盤(pan)鼓舞(wu)中作道具(ju)的(de)盤(pan)是木做(zuo)的(de),橢圓形,鼓稍高(gao)(gao)于(yu)盤(pan)子,直徑約三十多厘米。一(yi)般(ban)鼓為一(yi)面或兩面,盤(pan)為六(liu)個(ge)或七(qi)個(ge),也有用四個(ge)、五個(ge)或三個(ge)的(de)。舞(wu)者有男(nan)有女,在盤(pan)、鼓上高(gao)(gao)
縱輕躡,浮騰累跪,踏舞出有(you)節奏的音響(xiang),表演各種舞蹈技(ji)巧(qiao);因為一(yi)般用7盤一(yi)鼓,所以又稱七盤舞(有(you)時只(zhi)用鼓而不(bu)用盤,或以鼓代盤)。漢代盤鼓舞畫(hua)像石(shi)(河南南陽出土(tu))
漢畫像磚石有十分豐富的《盤鼓(gu)舞(wu)》形(xing)象,或(huo)(huo)飛舞(wu)長(chang)袖,或(huo)(huo)踩(cai)鼓(gu)下(xia)腰,或(huo)(huo)按(an)鼓(gu)倒立(li),或(huo)(huo)身俯鼓(gu)面,手、膝(xi)、足皆觸及鼓(gu)面拍擊(ji),或(huo)(huo)單腿立(li)鼓(gu)上,或(huo)(huo)正從(cong)鼓(gu)上縱身跳(tiao)下(xia)。舞(wu)姿各異(yi),優(you)美矯健。
山東沂南漢(han)畫像石中的《百戲(xi)圖》,場面浩蕩,氣勢(shi)雄偉(wei),較完整地記錄了《百戲(xi)》演(yan)出的盛況(kuang),
包括雜技(ji)、馬術、鳥獸舞,當中(zhong)(zhong)更(geng)有(you)漢(han)代著名的(de)《七(qi)盤(pan)(pan)舞》。畫面中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)一(yi)男舞者,前面有(you)七(qi)盤(pan)(pan)分兩行排列地上,還有(you)一(yi)鼓放在盤(pan)(pan)前,舞者似正(zheng)從(cong)盤(pan)(pan)上縱(zong)身(shen)飛躍(yue)而(er)下,右腿「登弓(gong)」,左腿伸直(zhi)貼(tie)地,足(zu)近鼓邊,挺(ting)身(shen)回頭,他的(de)長袖舞衣和帽(mao)帶隨勢飄起(qi),顯出一(yi)個(ge)健(jian)美的(de)形象。
《盤鼓舞(wu)》將舞(wu)蹈(dao)與雜技巧妙(miao)地(di)結(jie)合,體現了中(zhong)國傳(chuan)統舞(wu)蹈(dao)的特殊風格。此舞(wu)傳(chuan)至后世(shi),表演(yan)形式有(you)所(suo)變化(hua)。
盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)漢代著名舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao),它是(shi)(shi)將盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)、鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)置(zhi)于(yu)地上(shang)(shang)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)具,舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)人在(zai)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)、鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)之上(shang)(shang)或(huo)者圍(wei)繞盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)、鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)進行表演的(de)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)。這種舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)以(yi)使用(yong)七(qi)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)為(wei)多(duo),所以(yi)又稱七(qi)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu).盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)、鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)數(shu)量、陳放(fang)的(de)位置(zhi)無統一的(de)格式(shi),可以(yi)根據舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)動作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)要求靈活掌握,要求舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)人必須且歌(ge)且舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),并且用(yong)足蹈(dao)擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)面。盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)獨舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和群舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),以(yi)獨舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)主(zhu)。舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)人有(you)男(nan)有(you)女。