趙(zhao)(zhao)惠文王(wang)六年(nian)(前293年(nian)),封公子趙(zhao)(zhao)勝為(wei)平(ping)原君。平(ping)原君喜好(hao)名家論辨之言,公孫(sun)龍遂為(wei)平(ping)原君的門客。
趙惠(hui)文王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)十(shi)五(wu)年(nian)(前284年(nian)),燕昭(zhao)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)欲攻齊(qi)國(guo),公(gong)孫(sun)龍帶領弟(di)子,從(cong)趙國(guo)趕到燕國(guo),力圖勸其“偃兵(bing)”。燕王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)滿口(kou)答應,公(gong)孫(sun)龍卻表示不(bu)可相信,說道:當初大(da)(da)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)招納欲破(po)齊(qi)、能(neng)破(po)齊(qi)的“天下之士”到燕國(guo)來,后來終于破(po)齊(qi)。而今“諸侯之士在大(da)(da)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之本朝者,盡善用兵(bing)者”,所以(yi)我認為大(da)(da)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)不(bu)會偃兵(bing)。他用這種“循實則(ze)名”的方法(fa)猜透了燕王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的真實用心,使燕王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)無言以(yi)對。
十六年(前283年),秦(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)與(yu)趙(zhao)(zhao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)盟(meng)會締約(yue):“秦(qin)之所(suo)欲(yu)為(wei),趙(zhao)(zhao)助(zhu)(zhu)之;趙(zhao)(zhao)之所(suo)欲(yu)為(wei),秦(qin)助(zhu)(zhu)之。”答應相互援助(zhu)(zhu)。不久,秦(qin)興兵攻魏(wei)(wei),趙(zhao)(zhao)欲(yu)救魏(wei)(wei)。秦(qin)王(wang)使人(ren)責備趙(zhao)(zhao)惠文(wen)王(wang)不遵守(shou)盟(meng)約(yue)。趙(zhao)(zhao)王(wang)將此事(shi)告知平原君。公孫龍向平原君建(jian)議說:趙(zhao)(zhao)也可以派遣使者去責備秦(qin)王(wang)說,趙(zhao)(zhao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)想援救魏(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo),秦(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)卻攻打(da)魏(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo),是秦(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)首先違背(bei)了盟(meng)約(yue)。
十(shi)九年(前280年),公(gong)孫龍又與趙惠(hui)文王論偃兵之(zhi)事。趙王問公(gong)孫龍說(shuo):“寡人事偃兵十(shi)余年矣,而不(bu)(bu)成,兵不(bu)(bu)可(ke)偃乎(hu)?”公(gong)孫龍回答說(shuo):“偃兵之(zhi)意,兼愛天下(xia)之(zhi)心(xin)也。兼愛天下(xia),不(bu)(bu)可(ke)以虛名(ming)為(wei)也,必有其實。”并指出趙惠(hui)文王當秦(qin)得地(di)而縞素布總,齊亡地(di)而加膳置(zhi)酒,并不(bu)(bu)真正具(ju)有兼愛之(zhi)心(xin),故不(bu)(bu)能行偃兵之(zhi)實。
趙(zhao)孝成王(wang)九年(前257年),秦兵攻趙(zhao),圍邯(han)鄲(dan)。平(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)君(jun)(jun)使人(ren)向(xiang)魏國(guo)求(qiu)救。信陵君(jun)(jun)率兵救趙(zhao),邯(han)鄲(dan)得以保存。虞卿為平(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)君(jun)(jun)向(xiang)趙(zhao)王(wang)請封。公(gong)孫(sun)龍連夜駕車入(ru)見平(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)君(jun)(jun),認(ren)為此(ci)舉甚不可(ke)行(xing),指出“王(wang)舉君(jun)(jun)而(er)相趙(zhao),割東武城(cheng)而(er)封君(jun)(jun)者”并不是(shi)因為平(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)君(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)才智(zhi)能力為趙(zhao)國(guo)所獨有的(de)(de),而(er)是(shi)因為平(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)君(jun)(jun)是(shi)趙(zhao)王(wang)親(qin)戚的(de)(de)緣故。而(er)“一解國(guo)患,欲求(qiu)益地(di),是(shi)親(qin)戚受封而(er)國(guo)人(ren)計功也(ye)”,即計國(guo)人(ren)之功于(yu)親(qin)戚名下。因此(ci)建議平(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)君(jun)(jun)不要受封,平(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)君(jun)(jun)聽從了(le)公(gong)孫(sun)龍的(de)(de)建議,并由此(ci)對其益加看(kan)重。
他(ta)可(ke)能較長時(shi)間作平(ping)(ping)(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的門客(ke)。《史(shi)記(ji)·平(ping)(ping)(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)虞卿(qing)列傳》說(shuo)(shuo),“平(ping)(ping)(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)厚待公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”。約(yue)于公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)279年(nian)至前(qian)248年(nian)間,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)曾(ceng)從趙(zhao)(zhao)國(guo)帶領弟子(zi)到燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)國(guo),《呂(lv)氏春秋·應(ying)言(yan)》載(zai)(zai),是(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)說(shuo)(shuo)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)昭(zhao)王(wang)(wang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)“偃(yan)(yan)兵(bing)(bing)”。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)王(wang)(wang)雖然表示(shi)同意(yi),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)卻(que)當面(mian)對燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)王(wang)(wang)說(shuo)(shuo)。“諸侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)在(zai)大王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)朝(chao)者(zhe)(zhe),盡善用(yong)兵(bing)(bing)者(zhe)(zhe)”,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)我認為(wei)(wei)(wei)大王(wang)(wang)不(bu)(bu)會偃(yan)(yan)兵(bing)(bing),燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)昭(zhao)王(wang)(wang)無(wu)言(yan)應(ying)答(da)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)又曾(ceng)游魏,與公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)牟論(lun)學。在(zai)趙(zhao)(zhao)國(guo),《呂(lv)氏春秋·審應(ying)覽》載(zai)(zai),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)曾(ceng)與趙(zhao)(zhao)惠文王(wang)(wang)論(lun)偃(yan)(yan)兵(bing)(bing)。趙(zhao)(zhao)王(wang)(wang)問公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)說(shuo)(shuo):“寡(gua)人(ren)事偃(yan)(yan)兵(bing)(bing)十余年(nian)矣,而(er)不(bu)(bu)成(cheng),兵(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)偃(yan)(yan)乎?”公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)回答(da)說(shuo)(shuo):“趙(zhao)(zhao)國(guo)的藺、離石(shi)兩(liang)地(di)被秦(qin)(qin)(qin)侵占,王(wang)(wang)就穿(chuan)(chuan)上(shang)喪(sang)國(guo)的服裝,縞(gao)素布(bu)總(zong);東(dong)攻(gong)齊得城(cheng),而(er)王(wang)(wang)加(jia)膳置(zhi)酒,以(yi)(yi)(yi)示(shi)慶祝。這(zhe)怎能會偃(yan)(yan)兵(bing)(bing)?”