慕(mu)容儁(319年(nian)~360年(nian)2月(yue)23日),字宣英,鮮卑名賀(he)賴跋,昌黎棘城(今遼寧省義(yi)縣)人,鮮卑族。十六國時期前燕開(kai)國皇帝(di),前燕文明帝(di)慕(mu)容皝第二(er)子。
咸康七年(nian)(341年(nian)),授安北將軍(jun)、東(dong)夷(yi)校尉(wei)、左賢王(wang)、燕王(wang)世子。永(yong)和(he)四(si)年(nian)(348年(nian)),承襲燕王(wang)。永(yong)和(he)六(liu)年(nian)(350年(nian)),帶兵(bing)進取中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan),攻取并(bing)遷都薊城。永(yong)和(he)八年(nian)(352年(nian)),滅亡冉魏,占領(ling)后趙統(tong)治的中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)地(di)區,同年(nian)即皇帝位,年(nian)號元璽,設置百官,遷都鄴城,國勢進入鼎盛(sheng)時期,與東(dong)晉、前(qian)秦(qin)三(san)足鼎立(li)。由于他在擴張領(ling)土的戰爭中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屢次獲(huo)勝,進而圖謀消滅東(dong)晉、前(qian)秦(qin)。統(tong)治末期,窮兵(bing)黷武,百姓凋敝,盜賊興起。
光壽四年(nian)(360年(nian)),病逝,終年(nian)四十二歲(sui),追(zhui)贈(zeng)景昭皇帝,廟號烈(lie)祖,葬于龍陵。
慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun),一作慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)俊,祖(zu)父是鮮(xian)卑慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)部的(de)(de)首領(ling)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)廆。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)廆生前常(chang)說:“我積累福德仁義(yi),子(zi)孫(sun)應當(dang)擁有中原。”東(dong)晉(jin)太(tai)興二年(319年),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)出生昌黎郡大棘城,鮮(xian)卑名賀(he)賴跋(ba)?,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)廆說:“小兒骨相不同(tong)于常(chang)人,家(jia)族(zu)事業(ye)后繼有人了。”等到(dao)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)長(chang)(chang)大后,身長(chang)(chang)八尺二寸(cun),身材魁偉(wei),博(bo)覽群書(shu),有文才武略。曾領(ling)兵攻略段部鮮(xian)卑并大勝而還(huan)。咸(xian)康七年(341年),東(dong)晉(jin)冊封慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)的(de)(de)父親慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝為(wei)燕王(wang),以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)為(wei)假節(jie)、安北(bei)將(jiang)軍、東(dong)夷校尉、左賢王(wang)、燕王(wang)世子(zi)。
永和四(si)年(nian)(348年(nian))九月,父(fu)王(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝去世,世子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)繼承燕王(wang)位。永和五年(nian)(349年(nian))正月,依照春秋列國(guo)的慣例,改稱元年(nian),在境內實施大赦。四(si)月,后趙皇(huang)帝石虎去世,諸子爭位,國(guo)內大亂。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)圖謀奪取中原土地,以慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪為(wei)輔國(guo)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)評為(wei)輔弼(bi)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍,陽騖(wu)為(wei)輔義將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂為(wei)前(qian)鋒都督、建鋒將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍,挑(tiao)選(xuan)了二十余萬精(jing)兵以待(dai)時機。
同年(nian),東(dong)晉(jin)皇帝晉(jin)穆帝派謁(ye)者仆射陳沈冊封(feng)慕(mu)(mu)容儁為使(shi)持節、侍中(zhong)、大都督、都督河北諸軍事、幽(you)冀(ji)并(bing)(bing)平四州牧、大將軍、大單(dan)于、燕(yan)王,并(bing)(bing)依慕(mu)(mu)容廆和慕(mu)(mu)容皝的(de)先例(li)承(cheng)制封(feng)拜官員(yuan),在東(dong)晉(jin)授(shou)命下正式繼(ji)承(cheng)了對遼東(dong)的(de)管治。
永和(he)六年(350年),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁率領(ling)三路(lu)大(da)軍南征后(hou)趙,從(cong)盧龍出發,到(dao)達(da)了無終。后(hou)趙幽(you)州刺史(shi)王午棄城而逃,留下其部將王他(ta)守衛薊城。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁攻陷薊城,殺死王他(ta),并遷(qian)都(dou)薊城。把(ba)廣寧、上谷的(de)人(ren)遷(qian)徙(xi)到(dao)徐無,把(ba)代郡(jun)人(ren)遷(qian)徙(xi)到(dao)凡城后(hou)返(fan)回。
后趙大(da)將(jiang)軍(jun)冉(ran)(ran)閔殺(sha)石祗,在鄴(ye)城(cheng)稱帝,國(guo)號大(da)魏(wei),史(shi)稱冉(ran)(ran)魏(wei)。派遣使者常煒(wei)到(dao)慕(mu)容儁(jun)那里訪問(wen)。慕(mu)容儁(jun)把他(ta)(ta)請到(dao)宮門(men)外(wai)雙闕下,讓(rang)記(ji)室封(feng)裕(yu)質問(wen)他(ta)(ta)說:“冉(ran)(ran)閔是石氏(shi)的養子,才能平庸(yong),辜負恩德篡位行逆,有(you)什么祥瑞應兆而(er)越(yue)禮妄稱帝號?”常煒(wei)答道:“上天要振興的帝王,其深奧之理各不相同(tong),三王時為(wei)狼烏,漢、魏(wei)時為(wei)麟龍(long)。我們(men)的君主(zhu)(zhu)順應天命主(zhu)(zhu)宰一國(guo),能沒(mei)有(you)祥瑞嗎!再(zai)說使用兵力實行殺(sha)伐,是賢明君主(zhu)(zhu)重要的典章制度,商(shang)湯放逐(zhu)夏桀、周武王討伐商(shang)紂王,但(dan)孔(kong)子贊(zan)美他(ta)(ta)們(men)。魏(wei)武帝曹操是宦官的養孫,沒(mei)有(you)人確知他(ta)(ta)的出(chu)身,兵眾不滿(man)一旅(lv),但(dan)最終(zhong)能成就大(da)業。野蠻的胡人殘(can)暴作亂,屠殺(sha)宰割(ge)百姓,我們(men)的君主(zhu)(zhu)拔劍消滅了(le)他(ta)(ta)們(men),百姓得(de)到(dao)解救,可(ke)以稱得(de)上功高(gao)蒼(cang)天,勛(xun)同(tong)高(gao)祖(zu)。恭敬地順承天命,有(you)什么不可(ke)以呢(ni)?”
