《虎鈐(qian)經》以上言(yan)人(ren)謀(mou),中言(yan)地(di)利,下言(yan)天(tian)時(shi)為主旨,兼及(ji)風角占(zhan)候、人(ren)馬醫護等內(nei)容。許洞認為天(tian)、地(di)、人(ren)三者的關(guan)系應(ying)是(shi)“先以人(ren),次以地(di),次以天(tian)”(《虎鈐(qian)經》,明刊本,下同),重視(shi)人(ren)(主要是(shi)將帥)在(zai)戰爭中的作用。要求將帥應(ying)“觀(guan)彼動(dong)靜”而靈活用兵,做(zuo)到“以虛含變應(ying)敵”。
盡(jin)管天時(shi)有吉兇,地形有險(xian)(xian)(xian)易(yi)(yi),戰(zhan)勢有利(li)(li)害,如能吉中見(jian)兇、兇中見(jian)吉,易(yi)(yi)中見(jian)險(xian)(xian)(xian)、險(xian)(xian)(xian)中見(jian)易(yi)(yi),利(li)(li)中見(jian)害、害中見(jian)利(li)(li),就能用兵盡(jin)其(qi)變(bian)。他還認(ren)為(wei),要(yao)取勝(sheng)須(xu)“以(yi)(yi)糧儲為(wei)本(ben),謀(mou)(mou)略為(wei)器”。未戰(zhan)之前要(yao)“先(xian)謀(mou)(mou)”:欲(yu)謀(mou)(mou)用兵,先(xian)謀(mou)(mou)安民;欲(yu)謀(mou)(mou)攻敵(di),先(xian)謀(mou)(mou)通糧;欲(yu)謀(mou)(mou)疏陳,先(xian)謀(mou)(mou)地利(li)(li);欲(yu)謀(mou)(mou)勝(sheng)敵(di),先(xian)謀(mou)(mou)人(ren)和;欲(yu)謀(mou)(mou)守據,先(xian)謀(mou)(mou)儲蓄;欲(yu)謀(mou)(mou)強兵,先(xian)謀(mou)(mou)賞罰等。既戰(zhan)之后(hou),一要(yao)善于(yu)“奪恃”:奪氣、奪隘、奪勇(yong)等;二(er)要(yao)善于(yu)“襲虛”:以(yi)(yi)佯(yang)動、誘敵(di)擊其(qi)虛;三要(yao)“任勢”:乘機擊敵(di)懈怠,設伏(fu)擊敵(di)不意,乘勝(sheng)擴張(zhang)戰(zhan)果等。還強調(diao)“逆用古法”,“利(li)(li)在變(bian)通之機”。
該書(shu)在體例上,分類(lei)編排,按類(lei)闡述,匯集(ji)的與軍事有(you)關的天文、歷法(fa)、記時及識別(bie)方位等知識,有(you)許多為過去兵書(shu)所(suo)少有(you)。此外(wai),還匯集(ji)了(le)不少陣(zhen)法(fa),并創造(zao)了(le)諸如飛(fei)鶚、長虹等陣(zhen)。但書(shu)中天人感應(ying)等荒誕迷信(xin)之談,則不可(ke)取。
《虎(hu)(hu)(hu)鈐(qian)經》是中國宋(song)(song)代(dai)著名(ming)兵(bing)(bing)書(shu)。“虎(hu)(hu)(hu)”為(wei)“虎(hu)(hu)(hu)符”,即(ji)“兵(bing)(bing)符”,“鈐(qian)”即(ji)“鎖鑰”,《虎(hu)(hu)(hu)鈐(qian)經》即(ji)為(wei)開啟(qi)兵(bing)(bing)符鎖鑰之書(shu),掌兵(bing)(bing)權者應備之經。許洞撰。共二十(shi)(shi)卷、二百一十(shi)(shi)論。該書(shu)始撰于宋(song)(song)太祖建隆(long)二年(nian)(961年(nian)),完成于宋(song)(song)真宗景德元年(nian)(1004年(nian))。現存有(you)明嘉靖(jing)刊本及清(qing)《四(si)庫全書(shu)》等刊刻本。
《虎鈐經(jing)》吸收(shou)了《孫子》和《太白陰經(jing)》的精華,使(shi)之更(geng)加(jia)通俗(su)易懂;根據天時(shi)人(ren)事(shi)的變化加(jia)以推衍,既祖述古人(ren),又有作者的見解。其(qi)中(zhong)奇謀(mou)詭道(dao),凡適于兵(bing)家(jia)需要,就廣為搜羅,不受“六經(jing)”的束(shu)縛。該書上言(yan)人(ren)謀(mou),中(zhong)言(yan)地利,下言(yan)天時(shi),兼(jian)及風(feng)角占候、人(ren)馬醫護等內容(rong)。
