劍(jian)(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)一名“劍(jian)(jian)(jian)器舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”亦稱“黃倡郎(lang)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”。舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)時由四人頭戴戰(zhan)笠(li)身穿戰(zhan)服,腰纏錢帶對(dui)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),劍(jian)(jian)(jian)置于舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)臺(tai)上。每兩人東西相對(dui),先(xian)跳序舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),后(hou)(hou)彎腰拾劍(jian)(jian)(jian),右手(shou)先(xian)握,后(hou)(hou)轉至(zhi)左(zuo)手(shou),徐(xu)徐(xu)站起,揮劍(jian)(jian)(jian)起舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),還步(bu)推向高潮。整(zheng)個舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈在(zai)“燕風(feng)臺(tai)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”(往(wang)前后(hou)(hou)彎腰并飛速轉動(dong)身體的(de)(de)動(dong)作(zuo))的(de)(de)旋轉中結束。雖(sui)說是舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)劍(jian)(jian)(jian),卻沒有殺氣騰(teng)騰(teng)的(de)(de)氣氛,舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)那端莊、悠(you)然的(de)(de)表演給人以(yi)美的(de)(de)享受。
劍(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)又(you)稱劍(jian)(jian)器舞(wu)(wu)(wu),短劍(jian)(jian)的(de)劍(jian)(jian)柄與劍(jian)(jian)體(ti)之間有(you)(you)(you)活動裝(zhuang)置,表演者可自由(you)甩(shuai)動、旋轉短劍(jian)(jian),使其發出有(you)(you)(you)規律的(de)音(yin)響,與優(you)美的(de)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)姿相輔相成(cheng),造成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種戰斗氣(qi)氛。舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈節奏(zou)為(wei)“打令”。劍(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)原為(wei)男性(xing)(xing)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈,經長期流傳(chuan),逐漸演變成(cheng)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種緩慢、典雅的(de)女性(xing)(xing)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈。其種類較多(duo),一(yi)(yi)(yi)般為(wei)4人舞(wu)(wu)(wu)。還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種由(you)流浪藝人流傳(chuan)下來(lai)的(de)少年劍(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu),其風(feng)格似武術(shu),具有(you)(you)(you)戰斗性(xing)(xing)。劍(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)姿矯健而(er)奇(qi)妙,杜甫《觀公孫(sun)大(da)娘弟子舞(wu)(wu)(wu)劍(jian)(jian)器行》描繪此(ci)舞(wu)(wu)(wu):“燿如羿射九日(ri)落,矯如群帝(di)驂(can)龍(long)翔。來(lai)如雷霆收震怒(nu),罷如江海凝清光。”一(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo),舞(wu)(wu)(wu)者僅是(shi)“雄裝(zhuang),空(kong)手而(er)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)”;一(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo)劍(jian)(jian)器類似流星,即兩個圓鐵(tie)球系以丈余彩帛(bo)之類。亦(yi)有(you)(you)(you)人認(ren)為(wei)劍(jian)(jian)器是(shi)雙(shuang)劍(jian)(jian)。但晚唐(tang)、宋代的(de)《劍(jian)(jian)器舞(wu)(wu)(wu)》確(que)是(shi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)劍(jian)(jian),宋代大(da)曲隊(dui)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)即稱為(wei)《劍(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)》,舞(wu)(wu)(wu)者還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)擊刺動作。
