慕容(rong)儁(319年~360年2月23日(ri)),字宣英,鮮(xian)卑名賀賴跋,昌黎(li)棘(ji)城(今遼寧(ning)省義縣)人(ren),鮮(xian)卑族。十六國(guo)時期前燕開國(guo)皇(huang)帝,前燕文明帝慕容(rong)皝第二子(zi)。
咸康七年(nian)(341年(nian)),授安北將軍、東夷校(xiao)尉、左賢王、燕王世子。永(yong)和四年(nian)(348年(nian)),承襲燕王。永(yong)和六年(nian)(350年(nian)),帶兵(bing)進(jin)取(qu)中原,攻取(qu)并遷都薊城。永(yong)和八年(nian)(352年(nian)),滅(mie)亡冉魏,占領后趙統治(zhi)的中原地區,同年(nian)即皇帝位,年(nian)號元璽(xi),設置百官,遷都鄴(ye)城,國勢進(jin)入(ru)鼎盛時期(qi),與(yu)東晉、前(qian)秦三足鼎立。由于他(ta)在擴張領土的戰爭中屢次(ci)獲勝,進(jin)而圖謀消滅(mie)東晉、前(qian)秦。統治(zhi)末期(qi),窮兵(bing)黷武,百姓凋(diao)敝,盜賊興起。
光壽四年(nian)(360年(nian)),病(bing)逝,終年(nian)四十(shi)二歲,追贈(zeng)景昭皇帝,廟號(hao)烈(lie)祖,葬于龍陵。
慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁,一作慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)俊,祖父是鮮(xian)卑慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)部的首(shou)領(ling)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)廆。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)廆生前常說(shuo):“我積累福德仁義,子孫應當擁(yong)有(you)中(zhong)原。”東(dong)晉(jin)太興(xing)二年(nian)(319年(nian)),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁出生昌黎郡大(da)棘城(cheng),鮮(xian)卑名賀賴(lai)跋?,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)廆說(shuo):“小兒骨相不同(tong)于常人,家族(zu)事業后繼有(you)人了。”等(deng)到慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁長(chang)大(da)后,身長(chang)八尺二寸,身材魁偉,博覽群書(shu),有(you)文才(cai)武略。曾領(ling)兵攻略段部鮮(xian)卑并大(da)勝而還(huan)。咸康七年(nian)(341年(nian)),東(dong)晉(jin)冊(ce)封慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁的父親(qin)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝(huang)為燕(yan)王(wang),以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁為假節、安北將軍、東(dong)夷校尉、左(zuo)賢王(wang)、燕(yan)王(wang)世子。
永和四(si)年(nian)(348年(nian))九月,父王(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝去世(shi),世(shi)子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁繼承燕王(wang)位(wei)。永和五年(nian)(349年(nian))正(zheng)月,依照春秋列(lie)國(guo)的慣例,改稱元年(nian),在境內(nei)實(shi)施大(da)赦。四(si)月,后趙(zhao)皇帝(di)石虎去世(shi),諸子爭位(wei),國(guo)內(nei)大(da)亂。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁圖(tu)謀奪取中原土地,以慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)為(wei)(wei)輔(fu)國(guo)將(jiang)軍(jun),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)評為(wei)(wei)輔(fu)弼將(jiang)軍(jun),陽騖為(wei)(wei)輔(fu)義(yi)將(jiang)軍(jun),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)為(wei)(wei)前鋒(feng)都督、建鋒(feng)將(jiang)軍(jun),挑選(xuan)了(le)二十余萬精兵(bing)以待時機。
同年,東晉皇(huang)帝晉穆帝派謁(ye)者(zhe)仆射(she)陳沈冊封慕(mu)容儁為使持節(jie)、侍中(zhong)、大(da)都(dou)督(du)、都(dou)督(du)河北諸軍事、幽冀并平四(si)州牧、大(da)將(jiang)軍、大(da)單于、燕王,并依慕(mu)容廆和慕(mu)容皝的先例承(cheng)制封拜官(guan)員,在東晉授命(ming)下正(zheng)式繼承(cheng)了對遼東的管(guan)治。
永和六(liu)年(350年),慕容儁(jun)率領三路(lu)大(da)軍南征后趙(zhao),從盧(lu)龍出發,到達了(le)無(wu)終。后趙(zhao)幽州刺史王午棄(qi)城(cheng)而逃,留下其部將王他守衛薊(ji)城(cheng)。慕容儁(jun)攻陷(xian)薊(ji)城(cheng),殺死王他,并(bing)遷都薊(ji)城(cheng)。把廣寧、上谷的人遷徙(xi)(xi)到徐(xu)無(wu),把代郡人遷徙(xi)(xi)到凡(fan)城(cheng)后返回。
后趙大將軍冉閔(min)(min)殺(sha)石祗,在鄴城稱帝,國(guo)號大魏,史稱冉魏。派(pai)遣使者常煒到(dao)慕容儁那里訪問。慕容儁把他請到(dao)宮門外雙(shuang)闕下,讓記室(shi)封裕質問他說:“冉閔(min)(min)是(shi)石氏的(de)(de)養(yang)子,才能平庸,辜負(fu)恩(en)德篡位行逆,有什(shen)么祥瑞應(ying)兆而越(yue)禮妄稱帝號?”常煒答(da)道:“上天(tian)要振興的(de)(de)帝王(wang),其深奧之理各不(bu)相同(tong),三王(wang)時(shi)為(wei)狼烏(wu),漢、魏時(shi)為(wei)麟(lin)龍。我們(men)的(de)(de)君主(zhu)順應(ying)天(tian)命主(zhu)宰(zai)一(yi)國(guo),能沒有祥瑞嗎!再(zai)說使用兵力(li)實行殺(sha)伐,是(shi)賢明君主(zhu)重要的(de)(de)典章制度,商湯放逐(zhu)夏桀(jie)、周武王(wang)討伐商紂(zhou)王(wang),但孔子贊(zan)美(mei)他們(men)。魏武帝曹操是(shi)宦官的(de)(de)養(yang)孫,沒有人(ren)確知(zhi)他的(de)(de)出身,兵眾不(bu)滿一(yi)旅,但最終能成就大業。野蠻的(de)(de)胡人(ren)殘暴(bao)作亂(luan),屠殺(sha)宰(zai)割百(bai)姓(xing)(xing),我們(men)的(de)(de)君主(zhu)拔劍(jian)消滅了他們(men),百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)得(de)到(dao)解救(jiu),可以稱得(de)上功高蒼天(tian),勛同(tong)高祖(zu)。恭敬地順承天(tian)命,有什(shen)么不(bu)可以呢?”
