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李春是(shi)中(zhong)國隋代著名的橋梁(liang)工匠，舉世聞名的趙州橋就(jiu)是(shi)他(ta)最偉(wei)大的杰作，這個(ge)濃縮(suo)了(le)中(zhong)華人民智慧結晶(jing)的標志性橋梁(liang)，開創了(le)中(zhong)國橋梁(liang)建造的嶄新局(ju)面，為中(zhong)國橋梁(liang)技術的發(fa)展作出了(le)巨(ju)大貢獻。

趙州(zhou)橋的(de)敞(chang)肩圓(yuan)弧(hu)拱(gong)形式是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)勞動(dong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)的(de)一大(da)創造(zao)，西方在14世(shi)紀才(cai)出現敞(chang)肩圓(yuan)弧(hu)石拱(gong)橋，已經比中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)晚了600多(duo)年。英國(guo)(guo)著名(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)科學技(ji)(ji)術史(shi)專家李約瑟(se)博士在其巨著《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)科學技(ji)(ji)術史(shi)》中(zhong)(zhong)曾經列舉了26項(xiang)從1世(shi)紀到18世(shi)紀先后由中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)傳(chuan)到歐洲和其他地(di)區的(de)科學技(ji)(ji)術成果，其中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)第18項(xiang)就是弧(hu)形拱(gong)橋。趙州(zhou)橋建成后成為中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)北南交(jiao)通的(de)要沖，有“坦途(tu)箭直千(qian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)過(guo)，驛使馳驅萬國(guo)(guo)通”的(de)美譽。舟船在橋下航行(xing)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)馬(ma)車輛從橋上駛過(guo)，大(da)大(da)方便(bian)了交(jiao)通運輸和人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)生活，為**河兩岸人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)來往提(ti)供了便(bian)利條件。

這(zhe)座大橋(qiao)自建(jian)成至今已有1300多(duo)年(nian)，這(zhe)期(qi)間經歷了(le)8次以上地震(zhen)的(de)影響，8次以上戰爭(zheng)的(de)考驗；承(cheng)受了(le)無數次人(ren)畜(chu)車輛的(de)重壓，飽經無數次風(feng)刀霜劍、冰雪雨水的(de)沖蝕，卻雄姿不減(jian)當年(nian)，仍巍然屹立在洨河上。

解放以后，趙州橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)被(bei)列為全國(guo)重(zhong)點文物(wu)保護單位，有關部門(men)對(dui)這一古代大(da)(da)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)進行(xing)了徹底維修(xiu)，以保持其輝煌的(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)地(di)位。趙州橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)已成(cheng)為中(zhong)國(guo)人民聰(cong)明智慧的(de)(de)象征和進行(xing)愛國(guo)主(zhu)(zhu)義、歷(li)史(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)義教育的(de)(de)場所。趙州橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)建(jian)成(cheng)在中(zhong)國(guo)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)史(shi)上具有重(zhong)要影晌，它的(de)(de)大(da)(da)跨度、圓弧拱、敝肩形(xing)式力以后的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)建(jian)設開創了新的(de)(de)天地(di)。隋代以后，出現(xian)了許多與趙州橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)相類似的(de)(de)大(da)(da)型拱橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)，已經發現(xian)的(de)(de)就有十幾(ji)座，如山西崞縣(xian)的(de)(de)普濟(ji)(ji)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、晉城的(de)(de)景德(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、河北趙縣(xian)的(de)(de)永通橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、濟(ji)(ji)美橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)等。趙州橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)已經成(cheng)為中(zhong)國(guo)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)建(jian)設的(de)(de)典(dian)范。

然而(er)象(xiang)趙州橋(qiao)這樣突(tu)出(chu)的(de)技術成就和象(xiang)李春這樣杰出(chu)的(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)專家，在封建社會中并不(bu)為封建統治者所(suo)重視，甚至在史書中也沒有留下多(duo)少痕跡，我們除(chu)了知道隋朝工(gong)匠李春設(she)計建造了這座舉世(shi)聞(wen)名的(de)大(da)橋(qiao)外，其(qi)他(ta)卻一無所(suo)知，不(bu)能不(bu)說是一個很大(da)的(de)遺憾。但是即使如此我們仍然堅信：李春作為一代橋(qiao)梁(liang)專家和趙州橋(qiao)作為一座歷史名橋(qiao)將永載祖國(guo)史冊(ce)，為后人所(suo)牢記。