晚唐(tang)時(shi)舞(wu)(wu)具除(chu)劍外還有旗幟(zhi)、火炬(ju)。《劍器(qi)舞(wu)(wu)》原為獨(du)舞(wu)(wu),晚唐(tang)時(shi)已是(shi)群(qun)舞(wu)(wu),至宋發展(zhan)為宮廷隊舞(wu)(wu),按大曲形式演、奏,即有勾(gou)念(nian)、自念(nian)、對(dui)答、歌舞(wu)(wu)等,演者輪流出場(chang),并有“鴻門(men)宴”、公孫(sun)大娘舞(wu)(wu)劍、張旭等一類簡單(dan)的(de)故事情節。也有男女對(dui)舞(wu)(wu)。大曲中的(de)歌辭,有《劍器(qi)曲破(po)》和(he)《霜天曉角》兩(liang)種。
中國民(min)間舞(wu)(wu)蹈。歷史(shi)悠久(jiu),漢(han)(han)唐時(shi)代最(zui)為流行。由于劍(jian)(jian)術動作(zuo)英武、韻律優美(mei),自古就有(you)(you)搏(bo)擊、健身(shen)和(he)抒情表演的(de)功能(neng);不(bu)僅有(you)(you)長劍(jian)(jian)之舞(wu)(wu),還有(you)(you)短劍(jian)(jian)之戲(百戲中的(de)跳劍(jian)(jian)弄丸)。據《孔子家語(yu)》記載,子路(lu)戎(rong)裝見(jian)孔丘時(shi),曾拔劍(jian)(jian)起舞(wu)(wu);《史(shi)記·項(xiang)羽(yu)本(ben)紀》中也記載了(le)在鴻門宴上(shang),項(xiang)伯與項(xiang)莊對舞(wu)(wu)長劍(jian)(jian)的(de)故事。四川(chuan)漢(han)(han)畫(hua)像(xiang)磚有(you)(you)長劍(jian)(jian)獨舞(wu)(wu)的(de)畫(hua)面,山東嘉祥秋胡山的(de)漢(han)(han)畫(hua)像(xiang)磚上(shang)有(you)(you)兩人擊劍(jian)(jian)對舞(wu)(wu)的(de)場面。這些足(zu)證劍(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)在漢(han)(han)代已很(hen)流行。 漢(han)(han)以后,劍(jian)(jian)作(zuo)為兵器,漸(jian)漸(jian)被長兵器所代替。劍(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)作(zuo)為健身(shen)和(he)抒情的(de)技藝,有(you)(you)了(le)很(hen)大的(de)發展。到了(le)唐代,劍(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)的(de)流行更為廣泛(fan),而且(qie)水平極高。
著名詩(shi)人(ren)李白、岑參(can)等都(dou)有(you)十分雄(xiong)渾悲壯的(de)(de)詩(shi)句描寫自己(ji)以劍(jian)(jian)(jian)舞抒情(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)景。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)杜(du)甫的(de)(de)《觀公(gong)孫(sun)大娘(niang)弟(di)子(zi)(zi)舞劍(jian)(jian)(jian)器行(xing)》一(yi)詩(shi),千百年來,更是(shi)膾炙人(ren)口(kou),我(wo)們從(cong)這首(shou)詩(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)能窺(kui)見(jian)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)舞的(de)(de)神(shen)采和氣派:“來如(ru)雷霆(ting)收震怒,罷如(ru)江海凝青光。”而且劍(jian)(jian)(jian)舞對其(qi)他(ta)姊妹藝術(shu)也(ye)有(you)很(hen)大影響,據說書(shu)法家張旭看了公(gong)孫(sun)大娘(niang)的(de)(de)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)舞,草書(shu)大進(jin),畫家吳道子(zi)(zi)看了裴(pei)將(jiang)軍的(de)(de)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)舞,“揮毫益進(jin)”。
古(gu)代的(de)(de)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)器(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)權力和(he)地位的(de)(de)象征,劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)器(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)種高貴、榮耀(yao)的(de)(de)器(qi)具。人們(men)逐漸認識(shi)到劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)對于強壯身體的(de)(de)重要(yao)作用(yong),后來(lai)也就演變發展成鍛煉身體的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種手段——武術中的(de)(de)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)術。