慕容皝(297年(nian)~348年(nian)),字元真,小字萬(wan)年(nian),昌黎棘城(cheng)(今遼寧省義(yi)縣)人(ren),鮮卑族。十六國時期前燕開國君主,西晉遼東公慕容廆(hui)第(di)三子。
慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝勇武(wu)剛毅,頗(po)有謀略(lve),崇尚經學,熟悉天文(wen)(wen),被(bei)立為遼東(dong)公世子(zi)。建武(wu)初年(nian),拜冠軍將(jiang)軍、左(zuo)賢王(wang)、望(wang)平(ping)侯。太寧末年(nian),拜平(ping)北(bei)將(jiang)軍、朝(chao)鮮公。咸(xian)和八年(nian)(333年(nian)),襲封(feng)遼東(dong)郡公,授平(ping)北(bei)將(jiang)軍、平(ping)州(zhou)刺史(shi),統治(zhi)遼東(dong)地區(qu)。咸(xian)和九(jiu)年(nian)(334年(nian)),派兵攻殺鮮卑木堤和烏丸悉羅侯。咸(xian)康(kang)二年(nian)(336年(nian)),從海路踏冰攻殺慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)仁。咸(xian)康(kang)三年(nian)(337年(nian))十月(yue),聽從謀臣封(feng)弈的勸進,自稱燕王(wang),建立前燕政權,追(zhui)封(feng)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)廆為武(wu)宣(xuan)王(wang),夫(fu)人段氏為武(wu)宣(xuan)后,冊立世子(zi)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁為燕國(guo)太子(zi)。咸(xian)康(kang)七年(nian)(341年(nian)),被(bei)東(dong)晉冊封(feng)為燕王(wang),授使持(chi)節(jie)、大將(jiang)軍、都督河北(bei)諸軍事、幽州(zhou)牧、大單于。咸(xian)康(kang)八年(nian)(342年(nian)),遷都于龍城。永和四(si)年(nian)(348年(nian)),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝去世,享年(nian)五十二歲。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁稱帝(di)后,追(zhui)封(feng)皇帝(di),謚號文(wen)(wen)明,廟(miao)號太祖。
慕容皝(huang)雄毅多(duo)權(quan)略(lve),崇尚(shang)漢文(wen)化(hua)。在位期間(jian),平定內部叛亂,擊敗宇文(wen)部和段部鮮卑(bei),擊退后(hou)趙進攻(gong)(gong),攻(gong)(gong)破高句麗,威(wei)震北方地區,為日后(hou)前燕(yan)入主中原打下(xia)了堅實(shi)的基礎(chu)。
西晉元康七年(nian)(297年(nian)),慕(mu)容皝出生,是鮮卑(bei)慕(mu)容部首領慕(mu)容廆(hui)第三(san)子,母為(wei)段(duan)夫人。
眉(mei)骨隆(long)起有(you)帝王之相,門牙寬闊整齊,身高七尺八寸。雄俊(jun)剛毅,富有(you)權謀(mou)策略(lve),崇尚經學(xue),擅長天(tian)文(wen)。慕容(rong)廆任遼東公時,立慕容(rong)皝(huang)為(wei)世子。
建(jian)武初年(317年),授冠軍將軍、左賢(xian)王(wang),封(feng)為望平侯(hou),帶領軍隊征(zheng)討(tao),屢建(jian)戰(zhan)功(gong)。晉明帝太寧末年,授平北將軍,進封(feng)朝(chao)鮮公。
東晉(jin)咸和八年(333年),慕容(rong)廆去世,慕容(rong)皝(huang)(huang)繼位,以平北將軍的身份(fen)兼任平州(zhou)刺(ci)史,總管部內。不久(jiu),宇(yu)文乞得龜遭到別(bie)部宇(yu)文逸豆歸(gui)驅逐,在(zai)外(wai)地奔(ben)走(zou)喪命,慕容(rong)皝(huang)(huang)帶領騎兵討(tao)伐(fa)宇(yu)文逸豆歸(gui),宇(yu)文逸豆歸(gui)畏(wei)懼而請求講(jiang)和,于是筑起(qi)榆陰(yin)、安(an)晉(jin)二(er)城而返回。
當(dang)初,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)的(de)庶兄建(jian)威(wei)將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)翰為人驍勇,有雄武(wu)之(zhi)才,一(yi)直受到慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)的(de)嫉(ji)恨。他的(de)同母弟征虜將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)仁(ren)(ren)、廣武(wu)將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)昭(zhao)都受到其(qi)父(fu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)廆的(de)寵愛,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)心中也憤憤不(bu)平。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)廆死后,他們都怕自(zi)己將不(bu)能(neng)被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)納(na)。此時,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)翰出(chu)奔(ben)段遼,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)仁(ren)(ren)勸(quan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)昭(zhao)起兵廢黜(chu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)。于(yu)是慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)昭(zhao),并(bing)且派(pai)使(shi)者探查慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)仁(ren)(ren)的(de)虛實,在險瀆與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)仁(ren)(ren)遭遇。