貢獻影響

趙州橋的設計在中(zhong)國(guo)橋梁技術史有以下創新：

1．采(cai)用(yong)(yong)圓(yuan)(yuan)弧拱(gong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式，改變(bian)了中國(guo)大(da)(da)(da)石橋(qiao)多為半圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)拱(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳統，中國(guo)古代(dai)石橋(qiao)拱(gong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)大(da)(da)(da)多為半圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，這種(zhong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式比(bi)較(jiao)優美、完整，但也存在兩方面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷：一是交通不(bu)便，半圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)橋(qiao)拱(gong)用(yong)(yong)于跨(kua)度(du)(du)比(bi)較(jiao)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)比(bi)較(jiao)合適，而大(da)(da)(da)跨(kua)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁(liang)選用(yong)(yong)半圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)拱(gong)，就會(hui)使拱(gong)頂很高(gao)，造成橋(qiao)高(gao)坡陡、車(che)馬行人過(guo)橋(qiao)非(fei)常(chang)不(bu)便。二是施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)不(bu)利，半圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)拱(gong)石砌(qi)石用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)腳手(shou)架就會(hui)很高(gao)，增加施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)險(xian)性(xing)。為此，李春和(he)工(gong)(gong)匠們一起創造性(xing)地采(cai)用(yong)(yong)了圓(yuan)(yuan)弧拱(gong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式，使石拱(gong)高(gao)度(du)(du)大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)降(jiang)低(di)。趙州橋(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主孔凈跨(kua)度(du)(du)為37.02米，而拱(gong)高(gao)只有7.25米，拱(gong)高(gao)和(he)跨(kua)度(du)(du)之比(bi)為1:5左(zuo)右，這樣就實現了低(di)橋(qiao)面(mian)(mian)和(he)大(da)(da)(da)跨(kua)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雙重目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，橋(qiao)面(mian)(mian)過(guo)渡(du)平穩，車(che)輛行人非(fei)常(chang)方便，而且還具有用(yong)(yong)料(liao)省、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)方便等優點。當(dang)然(ran)圓(yuan)(yuan)弧形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)拱(gong)對兩端橋(qiao)基(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)推力相應(ying)增大(da)(da)(da)，需要對橋(qiao)基(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)提出更高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求。

2．采用敞肩(jian)(jian)。這(zhe)是李春對(dui)(dui)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)肩(jian)(jian)進行的(de)重(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)改(gai)進，把以(yi)往橋(qiao)(qiao)梁建筑(zhu)中采用的(de)實肩(jian)(jian)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)改(gai)為敞肩(jian)(jian)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，即在大(da)(da)(da)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)兩端各設(she)兩個(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，靠近大(da)(da)(da)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)腳的(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)凈跨為3.8米(mi)，另(ling)一拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)凈跨為2.8米(mi)。這(zhe)種大(da)(da)(da)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)加(jia)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)敞肩(jian)(jian)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具有優(you)異的(de)技術性能，首先可(ke)(ke)以(yi)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)泄洪(hong)(hong)能力(li)(li)(li)，減(jian)輕洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)季節(jie)(jie)由(you)于(yu)水(shui)量增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)而(er)產(chan)生的(de)洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)對(dui)(dui)橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)沖擊力(li)(li)(li)。古代洨河每逢汛期，水(shui)勢較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)，對(dui)(dui)橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)泄洪(hong)(hong)能力(li)(li)(li)是個(ge)考(kao)驗，四(si)個(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就可(ke)(ke)以(yi)分擔部(bu)分洪(hong)(hong)流，據(ju)計算四(si)個(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)可(ke)(ke)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)過(guo)水(shui)面積16%左右(you)，大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)降低洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)對(dui)(dui)大(da)(da)(da)橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)影響，提高大(da)(da)(da)橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)安全性。其次(ci)敞肩(jian)(jian)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)比實肩(jian)(jian)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)可(ke)(ke)節(jie)(jie)省大(da)(da)(da)量土石材料，減(jian)輕橋(qiao)(qiao)身(shen)的(de)自重(zhong)，據(ju)計算四(si)個(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)節(jie)(jie)省石料26立方米(mi)，減(jian)輕自身(shen)重(zhong)量700噸，從(cong)而(er)減(jian)少橋(qiao)(qiao)身(shen)對(dui)(dui)橋(qiao)(qiao)臺和(he)(he)橋(qiao)(qiao)基(ji)的(de)垂(chui)直壓力(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)水(shui)平推力(li)(li)(li)，增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁的(de)穩(wen)固。第三(san)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)了(le)造型(xing)的(de)優(you)美(mei)，四(si)個(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)均(jun)衡(heng)對(dui)(dui)稱，大(da)(da)(da)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)與小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)構(gou)(gou)成一幅完(wan)(wan)整的(de)圖(tu)畫(hua)，顯得更加(jia)輕巧(qiao)秀麗，體現建筑(zhu)和(he)(he)藝術的(de)完(wan)(wan)整統一。第四(si)符合結構(gou)(gou)力(li)(li)(li)學理論，敞肩(jian)(jian)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式結構(gou)(gou)在承載(zai)時使橋(qiao)(qiao)梁處于(yu)有利的(de)狀況，可(ke)(ke)減(jian)少主拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圈的(de)變形，提高了(le)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁的(de)承載(zai)力(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)穩(wen)定性。