練(lian)(lian)(lian)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)家們(men)在習(xi)(xi)武練(lian)(lian)(lian)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中,又把劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)作為一(yi)(yi)種抒發感情、表(biao)達(da)(da)心意的(de)(de)工具,所以(yi)古(gu)人有(you)“舞以(yi)達(da)(da)歡”、“舞以(yi)盡意”之(zhi)說,又有(you)“詩、書、畫(hua)、劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、琴(qin)、棋”之(zhi)談,劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)已成為人們(men)有(you)文化(hua)素養的(de)(de)標志之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)舞起(qi)來(lai)應(ying)該是(shi)(shi)(shi)龍(long)形(xing)虎(hu)步(bu),游(you)龍(long)戲(xi)鳳。龍(long)形(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指身法(fa)(fa),虎(hu)步(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)批步(bu)法(fa)(fa),游(you)龍(long)指的(de)(de)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)(fa),戲(xi)鳳則(ze)指手腕(wan)。通(tong)(tong)過帥、柔、矯、脆的(de)(de)造型和(he)力量,使(shi)(shi)得“手眼身法(fa)(fa)步(bu)”高度協(xie)調(diao),令人賞心悅目,達(da)(da)到美的(de)(de)享受。身法(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)(shi)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)(fa)訓練(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎,感受劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)協(xie)調(diao)性是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)身法(fa)(fa)為主的(de)(de)這一(yi)(yi)基(ji)本(ben)規(gui)律(lv)。通(tong)(tong)過練(lian)(lian)(lian)習(xi)(xi)使(shi)(shi)學生初步(bu)掌握(wo)和(he)感受各種不同劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)特點及(ji)力流,逐步(bu)體會身法(fa)(fa)、劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)(fa)、步(bu)法(fa)(fa)三(san)者的(de)(de)協(xie)調(diao)規(gui)律(lv)。
劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)舞(wu)中的(de)(de)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)單(dan)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、雙劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和刀型短劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)之分。單(dan)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)都帶有(you)(you)(you)(you)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)穗(sui),劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)穗(sui)又有(you)(you)(you)(you)長(chang)短之分,長(chang)的(de)(de)達1米。舞(wu)動(dong)起來,劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)與穗(sui)剛柔相濟(ji),變(bian)化多(duo)端,使(shi)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)舞(wu)生色不(bu)少(shao)。劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)舞(wu)舞(wu)姿(zi)(zi)瀟(xiao)灑英武,形(xing)式絢麗多(duo)彩,從動(dong)作(zuo)變(bian)化上(shang)看,大(da)體(ti)可分為“站劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”和“行(xing)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”兩大(da)類。“站劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”動(dong)作(zuo)迅(xun)速(su)敏捷,靜止(zhi)時姿(zi)(zi)態(tai)沉穩利爽(shuang),富有(you)(you)(you)(you)雕(diao)塑感;“行(xing)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”動(dong)作(zuo)連綿不(bu)斷,如長(chang)虹游龍,首尾相繼,又如行(xing)云流(liu)水(shui),均勻而有(you)(you)(you)(you)韌(ren)性。劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)舞(wu)的(de)(de)音樂基(ji)本上(shang)以“打鈴”節(jie)奏的(de)(de)曲調貫串始(shi)終,并與劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)聲相諧。民(min)間的(de)(de)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)舞(wu)戰斗性較強,熟練的(de)(de)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)術表演(yan)令(ling)人(ren)眼花繚亂。流(liu)浪藝人(ren)(寺黨)的(de)(de)舞(wu)蹈中出有(you)(you)(you)(you)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)舞(wu),一(yi)(yi)般(ban)由少(shao)年表演(yan)。舞(wu)中有(you)(you)(you)(you)較多(duo)的(de)(de)武術技巧成分。
唐(tang)代是(shi)中國藝(yi)術史上百花怒(nu)放(fang)的(de)一(yi)個(ge)極(ji)盛時(shi)期。僅(jin)以(yi)(yi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈而言.當(dang)時(shi)作品不少、名流甚多。舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈家(jia)們(men)以(yi)(yi)他(ta)(ta)(她)們(men)的(de)高(gao)超舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)技和精湛表(biao)演(yan),活(huo)躍于大(da)唐(tang)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)臺(tai)之(zhi)(zhi)上,馳名于中國之(zhi)(zhi)外。他(ta)(ta)們(men)為中國舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈史冊(ce),譜寫了光輝(hui)的(de)篇(pian)章,給后世舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈藝(yi)術的(de)發展,以(yi)(yi)巨大(da)的(de)影響。唐(tang)玄宗開元年(nian)間的(de)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈家(jia)公孫大(da)娘,就是(shi)其中的(de)一(yi)個(ge)。公孫大(da)娘,經常表(biao)演(yan)的(de)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈有(you)《鄰里曲(qu)》、《裴將軍》、《滿堂勢》和《霓裳羽(yu)衣舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)》等。但最拿手、影響最大(da)的(de),還(huan)是(shi)她的(de)《劍(jian)(jian)器渾(hun)脫(tuo)(tuo)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)》。何為劍(jian)(jian)器渾(hun)脫(tuo)(tuo)。劍(jian)(jian)器,當(dang)時(shi)武(wu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)曲(qu),亦(yi)即健舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)曲(qu)(與健舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)相對的(de)還(huan)有(you)“軟舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”)。舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者執(zhi)劍(jian)(jian)而舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(一(yi)說舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)雙(shuang)劍(jian)(jian)),表(biao)現雄武(wu)、戰斗的(de)勢態,似為獨舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。其衣服、音樂(le)也有(you)記載:“舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)衣五色,曲(qu)中呂宮”,“女伎(ji)作雄裝(zhuang)”,用西涼樂(le)伴奏。渾(hun)脫(tuo)(tuo),亦(yi)屬(shu)武(wu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)態跟劍(jian)(jian)器舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)一(yi)樣壯觀。劍(jian)(jian)器與渾(hun)脫(tuo)(tuo)合起(qi)來(lai)的(de)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈就叫“劍(jian)(jian)器渾(hun)脫(tuo)(tuo)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)“。究竟這種舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈表(biao)演(yan)起(qi)來(lai)是(shi)個(ge)什(shen)么樣子,而今(jin)已無緣一(yi)看了。幸喜有(you)一(yi)些(xie)史載作注,詩文作釋(shi),墓俑作證(zheng),人(ren)們(men)還(huan)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)順其筆跡,旁(pang)觀遠視。這也是(shi)一(yi)種難得的(de)藝(yi)術享受啊。