《呂(lv)氏春秋·淫辭(ci)(ci)》說(shuo)(shuo):秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)跟趙(zhao)(zhao)國(guo)訂立盟(meng)約(yue):“秦(qin)(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)欲(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei),趙(zhao)(zhao)助之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);趙(zhao)(zhao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)欲(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)助之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”過(guo)了(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)久。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)興兵(bing)(bing)攻(gong)魏,趙(zhao)(zhao)欲(yu)救魏。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)王(wang)(wang)使(shi)人(ren)責(ze)備趙(zhao)(zhao)惠文王(wang)(wang)不(bu)(bu)遵守盟(meng)約(yue)。趙(zhao)(zhao)王(wang)(wang)將這(zhe)件事告訴平(ping)(ping)(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)給平(ping)(ping)(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)出主(zhu)意(yi)說(shuo)(shuo),趙(zhao)(zhao)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)派遣使(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)去責(ze)備秦(qin)(qin)(qin)王(wang)(wang)說(shuo)(shuo),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)不(bu)(bu)幫助趙(zhao)(zhao)國(guo)救魏,也(ye)是(shi)(shi)違(wei)背(bei)盟(meng)約(yue)。趙(zhao)(zhao)孝成(cheng)王(wang)(wang)九年(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)257年(nian)),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)兵(bing)(bing)攻(gong)趙(zhao)(zhao),平(ping)(ping)(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)使(shi)人(ren)向魏國(guo)求救。信陵君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)率兵(bing)(bing)救趙(zhao)(zhao),邯鄲得以(yi)(yi)(yi)保(bao)存(cun)。趙(zhao)(zhao)國(guo)的虞卿(qing)欲(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)信陵君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)存(cun)邯鄲為(wei)(wei)(wei)平(ping)(ping)(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)請求增(zeng)加(jia)封(feng)地(di)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)聽說(shuo)(shuo)這(zhe)件事,勸阻平(ping)(ping)(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)說(shuo)(shuo):“君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)無(wu)覆軍殺(sha)將之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功,而(er)封(feng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)東(dong)武(wu)(wu)城(cheng)。趙(zhao)(zhao)國(guo)豪(hao)杰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi),多在(zai)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)右,而(er)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)相國(guo)者(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)(yi)(yi)親故。夫君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)封(feng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)東(dong)武(wu)(wu)城(cheng),不(bu)(bu)讓無(wu)功,佩趙(zhao)(zhao)國(guo)相印,不(bu)(bu)辭(ci)(ci)無(wu)能,一(yi)(yi)解國(guo)患(huan),欲(yu)求益地(di),是(shi)(shi)親戚(qi)受(shou)封(feng),而(er)國(guo)人(ren)計功也(ye)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)計者(zhe)(zhe),不(bu)(bu)如勿受(shou)便。”平(ping)(ping)(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)接(jie)受(shou)了(le)(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的意(yi)見,沒有接(jie)受(shou)封(feng)地(di)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)善于辯(bian)論(lun)。《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)子(zi)·跡府》說(shuo)(shuo),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)與孔穿(chuan)(chuan)在(zai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)家(jia)相會,談辯(bian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的“白馬非馬”。晚年(nian),齊使(shi)鄒衍過(guo)趙(zhao)(zhao),平(ping)(ping)(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)君(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)使(shi)與公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)論(lun)“白馬非馬”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)由是(shi)(shi)遂詘,后不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)所(suo)(suo)終。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的主(zhu)要思(si)想(xiang),保(bao)存(cun)在(zai)《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)子(zi)》一(yi)(yi)書中(zhong)。《漢書·藝文志》名(ming)家(jia)有《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)子(zi)》十四篇(pian)(pian)。今存(cun)六篇(pian)(pian)。《跡府》,是(shi)(shi)后人(ren)匯集公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的生平(ping)(ping)(ping)言(yan)行(xing)寫成(cheng)的傳略。其(qi)余五篇(pian)(pian)是(shi)(shi):《白馬論(lun)》、《指物(wu)論(lun)》、《通(tong)變論(lun)》、《堅(jian)白論(lun)》、《名(ming)實論(lun)》,其(qi)中(zhong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)《白馬論(lun)》最著(zhu)名(ming)。
公(gong)孫(sun)龍的哲學思想,《淮南子》說,公(gong)孫(sun)龍"別同異,離堅(jian)白(bai)"。
他與惠施的"合同異"說正相反,完(wan)全(quan)脫(tuo)離感性認識,只(zhi)強調概念的邏輯分(fen)析(xi),具有十分(fen)濃厚的形而上學(xue)特色(se)。但在邏輯學(xue)上,他的貢獻是值(zhi)得重視的。
公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)的(de)(de)"離(li)(li)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)"學(xue)(xue)說(shuo)是從對"堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)石"的(de)(de)分析(xi)出(chu)發(fa)的(de)(de)。《公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)子·堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)論》說(shuo):"視不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得其(qi)(qi)所(suo)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)而(er)(er)(er)(er)得其(qi)(qi)所(suo)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)者(zhe)(zhe),無(wu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也;拊不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得其(qi)(qi)所(suo)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)而(er)(er)(er)(er)得其(qi)(qi)所(suo)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)者(zhe)(zhe),無(wu)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)也。"