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)仁(ren)(ren)知(zhi)道事已敗露(lu),殺了慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)的(de)使(shi)者,向東(dong)(dong)(dong)回到平郭(guo)(今遼寧省(sheng)熊岳市(shi))。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)派(pai)遣其(qi)弟建(jian)武(wu)將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)幼、司馬佟壽等(deng)人討(tao)伐他。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)仁(ren)(ren)帶領全部(bu)人馬抵抗,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)幼等(deng)大敗,都淪入敵手。襄平令王冰、將軍(jun)孫(sun)機(ji)攜遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)反叛慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang),東(dong)(dong)(dong)夷(yi)校(xiao)尉封抽、護軍(jun)乙逸、遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)相韓矯、玄(xuan)菟太守高詡等(deng)棄城逃回。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)仁(ren)(ren)于(yu)是占(zhan)有遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)全部(bu)土(tu)地,自(zi)稱車騎將軍(jun)、平州(zhou)刺史、遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)公。宇文逸豆歸、段遼及鮮卑諸部(bu)都作(zuo)為他的(de)后援。
東晉咸和(he)九年(nian)(334年(nian)),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝派(pai)遣司馬封弈到白(bai)狼攻(gong)打(da)鮮卑(bei)酋(qiu)長木堤(di),揚威將(jiang)軍淑虞在(zai)平(ping)岡攻(gong)打(da)烏丸悉羅侯(hou),把他(ta)們都斬了。材官劉佩攻(gong)打(da)乙連,未能獲勝(sheng)。段(duan)(duan)(duan)遼(liao)不(bu)久便劫(jie)掠徒河(今錦州市),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝部將(jiang)張萌迎戰(zhan),打(da)敗(bai)(bai)了他(ta)們。段(duan)(duan)(duan)遼(liao)弟段(duan)(duan)(duan)蘭與慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)翰(han)劫(jie)掠柳城(今朝陽市),被(bei)都尉(wei)石(shi)琮擊(ji)(ji)敗(bai)(bai)。十余天后,段(duan)(duan)(duan)蘭、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)翰(han)再(zai)次包圍(wei)柳城,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝派(pai)寧遠將(jiang)軍慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)汗和(he)封弈等人(ren)前(qian)(qian)往解救。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝告誡慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)汗說:“賊(zei)兵(bing)(bing)人(ren)多氣盛,我們很難與他(ta)們一爭(zheng)勝(sheng)負(fu),應(ying)該(gai)全面(mian)考慮,千萬(wan)不(bu)要(yao)輕易行動(dong),必須集(ji)中兵(bing)(bing)力(li)、整(zheng)理陣容(rong)(rong)(rong),然后再(zai)進(jin)擊(ji)(ji)。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)汗性格(ge)勇猛敏(min)銳,派(pai)千余騎兵(bing)(bing)作為(wei)前(qian)(qian)鋒而展開進(jin)攻(gong),封弈制止他(ta),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)汗不(bu)聽從,被(bei)段(duan)(duan)(duan)蘭打(da)敗(bai)(bai),士兵(bing)(bing)死亡大半(ban)。段(duan)(duan)(duan)蘭又進(jin)攻(gong)柳城,造(zao)飛梯(ti)、挖地道,圍(wei)困二(er)十日,石(shi)琮親自率領將(jiang)士出擊(ji)(ji),打(da)敗(bai)(bai)了他(ta)們,斬首一千五百級(ji),段(duan)(duan)(duan)蘭才逃回。
同(tong)年,晉成帝派遣(qian)謁者徐孟、閭丘幸等(deng)持節授任慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容皝為鎮軍(jun)大(da)將(jiang)軍(jun)、平(ping)州刺史(shi)、大(da)單于、遼東公,持節、都督、承(cheng)制(zhi)封拜等(deng)事宜,都與先前慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容廆時相同(tong)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容皝親自征討遼東,攻克(ke)襄平(ping),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容仁(ren)(ren)所任命的居就(jiu)令劉程攜城(cheng)歸降慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容皝,新昌人張衡也拘(ju)捕了(le)縣宰投降他。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容皝斬殺了(le)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容仁(ren)(ren)所設置的地(di)方官吏,把遼東大(da)姓(xing)分遷到棘城(cheng),設置和(he)陽、武次、西樂三縣而(er)返回。
