gong)(gong)因此向少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統治權(quan)發起(qi)了挑戰。這正是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《國語(yu)·楚語(yu)》里面記(ji)載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)：少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)衰也(ye)，九(jiu)黎(li)(li)亂德(de)，其(qi)后三(san)苗(miao)復九(jiu)黎(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)德(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事件。歷史上，共工(gong)(gong)也(ye)稱(cheng)帝江(jiang)，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)江(jiang)水(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)帝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含義。面對(dui)共工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崛(jue)(jue)起(qi)，少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)指定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繼承(cheng)人(ren)顓頊自然不(bu)(bu)服氣，于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乃命重(zhong)黎(li)(li)對(dui)抗共工(gong)(gong)。重(zhong)黎(li)(li)即重(zhong)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)和黎(li)(li)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)。重(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)，也(ye)在(zai)(zai)江(jiang)水(shui)流(liu)域；黎(li)(li)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)顓頊妻子(zi)女祿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)娘家部(bu)落(luo)(luo)，女祿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祿是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)黎(li)(li)字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通假(jia)。女祿所(suo)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)也(ye)叫(jiao)滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏(shi)(shi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)祝融(rong)離朱后代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)支(zhi)。滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏(shi)(shi)也(ye)叫(jiao)滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)奔氏(shi)(shi)，奔是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)濆(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通假(jia)。濆(fen)(fen)字(zi)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)噴泉(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思(si)，滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)即滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)涌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)噴泉(quan)。滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)今.天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山東滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)州，滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)州就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)涌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)噴泉(quan)而(er)得名。黎(li)(li)(祿)姓滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏(shi)(shi)地理位置在(zai)(zai)今.天滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)州一(yi)帶，與(yu)(yu)他祖先祝融(rong)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邾婁(lou)很近，女祿與(yu)(yu)顓頊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后代(dai)也(ye)有一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)稱(cheng)祝融(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。滕(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏(shi)(shi)本(ben)和共工(gong)(gong)同族(zu)，但(dan)因兄弟分(fen)家不(bu)(bu)愉快所(suo)以也(ye)出來支(zhi)持顓頊攻打(da)共工(gong)(gong)。

就這樣得到了江水(shui)流域重和(he)(he)黎部落的(de)支持，顓(zhuan)頊(xu)實力大(da)增，把共(gong)工逼走。《文子》曰(yue)：“共(gong)工為(wei)(wei)水(shui)害(hai)，故顓(zhuan)頊(xu)誅之。”此時共(gong)工依然強大(da)，為(wei)(wei)了取得長久的(de)和(he)(he)平，顓(zhuan)頊(xu)與共(gong)工還搞了聯姻關(guan)系，顓(zhuan)頊(xu)和(he)(he)女祿(lu)的(de)后代(dai)老童娶了共(gong)工大(da)臣根(gen)水(shui)氏(shi)和(he)(he)竭水(shui)氏(shi)為(wei)(wei)妻。

《山海經》中(zhong)也(ye)有記(ji)載(zai)：“朝陽(yang)之(zhi)谷，神曰天吳，是(shi)為(wei)(wei)水伯”。帝顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)時期(qi)（約公元前(qian)25世紀），顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)與共(gong)工(gong)部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)在(zai)中(zhong)原地(di)區（今(jin)河(he)(he)南(nan)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)）作(zuo)戰。原始社會晚期(qi)，相(xiang)傳(chuan)黃(huang)帝之(zhi)孫顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)號高陽(yang)氏，繼(ji)黃(huang)帝為(wei)(wei)該部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)首領(ling)。他生于若水而居帝丘(qiu)（今(jin)河(he)(he)南(nan)濮陽(yang)東南(nan)），正處黃(huang)河(he)(he)（約當今(jin)衛河(he)(he)）東岸(an)附近。炎帝共(gong)工(gong)的(de)后裔為(wei)(wei)炎帝族分支(zhi)共(gong)工(gong)氏部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)的(de)首領(ling)，居住在(zai)九州黃(huang)河(he)(he)中(zhong)游河(he)(he)西地(di)區（約在(zai)今(jin)河(he)(he)南(nan)輝縣境），在(zai)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)部(bu)(bu)落聯(lian)(lian)盟(meng)的(de)上(shang)流。在(zai)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)高陽(yang)氏政(zheng)權(quan)(quan)取得黃(huang)帝（黃(huang)帝并(bing)非一人(ren)，為(wei)(wei)一個時期(qi)的(de)政(zheng)權(quan)(quan)領(ling)導統稱）之(zhi)位時，顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)(xu)以借口帶領(ling)軍隊南(nan)征北(bei)戰，降服各路諸侯，共(gong)工(gong)氏為(wei)(wei)其中(zhong)之(zhi)一。

人物評價

據說共(gong)(gong)(gong)工氏姓姜，是(shi)炎(yan)帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)代。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工氏是(shi)神(shen)農氏之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，又(you)一(yi)個為(wei)發展農業生產做(zuo)出過重要貢(gong)獻的(de)(de)(de)(de)人。他(ta)發明了筑堤蓄水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)。關(guan)于(yu)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳說，幾乎全與(yu)水(shui)(shui)有(you)關(guan)，有(you)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)事是(shi)：共(gong)(gong)(gong)工怒觸不周山(shan)。黃(huang)河的(de)(de)(de)(de)經常泛濫威脅到(dao)了部(bu)(bu)落的(de)(de)(de)(de)生存(cun)，共(gong)(gong)(gong)工率領大(da)家(jia)與(yu)洪水(shui)(shui)英勇搏(bo)斗，他(ta)們采(cai)取“堵”而不是(shi)“疏”的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)來治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)，未能(neng)根治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)洪水(shui)(shui)，但是(shi)為(wei)后(hou)(hou)人治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)積累了經驗(yan)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工是(shi)華(hua)夏的(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)英雄，被(bei)(bei)后(hou)(hou)世尊(zun)為(wei)水(shui)(shui)神(shen)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)表(biao)現(xian)出來的(de)(de)(de)(de)永不言敗的(de)(de)(de)(de)精神(shen)，是(shi)中華(hua)民族寶貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精神(shen)財富。之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)與(yu)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊爭(zheng)奪(duo)部(bu)(bu)落盟主地位，而顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊則(ze)利(li)用民眾迷信的(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)理，聲稱共(gong)(gong)(gong)工治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)會“觸怒上天”，導致共(gong)(gong)(gong)工失去支(zhi)持(chi)，最(zui)終失敗。而共(gong)(gong)(gong)工為(wei)捍衛自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)大(da)業，撞山(shan)自殺，以表(biao)示“看，這樣都沒有(you)‘觸怒上天’”。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工與(yu)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊爭(zheng)奪(duo)帝(di)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)事，后(hou)(hou)被(bei)(bei)演(yan)繹成“怒而觸不周之(zhi)山(shan)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)話。