即人們用眼睛(jing)看,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知道它(ta)是堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)硬(ying)的(de)(de),而(er)(er)(er)(er)知道石是白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)(se)的(de)(de),這就(jiu)是沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)硬(ying);用手摸(mo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知道它(ta)是白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)(se),而(er)(er)(er)(er)知道它(ta)是堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)硬(ying)的(de)(de),這就(jiu)是沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)(se)。在(zai)前一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)情況(kuang)(kuang)下(xia),堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)硬(ying)藏(zang)了(le)(le)(le)起(qi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)。在(zai)后一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)情況(kuang)(kuang)下(xia),白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)(se)藏(zang)了(le)(le)(le)起(qi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)。這叫作"自藏(zang)"。《堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)論》又說(shuo):"得其(qi)(qi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai),得其(qi)(qi)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),見(jian)與不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)離(li)(li)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)離(li)(li)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相盈,故離(li)(li)離(li)(li)也者(zhe)(zhe),藏(zang)也。"看到(dao)它(ta)的(de)(de)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)(se),摸(mo)到(dao)它(ta)的(de)(de)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)硬(ying),有(you)(you)"見(jian)與不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)"的(de)(de)情況(kuang)(kuang),這就(jiu)叫離(li)(li),因為(wei)石與堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能互相包含(han),所(suo)以(yi)就(jiu)分離(li)(li)了(le)(le)(le)。分離(li)(li)了(le)(le)(le)也就(jiu)是藏(zang)起(qi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)了(le)(le)(le)。他(ta)(ta)認(ren)為(wei),"天下(xia)未有(you)(you)若堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),而(er)(er)(er)(er)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)藏(zang)"。又說(shuo):"若白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)者(zhe)(zhe)必白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai),則不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)石物(wu)(wu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)焉。""石其(qi)(qi)無(wu)有(you)(you),惡取堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)乎(hu)?故離(li)(li)也。"這是說(shuo),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)使石與物(wu)(wu)變(bian)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)硬(ying)而(er)(er)(er)(er)獨立(li)的(de)(de)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)硬(ying)(即抽象(xiang)的(de)(de)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)硬(ying)),天下(xia)是沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)。這就(jiu)是說(shuo),堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)硬(ying)藏(zang)起(qi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)了(le)(le)(le)。若白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)(se)本身定是白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)(se)的(de)(de)話,它(ta)就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)必通過(guo)使物(wu)(wu)體(ti)發(fa)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)而(er)(er)(er)(er)表(biao)現自己是白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)。他(ta)(ta)把(ba)本身是白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)(se)看成一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)抽象(xiang)的(de)(de)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)(se)。它(ta)看不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian),即是藏(zang)起(qi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)了(le)(le)(le)。石頭(tou)(tou)假如沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)獨立(li)成為(wei)石的(de)(de)本領,又怎么能夠形成既堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)又白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)的(de)(de)石呢?因此,他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)論是白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)(se)與堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)硬(ying)并不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是結(jie)(jie)合在(zai)石頭(tou)(tou)里面(mian),而(er)(er)(er)(er)是脫離(li)(li)石頭(tou)(tou)獨立(li)存在(zai)的(de)(de)。這就(jiu)是"離(li)(li)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)"學(xue)(xue)說(shuo)的(de)(de)主要(yao)論點(dian)。這一(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)說(shuo)把(ba)事物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)各(ge)種(zhong)屬性一(yi)(yi)(yi)方面(mian)與物(wu)(wu)質實體(ti)割裂開,另一(yi)(yi)(yi)方面(mian)又把(ba)它(ta)們一(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)孤立(li)起(qi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)而(er)(er)(er)(er)否認(ren)其(qi)(qi)統一(yi)(yi)(yi)性。這在(zai)哲學(xue)(xue)上就(jiu)意味著一(yi)(yi)(yi)般不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是存在(zai)個別之中,而(er)(er)(er)(er)是可以(yi)脫離(li)(li)個別單獨存在(zai)的(de)(de)。公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)"離(li)(li)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)"學(xue)(xue)說(shuo)的(de)(de)詭辯性質,在(zai)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)"白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)非馬(ma)"的(de)(de)命題(ti)中表(biao)現最為(wei)明顯(xian)。