封裕說(shuo):“石祗去(qu)年派張舉請求救援,說(shuo)傳(chuan)國(guo)璽(xi)留(liu)在(zai)襄(xiang)國(guo),他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)話真(zhen)實嗎?又聽(ting)說(shuo)冉閔為(wei)自己鑄(zhu)造(zao)金(jin)像(xiang),金(jin)像(xiang)壞(huai)裂而(er)沒有鑄(zhu)成(cheng),怎么能聲稱有天(tian)(tian)命呢(ni)(ni)?”常煒說(shuo):“討(tao)伐胡人的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候,鄴地的(de)(de)(de)人幾乎無所遺(yi)留(liu),璽(xi)印由什么途徑(jing)而(er)到(dao)襄(xiang)國(guo),這只不過是(shi)求救的(de)(de)(de)托辭罷了。上天(tian)(tian)賦予(yu)的(de)(de)(de)神(shen)璽(xi),其實在(zai)我(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)君主(zhu)那里(li)。再說(shuo)邪惡之徒,想假借奇異來迷惑大眾,有人改成(cheng)各式各樣的(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法,來神(shen)化此事。我(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)君主(zhu)現在(zai)已經握有受命于天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)符瑞,滪祭上帝把這件(jian)事告訴了天(tian)(tian)神(shen),掌握四海,大業(ye)集于一(yi)身,你們(men)還考慮什么而(er)聽(ting)信那些話呢(ni)(ni)!鑄(zhu)金(jin)像(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)事,我(wo)沒有聽(ting)說(shuo)過。”
慕(mu)容儁(jun)既已堅信張舉的(de)話,又對冉閔(min)鑄像不(bu)成功一(yi)事很(hen)得意,想一(yi)定(ding)要弄清原委(wei),于(yu)是(shi)在常煒身旁堆積柴(chai)薪點起火,命令(ling)封裕等(deng)人暗示他(ta)。常煒神(shen)色(se)自若,直(zhi)言(yan)道:“從成年時起,我(wo)(wo)連普通的(de)人都不(bu)曾(ceng)欺騙(pian)過,何(he)況對于(yu)千乘之主呢!利用巧詐荒誕的(de)謊言(yan)來挽救垂死之人,是(shi)使臣我(wo)(wo)所(suo)不(bu)會做(zuo)的(de)事。直(zhi)言(yan)而遭殺戮,死得其(qi)所(suo)。添上柴(chai)薪加大火勢,是(shi)君王對我(wo)(wo)的(de)恩(en)惠(hui)。”左右(you)的(de)人勸慕(mu)容儁(jun)殺了他(ta),慕(mu)容儁(jun)說:“古代雙方交(jiao)戰(zhan),使者(zhe)處(chu)于(yu)其(qi)間,這(zhe)也是(shi)為(wei)人臣者(zhe)通常的(de)事。”于(yu)是(shi)釋(shi)放了常煒。
永和七(qi)年(351年),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容儁派(pai)遣慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容恪去(qu)占領中(zhong)山的(de)(de)土地,派(pai)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容評(ping)(ping)到魯口攻打(da)(da)王午(wu)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容恪到唐城,冉閔(min)的(de)(de)部(bu)將(jiang)白(bai)同(tong)(tong)、中(zhong)山太守(shou)侯龕堅守(shou)而(er)不(bu)能攻克。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容恪留下部(bu)將(jiang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容彪攻打(da)(da)中(zhong)山,自己(ji)進兵(bing)常山。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容評(ping)(ping)屯兵(bing)南安,王午(wu)派(pai)部(bu)將(jiang)鄭(zheng)生(sheng)抵(di)抗慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容評(ping)(ping)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容評(ping)(ping)迎擊并殺(sha)了鄭(zheng)生(sheng),侯龕越過城墻出(chu)來(lai)投(tou)降。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容評(ping)(ping)進軍(jun)攻克中(zhong)山,殺(sha)了白(bai)同(tong)(tong)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容儁軍(jun)令(ling)嚴明,各位將(jiang)領不(bu)違(wei)犯(fan)軍(jun)令(ling)。冉閔(min)的(de)(de)章武太守(shou)賈堅率(lv)領郡兵(bing)在高城截擊慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容評(ping)(ping),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容評(ping)(ping)在陣(zhen)上擒獲了賈堅,斬(zhan)殺(sha)三(san)千余(yu)人。同(tong)(tong)年丁(ding)零(ling)族翟鼠和冉閔(min)部(bu)將(jiang)劉準等人率(lv)領他們的(de)(de)部(bu)隊向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容儁投(tou)降,封翟鼠為歸義王,任劉準為左(zuo)司馬。
永和八年(352年),鮮卑人段勤(qin)初(chu)附于慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁,后來又一(yi)次反叛(pan)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁派(pai)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)和相國封弈到安西討伐(fa)冉(ran)閔(min),派(pai)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)到繹幕討伐(fa)段勤(qin),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁抵達中山,為二軍(jun)聲援。冉(ran)閔(min)很恐(kong)懼,逃往常山,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)在泒水追上了他。冉(ran)閔(min)素來享(xiang)有(you)(you)威名,眾人都害怕(pa)他。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)對諸將說:“冉(ran)閔(min)軍(jun)隊(dui)長久(jiu)在外,士(shi)卒疲憊不(bu)(bu)堪,實在難以用來作戰;加(jia)之他有(you)(you)勇無(wu)謀(mou),只(zhi)有(you)(you)匹夫(fu)之勇。他們雖(sui)然擁有(you)(you)精兵,但不(bu)(bu)值一(yi)擊(ji)。我(wo)們現在把部隊(dui)分成(cheng)(cheng)三部,形成(cheng)(cheng)犄角之勢(shi)來等待(dai)(dai)戰機(ji)。冉(ran)閔(min)有(you)(you)輕捷精銳之兵,又了解我(wo)們軍(jun)隊(dui)的(de)勢(shi)力不(bu)(bu)能與他抗衡匹敵,一(yi)定會竭盡全力沖(chong)擊(ji)我(wo)們的(de)中軍(jun)。我(wo)們現在穿好鐘(zhong)甲加(jia)固軍(jun)陣(zhen)等待(dai)(dai)他們到來,諸君只(zhi)需整肅激勵士(shi)兵,從旁(pang)等待(dai)(dai)他們與我(wo)們的(de)中軍(jun)交戰,夾擊(ji)他們,無(wu)往而不(bu)(bu)勝。”