封裕說(shuo):“石祗去年派張舉請求救(jiu)援,說(shuo)傳(chuan)國璽(xi)留在襄(xiang)國,他的(de)(de)話(hua)真(zhen)實嗎?又(you)聽說(shuo)冉閔為自己鑄(zhu)造金(jin)像,金(jin)像壞(huai)裂(lie)而沒有(you)鑄(zhu)成,怎么(me)能聲稱有(you)天(tian)命呢(ni)?”常(chang)煒說(shuo):“討伐胡人的(de)(de)時候,鄴地的(de)(de)人幾乎無所遺留,璽(xi)印由什么(me)途徑(jing)而到襄(xiang)國,這(zhe)只(zhi)不過是求救(jiu)的(de)(de)托辭罷了。上天(tian)賦(fu)予(yu)的(de)(de)神(shen)璽(xi),其(qi)實在我(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)君(jun)主那(nei)里。再說(shuo)邪惡之徒,想假借奇異來(lai)迷惑(huo)大眾,有(you)人改成各式各樣的(de)(de)說(shuo)法,來(lai)神(shen)化(hua)此事(shi)。我(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)君(jun)主現在已經握有(you)受命于(yu)天(tian)的(de)(de)符瑞,滪祭上帝把這(zhe)件事(shi)告訴了天(tian)神(shen),掌握四(si)海(hai),大業集于(yu)一身,你們(men)還考慮什么(me)而聽信那(nei)些話(hua)呢(ni)!鑄(zhu)金(jin)像的(de)(de)事(shi),我(wo)沒有(you)聽說(shuo)過。”
慕容(rong)儁既已堅(jian)信張舉的(de)(de)(de)(de)話,又對(dui)冉閔鑄像不成(cheng)功一(yi)事很得意,想一(yi)定要弄清原委,于(yu)是(shi)(shi)在常煒(wei)身旁堆積(ji)柴(chai)薪點起火,命令封裕等(deng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)暗示他(ta)。常煒(wei)神色自(zi)若(ruo),直言道:“從成(cheng)年時起,我(wo)連(lian)普(pu)通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)都不曾欺(qi)騙(pian)過,何況對(dui)于(yu)千乘之(zhi)主呢(ni)!利用巧詐荒(huang)誕的(de)(de)(de)(de)謊言來(lai)挽救垂死之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren),是(shi)(shi)使(shi)臣我(wo)所不會做的(de)(de)(de)(de)事。直言而遭殺(sha)(sha)戮,死得其所。添上(shang)柴(chai)薪加(jia)大火勢(shi),是(shi)(shi)君王對(dui)我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)恩惠。”左右(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)勸慕容(rong)儁殺(sha)(sha)了他(ta),慕容(rong)儁說(shuo):“古代雙方(fang)交戰,使(shi)者處于(yu)其間(jian),這也是(shi)(shi)為人(ren)(ren)(ren)臣者通(tong)常的(de)(de)(de)(de)事。”于(yu)是(shi)(shi)釋(shi)放了常煒(wei)。
永和(he)七年(nian)(351年(nian)),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)派(pai)遣慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)去占領中(zhong)山的(de)(de)土(tu)地,派(pai)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)到魯口攻(gong)打(da)王午(wu)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)到唐(tang)城(cheng),冉閔的(de)(de)部(bu)將白(bai)(bai)同、中(zhong)山太(tai)守侯龕堅守而不能攻(gong)克。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)留下(xia)部(bu)將慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)彪攻(gong)打(da)中(zhong)山,自己進(jin)兵(bing)常山。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)屯兵(bing)南安(an),王午(wu)派(pai)部(bu)將鄭生抵抗慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)迎擊并(bing)殺(sha)了鄭生,侯龕越過(guo)城(cheng)墻出來投降。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)進(jin)軍(jun)(jun)攻(gong)克中(zhong)山,殺(sha)了白(bai)(bai)同。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)軍(jun)(jun)令(ling)嚴明(ming),各位將領不違犯(fan)軍(jun)(jun)令(ling)。冉閔的(de)(de)章武太(tai)守賈堅率領郡兵(bing)在高城(cheng)截擊慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)在陣上擒獲了賈堅,斬殺(sha)三千余人。同年(nian)丁零族翟(zhai)鼠(shu)和(he)冉閔部(bu)將劉準(zhun)(zhun)等人率領他們的(de)(de)部(bu)隊向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)投降,封翟(zhai)鼠(shu)為歸義王,任劉準(zhun)(zhun)為左司馬。
永和八年(nian)(352年(nian)),鮮卑人(ren)段勤初附于慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun),后(hou)來(lai)又(you)一(yi)次反叛。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)派(pai)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪和相國封弈到(dao)安西討(tao)(tao)伐(fa)冉閔(min)(min),派(pai)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂到(dao)繹幕討(tao)(tao)伐(fa)段勤,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)抵達中山(shan),為二軍(jun)(jun)聲援。冉閔(min)(min)很恐(kong)懼(ju),逃往常山(shan),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪在(zai)泒水追上了(le)他(ta)。冉閔(min)(min)素來(lai)享有(you)(you)威名,眾人(ren)都害怕他(ta)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪對(dui)諸將說:“冉閔(min)(min)軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)長(chang)久在(zai)外(wai),士卒疲(pi)憊不(bu)(bu)堪,實在(zai)難(nan)以用來(lai)作戰;加之(zhi)他(ta)有(you)(you)勇(yong)無(wu)謀,只(zhi)有(you)(you)匹(pi)(pi)夫之(zhi)勇(yong)。他(ta)們(men)(men)雖(sui)然擁(yong)有(you)(you)精(jing)兵(bing),但不(bu)(bu)值(zhi)一(yi)擊(ji)。我(wo)們(men)(men)現(xian)在(zai)把部隊(dui)分(fen)成三部,形(xing)成犄(ji)角之(zhi)勢來(lai)等待(dai)戰機。冉閔(min)(min)有(you)(you)輕捷精(jing)銳之(zhi)兵(bing),又(you)了(le)解我(wo)們(men)(men)軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)的勢力不(bu)(bu)能(neng)與他(ta)抗衡匹(pi)(pi)敵,一(yi)定會竭盡全力沖擊(ji)我(wo)們(men)(men)的中軍(jun)(jun)。我(wo)們(men)(men)現(xian)在(zai)穿好(hao)鐘甲加固軍(jun)(jun)陣(zhen)等待(dai)他(ta)們(men)(men)到(dao)來(lai),諸君只(zhi)需整肅激勵(li)士兵(bing),從旁等待(dai)他(ta)們(men)(men)與我(wo)們(men)(men)的中軍(jun)(jun)交戰,夾擊(ji)他(ta)們(men)(men),無(wu)往而不(bu)(bu)勝。”