"白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)非(fei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)"是(shi)(shi)古代思想史上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)著(zhu)名命題。公(gong)孫龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)論證是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de):"馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)者(zhe)(zhe),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)命形也;白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)者(zhe)(zhe)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)命色(se)也。命色(se)者(zhe)(zhe)非(fei)命形也。故(gu)曰(yue):白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)非(fei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)。"①"馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)"一(yi)詞是(shi)(shi)指馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形態,凡是(shi)(shi)具有馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形態的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)都命名為馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)。"白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)"一(yi)詞是(shi)(shi)指白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顏(yan)色(se),凡是(shi)(shi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)顏(yan)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)都命名為白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)。"白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)"是(shi)(shi)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形態再加上(shang)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顏(yan)色(se),亦即白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)顏(yan)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)。可(ke)見,馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)與(yu)(yu)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)是(shi)(shi)兩個(ge)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概念(nian),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)他(ta)(ta)說(shuo):"白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)非(fei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)"。這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)從概念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)涵方面(mian)來(lai)論證的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。其次,他(ta)(ta)又(you)從"馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)"與(yu)(yu)"白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)"的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外延(yan)不(bu)(bu)同來(lai)論證。他(ta)(ta)說(shuo):"求馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),黃(huang)、黑馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)皆可(ke)致;求白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),黃(huang)、黑馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)致"。②馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)一(yi)詞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外延(yan)包括(kuo)一(yi)切馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)在內(nei),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)黃(huang)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)、黑馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)都在內(nei)。白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外延(yan)僅限于(yu)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)顏(yan)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)黃(huang)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)、黑馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)不(bu)(bu)在內(nei)。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)與(yu)(yu)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)兩個(ge)概念(nian)既然有這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)別(bie),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)他(ta)(ta)說(shuo):"白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)非(fei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)"。第三,他(ta)(ta)又(you)從個(ge)別(bie)(個(ge)性(xing))與(yu)(yu)一(yi)般(共性(xing))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系來(lai)論證。他(ta)(ta)說(shuo):"白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),非(fei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)也。白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)者(zhe)(zhe),馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)與(yu)(yu)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)也,白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)與(yu)(yu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)也。故(gu)曰(yue):白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)非(fei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)也。"③這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)說(shuo),白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)切白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共性(xing),而(er)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)切馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共性(xing),而(er)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)。白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)指白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共性(xing)加上(shang)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共性(xing)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)并不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)。
公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)龍(long)的(de)論證在(zai)邏輯上(shang)和概(gai)念分(fen)析上(shang)做出了獨到(dao)(dao)的(de)歷史貢獻,但是(shi)(shi)他(ta)把一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些概(gai)念混(hun)淆而流入(ru)詭(gui)辯。他(ta)分(fen)析了馬與(yu)白(bai)馬這(zhe)(zhe)兩個(ge)概(gai)念的(de)差(cha)別(bie)(bie)、個(ge)別(bie)(bie)與(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)的(de)差(cha)別(bie)(bie)。但是(shi)(shi),他(ta)夸(kua)大了這(zhe)(zhe)種差(cha)別(bie)(bie),把兩者(zhe)完全割裂開(kai)來,并加(jia)以絕(jue)對化;最(zui)后達(da)到(dao)(dao)否認(ren)個(ge)別(bie)(bie),只承(cheng)認(ren)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban),使(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)脫離(li)個(ge)別(bie)(bie)獨立存在(zai)。這(zhe)(zhe)樣,就(jiu)把抽象的(de)概(gai)念當成脫離(li)具(ju)體事物的(de)精神(shen)實體,從而導致了客觀唯心主義的(de)結論。《莊子(zi)·天(tian)下》還記載(zai)了辯者(zhe)"二(er)十一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)事",其中一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些命題(ti)與(yu)公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)龍(long)有(you)關。如(ru)"雞三足",又見于《公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)龍(long)子(zi)·通變論》:"飛(fei)鳥之(zhi)景,未嘗動也(ye)。"也(ye)是(shi)(shi)屬于公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)龍(long)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)派的(de)命題(ti)。景即影。這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)命題(ti)是(shi)(shi)說,飛(fei)鳥的(de)影子(zi)并沒有(you)在(zai)運動。在(zai)每(mei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)瞬間(jian),飛(fei)鳥的(de)影子(zi)可(ke)以認(ren)為是(shi)(shi)不(bu)動的(de)。