許洞(dong)認為(wei)天(tian)(tian)、地(di)、人(ren)三者的(de)(de)(de)關系應是(shi)“先(xian)(xian)(xian)以(yi)人(ren),次以(yi)地(di),次以(yi)天(tian)(tian)”。首先(xian)(xian)(xian)強(qiang)調人(ren)在(zai)戰爭中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)位(wei)和(he)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。要(yao)(yao)求將帥(shuai)應“觀彼動(dong)靜”而(er)靈活用(yong)兵(bing),做到“以(yi)虛、含、變應敵(di)(di)(di)”。他(ta)(ta)指出,盡管天(tian)(tian)時有吉(ji)兇(xiong),地(di)形有險(xian)易(yi),戰勢有利(li)(li)(li)(li)害(hai),如能吉(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)見(jian)(jian)(jian)兇(xiong),兇(xiong)中(zhong)(zhong)見(jian)(jian)(jian)吉(ji);易(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)見(jian)(jian)(jian)險(xian),險(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)見(jian)(jian)(jian)易(yi);利(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)見(jian)(jian)(jian)害(hai),害(hai)中(zhong)(zhong)見(jian)(jian)(jian)利(li)(li)(li)(li),就(jiu)能用(yong)兵(bing)盡其(qi)(qi)變。他(ta)(ta)還(huan)認為(wei),戰爭要(yao)(yao)以(yi)“糧為(wei)本,謀(mou)(mou)略為(wei)器(qi)”。謀(mou)(mou)略的(de)(de)(de)運用(yong)必須(xu)在(zai)一(yi)定物質基礎(chu)之(zhi)上(shang),而(er)謀(mou)(mou)略的(de)(de)(de)運用(yong)本身就(jiu)包括(kuo)對軍用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)謀(mou)(mou)劃等廣(guang)泛(fan)的(de)(de)(de)內容:欲謀(mou)(mou)用(yong)兵(bing),先(xian)(xian)(xian)謀(mou)(mou)安民(min);欲謀(mou)(mou)攻敵(di)(di)(di),先(xian)(xian)(xian)謀(mou)(mou)通糧;欲謀(mou)(mou)疏陣(zhen),先(xian)(xian)(xian)謀(mou)(mou)地(di)利(li)(li)(li)(li);欲謀(mou)(mou)勝敵(di)(di)(di),先(xian)(xian)(xian)謀(mou)(mou)人(ren)和(he);欲謀(mou)(mou)守據,先(xian)(xian)(xian)謀(mou)(mou)儲蓄;欲謀(mou)(mou)強(qiang)兵(bing),先(xian)(xian)(xian)謀(mou)(mou)賞罰等。在(zai)作(zuo)(zuo)戰的(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)過程中(zhong)(zhong),要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意善(shan)(shan)于“奪恃”,包括(kuo)奪氣(qi)、奪隘、奪勇等,即創造壓(ya)倒敵(di)(di)(di)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)有利(li)(li)(li)(li)條(tiao)(tiao)件;要(yao)(yao)善(shan)(shan)于“襲虛”,即以(yi)佯動(dong)等手段,造成敵(di)(di)(di)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)錯覺,使敵(di)(di)(di)人(ren)失去主動(dong),從而(er)保證(zheng)自己能主動(dong)采取(qu)行(xing)動(dong)。