作戰(zhan)開始后,打(da)敗了冉(ran)閔軍隊,斬(zhan)首(shou)七(qi)千余人,擒(qin)獲了冉(ran)閔,將(jiang)他(ta)遣送,在(zai)(zai)龍城斬(zhan)殺(sha)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)呼沲屯兵。冉(ran)閔部將(jiang)蘇(su)亥派手下(xia)(xia)將(jiang)領(ling)金光率領(ling)數(shu)千騎兵襲擊慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)迎(ying)戰(zhan),斬(zhan)了金光,蘇(su)亥大為恐懼(ju),逃往(wang)并州(zhou)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)進兵占(zhan)據常(chang)山(shan),段勤畏懼(ju)而請求投降,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)繼(ji)而進兵攻打(da)鄴城。冉(ran)閔部將(jiang)蔣干(gan)關閉城門堅守。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁又派慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)(ping)等(deng)率領(ling)一萬騎兵共同攻打(da)鄴城。此時燕(yan)(yan)子在(zai)(zai)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁正陽(yang)殿的(de)(de)(de)(de)西椒(jiao)房上(shang)(shang)筑(zhu)巢,生下(xia)(xia)三只雛燕(yan)(yan),脖子上(shang)(shang)有豎(shu)(shu)毛(mao);凡城獻上(shang)(shang)怪(guai)鳥,身上(shang)(shang)有五(wu)(wu)色(se)構成的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)案。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁對群(qun)官說(shuo):“這是(shi)(shi)什(shen)么征兆?”官員們都說(shuo):“燕(yan)(yan),是(shi)(shi)燕(yan)(yan)烏(wu)。頭上(shang)(shang)有毛(mao)冠(guan),指大燕(yan)(yan)如(ru)龍騰般興起,毛(mao)冠(guan)豎(shu)(shu)指通天(tian)是(shi)(shi)仕(shi)宦之(zhi)冠(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)征象。在(zai)(zai)正陽(yang)殿西椒(jiao)房筑(zhu)巢,是(shi)(shi)至尊的(de)(de)(de)(de)君王(wang)(wang)親臨前殿使萬國來朝(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)征象。三只雛燕(yan)(yan)。是(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)合了天(tian)地星(xing)三統的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)驗。神鳥由五(wu)(wu)種顏(yan)色(se)構成,指的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)圣明的(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)(wang)朝(chao)將(jiang)繼(ji)承上(shang)(shang)天(tian)賜(si)予的(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)(wu)行圖(tu)讖符命來統轄(xia)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁看(kan)后非常(chang)高興。不(bu)久蔣干(gan)率領(ling)五(wu)(wu)千精兵出城挑(tiao)戰(zhan),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)(ping)等(deng)迎(ying)擊并戰(zhan)敗了他(ta)們,斬(zhan)殺(sha)四千余人,蔣干(gan)獨自騎馬(ma)返回(hui)鄴城。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)群(qun)臣勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁稱帝,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁回(hui)答說(shuo):“我原(yuan)本(ben)屬于(yu)大漠(mo)射獵之(zhi)鄉(xiang),遵從披散頭發、衣襟朝(chao)左(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風俗,歷(li)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)錄(lu)符命難道有我的(de)(de)(de)(de)份(fen)嗎!你們如(ru)果褒美推舉(ju)我,貪求非分的(de)(de)(de)(de)愿望,這實在(zai)(zai)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)我所應(ying)(ying)聽到的(de)(de)(de)(de)事情。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)、封弈(yi)在(zai)(zai)魯(lu)口討伐(fa)王(wang)(wang)午,王(wang)(wang)午投降。不(bu)久慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)(ping)攻克鄴城,把冉(ran)閔的(de)(de)(de)(de)妻子兒女、屬下(xia)(xia)官吏及(ji)其文物送到中山(shan)。
在(zai)此(ci)之(zhi)前,蔣干(gan)把傳國璽送到建鄴,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)想神化他的(de)(de)事(shi)業,說明天(tian)象運行所顯示的(de)(de)運數已(yi)應(ying)驗于(yu)(yu)自己,就詐稱是(shi)冉閔之(zhi)妻得到傳國璽并獻(xian)上(shang),賜(si)予“奉(feng)璽君”之(zhi)號(hao),于(yu)(yu)同(tong)年(nian)(nian)(352年(nian)(nian))即皇(huang)帝位(wei),大(da)赦境內(nei)囚犯,建年(nian)(nian)號(hao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)元璽,設置百官(guan)(guan)。任封弈(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)太尉(wei)(wei),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪為(wei)(wei)(wei)侍中(zhong),陽騖(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)尚(shang)書(shu)令(ling)(ling),皇(huang)甫真(zhen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)尚(shang)書(shu)左(zuo)仆射,張希為(wei)(wei)(wei)尚(shang)書(shu)右仆射,宋活為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)書(shu)監(jian),韓恒(heng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)書(shu)令(ling)(ling),其余官(guan)(guan)員封官(guan)(guan)授職各(ge)(ge)有等級(ji)。追尊祖(zu)父慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)廆為(wei)(wei)(wei)高祖(zu)武宣(xuan)皇(huang)帝,父親慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝為(wei)(wei)(wei)太祖(zu)文明皇(huang)帝。當(dang)(dang)時(shi)東晉朝廷(ting)派遣使(shi)(shi)者來見(jian)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)對使(shi)(shi)者說:“你回去(qu)(qu)告訴(su)你們(men)(men)的(de)(de)天(tian)子(zi),我承(cheng)擔了(le)百姓的(de)(de)困苦,被(bei)中(zhong)原的(de)(de)人們(men)(men)推舉,已(yi)經稱帝了(le)。”當(dang)(dang)初,石虎派人去(qu)(qu)華(hua)山求簽,得到一塊(kuai)玉版,上(shang)面的(de)(de)字是(shi):“申(shen)酉之(zhi)年(nian)(nian),不絕如(ru)線。壬子(zi)之(zhi)年(nian)(nian),真(zhen)人顯現(xian)。”到了(le)此(ci)時(shi),燕人都認為(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)應(ying)兆(zhao)。