東晉咸康二年(336年),派(pai)封弈襲擊宇文(wen)別部涉奕于,大(da)勝(sheng)而還(huan)。涉奕于率(lv)騎(qi)兵追(zhui)擊,在渾水交戰,又一次(ci)打敗(bai)了(le)(le)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)將要從海道討伐慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)仁,部將都勸諫他(ta)(ta)(ta),說海道危(wei)險艱難,還(huan)是走陸路為宜(yi)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)說:“以往海水不見冰凌,自(zi)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)仁謀反以來(lai),已三(san)次(ci)封凍。從前(qian)漢光武(wu)帝憑(ping)借(jie)著滹沱之冰成就(jiu)了(le)(le)大(da)業,上天或許想讓(rang)我乘此良機而擊敗(bai)他(ta)(ta)(ta)吧!我的主意已定(ding),若有(you)誰(shui)阻撓我的計謀就(jiu)斬首!”便率(lv)領三(san)軍從昌黎踏著冰凌前(qian)進(jin)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)仁沒有(you)料到(dao)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)的到(dao)來(lai),直至三(san)軍距離平郭七(qi)里時,了(le)(le)望偵察的騎(qi)兵才來(lai)報告(gao),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)仁狼狽出擊,被慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)擒獲,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)殺了(le)(le)他(ta)(ta)(ta)而返回。在朝陽門東規劃(hua)好親自(zi)耕(geng)作、勉勵農事的耕(geng)田,設官司來(lai)主管此事。
東晉(jin)咸(xian)康二年(336年),段遼派(pai)(pai)(pai)部(bu)(bu)將李詠夜襲(xi)武興(今(jin)河(he)北省遷安市(shi)),遇到雨天,撤回,都尉張萌冒雨追擊(ji),擒獲李詠。段蘭(lan)擁有數萬士兵(bing)屯(tun)于曲(qu)水亭,打(da)算攻打(da)柳(liu)城,宇(yu)文(wen)逸豆歸入侵(qin)安晉(jin)(今(jin)遼陽市(shi)),作為(wei)段蘭(lan)的(de)聲(sheng)援(yuan)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝率領(ling)(ling)五(wu)萬步(bu)騎迎擊(ji),隊伍在(zai)(zai)(zai)柳(liu)城宿營,段蘭(lan)、宇(yu)文(wen)逸豆歸聞風而逃。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝派(pai)(pai)(pai)封(feng)弈(yi)帶(dai)輕騎追擊(ji),打(da)敗了他(ta)們(men),繳獲了他(ta)們(men)軍中的(de)資(zi)糧,在(zai)(zai)(zai)軍中居(ju)住(zhu)就食,二十余天后返(fan)回。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝對各(ge)位將領(ling)(ling)說:“二敵(di)為(wei)無功(gong)而歸感(gan)到恥辱,一(yi)定會再次前來,我們(men)應在(zai)(zai)(zai)柳(liu)城左(zuo)右設下伏兵(bing)來等(deng)候(hou)他(ta)們(men)。”派(pai)(pai)(pai)封(feng)弈(yi)帶(dai)領(ling)(ling)騎兵(bing)潛伏在(zai)(zai)(zai)馬兒山的(de)各(ge)條道路上。不(bu)久,段遼的(de)騎兵(bing)果然來到,封(feng)弈(yi)兩路夾擊(ji),大獲全勝,殺(sha)了對方的(de)將領(ling)(ling)榮保。派(pai)(pai)(pai)兼(jian)長史(shi)劉(liu)斌、郎中令陽景送(song)徐孟等(deng)回京師。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝派(pai)(pai)(pai)世子慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁討伐段遼的(de)諸處城堡,派(pai)(pai)(pai)封(feng)弈(yi)攻打(da)宇(yu)文(wen)別部(bu)(bu),都大勝而返(fan)。
慕(mu)(mu)容皝又樹立求(qiu)諫言的(de)木柱,以廣開直言之(zhi)路。東晉咸康三年(nian)(337年(nian)),遷(qian)徙到(dao)昌(chang)黎(li)郡。三月,在(zai)乙(yi)連城(cheng)以東修筑好城(cheng),派折沖(chong)將軍蘭勃(bo)防守(shou),以對乙(yi)連造成威脅。又在(zai)曲水(shui)筑城(cheng),作為蘭勃(bo)的(de)后援。乙(yi)連城(cheng)遭逢嚴重的(de)饑荒,四月,段遼(liao)使用數千(qian)輛車向乙(yi)連城(cheng)運糧,蘭勃(bo)伏擊(ji)攔(lan)劫得到(dao)了糧食(shi)。六月,段遼(liao)派堂弟揚威將軍屈(qu)云(yun)率領(ling)精銳騎兵乘夜間偷襲(xi)在(zai)興國城(cheng)的(de)慕(mu)(mu)容皝之(zhi)子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容遵(zun),與慕(mu)(mu)容遵(zun)在(zai)五官水(shui)上激戰,屈(qu)云(yun)戰敗(bai),慕(mu)(mu)容遵(zun)斬了他(ta),把(ba)他(ta)的(de)士(shi)眾全部(bu)俘虜。
東(dong)晉咸康三(san)年(337年)九月(yue),鎮(zhen)軍左長史封(feng)弈等(deng)人認為(wei)(wei)慕容皝(huang)(huang)責(ze)任(ren)重而權位(wei)輕,應稱燕王(wang),慕容皝(huang)(huang)采納。于是設置各個官署,任(ren)封(feng)弈為(wei)(wei)國相,韓壽(shou)為(wei)(wei)司(si)馬,裴開為(wei)(wei)奉常、陽騖為(wei)(wei)司(si)隸、王(wang)寓為(wei)(wei)太仆、李洪為(wei)(wei)大理、杜群為(wei)(wei)納言令、宋該、劉瞻、石琮為(wei)(wei)常伯(bo)、皇(huang)甫真、陽協為(wei)(wei)冗騎常侍、宋晃、平熙、張泓為(wei)(wei)將(jiang)軍,封(feng)裕為(wei)(wei)記室監。
