祝(zhu)融(rong),是三皇五帝(di)時(shi)夏官火正(zheng)的官名,與大司馬(ma)是同義詞。歷史上(shang)有多(duo)位著名的祝(zhu)融(rong)被后世祭祀為火神灶神。祝(zhu)融(rong)氏也(ye)是氏出多(duo)元的,歷史上(shang)有顓(zhuan)頊族祝(zhu)融(rong)氏和炎帝(di)族祝(zhu)融(rong)氏。
其中,炎帝(di)后(hou)代、黃(huang)帝(di)夏官、赤(chi)帝(di)祝融(rong)容光(guang)為(wei)南方(fang)灶(zao)神(shen)火(huo)神(shen),顓頊之孫(sun)重黎(li)是高辛氏的火(huo)正祝融(rong)為(wei)北方(fang)人的灶(zao)神(shen)火(huo)神(shen)、顓頊之孫(sun)吳回(楚國(guo)先祖)在帝(di)嚳誅重黎(li)后(hou)復居火(huo)正為(wei)祝融(rong)。
堯帝(di)時(shi)棄(qi)用(yong)祝融官(guan)名采(cai)用(yong)司(si)馬一名,商(shang)朝祖先契為火正大司(si)馬閼(e)伯“子卨(xie)”此為商(shang)人(ren)的(de)火神。
《晉書(shu)》有記載:“帝高陽(yang)之子(zi)重黎為“夏(xia)官(guan)祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)”。這句話(hua)明確的(de)告訴我們祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)是(shi)夏(xia)官(guan)的(de)官(guan)名(ming)。除了(le)《晉書(shu)》以外《左傳》也有祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)是(shi)夏(xia)官(guan)官(guan)名(ming)的(de)記載。《左傳.昭公二十(shi)九年》說:“木(mu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)曰(yue)句芒,火正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)曰(yue)祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)、金(jin)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)曰(yue)蓐收,水(shui)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)曰(yue)玄冥(ming),土正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)曰(yue)后土。里面提到的(de)木(mu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)即春官(guan),火正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)即夏(xia)官(guan),金(jin)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)即秋官(guan),水(shui)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)即冬官(guan)。所以《左傳》所說的(de)火正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)曰(yue)祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong),意思就是(shi)夏(xia)官(guan)的(de)官(guan)名(ming)叫祝(zhu)融(rong)(rong)。
《史記.楚(chu)世家(jia)》說(shuo):重黎居火(huo)正就被命曰祝(zhu)融,吳回復(fu)居火(huo)正就為祝(zhu)融。楚(chu)國始祖祝(zhu)融本名吳回,因為火(huo)官的身份(fen)而被帝(di)嚳命名為祝(zhu)融。
之所以歷史上會有(you)祝融與(yu)共(gong)工大(da)戰,是因(yin)為祝融是夏(xia)官官名,夏(xia)官即(ji)兵(bing)部。
祝(zhu)融八姓:己(ji)、董、彭、禿(tu)、妘、曹、斟、羋。
《山海(hai)(hai)經(jing)·海(hai)(hai)內經(jing)》一(yi)書(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)關于(yu)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)出生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)作了以下(xia)敘(xu)述(shu):“炎(yan)帝(di)之(zhi)妻,赤(chi)水(shui)之(zhi)子(zi)聽沃,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)炎(yan)居(ju)(ju),炎(yan)居(ju)(ju)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)節(jie)并,節(jie)并生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)戲器,戲器生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)”。由此可見,祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)系炎(yan)帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)第五代來孫。