作戰開(kai)始后(hou),打(da)敗(bai)了(le)冉閔(min)軍隊,斬首七千余人,擒獲了(le)冉閔(min),將(jiang)(jiang)他遣送,在(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)城(cheng)斬殺。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)在(zai)(zai)呼沲屯兵(bing)。冉閔(min)部(bu)將(jiang)(jiang)蘇(su)(su)亥(hai)派手下(xia)將(jiang)(jiang)領(ling)(ling)金(jin)光率領(ling)(ling)數千騎兵(bing)襲(xi)擊(ji)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)迎戰,斬了(le)金(jin)光,蘇(su)(su)亥(hai)大(da)為恐懼,逃往并(bing)州。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)進(jin)兵(bing)占據常山(shan)(shan),段勤畏懼而(er)請求(qiu)投降(jiang),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)繼而(er)進(jin)兵(bing)攻(gong)打(da)鄴城(cheng)。冉閔(min)部(bu)將(jiang)(jiang)蔣干關閉城(cheng)門堅(jian)守。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)又(you)派慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)等率領(ling)(ling)一萬騎兵(bing)共同(tong)攻(gong)打(da)鄴城(cheng)。此(ci)時(shi)燕(yan)子(zi)在(zai)(zai)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)正(zheng)陽殿的(de)(de)(de)(de)西椒(jiao)房上(shang)(shang)筑巢,生下(xia)三只雛燕(yan),脖子(zi)上(shang)(shang)有豎(shu)毛(mao);凡城(cheng)獻上(shang)(shang)怪鳥,身(shen)上(shang)(shang)有五(wu)(wu)(wu)色構成的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)案。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)對群官(guan)說(shuo):“這是(shi)(shi)什么征(zheng)兆?”官(guan)員們(men)都說(shuo):“燕(yan),是(shi)(shi)燕(yan)烏。頭上(shang)(shang)有毛(mao)冠(guan)(guan),指(zhi)大(da)燕(yan)如(ru)(ru)龍(long)(long)騰(teng)般興(xing)起,毛(mao)冠(guan)(guan)豎(shu)指(zhi)通天(tian)(tian)是(shi)(shi)仕宦之(zhi)冠(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)征(zheng)象。在(zai)(zai)正(zheng)陽殿西椒(jiao)房筑巢,是(shi)(shi)至尊的(de)(de)(de)(de)君(jun)王(wang)(wang)親(qin)臨前殿使(shi)萬國來朝(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)征(zheng)象。三只雛燕(yan)。是(shi)(shi)應(ying)合了(le)天(tian)(tian)地星三統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)驗。神鳥由(you)五(wu)(wu)(wu)種顏色構成,指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)圣明的(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)(wang)朝(chao)(chao)將(jiang)(jiang)繼承(cheng)上(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)賜予的(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)(wu)(wu)行圖(tu)讖符(fu)命來統(tong)轄天(tian)(tian)下(xia)。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)看后(hou)非(fei)常高興(xing)。不(bu)久(jiu)蔣干率領(ling)(ling)五(wu)(wu)(wu)千精兵(bing)出城(cheng)挑戰,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)等迎擊(ji)并(bing)戰敗(bai)了(le)他們(men),斬殺四千余人,蔣干獨自騎馬返回(hui)鄴城(cheng)。于是(shi)(shi)群臣勸慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)稱(cheng)帝,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)回(hui)答說(shuo):“我(wo)(wo)原(yuan)本屬于大(da)漠射獵(lie)之(zhi)鄉,遵(zun)從披散頭發、衣(yi)襟朝(chao)(chao)左(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風俗,歷(li)數的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)錄符(fu)命難(nan)道(dao)有我(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)份嗎!你(ni)們(men)如(ru)(ru)果(guo)褒美推(tui)舉我(wo)(wo),貪(tan)求(qiu)非(fei)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)愿望,這實在(zai)(zai)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)我(wo)(wo)所應(ying)聽到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事情。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)、封弈在(zai)(zai)魯口討伐王(wang)(wang)午,王(wang)(wang)午投降(jiang)。不(bu)久(jiu)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)攻(gong)克鄴城(cheng),把冉閔(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)妻(qi)子(zi)兒女、屬下(xia)官(guan)吏及(ji)其文物送到(dao)中山(shan)(shan)。
在此之(zhi)前,蔣干把傳國(guo)璽(xi)送到(dao)建鄴(ye),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)想神化(hua)他的(de)事業,說明(ming)天(tian)象運行所顯示的(de)運數已應驗于(yu)自己,就詐稱是(shi)冉閔(min)之(zhi)妻(qi)得到(dao)傳國(guo)璽(xi)并(bing)獻(xian)上,賜予“奉璽(xi)君”之(zhi)號(hao),于(yu)同(tong)年(nian)(352年(nian))即皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)位,大(da)赦境(jing)內囚犯,建年(nian)號(hao)為(wei)元璽(xi),設置百(bai)官。任(ren)封弈為(wei)太(tai)尉,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪為(wei)侍中,陽(yang)騖為(wei)尚書令(ling)(ling),皇(huang)(huang)甫真為(wei)尚書左(zuo)仆射,張希(xi)為(wei)尚書右仆射,宋活(huo)為(wei)中書監,韓恒為(wei)中書令(ling)(ling),其余官員封官授職(zhi)各有(you)等(deng)級。追尊(zun)祖父(fu)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)廆為(wei)高(gao)祖武(wu)宣皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di),父(fu)親慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)為(wei)太(tai)祖文明(ming)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)。當時(shi)(shi)東晉朝廷(ting)派(pai)遣使(shi)者來見慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁(jun),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)對使(shi)者說:“你(ni)回(hui)去告訴你(ni)們(men)的(de)天(tian)子,我承擔(dan)了(le)百(bai)姓的(de)困苦,被(bei)中原的(de)人們(men)推舉(ju),已經稱帝(di)(di)了(le)。”當初,石虎(hu)派(pai)人去華山(shan)求簽,得到(dao)一塊玉(yu)版,上面(mian)的(de)字是(shi):“申酉之(zhi)年(nian),不(bu)絕(jue)如線。壬子之(zhi)年(nian),真人顯現。”到(dao)了(le)此時(shi)(shi),燕人都(dou)認(ren)為(wei)是(shi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)的(de)應兆(zhao)。改置司州為(wei)中州,設置司隸(li)校尉。群臣(chen)說:“大(da)燕接受天(tian)命,上承北方之(zhi)帝(di)(di)黑(hei)精之(zhi)君,命運傳承相連,取(qu)代晉執(zhi)掌天(tian)下,應該實(shi)行夏的(de)歷(li)法,用(yong)周的(de)官冕,旗幟崇(chong)尚黑(hei)色,祭祀用(yong)牲應為(wei)玄黑(hei)色。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)同(tong)意(yi)了(le)這(zhe)些建議。隨從他的(de)文官武(wu)將(jiang)(jiang)、各藩屬國(guo)的(de)使(shi)臣(chen)中參加登(deng)基日(ri)儀式的(de)人,都(dou)升官位三級。泒河參戰的(de)軍隊,守衛鄴(ye)城的(de)軍隊,下至戰士,各有(you)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)賞(shang)賜。陣亡將(jiang)(jiang)士,將(jiang)(jiang)士加贈二(er)等(deng),士卒(zu)則免(mian)除子孫的(de)賦稅。殿(dian)中舊(jiu)時(shi)(shi)的(de)臣(chen)吏都(dou)根(gen)據才(cai)能(neng)提(ti)拔(ba)敘用(yong)。立妻(qi)子可足渾(hun)氏為(wei)皇(huang)(huang)后,世子慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)曄為(wei)皇(huang)(huang)太(tai)子。