要(yao)(yao)善(shan)(shan)于“任勢”,乘(cheng)敵(di)(di)(di)懈怠攻擊;乘(cheng)敵(di)(di)(di)不(bu)(bu)意攻擊;乘(cheng)勢擴張(zhang)戰果等。許洞(dong)還(huan)主張(zhang)要(yao)(yao)善(shan)(shan)于逆用(yong)戰法(fa),不(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)把兵(bing)法(fa)原則看成僵死的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)條(tiao)(tiao),這樣才能收到出其(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)意之(zhi)效,該書(shu)前五(wu)卷(juan)理(li)論(lun)性較強(qiang),以(yi)后各卷(juan)均為(wei)具體(ti)戰法(fa)和(he)古(gu)代(dai)行(xing)軍作(zuo)(zuo)戰的(de)(de)(de)事宜,還(huan)包括(kuo)天(tian)(tian)文、歷法(fa)、記(ji)時及方位(wei)識別等知識,都是(shi)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)兵(bing)書(shu)所罕見(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)。書(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)記(ji)載了“六壬遁甲”、“風云氣(qi)候”、“星(xing)辰日(ri)月”等迷信的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)西,作(zuo)(zuo)者雖然也認為(wei)這些“遠于人(ren)事”,但世有流傳,也“不(bu)(bu)敢遺(yi)漏”,這是(shi)不(bu)(bu)足取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)。
許(xu)洞(dong)(dong)(生(sheng)卒年(nian)不詳),字淵夫,北宋(song)吳郡(今江蘇吳縣(xian))人(ren)。生(sheng)活于(yu)北宋(song)初年(nian)。史稱許(xu)洞(dong)(dong)精(jing)通《左傳(chuan)》,早年(nian)潛心著書,直至咸平三年(nian)(1000年(nian))中(zhong)進士,在雄武軍中(zhong)任推官(guan)(掌司(si)法事務)。因(yin)不能(neng)與(yu)當局茍(gou)合,觸怒了(le)知州馬知節(jie),被罷官(guan)。景德二年(nian)(1005年(nian)),朝廷開韜略運籌決(jue)策科。許(xu)洞(dong)(dong)乘機向宋(song)真(zhen)宗奏獻《虎鈐經》。當時(shi),宋(song)真(zhen)宗正在急于(yu)與(yu)契(qi)丹(dan)議(yi)和,該書并未引(yin)起朝廷的(de)重視,只任命許(xu)洞(dong)(dong)為(wei)均州(今湖(hu)北西北部)參軍,后又改任烏江(今安徽和縣(xian)烏江鎮)主簿,死于(yu)任上。許(xu)洞(dong)(dong)除(chu)著《虎鈐經》外,還有《春秋(qiu)釋幽》五卷,《演玄(xuan)》十(shi)卷,《集》百(bai)卷,但均已失傳(chuan)。
許洞(dong),字洞(dong)夫,北宋吳郡(今江(jiang)蘇(su)省蘇(su)州市)人。擅長武術,精于(yu)兵(bing)學,而且文才也很(hen)好。一(yi)生未受重用(yong),只(zhi)做過烏(wu)江(jiang)縣主(zhu)簿。《虎鈐經》的(de)(de)作者為北宋的(de)(de)許洞(dong)。他花了(le)四年時間編(bian)寫(xie)而成。內容豐富,涉及了(le)古代軍事的(de)(de)各個方(fang)面。全書(shu)共20卷(juan),210篇。前(qian)十卷(juan)匯輯《孫子兵(bing)法》到《神機制敵太白陰(yin)經》的(de)(de)論述,并加上了(le)自己(ji)的(de)(de)評述,后(hou)十卷(juan)多為兵(bing)家陰(yin)陽占卜之說(shuo)。