斡道(dao)沖,字(zi)宗(zong)圣(sheng),西夏(xia)仁宗(zong)李仁孝時(shi)重臣,靈州(今寧(ning)夏(xia)靈武)人(ren),從夏(xia)主遷居興慶(qing)府(今寧(ning)夏(xia)銀川),世代掌修夏(xia)國史。
他不(bu)(bu)(bu)但在學術上頗有造詣,而且淡泊功名,尤其對奸相(xiang)(xiang)佞臣剛直(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)阿,敢于直(zhi)言,勇于斗爭(zheng),是(shi)西夏歷史上不(bu)(bu)(bu)可多(duo)得的(de)一位漢族(zu)名相(xiang)(xiang)。
他年八歲時以《尚書(shu)》中(zhong)童(tong)子舉。精通(tong)五經,譯《論(lun)語注(zhu)》,作《論(lun)語小義》二十(shi)卷,又作《周易(yi)卜筮斷(duan)》,用蕃字(西夏(xia)文(wen))寫成,流行夏(xia)境。任(ren)(ren)得(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)在(zai)朝廷(ting)任(ren)(ren)國(guo)相(xiang)時,專(zhuan)橫跋(ba)扈(hu),唯有斡(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)道(dao)(dao)沖敢于同他抗爭(zheng)(zheng)。早在(zai)任(ren)(ren)得(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)上表(biao)請求入(ru)朝時,斡(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)道(dao)(dao)沖就進諫反對,說(shuo)任(ren)(ren)得(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)入(ru)朝,是想干預(yu)國(guo)政,自(zi)古外戚擅權,國(guo)無(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)亂,能保(bao)證他沒有異心嗎?在(zai)斡(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)道(dao)(dao)沖等(deng)剛介之士的堅持(chi)反對下(xia),仁孝皇帝(di)沒有允許(xu)任(ren)(ren)得(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)入(ru)朝。這使(shi)得(de)(de)(de)任(ren)(ren)得(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)視斡(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)道(dao)(dao)沖為(wei)(wei)(wei)眼中(zhong)釘。后(hou)任(ren)(ren)得(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)進為(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)相(xiang)后(hou),斡(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)道(dao)(dao)沖不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)畏(wei)權勢,冒著生命危險,多次彈劾任(ren)(ren)得(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)濫殺(sha)無(wu)辜,網羅親黨。任(ren)(ren)得(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)恨得(de)(de)(de)咬牙切齒,想殺(sha)斡(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)道(dao)(dao)沖,只(zhi)是斡(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)道(dao)(dao)沖名氣太(tai)大,恐引起眾怒,只(zhi)好讓斡(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)道(dao)(dao)沖閑居(ju)在(zai)家,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)準他參理(li)國(guo)政。為(wei)(wei)(wei)此,斡(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)道(dao)(dao)沖沉寂了幾乎二十(shi)年,仍(reng)處之淡然。斡(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)道(dao)(dao)沖敢于同任(ren)(ren)得(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)首的專(zhuan)權跋(ba)扈(hu)、投機鉆營、圖謀篡權的奸臣做堅決斗爭(zheng)(zheng),表(biao)現了其“寧(ning)為(wei)(wei)(wei)玉碎,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)瓦全(quan)”的大無(wu)畏(wei)鴻儒氣魄,其人(ren)(ren)品為(wei)(wei)(wei)世人(ren)(ren)所敬(jing)(jing)仰。
西(xi)夏乾佑元(yuan)年(nian)(1170年(nian)),任(ren)得敬篡權陰謀被(bei)粉(fen)碎(sui),第二年(nian)五(wu)月(yue),李仁(ren)孝以斡道沖為(wei)西(xi)夏國中書令,朝中官吏引為(wei)楷模。在斡道沖的影響下,群臣敢于直言,敢于對時政提出自己的看(kan)法,這對社會(hui)的發(fa)展和(he)經濟的繁榮,非常必要和(he)有益。不(bu)久,眾(zhong)望所歸(gui),斡道沖又被(bei)任(ren)命為(wei)國相。
西(xi)夏乾佑十四(si)年(1183年),斡(wo)道(dao)沖因(yin)勞(lao)累(lei)而死(si)。他任西(xi)夏國相十余年間,廉潔施(shi)政,生活儉樸,史載“家無私蓄,僅有書籍數(shu)床(chuang)而已(yi)”,可(ke)謂(wei)兩袖清風,一身正氣。仁孝皇帝聞(wen)訊后,悲痛萬(wan)分,令人將斡(wo)道(dao)沖遺像畫于郡縣(xian)學,尊為(wei)楷模,世代與孔子共(gong)祭祀(si),表現出對(dui)斡(wo)道(dao)沖的崇高評價(jia)和深切緬懷。
直(zhi)到元代,斡道沖還(huan)被尊為一流(liu)學(xue)者,儒學(xue)大師。元代翰林學(xue)士虞伯生撰(zhuan)有《西夏(xia)相斡公(gong)畫像贊》云(yun):“西夏(xia)之盛(sheng),禮事孔子(zi)。極其尊親(qin),以(yi)帝(di)廟(miao)祀。乃有儒臣(chen),早究(jiu)典(dian)謨(mo)。通經同文,教其國都。遂相其君(jun),作服施采。顧(gu)瞻學(xue)宮,遺像斯生。國廢時遠,人(ren)鮮克知。壞宮改作,不聞金絲。不忘(wang)其親(qin),存賢(xian)子(zi)孫。載國丹青,取征良史。”斡道沖昭垂百代清(qing)芬(fen),其德操令后人(ren)慕仰,可(ke)謂(wei)西夏(xia)賢(xian)相儒臣(chen)。
天(tian)盛三年(nian)(1151)為(wei)蕃漢教授(shou)。在朝(chao)剛(gang)介直言,與御史中(zhong)(zhong)丞熱辣公濟、翰林學士兼樞(shu)密都承旨焦景顏共同抵(di)制外戚任(ren)得(de)敬的(de)專權和分(fen)國活動。任(ren)得(de)敬被誅(zhu)后,乾祐二年(nian)(1171)擢為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)書(shu)(shu)令。輔佐(zuo)仁宗穩(wen)定(ding)政局,發展文化,很多重要(yao)典籍即在此時刊印。乾祐十四年(nian)死,為(wei)相十數年(nian),家無私(si)蓄(xu),藏書(shu)(shu)甚多,死后,仁宗圖畫其(qi)像,從(cong)祀于孔廟。