同(tong)年十月(yue),慕(mu)容(rong)皝即(ji)燕(yan)王位,史稱前燕(yan),并(bing)實行大赦(she)。修(xiu)建文(wen)昌殿,乘(cheng)坐以黃金(jin)為(wei)飾(shi)的根車(che),用六(liu)匹馬駕車(che),出入要清道(dao)警戒。十一月(yue),追尊父親武宣公慕(mu)容(rong)廆為(wei)武宣王,母親段氏(shi)稱為(wei)武宣后。又(you)立自(zi)己的夫人段氏(shi)為(wei)王后,冊(ce)立世子慕(mu)容(rong)儁為(wei)王太(tai)子,一切(qie)如同(tong)魏武帝(di)曹操、晉文(wen)帝(di)司(si)馬昭輔政時一樣(yang)。
東晉(jin)咸康三(san)年(nian)(337年(nian)),慕容皝因段遼(liao)常成為邊境(jing)的禍(huo)患,派揚烈將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)宋回(hui)向后趙(zhao)石(shi)虎(hu)(hu)稱(cheng)臣(chen),請求出(chu)兵(bing)討伐(fa)(fa)段遼(liao)。自言將(jiang)率領國內(nei)所(suo)有士眾會同(tong)討伐(fa)(fa),并讓(rang)自己的兄弟寧遠將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)慕容汗到(dao)后趙(zhao)當人質。后趙(zhao)王石(shi)虎(hu)(hu)大為喜悅,盛(sheng)情撫(fu)尉、酬答,謝絕(jue)慕容汗為人質,遣送他返回(hui),與慕容皝秘密約定第二年(nian)會合。
東晉咸康四(si)年(338年),石(shi)(shi)(shi)虎(hu)(hu)率士卒而至。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)率諸(zhu)軍(jun)(jun)攻打段(duan)(duan)遼(liao)(liao)的令支(zhi)以北諸(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng),段(duan)(duan)遼(liao)(liao)派部(bu)將(jiang)段(duan)(duan)蘭抵抗(kang),雙(shuang)方(fang)大(da)戰,段(duan)(duan)蘭戰敗,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)軍(jun)(jun)隊斬殺(sha)敵(di)人首級數千(qian),擄掠(lve)五千(qian)余戶而回。石(shi)(shi)(shi)虎(hu)(hu)到了徐無,段(duan)(duan)遼(liao)(liao)逃往密云山。石(shi)(shi)(shi)虎(hu)(hu)進(jin)入令支(zhi),因慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)不來會師而發怒,進(jin)軍(jun)(jun)攻打,直至棘城(cheng)(cheng),數十(shi)(shi)萬(wan)(wan)軍(jun)(jun)士四(si)面(mian)進(jin)攻,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)所轄郡縣(xian)各(ge)部(bu)有三十(shi)(shi)六城(cheng)(cheng)反叛(pan)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)而歸順石(shi)(shi)(shi)虎(hu)(hu)。雙(shuang)方(fang)相持十(shi)(shi)多天(tian),諸(zhu)將(jiang)勸(quan)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)投(tou)(tou)降。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)說:“我剛取得天(tian)下,怎(zen)能投(tou)(tou)降呢!”派其子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)等帶領二(er)千(qian)騎兵(bing),清晨出城(cheng)(cheng)攻擊圍城(cheng)(cheng)部(bu)隊。石(shi)(shi)(shi)虎(hu)(hu)諸(zhu)軍(jun)(jun)驚恐混亂(luan),丟鑒棄甲而逃。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)乘勝追擊,斬殺(sha)俘(fu)獲三萬(wan)(wan)余人,筑凡城(cheng)(cheng)(今遼(liao)(liao)寧省喀左縣(xian))設(she)下防守而還。段(duan)(duan)遼(liao)(liao)派使者向石(shi)(shi)(shi)虎(hu)(hu)詐稱投(tou)(tou)降,請求出兵(bing)接(jie)應。石(shi)(shi)(shi)虎(hu)(hu)派將(jiang)領麻(ma)秋率眾(zhong)迎(ying)接(jie)段(duan)(duan)遼(liao)(liao),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)在密云山埋伏了七千(qian)精(jing)銳(rui)的騎兵(bing),大(da)敗敵(di)軍(jun)(jun),擒獲司馬陽(yang)裕、將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)鮮于亮,裹挾段(duan)(duan)遼(liao)(liao)及其部(bu)眾(zhong)返(fan)回。
晉成帝(di)又派使者(zhe)來進封慕(mu)容皝(huang)為(wei)征北(bei)大將軍、幽(you)州(zhou)牧,兼(jian)平州(zhou)刺史,加散騎常(chang)侍,增加一(yi)萬戶(hu)食(shi)邑,持節、都督、單于(yu)、公爵(jue)位依舊。慕(mu)容皝(huang)前(qian)軍帥(shuai)慕(mu)容評在遼西打敗了石虎(hu)將石成等(deng),斬殺(sha)將領呼(hu)延晃(huang)、張支,劫掠一(yi)千余戶(hu)而歸。段(duan)遼陰謀反叛,慕(mu)容皝(huang)將其誅殺(sha)。咸(xian)康五年(339年),石虎(hu)又派石成入侵(qin)攻打凡城(cheng),未能攻克,進兵攻陷廣城(cheng)。