永和九(jiu)年(nian)(353年(nian)),東晉寧(ning)朔將軍榮(rong)胡以彭城、魯郡向慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁投降(jiang)。常山人李(li)犢聚集起數千人,在普壁壘謀反(fan),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁派慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪率領(ling)士眾討(tao)伐他們并(bing)使他們投降(jiang)。
當初,冉閔失敗后,王(wang)(wang)(wang)午自封(feng)為安(an)國王(wang)(wang)(wang)。王(wang)(wang)(wang)午死后,呂護(hu)又沿襲了他(ta)(ta)的封(feng)號,在(zai)魯口(kou)駐守自保。慕容恪進軍(jun)討伐并(bing)趕跑了他(ta)(ta),派(pai)前(qian)軍(jun)悅綰在(zai)野王(wang)(wang)(wang)(在(zai)今河南省沁(qin)陽市)追(zhui)上呂護(hu),他(ta)(ta)的部眾全(quan)部投降。
元(yuan)璽(xi)三年(354年),后秦(qin)姚襄帶著梁國向慕容儁投降。任慕容評(ping)為都(dou)督秦(qin)、雍、益、梁、江、揚、荊(jing)、徐、兗(yan)、豫(yu)十州(zhou)河南(nan)諸軍(jun)事,暫時鎮守(shou)洛(luo)水(shui);慕容彊任前鋒(feng)都(dou)督、都(dou)督荊(jing)、徐二州(zhou)緣淮諸軍(jun)事,進據黃河以南(nan)。
慕容儁(jun)(jun)自和(he)龍抵達薊城,幽冀二(er)州的百姓以(yi)為他(ta)將(jiang)東遷,互相驚慌擾亂,在他(ta)們的所(suo)在地集結。部下請求討伐他(ta)們,慕容儁(jun)(jun)說:“他(ta)們認為朕去(qu)東部巡枧,所(suo)以(yi)產生疑惑。現在朕既已至此,不久他(ta)們會自行安定。然而,應作(zuo)好(hao)發生意外的準備。”于是,命令(ling)內(nei)外戒嚴。
元璽四年(nian)(355年(nian)),前(qian)秦苻生部(bu)下(xia)河(he)內太(tai)(tai)守(shou)王會、黎陽太(tai)(tai)守(shou)韓(han)高(gao)以(yi)(yi)所(suo)轄(xia)郡歸附(fu)(fu)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁。東晉(jin)蘭陵太(tai)(tai)守(shou)孫黑(hei)、濟北太(tai)(tai)守(shou)高(gao)柱、建(jian)興太(tai)(tai)守(shou)高(gao)甕各以(yi)(yi)所(suo)轄(xia)郡歸附(fu)(fu)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁。當初(chu),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁的車騎大(da)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)、范陽公劉寧屯兵蕕城(cheng)(cheng),向前(qian)秦投降。到(dao)(dao)了此時(shi),率(lv)領兩千(qian)戶人到(dao)(dao)薊城(cheng)(cheng)歸附(fu)(fu)謝(xie)罪(zui),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁以(yi)(yi)為(wei)后將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)。高(gao)句麗(li)國王高(gao)釗派(pai)遣使者(zhe)來(lai)謝(xie)恩,貢獻地方特產。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁任高(gao)釗為(wei)都督營州諸軍(jun)(jun)事、征東大(da)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)、營州刺史,封樂浪公、高(gao)句麗(li)王,同以(yi)(yi)前(qian)一樣。
當(dang)(dang)初,鮮卑段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)蘭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兒子段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)趁冉(ran)閔之亂(luan),集(ji)聚眾(zhong)人(ren)(ren)到(dao)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)屯兵廣(guang)固(gu),自(zi)稱齊王(wang)(wang),對(dui)東(dong)(dong)晉稱藩,送文書(shu)呈(cheng)上宮廷(ting)內外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禮儀,指責慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁非正統。慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁派基(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪、慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)塵討伐他(ta)。慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪渡過(guo)了(le)(le)(le)黃河(he)。段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弟(di)弟(di)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)羆驍勇而(er)有(you)(you)智謀,他(ta)對(dui)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)說(shuo)(shuo):“慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪善于用(yong)兵,加上他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)士(shi)(shi)(shi)眾(zhong)人(ren)(ren)多氣盛,恐怕(pa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)抵抗(kang)。如(ru)若他(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)在(zai)城下聚兵圍(wei)困(kun),盡管我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)再請求(qiu)投降,恐怕(pa)他(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)終究不(bu)(bu)(bu)會(hui)同意。王(wang)(wang)只需固(gu)守(shou),我(wo)(wo)請求(qiu)率(lv)領(ling)精(jing)銳(rui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隊(dui)伍去抵御(yu)他(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)此戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)告捷,王(wang)(wang)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)馳馬追擊而(er)來,使(shi)他(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)連一(yi)匹馬都(dou)回不(bu)(bu)(bu)去。