杜(du)詩(?—38年(nian)),字(zi)君公,河內汲(ji)縣(xian)(今河南省衛輝(hui)市)人,東(dong)漢官員及(ji)發明家。年(nian)輕(qing)時有才能,以公平著稱。
杜詩(shi)字君(jun)公,河內汲(ji)人(ren)也。少(shao)有(you)才能,仕郡功(gong)曹,有(you)公平稱。更始時(shi),辟(pi)大(da)司馬府。建武元(yuan)年(nian),歲中三(san)遷為侍御史,安集(ji)洛陽。時(shi),將軍蕭廣放縱兵士,暴橫民(min)間,百姓(xing)惶擾,詩(shi)敕(chi)曉不(bu)改,遂格殺廣,還以狀聞。世(shi)祖召見,賜(si)以囗戟,復使之河東,誅(zhu)降逆(ni)賊楊異(yi)(yi)等(deng)。詩(shi)到大(da)陽,聞賊規欲北度,乃與長史急焚其船,部(bu)勒郡兵,將突(tu)騎趁(chen)擊(ji),斬異(yi)(yi)等(deng),賊遂剪滅。拜成皋令(ling),視事三(san)歲,舉政(zheng)尤異(yi)(yi)。再(zai)遷為沛郡都(dou)尉,轉汝南都(dou)尉,所在稱治(zhi)。
七年,遷南陽(yang)太守(shou)。性節儉而政治(zhi)(zhi)清平,以誅(zhu)暴立(li)威,善于(yu)計(ji)略(lve),省愛民役(yi)。造作水排,鑄為(wei)農器,用力少(shao),見功多,百姓(xing)便之(zhi)。又修治(zhi)(zhi)陂池,廣拓土(tu)田,郡內比室殷足。時人方于(yu)召(zhao)(zhao)信臣,故南陽(yang)為(wei)之(zhi)語曰(yue):“前有召(zhao)(zhao)父,后有杜母(mu)。”
詩(shi)自以無(wu)勞,不(bu)安久(jiu)居大郡,求(qiu)欲降避功臣,乃上疏曰:
陛(bi)下(xia)亮成天工,克濟大業(ye),偃兵修文,群帥反(fan)旅,海內(nei)合和,萬世(shi)蒙福,天下(xia)幸(xing)甚。唯(wei)匈奴未譬(pi)圣德(de),威(wei)侮(wu)三垂(chui)(chui),陵虐中國,邊(bian)(bian)民虛耗(hao),不(bu)(bu)能(neng)自守(shou),臣恐武(wu)猛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)將雖勤(qin),亦未得解(jie)甲(jia)EA72弓也(ye)。夫勤(qin)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)息亦怨(yuan),勞而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)休亦怨(yuan),怨(yuan)恨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)師,難復責功(gong)。臣伏睹將帥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情,功(gong)臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)望,冀一休足(zu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)內(nei)郡,然后即戎(rong)出命,不(bu)(bu)敢(gan)有恨。世(shi)愚以(yi)為“師克在(zai)和不(bu)(bu)在(zai)眾”,陛(bi)下(xia)雖垂(chui)(chui)念北邊(bian)(bian),亦當頗泄用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。昔(xi)湯、武(wu)善御眾,故無忿(fen)鷙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)師。陛(bi)下(xia)起兵十有三年,將帥和睦,士(shi)卒鳧。今(jin)若使公卿郡守(shou)出于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)軍壘,則(ze)將帥自厲;士(shi)卒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)復,比于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)宿(su)衛(wei),則(ze)戎(rong)士(shi)自百。何(he)者(zhe)?天下(xia)已安,各(ge)重性(xing)命,大臣以(yi)下(xia),咸懷樂土(tu),不(bu)(bu)讎其(qi)(qi)功(gong)而(er)(er)厲其(qi)(qi)用,無以(yi)勸(quan)也(ye)。陛(bi)下(xia)誠宜虛缺數郡,以(yi)俊振旅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣,重復厚賞,加(jia)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)久役之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)。如此(ci),緣邊(bian)(bian)屯戍(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)師,競而(er)(er)忘死(si),乘(cheng)城拒塞(sai)(sai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)吏,不(bu)(bu)辭其(qi)(qi)勞,則(ze)烽火精明,守(shou)戰堅(jian)固(gu)。圣王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政,必因人心。今(jin)猥用愚薄,塞(sai)(sai)功(gong)臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)望,誠非(fei)其(qi)(qi)宜。
臣(chen)詩伏自(zi)惟忖,本以史(shi)吏一介之才,遭陛(bi)下(xia)創制大業(ye),賢俊在外,空乏之間,超受(shou)大恩,牧養不(bu)稱,奉職(zhi)無(wu)效,久竊祿位(wei),令功(gong)臣(chen)懷慍,誠惶誠恐。八年(nian),上(shang)書乞避功(gong)德(de),陛(bi)下(xia)殊恩,未許放退。臣(chen)詩蒙恩尤(you)深,義不(bu)敢茍冒(mao)虛請,誠不(bu)勝至(zhi)愿(yuan)(yuan),愿(yuan)(yuan)退大郡(jun),受(shou)小職(zhi)。及臣(chen)齒壯,力能(neng)經營(ying)劇事,如使臣(chen)詩必有補(bu)益,復受(shou)大位(wei),雖析珪(gui)授爵,所不(bu)辭(ci)也。惟陛(bi)下(xia)哀矜!