東(dong)晉(jin)(jin)咸(xian)康(kang)六年(340年),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝因(yin)自(zi)稱燕(yan)王(wang)未受東(dong)晉(jin)(jin)朝命,派長史劉翔向建(jian)康(kang)獻捷(jie),兼(jian)求假燕(yan)王(wang)璽綬,又(you)請大舉出兵(bing)平(ping)定(ding)中原。不過當時(shi)朝廷(ting)(ting)議(yi)論未肯(ken)容(rong)(rong)(rong)讓慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝稱王(wang)。此(ci)時(shi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝得知庾(yu)(yu)亮去世,其(qi)弟庾(yu)(yu)冰及庾(yu)(yu)翼分掌朝廷(ting)(ting)中樞及荊(jing)州要地,于是上(shang)書要晉(jin)(jin)成(cheng)帝(di)以(yi)史為(wei)(wei)鑒,親近賢達,不要親信外戚。又(you)寫信給庾(yu)(yu)冰,指責他(ta)掌握朝權,卻未能為(wei)(wei)國雪恥,只“安枕逍遙,雅談卒歲(sui)”。庾(yu)(yu)冰知道慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝的(de)上(shang)表和(he)書信后十(shi)分恐懼,自(zi)以(yi)道遠而不能控(kong)制(zhi)他(ta),于是奏請順應慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝的(de)請求。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝被(bei)東(dong)晉(jin)(jin)封(feng)為(wei)(wei)使持節、大將軍(jun)、都督(du)河北諸軍(jun)事、幽州牧、大單于,燕(yan)王(wang)。
同(tong)年(nian)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)伐高(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗(li),高(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗(li)王(wang)高(gao)(gao)釗(zhao)請求結(jie)盟(meng)而(er)還。第二年(nian),高(gao)(gao)釗(zhao)派遣其世子朝(chao)拜(bai)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)。當初,段遼失敗時,建(jian)威將(jiang)軍慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)翰(han)(han)(han)(han)投奔了宇文(wen)(wen)逸豆歸(gui),自認為(wei)一貫(guan)以(yi)(yi)威武名(ming)揚四(si)方,卻終未保全,便佯裝瘋癲,放縱飲酒,披(pi)頭(tou)散發長歌短(duan)呼。宇文(wen)(wen)逸豆歸(gui)因信任他(ta)而(er)不加禁止,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)他(ta)得以(yi)(yi)自由周游,以(yi)(yi)至于山川地形,攻(gong)戰要路,無不熟悉于心。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)派商人王(wang)車(che)暗中觀(guan)察慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)翰(han)(han)(han)(han),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)翰(han)(han)(han)(han)見到王(wang)車(che)后(hou)默(mo)默(mo)無言,只是撫拍胸脯。王(wang)車(che)回來(lai)(lai)把這些情況報告(gao)給慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)說:“慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)翰(han)(han)(han)(han)想到我們(men)這里來(lai)(lai)啊(a)。”就(jiu)派王(wang)車(che)給慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)翰(han)(han)(han)(han)送去弓矢(shi),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)翰(han)(han)(han)(han)盜得宇文(wen)(wen)逸豆歸(gui)的駿馬,帶著(zhu)他(ta)的兩個兒子逃(tao)了回來(lai)(lai)。
慕容皝將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)攻(gong)(gong)取后趙,冷靜地對各位將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)領說(shuo):“石虎自認為樂安(an)諸(zhu)城(cheng)防守嚴密,城(cheng)之南北必不(bu)設防,如果出其(qi)不(bu)意從(cong)小路出擊,冀州北部(bu)土地可以全部(bu)攻(gong)(gong)占。”于是率領二萬(wan)騎(qi)兵出蠮螉鐘,長驅到達薊城(cheng),進(jin)兵渡過(guo)武遂津,進(jin)入(ru)高(gao)陽(yang),所過(guo)之處(chu)焚燒(shao)財(cai)物(wu),劫掠遷徙幽、冀三萬(wan)余(yu)戶。慕容皝又派(pai)陽(yang)裕、唐柱(zhu)等人修筑龍(long)城(cheng),建造宮廟,改柳城(cheng)為龍(long)城(cheng)縣。此時晉成帝司馬衍(yan)派(pai)兼大鴻臚郭希持節(jie)授慕容皝為侍中、大都督河北諸(zhu)軍(jun)事(shi)、大將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)、燕王(wang),其(qi)余(yu)官職如故(gu)。分封功臣百余(yu)人。
東晉(jin)咸康七(qi)年(341年),慕容皝(huang)遷都(dou)龍城(cheng)(今遼寧省(sheng)朝(chao)陽市)。率領四萬精(jing)兵(bing)強(qiang)將,自南(nan)陜而入討伐(fa)宇文(wen)部、高句麗,又派(pai)慕容翰及(ji)其子慕容垂擔任前鋒,派(pai)長史(shi)王(wang)寓等統領一萬五千士眾(zhong),從北置而進。