獨舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)見于(yu)山東(dong)沂(yi)南畫像石(shi),刻有(you)排列(lie)在(zai)地上(shang)(shang)的(de)七(qi)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)一鼓(gu)(gu)(gu),一男(nan)子頭戴(dai)冠,身著長袖舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)衣,正從盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)上(shang)(shang)躍下,回首睨顧盤(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)(pan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu),舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)袖冠帶飛揚,動作(zuo)(zuo)豪放(fang)。群舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)見于(yu)山東(dong)濟寧(ning)畫像石(shi),刻有(you)三個高鼻鴉鬢的(de)男(nan)子,赤膊跣(xian)足,在(zai)五個鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)上(shang)(shang)作(zuo)(zuo)虎(hu)跳、倒立的(de)動作(zuo)(zuo)。迄今所見的(de)群舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),最多(duo)為(wei)四人。
舞(wu)伎(ji)在(zai)盤、鼓之上縱躍騰踏(ta),蹈(dao)擊出有節奏的鼓聲,還要準(zhun)確而且富于感情地完成許(xu)多高難度(du)的舞(wu)蹈(dao)動作,表現出舞(wu)蹈(dao)的美感和意境。
盤鼓舞(wu)(wu)有獨(du)舞(wu)(wu)和群舞(wu)(wu)。
獨舞
見山東(dong)沂南漢畫像石(shi),地上排(pai)列7盤一(yi)鼓,一(yi)男子頭(tou)戴冠(guan)(guan),身穿長袖(xiu)舞(wu)衣,正從(cong)盤鼓上躍下,回(hui)首睨顧盤鼓,舞(wu)袖(xiu)冠(guan)(guan)帶(dai)飛揚,動作豪放。河南南陽許(xu)阿(a)瞿墓(mu)漢畫像石(shi),一(yi)女(nv)子梳雙(shuang)髻(ji),舞(wu)長袖(xiu),一(yi)足(zu)在(zai)盤上,一(yi)足(zu)在(zai)鼓上翩然起舞(wu)。
群舞
見山東(dong)濟寧(ning)畫像石,3個(ge)高鼻雅(ya)鬢(bin)的男子,赤膊(bo)跣足,在5個(ge)鼓上做(zuo)虎跳、倒(dao)立等動作。山東(dong)隋家(jia)莊漢畫像石,一(yi)個(ge)戴(dai)花瓣式高冠的舞妓拉另一(yi)人上鼓,后(hou)面(mian)一(yi)人相(xiang)推,帶有一(yi)定的情(qing)節。
作為一種中國傳統藝術,盤(pan)鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)常(chang)常(chang)和百戲中的(de)弄(nong)丸、跳(tiao)劍、走(zou)索(suo)等同時演出,吸收了雜技(ji)的(de)技(ji)巧,加強了舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈動(dong)作的(de)難度;盤(pan)鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)還有女樂楚舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)特(te)色(se),長袖逶迤、細腰婀娜(na)的(de)宮廷舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)伎(ji),技(ji)藝高超,能即(ji)興起舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),有“舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)無(wu)(wu)常(chang)態(tai),鼓(gu)無(wu)(wu)完節”之說,其表演達到(dao)(dao)瑰姿迭(die)起,軼態(tai)橫生(sheng)的(de)美妙境地。漢代傅毅在《舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)賦》中描(miao)寫盤(pan)鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)達到(dao)(dao)了“顯志(zhi)”與“明詩”的(de)境界(jie),說明盤(pan)鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)在表現(xian)意境方面已有了一定的(de)成就。
盤鼓舞有(you)盛大的伴奏樂隊,在山東沂(yi)南漢畫像石上,有(you)三席人伴奏,樂器有(you):鐘、磬、建鼓、塤、鐃(nao)、瑟、笙(sheng)、排(pai)簫等,并有(you)女(nv)歌者伴唱。
《盤(pan)(pan)鼓(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)》是踏盤(pan)(pan)、鼓(gu)(gu)而舞(wu)(wu)的(de)舞(wu)(wu)蹈(dao),是漢代(dai)具有(you)較高技(ji)藝性(xing)的(de)舞(wu)(wu)蹈(dao),它要求舞(wu)(wu)者有(you)靈(ling)敏輕捷的(de)身姿,準確、利落(luo)的(de)動作技(ji)巧。盤(pan)(pan)鼓(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)的(de)表(biao)(biao)演(yan)(yan)既(ji)有(you)男子(zi)表(biao)(biao)演(yan)(yan),也有(you)女子(zi)表(biao)(biao)演(yan)(yan)。一般(ban)多(duo)有(you)男子(zi)表(biao)(biao)演(yan)(yan)。表(biao)(biao)演(yan)(yan)時,舞(wu)(wu)者在(zai)地上擺七(qi)個(ge)大盤(pan)(pan),在(zai)上面(mian)進行騰踏跳(tiao)躍,表(biao)(biao)現(xian)各種(zhong)舞(wu)(wu)姿、技(ji)巧。直至(zhi)東漢時期,由《盤(pan)(pan)鼓(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)》演(yan)(yan)變(bian)而來的(de)“七(qi)盤(pan)(pan)舞(wu)(wu)”由只(zhi)在(zai)盤(pan)(pan)上舞(wu)(wu)發展(zhan)為既(ji)有(you)盤(pan)(pan),又有(you)鼓(gu)(gu)的(de)舞(wu)(wu)蹈(dao),技(ji)巧要求同(tong)《盤(pan)(pan)鼓(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)》基本一致。