帝(di)惜其(qi)能,遂不許之(zhi)。
詩雅好推賢,數進知名士清河劉統及魯陽長董崇等。
初,禁(jin)網尚簡,但以璽書(shu)發兵(bing)(bing)(bing),未有(you)(you)虎(hu)符(fu)之(zhi)信,詩上(shang)疏曰:“臣聞兵(bing)(bing)(bing)者國(guo)之(zhi)兇(xiong)器,圣人所慎(shen)。舊(jiu)制發兵(bing)(bing)(bing),皆(jie)以虎(hu)符(fu),其余征(zheng)調,竹使而已。符(fu)第(di)合會,取(qu)為(wei)大信,所以明著國(guo)命,斂持威(wei)重也(ye)。間者發兵(bing)(bing)(bing),但用璽書(shu),或以詔令,如(ru)有(you)(you)奸人詐(zha)偽,無由(you)知覺。愚以為(wei)軍旅尚興,賊(zei)虜未殄,征(zheng)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)郡國(guo),宜(yi)有(you)(you)重慎(shen),可立虎(hu)符(fu),以絕奸端。昔魏之(zhi)公子,威(wei)傾(qing)鄰國(guo),猶假兵(bing)(bing)(bing)符(fu),以解趙圍(wei),若(ruo)無如(ru)姬(ji)之(zhi)仇(chou),則其功不顯。事有(you)(you)煩而不可省(sheng),費而不得(de)已,蓋(gai)謂此也(ye)。”書(shu)奏,從之(zhi)。
詩身雖在外,盡心朝(chao)廷,讜(dang)言善策,隨事獻納。視事七年,政化大行(xing)。十四年,坐遣(qian)客為弟報仇,被征,會病卒(zu)。司(si)隸校尉鮑永上(shang)書言詩貧困(kun)無田宅,喪無所歸。詔使治喪郡邸,賻(fu)絹千匹。
杜(du)詩(shi)青年(nian)(nian)(nian)時期就才能(neng)出眾,在(zai)(zai)河(he)(he)內郡(今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)南武(wu)陟西(xi)(xi)南)任吏員時,人(ren)們(men)贊(zan)揚他處(chu)事公平。光武(wu)帝(di)初年(nian)(nian)(nian),為(wei)(wei)侍(shi)御史。當時將軍蕭廣(guang)放縱士兵,在(zai)(zai)洛(luo)陽(yang)(yang)民(min)(min)間(jian)為(wei)(wei)非作(zuo)歹,老百姓惶(huang)恐不安。杜(du)詩(shi)通告蕭廣(guang)約(yue)束部(bu)(bu)下,蕭廣(guang)不予理(li)睬。杜(du)詩(shi)下令按法誅(zhu)蕭廣(guang),并將經(jing)過情形(xing)向上匯報,得到表(biao)揚。光武(wu)帝(di)見(jian)他能(neng)干(gan),又(you)派他去河(he)(he)東(dong)郡(今(jin)(jin)(jin)山(shan)西(xi)(xi)夏(xia)縣西(xi)(xi)北(bei))誅(zhu)剿降漢復又(you)叛變的(de)楊(yang)異(yi)等人(ren)。杜(du)詩(shi)到了大陽(yang)(yang)(今(jin)(jin)(jin)山(shan)西(xi)(xi)平陸西(xi)(xi)南,屬河(he)(he)東(dong)郡),聽說楊(yang)異(yi)率部(bu)(bu)下企(qi)圖北(bei)渡,立即派人(ren)設法焚燒掉他們(men)的(de)渡船(chuan);另又(you)派人(ren)收(shou)服河(he)(he)東(dong)郡的(de)地方軍,并進行(xing)突然(ran)襲擊,終于殲滅楊(yang)異(yi)等人(ren)。杜(du)詩(shi)被遷(qian)為(wei)(wei)成皋(今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)南滎(ying)陽(yang)(yang)水(shui)鎮)令,任職3年(nian)(nian)(nian),政(zheng)績裴然(ran)。再(zai)遷(qian)為(wei)(wei)沛郡(今(jin)(jin)(jin)安徽濉溪縣西(xi)(xi)北(bei))都尉,轉汝南(今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)南平輿縣北(bei))都尉,“所(suo)在(zai)(zai)稱治”。建武(wu)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)31年(nian)(nian)(nian)),杜(du)詩(shi)遷(qian)升為(wei)(wei)南陽(yang)(yang)太守。在(zai)(zai)南陽(yang)(yang)任職7年(nian)(nian)(nian),“政(zheng)治清平,以誅(zhu)暴立威,善于計略,省愛民(min)(min)役”,“政(zheng)化(hua)大行(xing)”。在(zai)(zai)此期間(jian),他還做了兩件在(zai)(zai)科(ke)學(xue)技術史上有意義的(de)事:一(yi)(yi)是興修水(shui)利;一(yi)(yi)是制做水(shui)排。建武(wu)十(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)病死,身(shen)后(hou)“貧困無田宅,喪無所(suo)歸(gui)”,最(zui)后(hou)由(you)朝廷(ting)賜賻才得以喪葬(zang)。