但(dan)是(shi)時間有(you)連續性(xing),空間有(you)延(yan)展(zhan)性(xing);飛鳥之影在時空體內又(you)是(shi)運動著(zhu)的(de)(de)。這個(ge)命題對(dui)運動的(de)(de)性(xing)質具有(you)片面的(de)(de)認識,但(dan)是(shi)最終(zhong)是(shi)走上形而上學,否認運動的(de)(de)可能性(xing)。
名家(jia)是(shi)(shi)(shi)春秋戰國社(she)會大變革的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產物(wu)。他(ta)(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辯(bian)論,"不(bu)(bu)(bu)法先(xian)王,不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)禮義",①具有(you)反(fan)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精神,是(shi)(shi)(shi)為新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政權服務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。但(dan)由于(yu)他(ta)(ta)們認識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度不(bu)(bu)(bu)同,因此觀點有(you)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同。惠施、公孫(sun)龍(long)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)面夸大了認識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)某一(yi)方面,惠施強(qiang)調(diao)事(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)"同一(yi)"(即同)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)方面,公孫(sun)龍(long)則強(qiang)調(diao)事(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差別(bie)(即"異")的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)方面。他(ta)(ta)們在各自所(suo)強(qiang)調(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方面都(dou)有(you)精辟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思想(xiang),但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)這些認識(shi)卻受到形而上學思想(xiang)方法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限制。他(ta)(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錯誤(wu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)人類認識(shi)發展史上不(bu)(bu)(bu)可避免的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),后(hou)期墨家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邏(luo)輯思想(xiang)正是(shi)(shi)(shi)對他(ta)(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)批判總(zong)結。
但是(shi)(shi),名(ming)家在(zai)歷史上是(shi)(shi)有(you)貢獻的(de),他們(men)非常有(you)似于古希臘的(de)智(zhi)(zhi)者派,甚至于連某些命題(ti)都是(shi)(shi)相似的(de)或者相同的(de)(例(li)如公元前(qian)五世紀伊里亞的(de)芝諾就有(you)過(guo)"飛矢不(bu)動(dong)(dong)"的(de)命題(ti))。名(ming)辯(bian)學派和智(zhi)(zhi)者派大約前(qian)后同時(shi)各自在(zai)東方(fang)和西方(fang)以(yi)幾乎相同的(de)詭辯(bian)式的(de)理論活動(dong)(dong),參與了當時(shi)歷史性的(de)社會(hui)大變動(dong)(dong),并促使人(ren)類思想認(ren)識(shi)大為深化。這是(shi)(shi)人(ren)類文明史最值得引人(ren)注目的(de)現象之一(yi)。
公(gong)孫龍不像惠施那樣強(qiang)調(diao)相(xiang)對的(de)、變化的(de),而(er)強(qiang)調(diao)“名”是(shi)絕(jue)對的(de)、不變的(de)。他由此(ci)得到與柏(bo)拉圖(tu)的(de)理念(nian)或共相(xiang)相(xiang)同的(de)概念(nian),柏(bo)拉圖(tu)的(de)理念(nian)或共相(xiang)在西方哲(zhe)學是(shi)極著名的(de)。
他的(de)著作《公孫龍(long)子》,有一(yi)篇(pian)《白馬(ma)(ma)論》。其(qi)主要命(ming)題(ti)是“白馬(ma)(ma)非馬(ma)(ma)”。公孫龍(long)通過(guo)三點(dian)論證,力求證明這(zhe)個命(ming)題(ti)。第一(yi)點(dian)是:“馬(ma)(ma)者(zhe)。所以(yi)命(ming)形也;白者(zhe),所以(yi)命(ming)色也。命(ming)色者(zhe)非命(ming)形也。故曰:白馬(ma)(ma)非馬(ma)(ma)。”若用西方邏輯學(xue)術語,大(da)家(jia)可以(yi)說,這(zhe)一(yi)點(dian)是強調,“馬(ma)(ma)”、“白”、“白馬(ma)(ma)”的(de)內(nei)(nei)涵(han)(han)的(de)不(bu)同(tong)。“馬(ma)(ma)”的(de)內(nei)(nei)涵(han)(han)是一(yi)種(zhong)動(dong)物,“白”的(de)內(nei)(nei)涵(han)(han)是一(yi)種(zhong)顏(yan)色,“白馬(ma)(ma)”的(de)內(nei)(nei)涵(han)(han)是一(yi)種(zhong)動(dong)物加(jia)一(yi)種(zhong)顏(yan)色。三者(zhe)內(nei)(nei)涵(han)(han)各不(bu)相同(tong),所以(yi)白馬(ma)(ma)非馬(ma)(ma)。
第二點是(shi):“求(qiu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),黃(huang)黑(hei)(hei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)皆(jie)可(ke)(ke)致(zhi)。求(qiu)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),黃(huang)黑(hei)(hei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)致(zhi)。……故(gu)(gu)黃(huang)黑(hei)(hei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)一也(ye),而可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)應(ying)有馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),而不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)應(ying)有白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),是(shi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)之(zhi)非馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)審(shen)矣”。“馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)者(zhe),無去取于(yu)色(se)(se),故(gu)(gu)黃(huang)黑(hei)(hei)皆(jie)所以(yi)(yi)應(ying)。白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)者(zhe)有去取于(yu)色(se)(se),黃(huang)黑(hei)(hei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)皆(jie)所以(yi)(yi)色(se)(se)去,故(gu)(gu)惟白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)獨可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)應(ying)耳。無去者(zhe),非有去也(ye)。故(gu)(gu)曰:白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)非馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)”。若用西方(fang)邏輯學(xue)術語,我(wo)們可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)說,這一點是(shi)強(qiang)調,“馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)”、“白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)”的外(wai)(wai)(wai)延(yan)(yan)(yan)的不(bu)(bu)同。“馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)”的外(wai)(wai)(wai)延(yan)(yan)(yan)包(bao)括一切馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),不(bu)(bu)管(guan)其顏色(se)(se)的區別。“白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)”的外(wai)(wai)(wai)延(yan)(yan)(yan)只包(bao)括白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),有相應(ying)的顏色(se)(se)區別。由于(yu)“馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)”與“白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)”外(wai)(wai)(wai)延(yan)(yan)(yan)不(bu)(bu)同,所以(yi)(yi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)非馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)。