高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)句麗王高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)釗(zhao)以為慕(mu)(mu)容皝軍從北(bei)路進犯,便派其弟高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)武(wu)統率五萬精(jing)兵在(zai)北(bei)置抵抗,自己帶著(zhu)弱卒防守南陜。慕(mu)(mu)容翰(han)與(yu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)釗(zhao)在(zai)木底交戰(zhan),大敗高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)釗(zhao)軍,乘勝攻(gong)入高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)句麗都(dou)城丸都(dou),高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)釗(zhao)單槍匹馬而逃。慕(mu)(mu)容皝掘(jue)開(kai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)釗(zhao)父親高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)乙弗利的(de)墓(mu)穴(xue),用車載著(zhu)尸體及(ji)其母(mu)妻和珍寶,劫掠了五萬余男女百姓,焚燒掉(diao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)釗(zhao)的(de)宮室(shi),毀滅了丸都(dou)而歸。
第二(er)年(nian)(342年(nian)),高釗派遣使(shi)者(zhe)向(xiang)慕容皝稱臣,貢獻(xian)地方(fang)特產等各類財物(wu),慕容皝才把他父(fu)親的尸體歸還給他。
宇(yu)文逸豆歸派遣國相莫(mo)(mo)(mo)淺渾(hun)討(tao)伐慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝,諸(zhu)將請求應(ying)戰(zhan),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝不答應(ying)。莫(mo)(mo)(mo)淺渾(hun)以(yi)為慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝害怕自己(ji),便沉(chen)溺在縱酒田獵之中,不再(zai)設防。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝說:“莫(mo)(mo)(mo)淺渾(hun)奢(she)侈怠(dai)惰(duo)已到了(le)(le)極(ji)點,現(xian)在我們可以(yi)一戰(zhan)了(le)(le)。”派慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)翰帶領騎兵進(jin)擊,莫(mo)(mo)(mo)淺渾(hun)大敗(bai),僥幸只身脫逃(tao),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)翰全(quan)部俘虜了(le)(le)他的士卒。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝巡視郡(jun)縣,勸勉(mian)考(kao)核農事,建(jian)起龍(long)城宮闕。
建(jian)元二年(344年),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)又(you)率領(ling)(ling)(ling)二萬騎兵討伐宇(yu)(yu)文逸豆歸,以慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰(han)及慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)作為前鋒。宇(yu)(yu)文逸豆歸指(zhi)使(shi)他的(de)(de)騎兵將領(ling)(ling)(ling)涉奕(yi)于帶領(ling)(ling)(ling)全(quan)部(bu)人馬抵(di)擋慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰(han),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)速派人對慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰(han)說:“涉奕(yi)于勇武(wu)強悍(han),應(ying)該稍稍回避(bi),等到他們(men)滋長了驕(jiao)氣(qi),然后攻(gong)克他們(men)。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰(han)說:“宇(yu)(yu)文逸豆歸的(de)(de)精(jing)銳(rui)部(bu)隊,全(quan)部(bu)在此,現在如果戰勝(sheng)他們(men),我們(men)可(ke)以不(bu)費兵力就滅掉宇(yu)(yu)文部(bu)。涉奕(yi)于徒有(you)虛名,其實容(rong)(rong)易攻(gong)取(qu),不(bu)應(ying)放縱敵(di)人而(er)挫(cuo)傷(shang)我們(men)士兵的(de)(de)銳(rui)氣(qi)。”于是前行交戰,斬了涉奕(yi)于,全(quan)部(bu)俘虜他的(de)(de)士兵,宇(yu)(yu)文逸豆歸遠逃大(da)漠以北(bei)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)得(de)到千(qian)余(yu)里土(tu)地,把(ba)他的(de)(de)部(bu)人五萬余(yu)戶(hu)遷徙到昌黎,改涉奕(yi)于城為威德城。舉行祭告宗廟并飲酒慶功的(de)(de)典禮,論功行賞(shang)各(ge)有(you)等級。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)把(ba)牧牛(niu)分(fen)給貧(pin)苦(ku)人家(jia),在皇家(jia)園林中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)作,公(gong)家(jia)收(shou)取(qu)其八(ba)分(fen),其余(yu)的(de)(de)二分(fen)收(shou)成歸私家(jia)所有(you)。有(you)牛(niu)而(er)無地的(de)(de)人家(jia),也(ye)在苑中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)作,公(gong)家(jia)收(shou)取(qu)七(qi)成,三成歸于私家(jia)。