秦漢(han)(han)時(shi)(shi)期,長(chang)(chang)江長(chang)(chang)江流域的灌(guan)(guan)溉以漢(han)(han)水支(zhi)流唐白(bai)河地區(qu)的發展最為(wei)(wei)顯著,而唐白(bai)河的灌(guan)(guan)溉又(you)以今(jin)河南(nan)的南(nan)陽(yang)(yang)、鄧縣(xian)、唐河、新野一帶較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)發達。唐白(bai)河地區(qu)為(wei)(wei)浸蝕(shi)、沖積平(ping)原沖積平(ping)原,年降雨量約(yue)900毫米左右(you),氣(qi)候溫和,適于(yu)作物生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)。這里(li)開(kai)發較(jiao)早,到(dao)西(xi)漢(han)(han)中期經濟(ji)已相當發達。農(nong)田水利(li)(li)在西(xi)漢(han)(han)后期有(you)突飛猛進(jin)的發展。元帝(di)時(shi)(shi)(公元前(qian)48—前(qian)33年),南(nan)陽(yang)(yang)太(tai)守召信臣對此地的水利(li)(li)和農(nong)業生(sheng)產(chan)有(you)特殊貢(gong)獻,因而受到(dao)當地百姓的擁戴,被譽為(wei)(wei)“召父”。東(dong)漢(han)(han)時(shi)(shi)期,南(nan)陽(yang)(yang)水利(li)(li)事(shi)業進(jin)一步興盛,杜(du)詩(shi)在這方(fang)面也(ye)作出了很大成績,促進(jin)了當地農(nong)業生(sheng)產(chan)的發展。史(shi)載(zai),杜(du)詩(shi)“修(xiu)治陂池,廣拓土田,郡內比室(shi)殷足”。
所謂(wei)“水(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)”,就是利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)力推引鞲鞴鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)風(feng)(feng)的(de)器(qi)具,用(yong)(yong)于(yu)冶(ye)金(jin)。生(sheng)鐵(tie)的(de)早期(qi)發明,是中國對世界冶(ye)金(jin)技(ji)(ji)術的(de)杰出貢獻(xian)。要獲得液態(tai)生(sheng)鐵(tie),需有(you)(you)較高的(de)爐(lu)溫。有(you)(you)風(feng)(feng)就有(you)(you)鐵(tie),鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)風(feng)(feng)技(ji)(ji)術對于(yu)生(sheng)鐵(tie)冶(ye)鑄(zhu)的(de)發展有(you)(you)著極重(zhong)要的(de)意義。《禮記》說:“良冶(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi),必(bi)學為(wei)裘。”從商周以(yi)來,都用(yong)(yong)皮囊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)風(feng)(feng),子(zi)繼父(fu)業,年(nian)輕工匠必(bi)須學會(hui)縫制皮囊的(de)技(ji)(ji)巧。說明早期(qi)冶(ye)鑄(zhu)匠師高度(du)重(zhong)視鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)風(feng)(feng)器(qi)具的(de)制做。鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)風(feng)(feng)裝置(zhi)由人(ren)力驅動(人(ren)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai))發展到用(yong)(yong)畜力和水(shui)(shui)(shui)力驅動(馬(ma)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)),是東漢冶(ye)鐵(tie)技(ji)(ji)術的(de)重(zhong)大創新。由于(yu)杜(du)詩的(de)倡導,水(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)至遲(chi)在(zai)公(gong)元(yuan)1世紀(ji)上半葉于(yu)南(nan)陽地(di)區已較多地(di)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。《后漢書·杜(du)詩傳》說杜(du)詩“造作(zuo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai),鑄(zhu)為(wei)農器(qi),用(yong)(yong)力少,見(jian)功多,百姓(xing)便(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。水(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)的(de)功效不(bu)僅比人(ren)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai),就是比馬(ma)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)也高得多,《三國志·魏志·韓暨(ji)傳》寫道:“舊時冶(ye)作(zuo)馬(ma)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai),每一熟(shu)石,用(yong)(yong)馬(ma)百匹。更作(zuo)人(ren)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai),又費功力。暨(ji)乃以(yi)長流為(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai),計(ji)其利(li)(li)益(yi),三倍于(yu)前。”鑒于(yu)杜(du)詩的(de)功績,河(he)南(nan)南(nan)陽老百姓(xing)把他比之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)召(zhao)信(xin)臣,說:“前有(you)(you)召(zhao)父(fu),后有(you)(you)杜(du)母。”元(yuan)代《王(wang)禎農書》詳(xiang)細記述了(le)立輪式和臥輪式水(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)的(de)形制,并繪有(you)(you)圖形。