另據《海(hai)(hai)內經(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)又稱(cheng):黃帝(di)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)昌意,昌意生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)韓(han)流,韓(han)流生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)顓(zhuan)頊(xu)。《大(da)荒西經(jing)》則(ze)補(bu)敘(xu)為(wei)(wei):“顓(zhuan)頊(xu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)老童,老童生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)”。祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)是官(guan)(guan)職(zhi)(zhi)炎(yan)帝(di)后代擔任(ren)(ren)過(guo)此職(zhi)(zhi)務以官(guan)(guan)職(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)族(zu)(zu)(zu)號,顓(zhuan)頊(xu)之(zhi)后也(ye)擔任(ren)(ren)過(guo)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)一(yi)職(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)以職(zhi)(zhi)務為(wei)(wei)族(zu)(zu)(zu)號造成(cheng)歷史(shi)上有(you)炎(yan)帝(di)族(zu)(zu)(zu)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)氏和顓(zhuan)頊(xu)族(zu)(zu)(zu)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)氏之(zhi)分。那么,祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)又是一(yi)副(fu)什么模樣呢?《山海(hai)(hai)經(jing)·海(hai)(hai)外南經(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)說(shuo):“南方祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong),獸身人(ren)(ren)面(mian),乘(cheng)兩龍。”可見他(ta)(ta)并非“完人(ren)(ren)”,郭亞注釋“火(huo)(huo)(huo)神(shen)也(ye)”。《左(zuo)傳·昭公二十九年(nian)》中(zhong)(zhong)曰:“火(huo)(huo)(huo)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)曰祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)”,火(huo)(huo)(huo)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),就(jiu)是掌管火(huo)(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)官(guan)(guan)員,神(shen)話中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)神(shen)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong),到了春秋戰國時期已(yi)經(jing)逐步(bu)演化成(cheng)了司(si)火(huo)(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)官(guan)(guan)職(zhi)(zhi)。《漢書(shu)·五行志上》一(yi)書(shu)說(shuo):“古(gu)之(zhi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),謂火(huo)(huo)(huo)官(guan)(guan)也(ye),掌祭火(huo)(huo)(huo)星,行火(huo)(huo)(huo)政。”正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)因為(wei)(wei)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)是火(huo)(huo)(huo)神(shen),他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)威力(li)也(ye)被(bei)應用到兩軍對(dui)壘的(de)(de)(de)戰爭中(zhong)(zhong)去了。《墨子(zi)·非攻下(xia)》記載如下(xia):“(成(cheng)湯伐夏),天命(ming)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong))隆(降)火(huo)(huo)(huo)干厘夏城之(zhi)閑,西北之(zhi)隅(yu)。”降火(huo)(huo)(huo)助(zhu)戰,這可能(neng)是首次把火(huo)(huo)(huo)戰使用于(yu)戰爭中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)吧(ba)。祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)有(you)一(yi)弟叫吳回,又稱(cheng)回祿(lu),也(ye)是官(guan)(guan)司(si)“火(huo)(huo)(huo)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”。只是名聲沒(mei)有(you)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)大(da),人(ren)(ren)們(men)把火(huo)(huo)(huo)災稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)之(zhi)患”不是沒(mei)有(you)依據的(de)(de)(de)。于(yu)是,就(jiu)有(you)了用祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)融(rong)(rong)(rong)代替火(huo)(huo)(huo)災一(yi)詞的(de)(de)(de)來歷。
祝融,我國(guo)原始社會末期著名氏(shi)族領袖之一(yi)(yi)。名重黎,黃(huang)帝(di)后裔(yi)高陽氏(shi)的玄孫(sun)。帝(di)嚳(ku)高辛氏(shi)時,任火(huo)正(官名),受(shou)封于有熊氏(shi)故墟(今河(he)南(nan)新鄭一(yi)(yi)代(dai)),葬衡(heng)陽市南(nan)岳(yue)區(qu)祝融峰。他以火(huo)施教(jiao),為(wei)民造福。帝(di)嚳(ku)命名曰:祝融,后世尊為(wei)火(huo)神。——河(he)南(nan)省《新政縣志(zhi)》
(1).神(shen)名(ming)。 帝嚳 時的火(huo)(huo)官,后尊為(wei)火(huo)(huo)神(shen),命曰 祝融(rong) 。亦以為(wei)火(huo)(huo)或(huo)火(huo)(huo)災(zai)的代(dai)稱(cheng)。《國語·鄭語》:“夫(fu) 黎 為(wei)高(gao)辛(xin)氏火(huo)(huo)正,以淳燿敦(dun)大(da),天明地德,光照(zhao)四海,故(gu)命之曰‘祝融(rong)’,其功大(da)矣。”《呂氏春秋·孟夏》:“其神(shen) 祝融(rong) 。”高(gao)誘注:“ 祝融(rong) , 顓頊氏 后, 老童 之子(zi), 吳(wu)回(hui) 也(ye),為(wei)高(gao)辛(xin)氏火(huo)(huo)正,死(si)為(wei)火(huo)(huo)官之神(shen)。” 唐張說《蒲津橋贊》:“飛(fei)廉煽炭, 祝融(rong) 理(li)爐。” 趙翼《八月二日(ri)天寧寺旁(pang)巽(xun)宮樓(lou)火(huo)(huo)》:“趨(qu)觀(guan)乃知此樓(lou)毀,剎竿突兀(wu)招 祝融(rong) 。”
(2).神名(ming)。南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)之神,南(nan)(nan)(nan)海(hai)之神。《管子·五(wu)行》:“得(de)奢龍(long)而(er)辯於(wu)東(dong)方(fang),得(de) 祝融 而(er)辯於(wu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)。”《漢(han)書·揚雄傳上(shang)》:“麗鉤芒(mang)與驂蓐收兮,服(fu) 玄冥 及 祝融 。”顏(yan)師古注:“ 祝融 ,南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)神。” 唐 韓愈(yu) 《南(nan)(nan)(nan)海(hai)神廟碑》:“考於(wu)傳記(ji),而(er)南(nan)(nan)(nan)海(hai)神次貴,在北東(dong)西三神河伯(bo)之上(shang),號為 祝融 。”
(3).傳說中的古帝。 漢王符《潛夫論(lun)·五德志》:“世傳三(san)皇五帝,多以為(wei) 伏(fu)羲(xi) 、神農(nong)為(wei)二皇,其(qi)一者或(huo)曰燧人,或(huo)曰祝融(rong),或(huo)曰女(nv)媧,其(qi)是與非未可知也。”
(4).峰(feng)名。衡(heng)山的高峰(feng)。據《路(lu)史》云, 祝(zhu)(zhu)融 葬衡(heng)山之陽,是(shi)以名之。 唐 韓愈(yu) 《謁衡(heng)岳(yue)廟》詩:“紫蓋連延(yan)接天柱(zhu),石(shi)廩騰擲堆 祝(zhu)(zhu)融 。” 宋楊萬里《送(song)劉子(zi)思往衡(heng)陽》詩:“ 洞庭 昨夜起霜風,翩然欲登 石(shi)廩 與 祝(zhu)(zhu)融 。”
【道(dao)場】自(zi)燧人氏(shi)發明(ming)的(de)(de)轉木取火(huo)(huo),但(dan)有(you)了火(huo)(huo)種不會保(bao)留和使(shi)用(yong),后由祝融(rong)發明(ming)了使(shi)用(yong)火(huo)(huo)和留火(huo)(huo)種的(de)(de)方法后,黃帝封了他(ta)為主管火(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)正火(huo)(huo)官。后因祝融(rong)對南(nan)方的(de)(de)情況比較熟悉,又派了他(ta)來到衡(heng)山附近做(zuo)司(si)徒,死后葬于衡(heng)山,故南(nan)岳衡(heng)山就是祝融(rong)的(de)(de)道(dao)場。現(xian)衡(heng)山的(de)(de)高峰(feng)叫祝融(rong)峰(feng),山頂建有(you)祝融(rong)殿。