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)打(da)敗(bai)(bai)了(le)(le)(le),馬上出(chu)(chu)城請求(qiu)投降,也不(bu)(bu)(bu)失(shi)千戶(hu)侯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身份。”段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)聽從(cong)。段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)羆執意要求(qiu)出(chu)(chu)兵,段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)一(yi)怒之下斬(zhan)殺了(le)(le)(le)他(ta),率(lv)領(ling)三萬士(shi)(shi)(shi)眾(zhong)來抵御(yu)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪。慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪與段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)在(zai)濟(ji)水南遭(zao)遇,與之相戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),把(ba)他(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)打(da)得(de)慘敗(bai)(bai),斬(zhan)了(le)(le)(le)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)之弟(di)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)欽(qin),俘虜了(le)(le)(le)全部(bu)士(shi)(shi)(shi)眾(zhong)。慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪進(jin)(jin)(jin)兵包圍(wei)廣(guang)固(gu),諸位將(jiang)領(ling)勸他(ta)應該迅(xun)速(su)(su)攻(gong)城,慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪說(shuo)(shuo):“作戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)之勢有(you)(you)時(shi)應以(yi)(yi)等待來制(zhi)(zhi)服敵人(ren)(ren),有(you)(you)時(shi)應迅(xun)速(su)(su)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)勝(sheng)他(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)對(dui)方(fang)和我(wo)(wo)方(fang)勢均(jun)力(li)(li)敵,而(er)且他(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)有(you)(you)強(qiang)(qiang)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)援,考慮到(dao)腹背受敵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)困(kun)難形勢,我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)必(bi)須急(ji)(ji)速(su)(su)進(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong),迅(xun)速(su)(su)得(de)到(dao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)果(guo)(guo)。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)我(wo)(wo)強(qiang)(qiang)敵弱,又沒有(you)(you)外來敵人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)援,我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)量足以(yi)(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)勝(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話(hua),應當(dang)(dang)防守(shou)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)他(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men),等待他(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)自(zi)己困(kun)乏。兵法上有(you)(you)十圍(wei)五攻(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)法,說(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)意思(si)。段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)靠(kao)小恩惠集(ji)結(jie)起黨(dang)羽,眾(zhong)人(ren)(ren)并(bing)沒有(you)(you)離散之心,濟(ji)南一(yi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),并(bing)非他(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)兵力(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)精(jing)銳(rui),只是(shi)(shi)用(yong)兵之術有(you)(you)誤(wu),而(er)導致失(shi)敗(bai)(bai)。現(xian)在(zai)固(gu)守(shou)天(tian)險,上下同心,攻(gong)守(shou)都(dou)會(hui)力(li)(li)量倍增(zeng),這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)軍事常用(yong)之法。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)急(ji)(ji)速(su)(su)進(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong),不(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)幾十天(tian),必(bi)定可(ke)以(yi)(yi)攻(gong)克,但恐怕(pa)會(hui)對(dui)我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)士(shi)(shi)(shi)兵造成死傷。自(zi)從(cong)發生戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)事以(yi)(yi)來,士(shi)(shi)(shi)卒(zu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)安寧(ning),想到(dao)這(zhe)(zhe)些,我(wo)(wo)常常無法安睡,為(wei)什么如(ru)此輕(qing)視人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生命呢!我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)應當(dang)(dang)用(yong)持久之法來取得(de)勝(sheng)利(li)。”諸將(jiang)都(dou)說(shuo)(shuo):“這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)曾考慮到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。”于是(shi)(shi)筑(zhu)造房(fang)屋屯田(tian)耕種,嚴(yan)密地(di)加固(gu)包圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壁壘。段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)所(suo)任命的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)徐(xu)州(zhou)刺(ci)史王(wang)(wang)騰、索(suo)頭單于薛云向慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪投降。段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)被圍(wei)困(kun),派使(shi)者到(dao)建鄴去請求(qiu)救(jiu)援。晉穆帝(di)派遣(qian)北(bei)中郎將(jiang)荀羨趕赴那里(li),荀羨害(hai)怕(pa)敵虜勢力(li)(li)強(qiang)(qiang)大徘徊(huai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢前進(jin)(jin)(jin)。攻(gong)克陽都(dou),斬(zhan)了(le)(le)(le)王(wang)(wang)騰后(hou)返回。慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪于是(shi)(shi)攻(gong)克了(le)(le)(le)廣(guang)固(gu),授(shou)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)為(wei)伏順(shun)將(jiang)軍,把(ba)鮮卑胡羯三千余戶(hu)遷(qian)到(dao)薊,留下慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)塵鎮守(shou)廣(guang)固(gu),慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪整隊(dui)班師(shi)。