詩(shi)(shi)人(ren)杜(du)甫小時(shi)候(hou)就看過(guo)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)大(da)(da)(da)(da)娘(niang)(niang)的(de)(de)《劍(jian)器(qi)渾脫舞(wu)(wu)(wu)》,老年(nian)時(shi)也(ye)看過(guo)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)大(da)(da)(da)(da)娘(niang)(niang)的(de)(de)弟(di)子李十(shi)二娘(niang)(niang)的(de)(de)同(tong)名舞(wu)(wu)(wu)。他(ta)在《觀(guan)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)大(da)(da)(da)(da)娘(niang)(niang)弟(di)子舞(wu)(wu)(wu)劍(jian)器(qi)行(xing)》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)詩(shi)(shi)和(he)“序(xu)”中(zhong),對公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)大(da)(da)(da)(da)娘(niang)(niang)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)劍(jian)器(qi)渾脫,作了(le)真實的(de)(de)記(ji)載和(he)生動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)描(miao)(miao)繪(hui)(hui)。他(ta)以(yi)“淋漓頓挫(cuo),獨出(chu)冠(guan)時(shi)”和(he)“公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)劍(jian)器(qi)初(chu)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)”等語,給公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)大(da)(da)(da)(da)娘(niang)(niang)以(yi)極(ji)高的(de)(de)評價。“昔有佳人(ren)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)氏,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)劍(jian)器(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)四方。觀(guan)者如(ru)山(shan)色(se)沮喪(sang),天(tian)地為之(zhi)久低昂(ang)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)如(ru)羿射九日(ri)落(luo),矯如(ru)群帝驂(can)龍(long)翔(xiang)。來如(ru)雷霆收(shou)震(zhen)怒(nu),罷如(ru)江(jiang)海凝(ning)清光。”這是杜(du)甫追(zhui)述、描(miao)(miao)繪(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)大(da)(da)(da)(da)娘(niang)(niang)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)劍(jian)器(qi)的(de)(de)生動(dong)(dong)(dong)詩(shi)(shi)句(ju)(ju),也(ye)是他(ta)激動(dong)(dong)(dong)不巳(si)的(de)(de)觀(guan)后感。從中(zhong)人(ren)們(men)可以(yi)領(ling)略到這位女舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)家(jia)健美的(de)(de)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)姿,高超的(de)(de)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)技.豪(hao)放的(de)(de)風格和(he)感人(ren)的(de)(de)藝術魅力。其舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)之(zhi)概貌(mao),也(ye)躍然于眼前(qian)。你看,臺上(shang)(shang)劍(jian)光閃(shan)閃(shan),如(ru)日(ri)落(luo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)地;舞(wu)(wu)(wu)姿矯健輕捷,如(ru)同(tong)群仙駕龍(long)飛翔(xiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般;舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)開始時(shi),前(qian)奏的(de)(de)鼓聲頓然休止,好(hao)象雷公(gong)(gong)停(ting)止了(le)震(zhen)怒(nu);舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)結(jie)束時(shi),手中(zhong)的(de)(de)劍(jian)影卻(que)如(ru)江(jiang)海面上(shang)(shang)平(ping)靜下來的(de)(de)波(bo)光。