改置司州(zhou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)州(zhou),設置司隸校(xiao)尉(wei)(wei)。群臣(chen)說:“大(da)燕接受天(tian)命,上(shang)承(cheng)北方之(zhi)帝黑(hei)精(jing)之(zhi)君,命運傳承(cheng)相連,取代晉執掌天(tian)下,應(ying)該實行夏的(de)(de)歷(li)法(fa),用周的(de)(de)官(guan)(guan)冕,旗幟崇(chong)尚(shang)黑(hei)色,祭祀用牲應(ying)為(wei)(wei)(wei)玄黑(hei)色。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)同(tong)意了(le)這(zhe)些建議。隨從(cong)他的(de)(de)文官(guan)(guan)武將、各(ge)(ge)藩(fan)屬國的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)臣(chen)中(zhong)參加(jia)登基日儀式的(de)(de)人,都升官(guan)(guan)位(wei)三級(ji)。泒(gu)河(he)參戰(zhan)的(de)(de)軍隊,守衛鄴城(cheng)的(de)(de)軍隊,下至戰(zhan)士(shi)(shi),各(ge)(ge)有不同(tong)的(de)(de)賞賜(si)。陣亡將士(shi)(shi),將士(shi)(shi)加(jia)贈二等,士(shi)(shi)卒則(ze)免除子(zi)孫的(de)(de)賦(fu)稅。殿中(zhong)舊時(shi)的(de)(de)臣(chen)吏都根據才能提拔敘(xu)用。立妻子(zi)可(ke)足渾氏為(wei)(wei)(wei)皇(huang)后,世(shi)子(zi)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)曄為(wei)(wei)(wei)皇(huang)太子(zi)。
永和九年(353年),東晉寧朔(shuo)將軍榮胡以彭城(cheng)、魯郡向慕容(rong)儁投降。常山人(ren)李犢聚集起數千人(ren),在普壁壘謀反(fan),慕容(rong)儁派慕容(rong)恪率(lv)領士(shi)眾討伐他(ta)們并使(shi)他(ta)們投降。
當(dang)初,冉閔失敗后,王午(wu)自封(feng)為安國王。王午(wu)死后,呂(lv)護又沿襲(xi)了他的(de)封(feng)號,在魯口駐守(shou)自保(bao)。慕(mu)容恪(ke)進軍討(tao)伐(fa)并趕跑(pao)了他,派前軍悅綰(wan)在野(ye)王(在今河南(nan)省沁陽市)追上(shang)呂(lv)護,他的(de)部眾(zhong)全部投降。
元(yuan)璽三年(354年),后(hou)秦(qin)姚(yao)襄帶著梁國向慕容儁投降(jiang)。任慕容評為都督(du)秦(qin)、雍、益、梁、江、揚、荊、徐(xu)、兗、豫十州河(he)南諸軍事,暫時鎮守洛(luo)水;慕容彊任前鋒(feng)都督(du)、都督(du)荊、徐(xu)二州緣(yuan)淮諸軍事,進據黃(huang)河(he)以南。
慕容(rong)儁自和龍抵達(da)薊城,幽冀二州的(de)百姓以(yi)為他將東(dong)遷,互相驚慌(huang)擾(rao)亂,在(zai)他們(men)的(de)所(suo)在(zai)地(di)集結。部下請求(qiu)討伐他們(men),慕容(rong)儁說:“他們(men)認為朕去東(dong)部巡(xun)枧,所(suo)以(yi)產生疑惑。現在(zai)朕既(ji)已至此(ci),不久(jiu)他們(men)會(hui)自行安定。然而,應作好發(fa)生意(yi)外(wai)(wai)的(de)準備(bei)。”于(yu)是,命令內外(wai)(wai)戒(jie)嚴。
元璽(xi)四年(nian)(355年(nian)),前秦(qin)苻生部下河內太(tai)守(shou)王會、黎(li)陽太(tai)守(shou)韓高(gao)(gao)(gao)以(yi)所轄(xia)郡(jun)歸附(fu)慕容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)。東(dong)晉蘭陵太(tai)守(shou)孫黑、濟北太(tai)守(shou)高(gao)(gao)(gao)柱(zhu)、建興(xing)太(tai)守(shou)高(gao)(gao)(gao)甕各以(yi)所轄(xia)郡(jun)歸附(fu)慕容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)。當(dang)初,慕容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)的車(che)騎大將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)、范(fan)陽公劉寧(ning)屯(tun)兵蕕城(cheng),向前秦(qin)投降。到(dao)了此時,率領(ling)兩(liang)千戶人到(dao)薊城(cheng)歸附(fu)謝罪,慕容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)以(yi)為(wei)后(hou)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)句麗國王高(gao)(gao)(gao)釗派遣使者來謝恩,貢獻(xian)地方(fang)特產(chan)。慕容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)任高(gao)(gao)(gao)釗為(wei)都督營州諸(zhu)軍(jun)(jun)事、征東(dong)大將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)、營州刺史,封樂浪(lang)公、高(gao)(gao)(gao)句麗王,同以(yi)前一樣(yang)。
當(dang)初,鮮卑段(duan)(duan)(duan)部(bu)的(de)(de)段(duan)(duan)(duan)蘭的(de)(de)兒子段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)趁冉閔(min)之(zhi)亂,集聚眾人(ren)到(dao)(dao)東部(bu)屯(tun)兵廣固(gu),自稱齊(qi)王(wang),對東晉(jin)稱藩,送文書呈(cheng)上(shang)宮廷內外的(de)(de)禮儀(yi),指(zhi)責慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁非正統。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁派(pai)基(ji)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)塵(chen)討(tao)伐他(ta)(ta)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)渡(du)過了(le)黃河(he)。段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)的(de)(de)弟弟段(duan)(duan)(duan)羆驍勇而有(you)(you)智謀(mou),他(ta)(ta)對段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)說(shuo)(shuo):“慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)善于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)用兵,加(jia)上(shang)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)士(shi)(shi)眾人(ren)多氣(qi)盛,恐怕(pa)不(bu)(bu)可抵抗。如(ru)若他(ta)(ta)們(men)在(zai)(zai)(zai)城下(xia)聚兵圍(wei)(wei)困,盡管(guan)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)再請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)投降(jiang),恐怕(pa)他(ta)(ta)們(men)終究不(bu)(bu)會同(tong)意(yi)(yi)。王(wang)只需(xu)固(gu)守,我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)率(lv)領精(jing)銳(rui)的(de)(de)隊伍(wu)去(qu)抵御(yu)他(ta)(ta)們(men)。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)此(ci)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)告捷,王(wang)可以(yi)馳馬追(zhui)擊而來(lai),使(shi)他(ta)(ta)們(men)連一匹馬都回不(bu)(bu)去(qu)。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)這(zhe)一戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)打敗了(le),馬上(shang)出城請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)投降(jiang),也(ye)不(bu)(bu)失千戶(hu)侯的(de)(de)身(shen)份。”