第三點(dian)是:“馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)固有色,故(gu)有白(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)。使馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)無色,有馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)如己耳(er)。安取白(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)?故(gu)白(bai)(bai)者(zhe),非(fei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)也(ye)。白(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)者(zhe),馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)與(yu)白(bai)(bai)也(ye),白(bai)(bai)與(yu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)也(ye)。故(gu)曰(yue):白(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)非(fei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)也(ye)。”這(zhe)一(yi)點(dian)似乎(hu)是強調,“馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)”這(zhe)個共性(xing)(xing)與(yu)“白(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)”這(zhe)個共性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)不(bu)同。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)共性(xing)(xing),是一(yi)切(qie)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)本(ben)質屬(shu)性(xing)(xing)。它不(bu)包涵(han)顏色,僅只是“馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)”。這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)“馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)”的(de)(de)共性(xing)(xing)與(yu)“白(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)”的(de)(de)共性(xing)(xing)不(bu)同。也(ye)就是說,馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)與(yu)白(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)白(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)不(bu)同。所以白(bai)(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)非(fei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)。
或“堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)”,除(chu)了馬作為(wei)馬,又還有(you)(you)(you)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)作為(wei)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai),即白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)的共(gong)(gong)相(xiang)。《白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬論(lun)》中說(shuo):“白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)者(zhe)不(bu)定所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai),忘(wang)之而(er)(er)可也(ye)(ye)。白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)馬者(zhe)言(yan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)。定所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)也(ye)(ye)。定所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)者(zhe),非白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)也(ye)(ye)。”定所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai),就是(shi)(shi)具體(ti)的白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se),見于各(ge)種(zhong)實(shi)(shi)際的白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)物(wu)(wu)體(ti)。見于各(ge)種(zhong)實(shi)(shi)際白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)物(wu)(wu)體(ti)的白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se),是(shi)(shi)這些物(wu)(wu)體(ti)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)定的。但是(shi)(shi)“白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)”的共(gong)(gong)相(xiang),則不(bu)是(shi)(shi)任何實(shi)(shi)際的白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)物(wu)(wu)體(ti)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)定。它是(shi)(shi)未定的白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)的共(gong)(gong)性(xing)。《公孫龍子》另有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)篇《堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)論(lun)》。其(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要命題是(shi)(shi)“離(li)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)”。公孫龍的證明有(you)(you)(you)兩個部分。第一(yi)(yi)部分是(shi)(shi),假設有(you)(you)(you)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)而(er)(er)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)的石(shi)(shi),他設問說(shuo):“堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)、石(shi)(shi):三,可乎?曰(yue):不(bu)可。曰(yue):二(er),可乎?曰(yue):可。曰(yue):何哉?曰(yue):無(wu)(wu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)得(de)(de)(de)(de)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai),其(qi)(qi)舉(ju)(ju)也(ye)(ye)二(er);無(wu)(wu)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)得(de)(de)(de)(de)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),其(qi)(qi)舉(ju)(ju)也(ye)(ye)二(er)”。“視(shi)不(bu)得(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)而(er)(er)得(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)者(zhe),無(wu)(wu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)。拊不(bu)得(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)而(er)(er)得(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),得(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye),無(wu)(wu)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)也(ye)(ye)。”這段對(dui)話是(shi)(shi)從知(zhi)識論(lun)方(fang)面(mian)證明堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)是(shi)(shi)彼此(ci)分離(li)的。有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)石(shi)(shi),用眼看,則只(zhi)(zhi)“得(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)”,只(zhi)(zhi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)石(shi)(shi);用手摸,則只(zhi)(zhi)“得(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)(qi)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”,只(zhi)(zhi)得(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)。