漢(han)代傅毅的《舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)賦》以美妙(miao)的詞語贊(zan)美了群舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)《盤鼓舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)》。“其始(shi)興也,若俯若仰,若來(lai)若往。雍(yong)容(rong)惆悵,不可為象(xiang)。”舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈開始(shi)時(shi)(shi),舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)傳達給(gei)觀者(zhe)的感覺是俯仰、往來(lai)皆在瞬(shun)間中(zhong)完成,其雍(yong)容(rong)之(zhi)(zhi)姿(zi)(zi),惆悵之(zhi)(zhi)韻,不可盡述其形象(xiang)。隨之(zhi)(zhi),舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈進入了一個(ge)新的階段,“若翔若行,若竦若傾。兀動赴度,指顧(gu)應(ying)聲(sheng)”。此時(shi)(shi)的舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)姿(zi)(zi)依(yi)照(zhao)節(jie)拍,手指身法皆應(ying)著(zhu)鼓聲(sheng)。看,“羅衣從風(feng),長袖交橫”,瞬(shun)息萬變的舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)姿(zi)(zi)讓觀者(zhe)目不暇接,繞身若環的技巧(qiao)讓手腳合并。舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)輕盈(ying)的似飛燕,機敏的若驚(jing)鴻。曼(man)妙(miao)的舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)姿(zi)(zi)閑緩柔美,變化中(zhong)卻迅疾而又輕松。正是通過絕妙(miao)的舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)姿(zi)(zi),舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)傳達著(zhu)自己的心(xin)志(zhi)(zhi),“在山峨(e)峨(e),在水湯湯。與(yu)志(zhi)(zhi)遷(qian)化,容(rong)不虛生”,志(zhi)(zhi)在高山有巍峨(e)之(zhi)(zhi)勢,意在流(liu)水有坦蕩之(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)。舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)姿(zi)(zi)隨著(zhu)心(xin)志(zhi)(zhi)變化,舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)容(rong)亦依(yi)意而改變。歌中(zhong)有詩,舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)通過表演(yan)而將(jiang)其展現出來(lai),“氣若浮云,志(zhi)(zhi)若秋霜”。
在表演中,舞(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)次(ci)第(di)而出(chu),“摘(zhai)齊行列(lie),經(jing)營切儗(ni)。彷佛神(shen)動(dong),回翔(xiang)竦峙”。行列(lie)變(bian)換有數(shu),往來伸縮(suo)進退有度(du),仿佛群仙出(chu)動(dong),恣(zi)意(yi)翱(ao)翔(xiang)。“擊(ji)不(bu)致筴(jia),蹈不(bu)頓趾”,手(shou)急(ji)速的敲(qiao)擊(ji)著(zhu)拍板(ban),而腳(jiao)也(ye)不(bu)停止(zhi)的踏擊(ji)著(zhu)鼓(gu)。突然踏擊(ji)的聲(sheng)音戛然而止(zhi),靜如(ru)處子。等(deng)到舞(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)再度(du)起舞(wu)(wu),鼓(gu)聲(sheng)急(ji)切。舞(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)或跳(tiao)躍或低跪(gui),或以手(shou)摩(mo)鼓(gu),或以足踏鼓(gu)。身體彎曲,腰(yao)似彎弓,“纖縠(hu)蛾(e)飛,紛猋若絕。超(chao)逾鳥(niao)集(ji)(ji),縱弛殟(wen)歿”。象(xiang)亂蝶在空(kong)中飛舞(wu)(wu),象(xiang)鳥(niao)疾(ji)速飛集(ji)(ji),松弛舒緩十分自如(ru)。“體如(ru)游(you)龍,袖如(ru)素(su)蜺”,十分的美麗。舞(wu)(wu)蹈完畢后,舞(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)退回到行列(lie)中。“觀者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)稱麗,莫不(bu)怡(yi)悅”。從上述描述中,我們可知跳(tiao)《盤鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)》的舞(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)有著(zhu)較高的技(ji)巧。