哪粗獷雄壯,驚魂(hun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)魄,竭(jie)力抒發戰(zhan)斗豪(hao)情的(de)(de)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)(dao),使臺下的(de)(de)觀(guan)眾看著如(ru)山(shan)失色(se),神怡目眩,覺得連(lian)天(tian)地都(dou)旋轉起(qi)來了(le)。讀著這些詩(shi)(shi)句(ju)(ju),仿佛公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)大(da)(da)(da)(da)娘(niang)(niang)在臺上(shang)(shang)還正(zheng)為人(ren)們(men)翩翩起(qi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)呢。
象(xiang)杜甫這(zhe)樣給(gei)以極高贊(zan)美的(de)(de),在當時(shi)(shi)大(da)有人在,直到晚唐(tang)時(shi)(shi)期,她(ta)(ta)還為(wei)不少詩人所稱頌。鄭踽《津(jin)陽門詩》有“公(gong)孫(sun)劍伎(ji)方神(shen)奇”句,司空圖《劍器詩》有“樓下公(gong)孫(sun)昔擅場,空叫女子(zi)愛軍(jun)裝”句,都是歌頌公(gong)孫(sun)大(da)娘(niang)的(de)(de)。就連被譽(yu)為(wei)“草圣”的(de)(de)大(da)書法家張旭,其“草書長進(jin),豪蕩感激”,也是在看了(le)她(ta)(ta)那矯(jiao)捷(jie)的(de)(de)舞(wu)蹈(dao)后,從中(zhong)(zhong)受到啟發的(de)(de)。時(shi)(shi)隔三百余年,到了(le)南宋,有出舞(wu)劇《劍舞(wu)》,據說演鴻(hong)門宴的(de)(de)故事,一男(nan)一女,上場對舞(wu)。男(nan)角扮(ban)漢(han)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)項伯(bo),女角卻(que)扮(ban)唐(tang)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)公(gong)孫(sun)大(da)娘(niang)。有辭曰:“項伯(bo)有功(gong)扶帝(di)業,大(da)娘(niang)馳譽(yu)滿(man)文場。合茲二妙甚奇特,欲使嘉賓斛一觴。”漢(han)唐(tang)兩人合場,卻(que)演漢(han)事,自然謊誕乖戾,但文人如此(ci)安排(pai),且(qie)贊(zan)曰“大(da)娘(niang)馳譽(yu)滿(man)文場”,卻(que)也說明公(gong)孫(sun)大(da)娘(niang)在文人伶優心目中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)崇高地位和她(ta)(ta)對后世的(de)(de)深遠(yuan)影響。
公(gong)孫大娘(niang)不(bu)只(zhi)以(yi)自己獨到的(de)舞(wu)(wu)技“冠絕一(yi)時”,而且(qie)言傳(chuan)(chuan)身教,培養了(le)許(xu)(xu)多(duo)得意門生(sheng),李十二(er)娘(niang)便(bian)是(shi)其(qi)中之一(yi)。她(ta)繼承了(le)公(gong)孫的(de)技藝而青出于(yu)藍,亦(yi)為時人(ren)稱(cheng)絕。杜甫贊(zan)嘆道:“臨穎美人(ren)在白帝,妙舞(wu)(wu)此曲神(shen)揚(yang)揚(yang)。”這不(bu)僅是(shi)對李十二(er)娘(niang)的(de)贊(zan)美,而且(qie)也是(shi)對她(ta)的(de)老師(shi)教學成績的(de)頌(song)揚(yang)。很難(nan)說.今日舞(wu)(wu)臺上為單人(ren)、雙人(ren)所舞(wu)(wu)的(de)《劍舞(wu)(wu)》,就是(shi)一(yi)千(qian)多(duo)年前(qian)公(gong)孫大娘(niang)舞(wu)(wu)《劍器(qi)渾脫(tuo)》的(de)那個樣(yang)子,但其(qi)承傳(chuan)(chuan)關系,則是(shi)不(bu)應懷(huai)疑的(de)。中國許(xu)(xu)多(duo)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)劇(ju)目和現代舞(wu)(wu)劇(ju)(如《貂(diao)蟬》、《紅(hong)燈照》)中,穿插劍舞(wu)(wu)者(zhe)甚廣,可能(neng)也是(shi)那種(zhong)劍器(qi)藝術(shu)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)的(de)影響所致吧。
多謝(xie)杜甫這等偉大的(de)(de)詩(shi)人(ren),他(ta)們以(yi)現(xian)實主義的(de)(de)態度,揮(hui)筆著文,為地居下層的(de)(de)女(nv)伎公孫(sun)大娘們歌功頌德,樹碑立(li)傳(chuan).使人(ren)們才(cai)得以(yi)借(jie)詩(shi)觀舞(wu)(wu)、享受其(qi)美(mei)的(de)(de)可能。同時,人(ren)們也憎恨“四人(ren)幫”這些民族(zu)敗類,他(ta)們竟連大家這等藝(yi)術(shu)享受的(de)(de)權(quan)利(li)也要剝奪。在他(ta)們的(de)(de)淫威(wei)統(tong)治之下,古典舞(wu)(wu)蹈被(bei)取締,民族(zu)舞(wu)(wu)隊被(bei)打散,留了個“梨園弟子散入煙,女(nv)樂(le)余(yu)姿映寒日”的(de)(de)凄慘景象。粉碎“四人(ren)幫”,古舞(wu)(wu)得新生(sheng)。滔(tao)(tao)滔(tao)(tao)奔流的(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)長(chang)河(he),豈能為一(yi)小撮丑類所阻遏。看今日舞(wu)(wu)臺上,劍光閃閃,氣沖(chong)牛斗(dou),中國(guo)年輕一(yi)代的(de)(de)男女(nv)演員,著戎(rong)裝,執雙劍,又在創造性地表演起表現(xian)我(wo)中華民族(zu)果敢頑強(qiang)、所向無(wu)敵、氣魄浩壯的(de)(de)《劍器渾脫》來了。杜甫哀嘆的(de)(de)“玳筵急管曲復終,樂(le)極哀來月東(dong)出,老夫不知(zhi)其(qi)所往,足繭荒山轉愁疾”的(de)(de)悲慘時代已經(jing)一(yi)去(qu)不復返,迎(ying)來的(de)(de)卻是百(bai)花盛(sheng)開的(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)春天。