感(gan)覺(jue)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)時不(bu)能(neng)感(gan)覺(jue)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),感(gan)覺(jue)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)時不(bu)能(neng)感(gan)覺(jue)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)以,從知(zhi)識論(lun)方(fang)面(mian)說(shuo),只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)“白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)石(shi)(shi)”沒有(you)(you)(you)“堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)石(shi)(shi)”。這就是(shi)(shi)“無(wu)(wu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)得(de)(de)(de)(de)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai),其(qi)(qi)舉(ju)(ju)也(ye)(ye)二(er);無(wu)(wu)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)得(de)(de)(de)(de)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),其(qi)(qi)舉(ju)(ju)也(ye)(ye)二(er)”的意思。
他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)于(yu)名與(yu)實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理論(lun)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建立在(zai)(zai)(zai)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)于(yu)共相(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)唯心主(zhu)義(yi)哲學理論(lun)之上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)認為,共相(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)種獨(du)立存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)論(lun)”就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)企(qi)圖論(lun)證一(yi)塊白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)石頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)和堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)硬(ying)性(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)以(yi)獨(du)立存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)首先從關(guan)于(yu)“堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)石”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)覺(jue)(jue)來進行(xing)分(fen)(fen)析,企(qi)圖說(shuo)明,“堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”與(yu)“白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)”可(ke)以(yi)互(hu)相(xiang)(xiang)分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)(li),然后再說(shuo)明它們(men)可(ke)以(yi)離(li)(li)(li)(li)開(kai)人們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)識(shi)而(er)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)說(shuo):“視(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)其(qi)(qi)(qi)所堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)而(er)得(de)其(qi)(qi)(qi)所白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)者(zhe),無(wu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。,拊不(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)其(qi)(qi)(qi)所白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)而(er)得(de)其(qi)(qi)(qi)所堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)者(zhe),無(wu)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”(《堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)論(lun)》)又(you)說(shuo):“得(de)其(qi)(qi)(qi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai).得(de)其(qi)(qi)(qi)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)與(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)離(li)(li)(li)(li):不(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)離(li)(li)(li)(li)。一(yi)一(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)盈故離(li)(li)(li)(li),離(li)(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)者(zhe)藏(zang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”(同(tong)上)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo),看的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)(hou)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)覺(jue)(jue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)硬(ying)性(xing)(xing),而(er)只感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)覺(jue)(jue)到(dao)(dao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)時候(hou)(hou)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)硬(ying)性(xing)(xing)等(deng)于(yu)沒(mei)有。觸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)(hou)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)覺(jue)(jue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se),而(er)只感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)覺(jue)(jue)到(dao)(dao)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)硬(ying)性(xing)(xing),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)時候(hou)(hou)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)等(deng)于(yu)沒(mei)有。或者(zhe)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)覺(jue)(jue)到(dao)(dao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se),或者(zhe)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)覺(jue)(jue)到(dao)(dao)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)硬(ying)性(xing)(xing)。感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)覺(jue)(jue)到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)與(yu)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)覺(jue)(jue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)彼此(ci)分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。彼此(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)聯在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)起,所以(yi)說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)(li)。而(er)分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)(li)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)藏(zang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)自身之中。