東(dong)(dong)晉永和元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(345年(nian)(nian)),慕容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)令其(qi)(qi)子慕容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)攻(gong)高句麗的南蘇(su),攻(gong)克南蘇(su),設守所而返回。同年(nian)(nian),慕容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)以“古者諸(zhu)侯即位(wei),各稱(cheng)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)”為由,停用東(dong)(dong)晉年(nian)(nian)號,自(zi)稱(cheng)“十二年(nian)(nian)”。永和三(san)年(nian)(nian)(347年(nian)(nian)),慕容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)派其(qi)(qi)世子慕容(rong)(rong)儁與慕容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)帶領一萬七千名騎兵(bing)東(dong)(dong)襲夫余(yu),將其(qi)(qi)攻(gong)克,俘(fu)虜(lu)了夫余(yu)王及其(qi)(qi)部(bu)眾五(wu)萬余(yu)口而返回。
慕容皝親臨東庠考核學(xue)生,精通(tong)經籍(ji)成績優異的人(ren),提拔他(ta)們補充近侍。因長期干旱,免除百姓田租。取消成周、冀陽、營丘等(deng)郡。以勃海人(ren)設興集縣(xian),河間人(ren)設寧集縣(xian),廣平、魏郡人(ren)設興平縣(xian),東萊、北(bei)海人(ren)設育黎(li)縣(xian),吳人(ren)設吳縣(xian),都隸屬(shu)燕國。
東晉永和四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(348年(nian)(nian)(nian))九月,慕容(rong)(rong)皝在西部(bu)邊境狩獵,看見一(yi)只白(bai)兔,馳(chi)馬射箭,馬倒人傷(shang)。慕容(rong)(rong)皝乘輦車回宮(gong),召見慕容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)等托付后(hou)(hou)事,不久慕容(rong)(rong)皝去世,共在位十五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian),時(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)五(wu)十二歲,謚(shi)號文明王。其(qi)子(zi)慕容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)稱帝后(hou)(hou),追謚(shi)慕容(rong)(rong)皝為文明皇帝,廟號太祖,葬于龍平陵。
慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)可以稱(cheng)得(de)上是位有雄(xiong)才大略的(de)(de)政治家和(he)能(neng)攻(gong)(gong)善戰的(de)(de)軍事(shi)家。他不斷的(de)(de)攻(gong)(gong)城掠地,統一(yi)北(bei)方(fang),并不是為了偏(pian)安一(yi)隅,而是為了入主中原,圖謀霸權。東晉(jin)(jin)咸康(kang)三年(337年),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)派劉翔到建康(kang),請東晉(jin)(jin)朝(chao)廷(ting)加(jia)封他為燕(yan)王,并邀晉(jin)(jin)兵北(bei)上夾(jia)攻(gong)(gong)后趙石虎(hu)。不久,東晉(jin)(jin)朝(chao)廷(ting)封慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)為燕(yan)王、大單(dan)于。雄(xiong)心勃(bo)勃(bo)、手握(wo)重兵的(de)(de)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)暫(zan)時接受了東晉(jin)(jin)王朝(chao)的(de)(de)封號(hao),并以燕(yan)為國(guo)號(hao),拜封奕為相(xiang)國(guo),韓壽為司馬,劉翔為長史。
咸康七(qi)年(341年),因“柳城(cheng)之北,龍(long)山之西,福(fu)地也,乃(nai)建龍(long)城(cheng)”,并(bing)于(yu)翌年從(cong)(cong)大(da)棘城(cheng)遷都(dou)(dou)于(yu)龍(long)城(cheng)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)聯(lian)合后(hou)趙(zhao)(zhao)石虎討伐另一支鮮(xian)卑(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)族(zu)段(duan)遼(liao)氏(shi)(shi)。段(duan)遼(liao)氏(shi)(shi)覆滅后(hou),后(hou)趙(zhao)(zhao)石虎前來攻打慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)奮力(li)反(fan)擊,率(lv)大(da)將慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)根大(da)破后(hou)趙(zhao)(zhao)石虎軍,斬首三(san)萬(wan)余,從(cong)(cong)而(er)為(wei)(wei)他統一鮮(xian)卑(bei)(bei)各(ge)(ge)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)奠定(ding)了基礎(chu)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)又任命慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)翰為(wei)(wei)先鋒(feng),他自(zi)統三(san)軍,首先出兵高句麗(li),避實就虛,從(cong)(cong)高句麗(li)防守薄弱的(de)(de)南道(dao)出擊,直(zhi)搗高句麗(li)國府丸都(dou)(dou)城(cheng)(今吉(ji)林集安(an)),打得高句麗(li)王措手不及。燕軍搶掠民(min)眾五(wu)萬(wan)余人(ren),焚(fen)毀(hui)丸都(dou)(dou),得勝而(er)回。高句麗(li)始(shi)臣服于(yu)燕。