段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)不(bu)(bu)聽從。段(duan)(duan)(duan)羆執意(yi)(yi)要求(qiu)出兵,段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)一怒之(zhi)下(xia)斬殺了(le)他(ta)(ta),率(lv)領三(san)萬(wan)士(shi)(shi)眾來(lai)抵御(yu)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)與(yu)段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)濟水(shui)南遭(zao)遇,與(yu)之(zhi)相戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),把(ba)他(ta)(ta)們(men)打得(de)慘敗,斬了(le)段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)之(zhi)弟段(duan)(duan)(duan)欽,俘虜(lu)(lu)了(le)全部(bu)士(shi)(shi)眾。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)進兵包(bao)圍(wei)(wei)廣固(gu),諸位將領勸他(ta)(ta)應該迅(xun)速(su)(su)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)城,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)說(shuo)(shuo):“作戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)之(zhi)勢(shi)有(you)(you)時應以(yi)等待來(lai)制服敵(di)(di)人(ren),有(you)(you)時應迅(xun)速(su)(su)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)勝(sheng)(sheng)他(ta)(ta)們(men)。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)對方(fang)(fang)和我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)方(fang)(fang)勢(shi)均力敵(di)(di),而且他(ta)(ta)們(men)有(you)(you)強大(da)(da)的(de)(de)后(hou)援,考慮(lv)到(dao)(dao)腹背受敵(di)(di)的(de)(de)困難形勢(shi),我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)必(bi)須(xu)急速(su)(su)進攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),迅(xun)速(su)(su)得(de)到(dao)(dao)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)果(guo)(guo)(guo)。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)強敵(di)(di)弱,又(you)沒有(you)(you)外來(lai)敵(di)(di)人(ren)的(de)(de)增援,我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)力量(liang)足以(yi)制勝(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)話,應當(dang)防守控制他(ta)(ta)們(men),等待他(ta)(ta)們(men)自己困乏(fa)。兵法上(shang)有(you)(you)十圍(wei)(wei)五攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)法,說(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)就(jiu)是這(zhe)個意(yi)(yi)思(si)。段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)靠小恩惠集結起(qi)黨羽,眾人(ren)并沒有(you)(you)離(li)散之(zhi)心,濟南一戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),并非他(ta)(ta)們(men)兵力不(bu)(bu)精(jing)銳(rui),只是用兵之(zhi)術有(you)(you)誤,而導(dao)致失敗。現在(zai)(zai)(zai)固(gu)守天險,上(shang)下(xia)同(tong)心,攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)守都會力量(liang)倍增,這(zhe)是軍(jun)事常用之(zhi)法。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)急速(su)(su)進攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),不(bu)(bu)過幾十天,必(bi)定可以(yi)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)克,但恐怕(pa)會對我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)士(shi)(shi)兵造成死傷(shang)。自從發(fa)生戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)事以(yi)來(lai),士(shi)(shi)卒不(bu)(bu)得(de)安寧,想到(dao)(dao)這(zhe)些,我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)常常無法安睡,為(wei)什(shen)么如(ru)此(ci)輕視(shi)人(ren)的(de)(de)生命呢!我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)應當(dang)用持久(jiu)之(zhi)法來(lai)取(qu)得(de)勝(sheng)(sheng)利(li)。”諸將都說(shuo)(shuo):“這(zhe)是我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)所不(bu)(bu)曾考慮(lv)到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)。”于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是筑造房屋屯(tun)田(tian)耕種,嚴密地加(jia)固(gu)包(bao)圍(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)壁壘(lei)。段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)所任命的(de)(de)徐州刺史(shi)王(wang)騰、索頭(tou)單于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)薛云向慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)投降(jiang)。段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)被(bei)圍(wei)(wei)困,派(pai)使(shi)者到(dao)(dao)建鄴去(qu)請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)救援。晉(jin)穆(mu)帝派(pai)遣北中郎將荀羨趕赴(fu)那(nei)里(li),荀羨害怕(pa)敵(di)(di)虜(lu)(lu)勢(shi)力強大(da)(da)徘徊不(bu)(bu)敢前進。攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)克陽(yang)都,斬了(le)王(wang)騰后(hou)返回。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)克了(le)廣固(gu),授段(duan)(duan)(duan)龕(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)為(wei)伏(fu)順(shun)將軍(jun),把(ba)鮮卑胡羯三(san)千余(yu)戶(hu)遷到(dao)(dao)薊(ji),留下(xia)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)塵(chen)鎮守廣固(gu),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)整隊班師。
元(yuan)(yuan)璽五年(nian)(356年(nian)),慕容(rong)儁(jun)的太(tai)(tai)子慕容(rong)曄去世,謚(shi)號獻(xian)懷太(tai)(tai)子。元(yuan)(yuan)璽六(liu)年(nian)(357年(nian))二月,又立次(ci)子慕容(rong)暐為皇太(tai)(tai)子,在境內實行大(da)赦,改元(yuan)(yuan)光壽。