(公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)自己(ji)解釋說(shuo)“藏(zang)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指“自藏(zang)”有相(xiang)(xiang)當(dang)于(yu)“潛存(cun)(cun)”之意(yi))公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)兩段話是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)石的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)和堅(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)硬(ying)性(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)以(yi)彼此(ci)分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)(li)而(er)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)又(you)說(shuo):“且(qie)猶白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai),以(yi)目(mu),以(yi)火(huo)見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),而(er)火(huo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian);則火(huo)與(yu)目(mu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)而(er)神(shen)見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。神(shen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),而(er)見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)離(li)(li)(li)(li)。”(同(tong)上)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里所說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“神(shen)”即(ji)精神(shen)作用(yong),也(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指意(yi)識(shi);“火(huo)”就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo),例如白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)靠著眼睛(jing)和光(guang)(guang)看見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。但光(guang)(guang)本身沒(mei)有見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong),那么光(guang)(guang)和眼睛(jing)合(he)在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)起也(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)看見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),只能(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)意(yi)識(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)看見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),而(er)意(yi)識(shi)本身也(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)沒(mei)有見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)物(wu)(wu)作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。所以(yi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和視(shi)覺(jue)(jue)分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)(li)(li)著的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)說(shuo)明白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)等(deng)共相(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)以(yi)離(li)(li)(li)(li)開(kai)人類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)覺(jue)(jue)而(er)獨(du)立存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。(公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里犯(fan)了一(yi)些邏輯錯誤。因為由(you)眼睛(jing)離(li)(li)(li)(li)開(kai)了光(guang)(guang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)物(wu)(wu)和光(guang)(guang)本身沒(mei)有見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)物(wu)(wu)作用(yong)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提,不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)推出,眼睛(jing)和光(guang)(guang)合(he)在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)起也(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)看見(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。)由(you)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)些話可(ke)以(yi)清(qing)楚地(di)看出來,公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)主(zhu)張像“白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)”這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)類(lei)共相(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)客(ke)觀存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),因之他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)客(ke)觀唯心主(zhu)義(yi)者(zhe)。
公孫(sun)龍(long)觀(guan)察(cha)事物,雖然把個別(bie)與一(yi)般用"離"的(de)(de)觀(guan)點絕對化(hua),只見(jian)離而不見(jian)合(he),不符合(he)辯(bian)證(zheng)法的(de)(de)“個別(bie)存在于一(yi)般之中”的(de)(de)觀(guan)點,但(dan)他能夠(gou)開辟邏(luo)輯(ji)領域,建立(li)邏(luo)輯(ji)學的(de)(de)理論體系,有助于百家(jia)爭鳴的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。中國歷史上(shang)多(duo)數(shu)學派看(kan)重(zhong)研究(jiu)政(zheng)治倫理,多(duo)不懂邏(luo)輯(ji)學,甚至不承認這(zhe)門學問,往(wang)往(wang)以政(zheng)治倫理觀(guan)念來批(pi)評公孫(sun)龍(long)的(de)(de)邏(luo)輯(ji)思想,直到近世人們(men)才(cai)公開承認公孫(sun)龍(long)辯(bian)學對象邏(luo)輯(ji)的(de)(de)問題,并(bing)加以重(zhong)視。
公孫龍“白馬(ma)非馬(ma)”的(de)論(lun)說(shuo)雖然有(you)其(qi)一(yi)定的(de)合理(li)性和開創性,也符合辯(bian)證法講的(de)個(ge)別與一(yi)般相區別的(de)原(yuan)理(li),更有(you)糾正當時名實(shi)混亂的(de)作用。但(dan)是,他(ta)(ta)沿(yan)著(zhu)同樣的(de)原(yuan)理(li)隨后再提出的(de)“雞三足”、“火不(bu)熱”等辯(bian)說(shuo)確有(you)走火入(ru)(ru)魔之嫌,已(yi)墜入(ru)(ru)“詭辯(bian)”的(de)深淵(yuan)中。怪不(bu)得荀子(zi)要(yao)斥他(ta)(ta)為“此惑于用名以亂實(shi)也。”鄒衍(yan)要(yao)批評(ping)他(ta)(ta)是“害大道”、“不(bu)能無害君子(zi)”。
諸子各家普遍認(ren)為公孫(sun)龍為詭辯,又似乎無法在(zai)辯論中勝出。
《公(gong)孫龍(long)子》第(di)一章《跡府》記載了孔(kong)子的(de)后代孔(kong)穿企圖駁倒公(gong)孫龍(long)但失敗的(de)故(gu)事。
《莊(zhuang)子天下(xia)篇》稱(cheng)公孫龍“飾人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)心,易人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)意,能(neng)勝人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)口,不能(neng)服(fu)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)心”。
《荀子(zi) 不(bu)茍(gou)篇》中認為(wei)君子(zi)不(bu)看重惠施等(deng)名家的(de)辯(bian)(bian)才,因為(wei)其不(bu)符合禮(li)。君子(zi)并不(bu)是(shi)無(wu)法(fa)反駁堅白離(li)的(de)觀(guan)點,而是(shi)不(bu)與(yu)之辯(bian)(bian)論。
《荀子 正名篇(pian)》認(ren)為白馬(ma)非馬(ma)論是“此(ci)惑(huo)于(yu)用名以亂實(shi)者也”。
《資(zi)治通鑒(jian)》中記載鄒衍(yan)認(ren)為公(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)是“煩文以相假,飾(shi)辭以相敦,巧譬以相移,引人使不得及其意,如此害大(da)道(dao)”,于是不和(he)公(gong)孫(sun)龍(long)辯論。
周昌忠《公孫龍(long)子新論》把公孫龍(long)的(de)(de)思想和西方(fang)哲學相(xiang)比較(jiao),認為(wei)公孫龍(long)“構造了(le)一個相(xiang)當(dang)豐(feng)富的(de)(de)關于(yu)語言本身的(de)(de)哲學理論”,并不比亞里士多德遜色(se)。
張遠山在著(zhu)作《寓(yu)言(yan)的(de)(de)密碼(ma)》中(zhong)認為,公孫龍開創了(le)中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)理性學派的(de)(de)先河(he)。但諸子百家都未能理解他的(de)(de)觀點。