元(yuan)璽五年(356年),慕(mu)容儁(jun)的太(tai)子慕(mu)容曄(ye)去(qu)世(shi),謚號獻(xian)懷太(tai)子。元(yuan)璽六年(357年)二月,又立次子慕(mu)容暐為皇太(tai)子,在境內實行(xing)大赦,改元(yuan)光壽。
四月,慕(mu)容儁派(pai)遣撫軍(jun)將軍(jun)慕(mu)容垂、中軍(jun)將軍(jun)慕(mu)容虔與護軍(jun)將軍(jun)平熙等人,率領八萬步(bu)卒(zu)騎兵到塞北地(di)區(qu)討(tao)伐(fa)丁零敕(chi)勒部,大敗(bai)敵方(fang),斬殺(sha)俘獲(huo)共十余萬人,繳獲(huo)十三萬匹馬,牛(niu)羊不計(ji)其數。
及后,匈奴(nu)單于賀賴頭率領三萬五(wu)千名同部落(luo)士卒向慕容儁投降,慕容儁以(yi)為寧(ning)西將軍(jun)、云(yun)中(zhong)郡公,安置在代(dai)郡平(ping)舒城(cheng)。
光壽二年(nian)(358年(nian))十月(yue),東晉太山太守諸葛(ge)攸討伐東郡。慕容儁派慕容恪抵御(yu)迎(ying)戰,大敗晉軍。東晉北中郎將謝萬原先據(ju)守梁州(zhou)和宋州(zhou),因害怕而跑回。慕容恪進犯黃河以南地(di)區,汝、潁(ying)、譙、沛(pei)全(quan)都攻克,設(she)置(zhi)了地(di)方(fang)長官(guan)而返回。
常煒進言
廷尉(wei)監常(chang)煒進(jin)言(yan)說(shuo):“大(da)(da)燕(yan)雖然(ran)(ran)改(gai)換朝代創建制(zhi)度,至于(yu)朝廷考核選(xuan)拔人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)的辦法(fa)(fa)(fa),也(ye)大(da)(da)多因循魏晉的做法(fa)(fa)(fa),惟有(you)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)為(wei)(wei)祖(zu)父和父親殮尸下葬(zang)的人(ren)(ren),才(cai)(cai)不(bu)(bu)允許(xu)在清明(ming)的朝廷躋身(shen)為(wei)(wei)官,這(zhe)是(shi)王道教(jiao)化的首要原(yuan)(yuan)則,是(shi)不(bu)(bu)可刪改(gai)的制(zhi)度。然(ran)(ran)而(er)禮儀貴在適(shi)應時勢,每(mei)一(yi)朝代都有(you)增有(you)減(jian),因此漢高(gao)(gao)祖(zu)率(lv)兵(bing)入咸陽時約法(fa)(fa)(fa)三(san)(san)章,而(er)秦人(ren)(ren)安(an)(an)定。自(zi)近來中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)遭(zao)到戰亂(luan),連年(nian)打仗,有(you)時遭(zao)遇城池淪陷,全軍覆滅(mie)的災禍(huo),軍隊士卒(zu)被坑埋水淹的事,常(chang)常(chang)發生。家(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)僅剩下孤苦(ku)伶仃(ding)的兒孫(sun),十(shi)家(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)九家(jia)如(ru)此。加之(zhi)三(san)(san)方對峙如(ru)山頭聳立(li),父子(zi)處在不(bu)(bu)同的邦(bang)域,存亡吉兇的音訊,杳(yao)然(ran)(ran)如(ru)隔天(tian)外。有(you)的從簡操(cao)辦,有(you)的依照季札于(yu)異鄉蠃博之(zhi)間(jian)葬(zang)子(zi)的做法(fa)(fa)(fa),孝子(zi)粉身(shen)碎(sui)骨也(ye)無補益(yi),賢孫(sun)肝腸寸(cun)斷也(ye)挽(wan)救(jiu)不(bu)(bu)及(ji),雖然(ran)(ran)可以(yi)用招(zhao)(zhao)魂以(yi)形(xing)式上的安(an)(an)葬(zang)來表達(da)無盡的哀思,但(dan)禮法(fa)(fa)(fa)上沒有(you)招(zhao)(zhao)魂安(an)(an)葬(zang)的條文,法(fa)(fa)(fa)令上不(bu)(bu)登載這(zhe)一(yi)類規定。如(ru)遇到這(zhe)種情況,負(fu)有(you)琳瑯般的才(cai)(cai)華而(er)無處施展,懷著杰出(chu)的才(cai)(cai)智卻不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)列于(yu)官位(wei),這(zhe)實在值(zhi)得(de)痛惜。恐怕(pa)不(bu)(bu)合乎明(ming)察(cha)薦舉(ju)出(chu)身(shen)微陋(lou)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren),務求充分利用當代賢才(cai)(cai)的用人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)道。吳起、二陳(chen)之(zhi)類的人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai),終將沒有(you)機會施展才(cai)(cai)干。漢高(gao)(gao)祖(zu)為(wei)(wei)什(shen)么(me)能(neng)(neng)(neng)解脫平城之(zhi)圍?郅支的首級怎樣懸掛(gua)到了(le)漢關?我恭謹地認為(wei)(wei)《戊(wu)辰詔(zhao)書》,蕩滌(di)了(le)瑕疵(ci)污穢(hui),天(tian)下更新,以(yi)昭(zhao)明(ming)共創新業(ye)的吉慶之(zhi)情。五六年(nian)間(jian),轉而(er)互(hu)相抵(di)觸,對于(yu)以(yi)天(tian)為(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa),我暗中(zhong)(zhong)認為(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)甚安(an)(an)妥。”慕(mu)容儁說(shuo):“常(chang)煒是(shi)德高(gao)(gao)望重的大(da)(da)儒,精通刑法(fa)(fa)(fa),觀察(cha)他所陳(chen)述的看(kan)法(fa)(fa)(fa),非(fei)常(chang)值(zhi)得(de)采納。現在天(tian)下尚未安(an)(an)寧(ning),喪亂(luan)還未平息,又正值(zhi)搜尋提拔非(fei)凡人(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)的時候,不(bu)(bu)可能(neng)(neng)(neng)才(cai)(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)和品(pin)行兼備(bei),暫(zan)且除去這(zhe)一(yi)條規定,到天(tian)下統一(yi)后再重新商議(yi)。”
當(dang)初(chu),冉閔僭稱(cheng)王(wang)(wang)號時,石(shi)虎部(bu)(bu)將(jiang)李歷、張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping)、高(gao)昌等(deng)都(dou)帶(dai)領所轄的(de)(de)(de)(de)隊伍向慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)(jun)自稱(cheng)藩(fan)屬,派(pai)遣(qian)各自的(de)(de)(de)(de)兒子入慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)(jun)處侍(shi)奉,甚至向建(jian)鄴投(tou)(tou)誠,與苻堅(jian)結交為(wei)(wei)奧援,都(dou)接受了(le)爵(jue)位,控制局勢(shi)固守。雖然向慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)(jun)進貢(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使者(zhe)來(lai)往不絕,但并未(wei)極盡忠(zhong)誠之禮(li)。呂護逃(tao)到(dao)野王(wang)(wang),派(pai)弟弟手捧奏表(biao)向慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)(jun)謝(xie)罪,拜為(wei)(wei)寧(ning)南將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、河內太守。