四(si)月,慕容(rong)儁派遣撫(fu)軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)慕容(rong)垂、中(zhong)軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)慕容(rong)虔與護(hu)軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)平(ping)熙等(deng)人(ren)(ren),率(lv)領八萬(wan)步卒騎兵到塞北地區討伐丁零(ling)敕(chi)勒部(bu),大敗敵方,斬殺俘獲(huo)共十余萬(wan)人(ren)(ren),繳獲(huo)十三(san)萬(wan)匹馬,牛羊不計其數。
及后,匈奴單于賀賴(lai)頭率領(ling)三萬(wan)五千(qian)名同部落(luo)士(shi)卒向慕容儁(jun)投(tou)降,慕容儁(jun)以為寧(ning)西將軍、云中郡公,安(an)置(zhi)在代郡平舒城(cheng)。
光壽二年(358年)十月,東晉太山太守諸葛攸討伐東郡。慕(mu)容(rong)儁派慕(mu)容(rong)恪抵御(yu)迎戰,大(da)敗晉軍。東晉北(bei)中郎將謝萬原先據守梁州和宋州,因害怕而(er)(er)跑回(hui)。慕(mu)容(rong)恪進犯黃河以南地區(qu),汝、潁(ying)、譙、沛全(quan)都(dou)攻克,設(she)置了地方長(chang)官而(er)(er)返(fan)回(hui)。
常煒進言
廷尉(wei)監常(chang)煒進言說:“大(da)燕雖然(ran)改(gai)換(huan)朝(chao)代創建制度(du),至于(yu)朝(chao)廷考核選(xuan)拔(ba)人(ren)才(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa),也大(da)多因循魏晉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做(zuo)法(fa),惟有(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)能(neng)為(wei)(wei)祖父(fu)(fu)和父(fu)(fu)親殮尸(shi)下(xia)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren),才(cai)(cai)不(bu)允(yun)許在(zai)清明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朝(chao)廷躋身(shen)為(wei)(wei)官,這(zhe)是(shi)王道教化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)要原則(ze),是(shi)不(bu)可刪改(gai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制度(du)。然(ran)而禮(li)儀貴在(zai)適(shi)應時勢,每一(yi)朝(chao)代都有(you)(you)(you)(you)增有(you)(you)(you)(you)減,因此(ci)漢高祖率兵入咸陽(yang)時約法(fa)三(san)章,而秦人(ren)安(an)定。自(zi)近來中原遭(zao)到(dao)戰亂(luan),連年打仗(zhang),有(you)(you)(you)(you)時遭(zao)遇(yu)城池淪陷,全軍覆滅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)災禍(huo),軍隊士(shi)卒被坑(keng)埋水(shui)淹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事,常(chang)常(chang)發生。家中僅剩下(xia)孤苦伶仃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兒孫,十家中有(you)(you)(you)(you)九家如(ru)此(ci)。加之三(san)方對峙如(ru)山頭聳立(li),父(fu)(fu)子(zi)處在(zai)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邦(bang)域,存亡吉兇(xiong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音訊,杳然(ran)如(ru)隔(ge)天(tian)外。有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)從(cong)簡(jian)操辦,有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依照季札于(yu)異(yi)鄉(xiang)蠃博之間(jian)葬(zang)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做(zuo)法(fa),孝(xiao)子(zi)粉身(shen)碎骨(gu)也無(wu)補益,賢孫肝腸(chang)寸斷也挽救不(bu)及(ji),雖然(ran)可以(yi)(yi)用招(zhao)(zhao)魂以(yi)(yi)形式上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)葬(zang)來表達無(wu)盡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哀思,但禮(li)法(fa)上沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)招(zhao)(zhao)魂安(an)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條文,法(fa)令上不(bu)登載這(zhe)一(yi)類規定。如(ru)遇(yu)到(dao)這(zhe)種情況,負有(you)(you)(you)(you)琳瑯般的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)才(cai)(cai)華而無(wu)處施展(zhan),懷著杰出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)才(cai)(cai)智(zhi)卻不(bu)能(neng)列于(yu)官位,這(zhe)實在(zai)值(zhi)得痛惜。恐怕(pa)不(bu)合(he)乎明(ming)察薦(jian)舉出身(shen)微陋之人(ren),務求充分利(li)用當代賢才(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用人(ren)之道。吳起、二陳之類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)才(cai)(cai),終將沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)機會施展(zhan)才(cai)(cai)干。漢高祖為(wei)(wei)什(shen)么能(neng)解脫平城之圍(wei)?郅支的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)級(ji)怎樣懸掛(gua)到(dao)了漢關?我(wo)恭謹地(di)認為(wei)(wei)《戊辰詔書(shu)》,蕩滌了瑕疵污(wu)穢,天(tian)下(xia)更新(xin),以(yi)(yi)昭明(ming)共創新(xin)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吉慶之情。五六年間(jian),轉而互相抵觸,對于(yu)以(yi)(yi)天(tian)為(wei)(wei)法(fa),我(wo)暗中認為(wei)(wei)不(bu)甚(shen)安(an)妥。”慕容儁說:“常(chang)煒是(shi)德(de)高望重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)儒(ru),精(jing)通(tong)刑法(fa),觀察他(ta)所陳述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看(kan)法(fa),非常(chang)值(zhi)得采納。現在(zai)天(tian)下(xia)尚未安(an)寧(ning),喪亂(luan)還未平息,又(you)正值(zhi)搜尋提拔(ba)非凡人(ren)才(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候,不(bu)可能(neng)才(cai)(cai)能(neng)和品行兼備,暫且(qie)除去這(zhe)一(yi)條規定,到(dao)天(tian)下(xia)統一(yi)后再(zai)重(zhong)新(xin)商(shang)議。”