接著慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)仍以慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)翰為(wei)(wei)先鋒(feng)揮師北上(shang),直(zhi)搗鮮(xian)卑(bei)(bei)宇(yu)文(wen)氏(shi)(shi)都(dou)(dou)城(cheng),把那里的(de)(de)畜產資貨劫掠一空,并(bing)遷宇(yu)文(wen)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)民(min)眾五(wu)萬(wan)余人(ren)到昌黎定(ding)居。從(cong)(cong)此慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)把鮮(xian)卑(bei)(bei)各(ge)(ge)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)牢(lao)牢(lao)掌(zhang)握在手中,鮮(xian)卑(bei)(bei)各(ge)(ge)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)首領(ling)都(dou)(dou)聽(ting)命于(yu)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi),成為(wei)(wei)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)屬(shu)。
慕容(rong)皝注重(zhong)農(nong)桑,發展經濟(ji),下令所有移民和(he)流民都實行屯(tun)田,由國家發給(gei)耕(geng)牛,鼓勵農(nong)民耕(geng)田,并輕(qing)徭薄賦,使農(nong)民得以休養生息。短(duan)短(duan)十幾年時間(jian),前(qian)燕(yan)的(de)(de)經濟(ji)得到了長足的(de)(de)發展。
慕容皝賜大臣子弟(di)中為(wei)官(guan)學(xue)生的稱高門生,在舊宮建立(li)東(dong)庠,用以舉行(xing)射箭飲酒(jiu)的禮(li)儀。每月親(qin)臨(lin)視(shi)察(cha),考察(cha)優(you)劣。慕容皝非(fei)常喜(xi)愛文籍(ji),勤于講授(shou),學(xue)徒甚眾,達(da)一千余人。親(qin)自撰(zhuan)《太上(shang)章》以取代《急(ji)就》,又著(zhu)《典誡》十五篇,教授(shou)貴族子弟(di)。
陽裕:“皝令德(de)之主。”
房玄(xuan)齡《晉書》:①“元真體貌不(bu)恒,暗符(fu)天表(biao),沈毅(yi)自(zi)處(chu),頗懷奇(qi)略(lve)。于(yu)時群雄角立,爭奪(duo)在辰,顯宗主(zhu)祭于(yu)沖年(nian),庾亮竊政(zheng)于(yu)元舅,朝綱不(bu)振,天步孔艱,遂得據已成之資,乘(cheng)土崩之會。揚(yang)兵南(nan)矛騖,則(ze)烏丸卷甲;建(jian)旆東征(zheng)(zheng),則(ze)宇文(wen)摧陣(zhen)。乃(nai)負險自(zi)固(gu),恃勝而(er)驕,端拱稱王(wang),不(bu)待(dai)朝命,昔鄭武職居三事(shi),爵不(bu)改(gai)伯;齊桓績宣(xuan)九(jiu)合,位止(zhi)為侯。瞻(zhan)曩烈(lie)而(er)功微,征(zheng)(zheng)前經而(er)禮縟,溪壑難滿,此之謂乎?”;②“龍顏(yan)版齒,身長七尺(chi)八寸。雄毅(yi)多權略(lve),尚經學,善(shan)天文(wen)。”
龍山(shan)出現白龍、黑(hei)龍各一條(tiao),慕(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)親自率領群僚去(qu)觀賞,在(zai)距離龍二百余步的地(di)方,用太牢(lao)祭祀。二龍龍首相交,嬉戲飛(fei)翔,脫(tuo)角(jiao)而去(qu)。慕(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)十分高興,返回宮內(nei),赦免境內(nei)囚犯,把新(xin)宮命名(ming)為和龍宮,在(zai)山(shan)上建起龍翔佛(fo)寺(si)。
永(yong)和四年(nian)(348年(nian)),慕(mu)容(rong)皝在西部邊境狩獵(lie),將要渡(du)河時,見(jian)到一位老(lao)者(zhe),身著(zhu)紅衣,騎著(zhu)白馬,舉手(shou)向慕(mu)容(rong)皝揮動說(shuo):“這(zhe)里(li)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)打獵(lie)的場所(suo),王還是(shi)(shi)回去吧。”慕(mu)容(rong)皝對這(zhe)件事(shi)密而不(bu)宣,于是(shi)(shi)渡(du)河,連日(ri)獵(lie)獲極多。后來見(jian)到一只(zhi)白兔,馳馬射箭,馬倒(dao)人傷,慕(mu)容(rong)皝才說(shuo)出見(jian)到老(lao)者(zhe)一事(shi)。于是(shi)(shi)乘輦(nian)車回宮,不(bu)久慕(mu)容(rong)皝便去世了。
父母
父(fu)親:前燕(yan)武(wu)宣帝(di)慕容(rong)廆(hui)。
母親:段夫人。
同輩
哥哥
慕容翰,慕容皝異(yi)母兄。
弟弟
慕(mu)容仁,慕(mu)容皝同母(mu)弟(di)。
慕容昭,慕容皝(huang)同母弟。
慕(mu)容(rong)幼,慕(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)異母(mu)弟。
慕容稚,慕容皝異母弟。
慕容(rong)軍(jun),慕容(rong)皝異(yi)母弟。
慕(mu)容汗,慕(mu)容皝(huang)異母弟。
慕容評。
慕容彪。
妹妹
慕容氏(shi),北魏昭成(cheng)帝拓(tuo)跋(ba)什翼犍妃子。
后妃
段皇后。
高氏。
蘭淑儀。
公孫夫人。
子女
兒子
慕容交。
慕容儁(jun),慕容皝次(ci)子,前(qian)燕景(jing)明帝。
慕容遵(慕容逮),封臨(lin)賀王。
慕(mu)容恪,慕(mu)容皝(huang)四(si)子(zi),封太原王。
慕容(rong)垂(chui)(慕容(rong)霸),慕容(rong)皝五子,后燕武成帝。
慕容友,封范陽王。
慕(mu)容厲,封下邳王。
慕容度,封樂浪王。
慕容宜,封廬江(jiang)王。
慕(mu)容桓,封宜都王(wang)。
慕(mu)容徽,封河間(jian)王。
慕容龍,封歷(li)陽王(wang)。
慕容納,封北海王。
慕容(rong)秀,封蘭陵王。
慕容岳,封安豐王。
慕容德(de),南(nan)燕獻(xian)武(wu)帝(di)。
慕容默,封始安公。
慕容僂,封南康公。
慕容宇。
慕容宙,封章武王。
女兒
昭成皇后慕容(rong)氏(shi),北(bei)魏昭成帝拓跋什翼犍的皇后,生北(bei)魏獻明帝拓跋寔、秦明王(wang)拓跋翰(han)。
《十六(liu)國春秋·卷三(san)·前燕錄(lu)》
《晉書(shu)·卷一百九·載記第(di)九》