另外(wai),上黨(dang)馮(feng)鴦(yang)自領太守,依附(fu)于張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping),張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping)多次為(wei)(wei)他說話(hua),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)(jun)因為(wei)(wei)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)緣故(gu),赦免(mian)了(le)馮(feng)鴦(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)罪過(guo),以為(wei)(wei)京兆太守。呂護和馮(feng)鴦(yang)暗中與東(dong)晉(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊有聯系。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping)跨(kua)踞(ju)新興、雁門、西河、太原、上黨(dang)、上郡之地(di),有三百(bai)余(yu)處防(fang)守工事,十余(yu)萬戶胡人和晉(jin)人,又授官設置(zhi)征東(dong)、鎮西等(deng)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)號,形成鼎立對峙的(de)(de)(de)(de)局面。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)(jun)派(pai)司(si)徒慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)討伐(fa)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping),領軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)輿(yu)根討伐(fa)馮(feng)鴦(yang),司(si)空陽(yang)(yang)騖討伐(fa)高(gao)昌,撫軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)臧攻打李歷。并州投(tou)(tou)降的(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)御堡壘有一(yi)百(bai)余(yu)處,任命(ming)(ming)尚書右仆射悅綰(wan)為(wei)(wei)安(an)西將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、兼護匈奴中郎將(jiang)、并州刺(ci)史來(lai)安(an)撫他們。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping)所任命(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)征西將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)諸葛(ge)驤、鎮北將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)蘇象(xiang)、寧(ning)東(dong)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)喬庶、鎮南將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)石(shi)賢(xian)等(deng)人以防(fang)御堡壘中的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)百(bai)三十八(ba)處投(tou)(tou)降了(le)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)(jun),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)(jun)非常(chang)高(gao)興,讓他們都(dou)恢(hui)復(fu)了(le)官職(zhi)和爵(jue)位。不久,張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping)帶(dai)領三千士眾逃(tao)到(dao)平(ping)陽(yang)(yang),馮(feng)鴦(yang)逃(tao)到(dao)野王(wang)(wang),李歷逃(tao)到(dao)滎陽(yang)(yang),高(gao)昌逃(tao)到(dao)邵陵,部(bu)(bu)眾全部(bu)(bu)投(tou)(tou)降了(le)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)(jun)。
光壽三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(359年(nian)(nian)(nian)),慕(mu)容儁圖(tu)謀再度侵犯東晉(jin),并企(qi)圖(tu)消(xiao)滅前秦,就下令(ling)(ling)各州郡清點檢查(cha)現有(you)的(de)兵丁,檢查(cha)核實戶(hu)口(kou),一(yi)(yi)律各家各戶(hu)僅(jin)留一(yi)(yi)成年(nian)(nian)(nian)人,其他全部(bu)征發入伍,想(xiang)使步卒達到一(yi)(yi)百五十萬(wan),希望第二年(nian)(nian)(nian)會(hui)合(he)全部(bu)兵力(li),準備進(jin)軍洛陽,能指(zhi)揮調(diao)度三方(fang)力(li)量。武邑人劉(liu)貴(gui)上書(shu)極力(li)勸諫(jian),陳(chen)說(shuo)百姓生(sheng)活困乏,征兵不(bu)(bu)合(he)乎法(fa)律,恐怕百姓不(bu)(bu)堪承受,發生(sheng)土崩瓦解的(de)大禍,并且陳(chen)述當時不(bu)(bu)適合(he)時勢的(de)政治事務十三件。慕(mu)容俊讀完諫(jian)書(shu)同意劉(liu)豈的(de)意見,交付公卿廣泛商議。劉(liu)貴(gui)所言之事多數(shu)采用,于是改為五丁抽三制(zhi),放寬一(yi)(yi)周的(de)戰備時間,命(ming)令(ling)(ling)他們在(zai)第二年(nian)(nian)(nian)冬(dong)末(mo)全部(bu)趕赴鄴都集結(jie)。
不久(jiu),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)病重,對弟弟慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪說:“我體虛(xu)弱,恐(kong)怕不行(xing)了。人生的長(chang)短,是命中注定(ding)(ding)(ding)的,還(huan)有什(shen)么(me)遣憾呢(ni)(ni)!只(zhi)是兩方敵(di)(di)寇還(huan)未消滅,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐年(nian)齡幼小(xiao),恐(kong)怕無力承(cheng)受過多的苦難(nan)。我想遠追宋宣公的后塵,把(ba)國家交(jiao)給你(ni)。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪說:“太子(zi)雖然年(nian)幼,但天性聰慧,必定(ding)(ding)(ding)能(neng)(neng)遏制兇殘的敵(di)(di)人,使天下(xia)安定(ding)(ding)(ding)刑法措置不用,不能(neng)(neng)亂了正(zheng)(zheng)統。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)生氣(qi)地說:“兄弟之(zhi)間(jian)哪里用得(de)著說客氣(qi)話!”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪說:“陛(bi)下(xia)如(ru)果(guo)認為(wei)我能(neng)(neng)夠承(cheng)擔天下(xia)重任,我怎能(neng)(neng)不輔佐少主呢(ni)(ni)!”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)說:“如(ru)果(guo)你(ni)如(ru)周公那樣輔政,我還(huan)憂慮(lv)什(shen)么(me)呢(ni)(ni)!李績清廉(lian)方正(zheng)(zheng)忠誠坦蕩,能(neng)(neng)夠勝任大事,你(ni)要善待(dai)他。”
光壽四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(360年(nian)(nian))正(zheng)月二十(shi)日,慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁在鄴城對軍隊(dui)進(jin)行(xing)大檢(jian)閱(yue),想讓大司(si)(si)馬慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪、司(si)(si)空陽鶩(mu)統領(ling)軍隊(dui)進(jin)犯東晉(jin)。恰好這時病情(qing)加重,立(li)即召來(lai)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪、司(si)(si)空陽鶩(mu)、司(si)(si)徒慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評、領(ling)軍將軍慕輿(yu)根等人,接(jie)受遺(yi)詔輔(fu)佐朝政。正(zheng)月二十(shi)一日,慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁去世,時年(nian)(nian)四(si)(si)十(shi)二歲,共(gong)在位(wei)十(shi)一年(nian)(nian),謚號(hao)景昭皇帝,廟號(hao)烈祖,葬于龍陵。