當初(chu),冉(ran)閔僭稱王號時,石虎(hu)部(bu)將(jiang)李(li)(li)歷、張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)、高(gao)昌等(deng)都帶(dai)領(ling)(ling)(ling)所轄的(de)(de)(de)隊(dui)伍向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁自(zi)稱藩屬,派遣各自(zi)的(de)(de)(de)兒子入慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁處(chu)(chu)侍(shi)奉,甚至向建鄴投(tou)(tou)誠(cheng),與苻堅結交為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)奧援,都接受了(le)(le)爵位(wei),控制局勢固守。雖然向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁進貢的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)者來(lai)往不絕,但并(bing)未(wei)極盡忠(zhong)誠(cheng)之禮。呂護逃(tao)到(dao)(dao)(dao)野王,派弟(di)弟(di)手捧奏(zou)表(biao)向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁謝(xie)罪(zui),拜為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)寧(ning)南(nan)(nan)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)、河內太(tai)守。另外,上黨馮鴦自(zi)領(ling)(ling)(ling)太(tai)守,依(yi)附于張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping)(ping)(ping),張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)多次(ci)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)他(ta)說話(hua),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)緣(yuan)故,赦免了(le)(le)馮鴦的(de)(de)(de)罪(zui)過(guo),以為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)京兆(zhao)太(tai)守。呂護和(he)馮鴦暗中(zhong)(zhong)與東(dong)晉的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)有(you)聯系(xi)。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)跨(kua)踞新(xin)興、雁門、西(xi)(xi)河、太(tai)原、上黨、上郡之地,有(you)三(san)百余(yu)處(chu)(chu)防(fang)守工(gong)事,十(shi)余(yu)萬戶胡人和(he)晉人,又授官(guan)設置征(zheng)東(dong)、鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)西(xi)(xi)等(deng)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)稱號,形成(cheng)鼎立(li)對峙的(de)(de)(de)局面。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁派司徒慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)討(tao)伐張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping)(ping)(ping),領(ling)(ling)(ling)軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根討(tao)伐馮鴦,司空陽(yang)騖(wu)討(tao)伐高(gao)昌,撫(fu)軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)臧攻打李(li)(li)歷。并(bing)州(zhou)投(tou)(tou)降(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)御堡(bao)壘(lei)有(you)一(yi)百余(yu)處(chu)(chu),任命尚書右(you)仆(pu)射(she)悅綰(wan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)安西(xi)(xi)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)、兼(jian)護匈奴中(zhong)(zhong)郎將(jiang)、并(bing)州(zhou)刺史來(lai)安撫(fu)他(ta)們。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)所任命的(de)(de)(de)征(zheng)西(xi)(xi)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)諸葛驤、鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)北(bei)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)蘇象、寧(ning)東(dong)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)喬庶、鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)南(nan)(nan)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)石賢(xian)等(deng)人以防(fang)御堡(bao)壘(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)百三(san)十(shi)八(ba)處(chu)(chu)投(tou)(tou)降(jiang)了(le)(le)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁非常高(gao)興,讓他(ta)們都恢復了(le)(le)官(guan)職和(he)爵位(wei)。不久,張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)帶(dai)領(ling)(ling)(ling)三(san)千士眾逃(tao)到(dao)(dao)(dao)平(ping)(ping)(ping)陽(yang),馮鴦逃(tao)到(dao)(dao)(dao)野王,李(li)(li)歷逃(tao)到(dao)(dao)(dao)滎陽(yang),高(gao)昌逃(tao)到(dao)(dao)(dao)邵陵,部(bu)眾全(quan)部(bu)投(tou)(tou)降(jiang)了(le)(le)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁。
光壽(shou)三(san)年(359年),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)圖謀再度侵(qin)犯東晉,并企(qi)圖消(xiao)滅(mie)前秦,就(jiu)下(xia)令各(ge)州(zhou)郡清點(dian)檢查現有的(de)兵(bing)丁,檢查核實(shi)戶(hu)口,一(yi)(yi)律各(ge)家各(ge)戶(hu)僅留(liu)一(yi)(yi)成年人(ren),其他全部(bu)征發入(ru)伍,想使(shi)步(bu)卒達到一(yi)(yi)百(bai)五十(shi)萬,希望第(di)二(er)年會(hui)合全部(bu)兵(bing)力,準備進軍洛(luo)陽,能(neng)指揮調度三(san)方力量。武邑人(ren)劉貴上書極(ji)力勸諫,陳說(shuo)百(bai)姓(xing)生活困(kun)乏,征兵(bing)不合乎法律,恐怕百(bai)姓(xing)不堪承受(shou),發生土崩(beng)瓦解(jie)的(de)大禍,并且陳述(shu)當時(shi)不適合時(shi)勢的(de)政治事(shi)務十(shi)三(san)件。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)俊讀(du)完諫書同(tong)意劉豈的(de)意見,交(jiao)付公(gong)卿廣泛商議(yi)。劉貴所言之(zhi)事(shi)多數采用,于(yu)是(shi)改(gai)為五丁抽三(san)制(zhi),放寬(kuan)一(yi)(yi)周的(de)戰(zhan)備時(shi)間,命令他們在(zai)第(di)二(er)年冬末全部(bu)趕赴鄴都集結。
不久,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁病重(zhong),對(dui)弟弟慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)說:“我體虛弱,恐(kong)怕不行了。人生(sheng)的長短,是命中注定(ding)(ding)的,還(huan)(huan)有什(shen)么遣憾呢!只(zhi)是兩方敵寇還(huan)(huan)未消滅(mie),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐(wei)年齡幼小,恐(kong)怕無力承受(shou)過多的苦(ku)難(nan)。我想遠追宋宣公的后塵,把國(guo)家交給你。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)說:“太子(zi)雖然年幼,但天性聰慧,必定(ding)(ding)能(neng)遏制兇殘的敵人,使天下(xia)安定(ding)(ding)刑法措置不用(yong),不能(neng)亂了正(zheng)統。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁生(sheng)氣地說:“兄弟之間哪里用(yong)得著說客氣話(hua)!”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)說:“陛下(xia)如(ru)果認為我能(neng)夠(gou)承擔天下(xia)重(zhong)任,我怎能(neng)不輔佐少主呢!”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁說:“如(ru)果你如(ru)周公那樣輔政,我還(huan)(huan)憂(you)慮什(shen)么呢!李績清廉方正(zheng)忠誠坦蕩,能(neng)夠(gou)勝任大(da)事,你要(yao)善待(dai)他。”