3．單孔(kong)。中國(guo)古代的(de)傳統建(jian)筑方(fang)法，一般(ban)比較長的(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁往往采(cai)用多孔(kong)形式，這樣每孔(kong)的(de)跨(kua)度小(xiao)、坡度平緩，便于(yu)修建(jian)。但是(shi)多孔(kong)橋(qiao)(qiao)也(ye)(ye)有缺點，如橋(qiao)(qiao)墩多，既(ji)不利于(yu)舟船航行，也(ye)(ye)妨(fang)礙洪水宣泄；橋(qiao)(qiao)墩長期受(shou)水流沖擊、侵(qin)蝕，天長日久容易(yi)塌毀。因此，李春在設計大橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)時候(hou)，采(cai)取了單孔(kong)長跨(kua)的(de)形式，河心不立(li)橋(qiao)(qiao)墩，使石拱跨(kua)徑長達(da)37米(mi)之多。這是(shi)中國(guo)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁史上的(de)空前(qian)創舉。

趙州(zhou)橋(qiao)不僅設計獨特，而且有許多(duo)創造性。

1．橋址選擇比(bi)較合(he)理，使(shi)橋基(ji)穩(wen)固牢靠。李春根據(ju)自己多年豐富的實踐經驗，經過嚴格周密勘查、比(bi)較，選擇了洨河兩岸較為(wei)平(ping)直的地(di)方建(jian)橋，這里(li)的地(di)層是由河水沖積而成，地(di)層表面(mian)是久經水流沖涮的粗砂層，以下是細石、粗石、細砂和粘土層。根據(ju)現代(dai)測算，這里(li)的地(di)層每平(ping)方厘(li)(li)米能夠承受4.5到6.6公(gong)斤的壓(ya)力(li)，而趙州橋對地(di)面(mian)的壓(ya)力(li)為(wei)每平(ping)方厘(li)(li)米5——6公(gong)斤，能夠滿足大橋的要求。選定橋址后在(zai)上面(mian)建(jian)造地(di)基(ji)和橋臺，建(jian)橋到如今，橋基(ji)僅下沉了5厘(li)(li)米，說明這里(li)的地(di)層非常適合(he)于建(jian)橋。

2．趙州(zhou)橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)砌(qi)(qi)置(zhi)方法新(xin)穎、施工修(xiu)理方便。李春就(jiu)地(di)取材，選(xuan)用(yong)附近州(zhou)縣(xian)生產的(de)質(zhi)地(di)堅硬的(de)青灰色砂石(shi)作為建橋(qiao)(qiao)石(shi)料(liao)，在石(shi)拱(gong)砌(qi)(qi)置(zhi)方法上，均采用(yong)了縱向（順橋(qiao)(qiao)方向）砌(qi)(qi)置(zhi)方法，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)整(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)大橋(qiao)(qiao)是(shi)(shi)由28道(dao)各自獨(du)立的(de)拱(gong)券(quan)沿寬度方向并列組合而成，拱(gong)厚皆為1.03米，每券(quan)各自獨(du)立、單獨(du)操作，相當靈活，每券(quan)砌(qi)(qi)完全合攏(long)后就(jiu)成一(yi)道(dao)獨(du)立拼券(quan)，砌(qi)(qi)完一(yi)道(dao)供(gong)券(quan)，移(yi)動承擔重量的(de)“鷹架(jia)”，再(zai)砌(qi)(qi)另一(yi)道(dao)相鄰拱(gong)。這(zhe)種砌(qi)(qi)法有很多優點(dian)，它既可以節省制作“鷹架(jia)”所用(yong)的(de)木材，便于移(yi)動；同(tong)時又(you)利于橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)維修(xiu)，一(yi)道(dao)拱(gong)券(quan)的(de)石(shi)塊損壞了，只要(yao)嵌(qian)入新(xin)石(shi)，進(jin)行局部修(xiu)整(zheng)(zheng)就(jiu)行了，而不必對整(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)橋(qiao)(qiao)進(jin)行調整(zheng)(zheng)。