“一舞劍器動(dong)四方”。公孫大娘,舞技(ji)長存。公孫大娘,后(hou)繼有人(ren)。從琳瑯滿目的各種(zhong)現代劍舞的技(ji)藝中,我看到了在古(gu)代優(you)秀(xiu)民族舞蹈(dao)遺產影響下,中國(guo)社會(hui)主義舞蹈(dao)創作的光(guang)輝前景(jing)了。
中(zhong)國(guo)近(jin)代戲(xi)曲舞(wu)(wu)蹈中(zhong),梅蘭芳借(jie)鑒太極劍(jian)創造了(le)《霸王(wang)別姬》中(zhong)的劍(jian)舞(wu)(wu);中(zhong)國(guo)舞(wu)(wu)劇《小刀會》、《盜(dao)仙草(cao)》中(zhong)的劍(jian)舞(wu)(wu),有獨舞(wu)(wu),也有群舞(wu)(wu),舞(wu)(wu)蹈編排豐富多變。
劍(jian)舞(wu)(wu)中的(de)劍(jian)有(you)(you)單(dan)劍(jian)、雙劍(jian)和刀(dao)型(xing)短(duan)(duan)劍(jian)之(zhi)分。單(dan)劍(jian)一般都(dou)帶有(you)(you)劍(jian)穗,劍(jian)穗又(you)有(you)(you)長(chang)短(duan)(duan)之(zhi)分,長(chang)的(de)達1米。舞(wu)(wu)動(dong)起來,劍(jian)與穗剛柔相濟,變化(hua)多端,使劍(jian)舞(wu)(wu)生色不(bu)少。劍(jian)舞(wu)(wu)舞(wu)(wu)姿瀟灑(sa)英武,形式絢麗多彩,從(cong)動(dong)作變化(hua)上看,大體可分為(wei)“站劍(jian)”和“行劍(jian)”兩大類。“站劍(jian)”動(dong)作迅速敏捷,靜止時姿態沉穩利爽,富有(you)(you)雕塑感;“行劍(jian)”動(dong)作連綿不(bu)斷,如長(chang)虹游龍,首尾相繼,又(you)如行云流水(shui),均勻而(er)有(you)(you)韌性(xing)。
中(zhong)國(guo)近代戲曲舞(wu)(wu)蹈中(zhong),梅(mei)蘭芳借鑒太極劍創造(zao)了霸王別姬中(zhong)的劍舞(wu)(wu);中(zhong)國(guo)舞(wu)(wu)劇《小刀會》、《盜仙草》中(zhong)的劍舞(wu)(wu),有獨(du)舞(wu)(wu),也有群舞(wu)(wu),舞(wu)(wu)蹈編排(pai)豐富多變。
公孫大(da)(da)娘(niang)(niang)是史料記載(zai)中多(duo)處可(ke)見(jian)的(de)擅長劍(jian)舞的(de)好手(shou),描(miao)述公孫大(da)(da)娘(niang)(niang)舞劍(jian)中較具象(xiang)的(de)有(you)杜(du)甫的(de)詩《觀(guan)公孫大(da)(da)娘(niang)(niang)弟子舞劍(jian)器行》,此詩主要是講公孫所舞的(de)劍(jian)舞《劍(jian)舞》。其中生動描(miao)述了當時的(de)表演(yan)情(qing)景:公孫大(da)(da)娘(niang)(niang)穿(chuan)著經過藝術加工的(de)美麗軍裝,舞姿穩健娑爽,杜(du)甫筆下形容:舞者在(zai)進退回旋(xuan)之間(jian),在(zai)急促(cu)飛(fei)快(kuai)的(de)舞動中,顯現(xian)條條光芒,伴著隆隆鼓聲,來到雷霆(ting)收震怒,罷如江海凝清光,觀(guan)者均為之變(bian)色。
公孫大娘還擅長跳一(yi)種叫《裴將軍(jun)滿(man)堂勢(shi)》的劍舞(wu)(wu),所謂“滿(man)堂勢(shi)”可能是一(yi)種位(wei)置調度(du)很(hen)大,舞(wu)(wu)蹈時充滿(man)整個場地,動作豪邁、靈活,技巧很(hen)深的舞(wu)(wu)蹈。
裴旻(min)(min)(min)劍(jian)舞(wu)被譽為唐代三絕(jue)之一絕(jue)。開(kai)元年間裴旻(min)(min)(min)喪(sang)母,特(te)請名家吳道(dao)子在天宮(gong)寺畫幾幅壁畫,以度亡母,吳道(dao)說:常聽說將軍善舞(wu)劍(jian),請為我舞(wu)劍(jian)一曲,觀豪(hao)壯氣概。可(ke)助我作畫。裴旻(min)(min)(min)立即下孝服,欣然(ran)起舞(wu),記載(zai)中(zhong)提到,裴旻(min)(min)(min)舞(wu)中(zhong)有極精彩的(de)特(te)技表演,比如他突然(ran)擲劍(jian)入云,高達數十丈(zhang),接(jie)著,劍(jian)象(xiang)一道(dao)電(dian)光一樣從空中(zhong)投射下來,裴旻(min)(min)(min)手執劍(jian)鞘接(jie)劍(jian),劍(jian)準確地插入鞘中(zhong)。
《渾(hun)(hun)脫(tuo)》是從西(xi)域傳來的風(feng)俗性舞(wu)(wu)蹈,《劍(jian)器》與(yu)(yu)《渾(hun)(hun)脫(tuo)》本是兩個不同民(min)(min)族的傳統(tong)樂(le)舞(wu)(wu),所謂《劍(jian)器渾(hun)(hun)脫(tuo)》是兩種樂(le)舞(wu)(wu)相互吸收(shou)融合而成(cheng),就(jiu)此可見唐時期劍(jian)舞(wu)(wu)在(zai)各(ge)民(min)(min)族之(zhi)間的流行(xing)與(yu)(yu)融合。