光壽四年(nian)(360年(nian))正(zheng)月二(er)十日,慕(mu)(mu)容儁在鄴城(cheng)對軍(jun)隊(dui)進行大檢閱,想讓(rang)大司(si)(si)馬慕(mu)(mu)容恪、司(si)(si)空陽鶩統領軍(jun)隊(dui)進犯東晉。恰好這(zhe)時(shi)病情加重(zhong),立即召來慕(mu)(mu)容恪、司(si)(si)空陽鶩、司(si)(si)徒慕(mu)(mu)容評、領軍(jun)將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)輿根等人(ren),接受遺詔(zhao)輔佐朝政。正(zheng)月二(er)十一日,慕(mu)(mu)容儁去世(shi),時(shi)年(nian)四十二(er)歲(sui),共在位十一年(nian),謚號景昭皇(huang)帝,廟(miao)號烈祖,葬于龍陵。
父親
父(fu)親:慕(mu)容皝,前燕初代國君,史(shi)稱燕文(wen)明(ming)帝。
妻妾
可足渾皇(huang)后,幽帝踐祚尊為皇(huang)太后,后被廢庶(shu)人。
段昭儀(yi),成武帝踐祚謚為(wei)景德(de)皇后。
兒子
慕容曄,獻懷太子。
慕容臧,樂安王(wang)。
慕容暐,前燕末代皇帝(di),稱燕幽帝(di)。
慕容亮,鎮東將軍、渤海王(wang)。
慕容溫,冀州刺史、樂浪悼王。
慕容涉,漁陽王。
慕容泓,西燕第一位國君,稱燕烈文帝。
慕(mu)容沖,西燕第二位君(jun)主,稱燕威帝(di)。
女兒
慕容氏,封清(qing)河公主。為(wei)秦宣昭帝苻堅(jian)嬪(pin)妃。
慕容(rong)廆:“此兒骨相不恒,吾家(jia)得之矣。”
房玄齡等《晉書》:①“宣英文武(wu)兼優,加之(zhi)以(yi)機斷,因石(shi)氏之(zhi)釁,首(shou)圖中原,燕士協其籌,冀馬為其用(yong),一(yi)戰而(er)平巨寇,再舉而(er)拔堅城,氣詟傍(bang)鄰,威(wei)加邊服。便謂深功被物(wu),天(tian)數在躬,遽竊鴻名,偷安寶錄。猶(you)將席卷京洛,肆(si)其蟻聚(ju)之(zhi)徒;宰割黎元,縱其鯨吞之(zhi)勢(shi)。使江左疲(pi)于(yu)奔(ben)命,職(zhi)此之(zhi)由。非(fei)夫天(tian)厭素靈(ling)而(er)啟異類(lei),不然者,其鋒何以(yi)若斯(si)!”;②“俊(jun)雅好文籍,自初即(ji)位至(zhi)末年,講論(lun)不倦(juan),覽政之(zhi)暇,唯與侍臣錯(cuo)綜義理,凡所著述四十余篇。性嚴重,慎威(wei)儀(yi),未曾以(yi)慢服臨朝(chao),雖閑居宴處亦無懈怠之(zhi)色云。”;③“身長八尺二寸,姿(zi)貌魁偉,博觀圖書,有文武(wu)干略。”
慕(mu)容(rong)俊依(yi)靠慕(mu)容(rong)恪、悅綰(wan)、慕(mu)容(rong)評等一(yi)干(gan)宗室、名將,趁著石(shi)趙(zhao)崩壞(huai)后中原的(de)(de)紛(fen)亂,派兵(bing)南下,滅(mie)冉魏(wei)、段齊,在軍事征(zheng)服中屢(lv)屢(lv)獲勝,極大地擴展了(le)前燕慕(mu)容(rong)氏的(de)(de)版圖。但窮兵(bing)黷武的(de)(de)舉動,使燕國百姓負(fu)擔增重(zhong)。
當(dang)初(chu),慕容(rong)廆有一(yi)匹(pi)駿馬(ma)(ma)名叫赭白,外(wai)觀奇特足力超群。石虎討伐棘(ji)城(cheng)時,慕容(rong)皝準(zhun)備(bei)出(chu)城(cheng)避難(nan),想騎這(zhe)匹(pi)馬(ma)(ma),馬(ma)(ma)放(fang)聲悲嗚又踢又咬(yao),沒有人能夠接近它。慕容(rong)皝說(shuo):“這(zhe)匹(pi)馬(ma)(ma)在前朝(chao)就被枧為(wei)奇馬(ma)(ma),我常依靠它度過難(nan)關,現在不愿意(yi)讓我乘(cheng)騎,大(da)概是先父的(de)意(yi)思吧!”于是打消了出(chu)城(cheng)的(de)念(nian)頭。石虎不久撤兵,慕容(rong)皝更加認為(wei)此(ci)(ci)馬(ma)(ma)不凡(fan)。到了此(ci)(ci)時,馬(ma)(ma)已(yi)四十九歲,但(dan)奔馳疾速不減當(dang)年,慕容(rong)儁(jun)將其比作從前鮑(bao)氏曾三代同乘(cheng)的(de)一(yi)匹(pi)馬(ma)(ma),下令鑄這(zhe)匹(pi)馬(ma)(ma)的(de)銅(tong)像(xiang)(xiang),親(qin)自(zi)為(wei)之(zhi)寫了銘文贊辭,刻在銅(tong)像(xiang)(xiang)旁邊(bian),把銅(tong)像(xiang)(xiang)立在薊城(cheng)東(dong)掖門。當(dang)年,銅(tong)像(xiang)(xiang)鑄成而(er)這(zhe)匹(pi)馬(ma)(ma)死(si)去。
光壽(shou)三(san)年(359年),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁在(zai)蒲池宴請群臣,談到周朝太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)晉時(shi),他(ta)潸然淚下,說:“有才(cai)華的(de)兒子(zi)(zi)難(nan)得。自從慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)曄死后,我(wo)鬢發已(yi)經半白(bai)。你(ni)們說慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)曄怎樣(yang)?”司徒左長(chang)史李(li)績回答說:“獻懷太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)曄在(zai)東宮的(de)時(shi)候,我(wo)為中庶子(zi)(zi),太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)的(de)志向業績,我(wo)怎敢說不清楚呢!太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)的(de)大(da)德(de)表現(xian)在(zai)八(ba)個方面(mian):其一,至(zhi)孝;其二(er),聰(cong)明(ming)敏銳;其三(san),沉著堅毅;其四,痛恨阿諛,喜歡剛(gang)直;其五(wu),好學;其六,多(duo)才(cai)多(duo)藝;其七,謙恭(gong);其八(ba),喜歡施惠于人。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁說:“你(ni)的(de)贊譽(yu)雖說有點過分,但如(ru)果此兒健在(zai),我(wo)便死而無(wu)憂(you)了。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)怎么樣(yang)?”當時(shi)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)正陪從在(zai)旁邊,李(li)績說:“皇太(tai)(tai)(tai)子(zi)(zi)天資聰(cong)慧(hui),雖然已(yi)有具備(bei)八(ba)德(de)的(de)聲譽(yu),但尚(shang)有兩(liang)方面(mian)的(de)缺憾(han)未能彌補(bu),喜歡游玩(wan)、打獵(lie)和絲(si)竹器(qi)樂,這就是導致他(ta)有所不如(ru)的(de)原因。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁看著慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)說:“李(li)績的(de)話,是苦口良藥,你(ni)應該引(yin)以(yi)為誡。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)卻忿(fen)忿(fen)不平。
光壽三(san)年(nian)(359年(nian)),慕容(rong)儁夢見后趙武帝石虎(hu)咬(yao)他的(de)臂(bei)膀,便掘開石虎(hu)的(de)墳墓,尋找(zhao)他的(de)尸體,但沒有找(zhao)到(dao)(dao),于是(shi)懸賞百金搜求。鄴城的(de)女子(zi)李菟知道下(xia)落,告訴了(le)慕容(rong)儁,在(zai)(zai)東明觀下(xia)找(zhao)到(dao)(dao)尸體。尸體僵而不(bu)(bu)腐。慕容(rong)儁踩著尸體罵(ma)道:“死胡人,竟敢嚇唬活天子(zi)!”接(jie)著歷數(shu)石虎(hu)的(de)殘暴罪行,又用(yong)鞭子(zi)抽(chou)打尸體,最后投進漳水之中,但尸體卻倚靠在(zai)(zai)橋柱邊而不(bu)(bu)漂(piao)走。等到(dao)(dao)前秦滅掉(diao)了(le)前燕,王猛為此殺掉(diao)李菟,將石虎(hu)的(de)遺骸收拾(shi)起來(lai)安葬了(le)。