3．在(zai)(zai)保持大(da)橋(qiao)(qiao)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)方(fang)面采(cai)取(qu)了(le)(le)(le)許多嚴密(mi)措施。為了(le)(le)(le)加強(qiang)各道拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)券(quan)(quan)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)橫(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)聯(lian)系(xi)，使(shi)28道拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組成一(yi)個有(you)(you)(you)機整體，連接(jie)緊(jin)密(mi)牢固，李(li)春采(cai)取(qu)了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)系(xi)列技術措施。1）每(mei)一(yi)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)券(quan)(quan)采(cai)用(yong)了(le)(le)(le)下寬(kuan)上(shang)窄、略有(you)(you)(you)“收(shou)(shou)分”的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法，使(shi)每(mei)個拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)券(quan)(quan)向(xiang)(xiang)里傾斜(xie)，相互(hu)擠靠，增(zeng)強(qiang)其橫(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)聯(lian)系(xi)，以防止拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)石向(xiang)(xiang)外(wai)傾倒；在(zai)(zai)橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)寬(kuan)度(du)上(shang)也(ye)采(cai)用(yong)了(le)(le)(le)少量(liang)“收(shou)(shou)分”的(de)(de)(de)辦法，就是從(cong)橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)兩端(duan)到橋(qiao)(qiao)頂逐漸收(shou)(shou)縮(suo)(suo)寬(kuan)度(du)，從(cong)最寬(kuan)9.6米收(shou)(shou)縮(suo)(suo)到9米，以加強(qiang)大(da)橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)。2）在(zai)(zai)主券(quan)(quan)上(shang)均勻沿橋(qiao)(qiao)寬(kuan)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)設置了(le)(le)(le)5個鐵拉(la)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)，穿(chuan)過28道拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)券(quan)(quan)，每(mei)個拉(la)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)兩端(duan)有(you)(you)(you)半圓(yuan)形桿(gan)(gan)(gan)頭露(lu)在(zai)(zai)石外(wai)，以夾住28道拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)券(quan)(quan)，增(zeng)強(qiang)其橫(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)聯(lian)系(xi)。在(zai)(zai)4個小拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)上(shang)也(ye)各有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)根鐵拉(la)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)起同樣作(zuo)用(yong)。3）在(zai)(zai)靠外(wai)側(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)幾道拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)石上(shang)和(he)兩端(duan)小拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)上(shang)蓋有(you)(you)(you)護拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)石一(yi)層，以保護拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)石；在(zai)(zai)護拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)石的(de)(de)(de)兩側(ce)(ce)設有(you)(you)(you)勾(gou)石6塊(kuai)(kuai)，勾(gou)住主拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)石使(shi)其連接(jie)牢固。4）為了(le)(le)(le)使(shi)相鄰(lin)(lin)(lin)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)石緊(jin)緊(jin)貼(tie)合在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起，在(zai)(zai)兩側(ce)(ce)外(wai)券(quan)(quan)相鄰(lin)(lin)(lin)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)石之(zhi)間(jian)都穿(chuan)有(you)(you)(you)起連接(jie)作(zuo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)“腰(yao)鐵”，各道券(quan)(quan)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)相鄰(lin)(lin)(lin)石塊(kuai)(kuai)也(ye)都在(zai)(zai)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)背穿(chuan)有(you)(you)(you)“腰(yao)鐵”，把拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)石連鎖起來(lai)。而且每(mei)塊(kuai)(kuai)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)石的(de)(de)(de)側(ce)(ce)面都鑿有(you)(you)(you)細密(mi)斜(xie)紋，以增(zeng)大(da)摩(mo)擦力，加強(qiang)各券(quan)(quan)橫(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)聯(lian)系(xi)。這些措施的(de)(de)(de)采(cai)取(qu)使(shi)整個大(da)橋(qiao)(qiao)連成一(yi)個緊(jin)密(mi)整體，增(zeng)強(qiang)了(le)(le)(le)整個大(da)橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)性(xing)和(he)可靠性(xing)。