父親
父親:慕(mu)容皝,前燕初代(dai)國君,史稱燕文(wen)明帝。
妻妾
可足渾皇后,幽帝踐祚尊為皇太后,后被廢庶人(ren)。
段昭儀(yi),成(cheng)武帝踐(jian)祚謚為景德皇(huang)后(hou)。
兒子
慕(mu)容(rong)曄,獻(xian)懷太子。
慕容(rong)臧,樂安王(wang)。
慕容暐,前燕末代皇帝(di),稱(cheng)燕幽帝(di)。
慕容(rong)亮(liang),鎮東將軍、渤海王。
慕容溫,冀州刺史、樂浪悼王。
慕容(rong)涉,漁陽王。
慕容泓,西(xi)燕第一位國君,稱燕烈文帝(di)。
慕容(rong)沖,西(xi)燕第二位君主,稱燕威帝。
女兒
慕(mu)容氏,封清河(he)公主。為秦(qin)宣昭帝苻堅嬪妃。
慕容廆:“此兒骨相不恒,吾家得(de)之矣。”
房玄齡(ling)等(deng)《晉書》:①“宣英文武兼(jian)優,加之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)機(ji)斷,因石氏之(zhi)(zhi)釁,首圖中(zhong)原,燕士(shi)協其籌,冀馬為其用,一戰而平巨寇(kou),再(zai)舉(ju)而拔堅城(cheng),氣詟(zhe)傍(bang)鄰(lin),威加邊(bian)服。便謂深(shen)功被物,天數在躬,遽竊鴻名,偷安寶錄。猶將席卷京(jing)洛,肆其蟻聚之(zhi)(zhi)徒;宰割黎元,縱其鯨吞之(zhi)(zhi)勢。使江左疲于奔命,職此之(zhi)(zhi)由。非(fei)夫天厭素(su)靈而啟異類,不然者,其鋒何以(yi)(yi)若(ruo)斯!”;②“俊雅好文籍,自(zi)初即位(wei)至末年,講(jiang)論不倦,覽(lan)政之(zhi)(zhi)暇,唯與侍臣錯(cuo)綜義理,凡所著述(shu)四十(shi)余篇。性嚴(yan)重,慎威儀,未曾以(yi)(yi)慢服臨朝,雖(sui)閑居宴處亦(yi)無懈(xie)怠(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)色云。”;③“身長八尺二寸(cun),姿(zi)貌魁偉,博觀圖書,有文武干略(lve)。”
慕(mu)容(rong)俊依靠(kao)慕(mu)容(rong)恪、悅綰(wan)、慕(mu)容(rong)評等一干宗(zong)室、名將,趁著石趙崩壞后中(zhong)原的紛亂(luan),派兵南下(xia),滅冉魏、段(duan)齊,在軍(jun)事征服(fu)中(zhong)屢屢獲勝,極大(da)地擴展了前(qian)燕慕(mu)容(rong)氏(shi)的版圖。但窮兵黷武的舉動,使燕國百姓負擔增(zeng)重。
當(dang)(dang)(dang)初(chu),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)廆(hui)有一匹(pi)(pi)駿馬(ma)名叫赭白(bai),外觀奇(qi)特足力超群(qun)。石(shi)虎(hu)討伐棘(ji)城(cheng)時(shi),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)準備出(chu)城(cheng)避(bi)難,想騎(qi)這(zhe)匹(pi)(pi)馬(ma),馬(ma)放(fang)聲悲嗚又踢又咬(yao),沒(mei)有人能(neng)夠接近它。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)說(shuo):“這(zhe)匹(pi)(pi)馬(ma)在(zai)前朝就被(bei)枧為(wei)(wei)奇(qi)馬(ma),我常依靠(kao)它度過難關,現(xian)在(zai)不愿(yuan)意讓我乘騎(qi),大概是先父的(de)意思吧(ba)!”于是打消了出(chu)城(cheng)的(de)念頭。石(shi)虎(hu)不久撤(che)兵,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)更加認(ren)為(wei)(wei)此馬(ma)不凡。到(dao)了此時(shi),馬(ma)已(yi)四十九歲,但奔馳(chi)疾速不減當(dang)(dang)(dang)年,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁將其比作從前鮑氏曾三代同乘的(de)一匹(pi)(pi)馬(ma),下令(ling)鑄這(zhe)匹(pi)(pi)馬(ma)的(de)銅(tong)像(xiang),親自為(wei)(wei)之寫了銘文贊辭,刻在(zai)銅(tong)像(xiang)旁邊,把銅(tong)像(xiang)立在(zai)薊城(cheng)東掖門。當(dang)(dang)(dang)年,銅(tong)像(xiang)鑄成而這(zhe)匹(pi)(pi)馬(ma)死去(qu)。
光壽(shou)三年(359年),慕容(rong)(rong)儁在(zai)(zai)(zai)蒲池宴請群臣,談到周朝太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)晉時(shi),他潸然淚下,說(shuo)(shuo):“有(you)才華的(de)(de)(de)(de)兒子(zi)(zi)(zi)難得。自(zi)從慕容(rong)(rong)曄死后,我鬢發已(yi)經半白。你們說(shuo)(shuo)慕容(rong)(rong)曄怎(zen)(zen)樣?”司徒左長史李績(ji)回答說(shuo)(shuo):“獻(xian)懷(huai)太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)慕容(rong)(rong)曄在(zai)(zai)(zai)東宮(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候,我為(wei)中庶子(zi)(zi)(zi),太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)志向業(ye)績(ji),我怎(zen)(zen)敢說(shuo)(shuo)不(bu)清楚呢(ni)!太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大德(de)(de)表現在(zai)(zai)(zai)八個方(fang)面(mian):其(qi)(qi)(qi)一,至孝;其(qi)(qi)(qi)二(er),聰明敏(min)銳;其(qi)(qi)(qi)三,沉著堅毅;其(qi)(qi)(qi)四,痛恨阿諛(yu),喜歡(huan)剛直;其(qi)(qi)(qi)五,好學;其(qi)(qi)(qi)六,多才多藝;其(qi)(qi)(qi)七,謙恭(gong);其(qi)(qi)(qi)八,喜歡(huan)施惠于人。”慕容(rong)(rong)儁說(shuo)(shuo):“你的(de)(de)(de)(de)贊譽雖說(shuo)(shuo)有(you)點過分,但如果此兒健在(zai)(zai)(zai),我便死而無憂了。慕容(rong)(rong)暐怎(zen)(zen)么(me)樣?”當時(shi)慕容(rong)(rong)暐正陪從在(zai)(zai)(zai)旁邊,李績(ji)說(shuo)(shuo):“皇太(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)天(tian)資聰慧,雖然已(yi)有(you)具備八德(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)譽,但尚(shang)有(you)兩方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)缺(que)憾未(wei)能彌補,喜歡(huan)游玩、打獵和(he)絲竹器樂,這就(jiu)是導致他有(you)所不(bu)如的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因。”慕容(rong)(rong)儁看著慕容(rong)(rong)暐說(shuo)(shuo):“李績(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)話,是苦口良藥(yao),你應該引以為(wei)誡。”慕容(rong)(rong)暐卻忿忿不(bu)平。
光壽(shou)三年(359年),慕(mu)容儁(jun)夢見(jian)后(hou)趙武帝石(shi)(shi)虎咬(yao)他的臂膀(bang),便掘開(kai)石(shi)(shi)虎的墳墓(mu),尋找他的尸體(ti)(ti),但沒有(you)找到(dao),于(yu)是懸賞百金搜求。鄴城的女(nv)子(zi)李(li)菟知(zhi)道下(xia)落(luo),告訴(su)了(le)慕(mu)容儁(jun),在東明觀下(xia)找到(dao)尸體(ti)(ti)。尸體(ti)(ti)僵(jiang)而不(bu)腐(fu)。慕(mu)容儁(jun)踩著尸體(ti)(ti)罵(ma)道:“死胡人,竟敢(gan)嚇唬活天子(zi)!”接著歷數石(shi)(shi)虎的殘暴罪行,又用鞭子(zi)抽打尸體(ti)(ti),最后(hou)投進漳水之(zhi)中(zhong),但尸體(ti)(ti)卻倚靠在橋(qiao)柱邊而不(bu)漂走。等到(dao)前秦滅掉(diao)了(le)前燕,王猛為此(ci)殺掉(diao)李(li)菟,將石(shi)(shi)虎的遺骸收拾起來安葬了(le)。