穆克登(1664年(nian)~1735年(nian)),姓富察(cha),吉(ji)(ji)林(lin)(lin)烏拉街人(ren)。隸滿洲(zhou)鑲黃(huang)旗,清(qing)代官(guan)員。康熙(xi)(xi)(xi)二十(shi)三年(nian)(1684),任清(qing)康熙(xi)(xi)(xi)皇帝侍衛。康熙(xi)(xi)(xi)三十(shi)七年(nian)(1698),從京城(cheng)返回故里(li)任第(di)四任總管。康熙(xi)(xi)(xi)五(wu)十(shi)一年(nian)(1712),奉康熙(xi)(xi)(xi)帝之命,代表清(qing)政府(fu)與朝鮮李(li)朝京官(guan)李(li)義復等人(ren)赴長白(bai)山分水嶺處議(yi)定(ding)中朝兩國邊界(jie)。康熙(xi)(xi)(xi)五(wu)十(shi)八年(nian)(1719)授(shou)吉(ji)(ji)林(lin)(lin)副都(dou)統,轉年(nian)授(shou)吉(ji)(ji)林(lin)(lin)、烏拉街兩城(cheng)八旗兵(bing)前鋒統領。雍(yong)(yong)(yong)正(zheng)三年(nian)(1725)出師新疆(jiang),任阿爾泰等處地方將軍(jun),事(shi)后(hou)返吉(ji)(ji)。雍(yong)(yong)(yong)正(zheng)十(shi)年(nian)(1732),再次率兵(bing)赴新疆(jiang)巴(ba)里(li)坤駐防(fang),授(shou)內務大臣。雍(yong)(yong)(yong)正(zheng)十(shi)三年(nian)(1735),因勞累成疾病逝。卒后(hou),清(qing)世宗雍(yong)(yong)(yong)正(zheng)帝追封他為(wei)“光祿大夫”。
1712年(nian),穆(mu)克登(deng)奉康熙(xi)帝圣旨,第二次踏查中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)邊界(jie),查找界(jie)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)鴨(ya)綠江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)和圖(tu)(tu)們(men)(men)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(當時,清(qing)(qing)(qing)王朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)稱(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)土(tu)門(men)(men)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮王朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)稱(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)豆(dou)滿江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang))源(yuan)(yuan)頭,并于兩(liang)(liang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)分水(shui)(shui)嶺上(shang)立下“西(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)鴨(ya)綠東為(wei)(wei)(wei)土(tu)門(men)(men)”的(de)(de)石碑(bei)(bei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)記(ji)。事畢,又委托朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮在圖(tu)(tu)們(men)(men)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)無水(shui)(shui)陸地(di)處豎(shu)立木柵(zha)、石堆、土(tu)堆等標(biao)示物,以示圖(tu)(tu)們(men)(men)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)以北(bei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國界(jie),以南為(wei)(wei)(wei)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮界(jie)。此后170年(nian)間(jian),兩(liang)(liang)國對(dui)圖(tu)(tu)們(men)(men)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)界(jie)河(he)均無異議。19世紀末,大量(liang)的(de)(de)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮民眾越境,遷入圖(tu)(tu)們(men)(men)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)北(bei)岸的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國境內墾(ken)(ken)(ken)(ken)種、定(ding)居,被稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“墾(ken)(ken)(ken)(ken)民”。1881年(nian),清(qing)(qing)(qing)廷(ting)對(dui)延邊地(di)區開(kai)禁墾(ken)(ken)(ken)(ken)荒,翌年(nian),朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)方要求“刷還(huan)”全部墾(ken)(ken)(ken)(ken)民,清(qing)(qing)(qing)廷(ting)又給以一(yi)年(nian)的(de)(de)期(qi)限。1883年(nian),朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)方在無法“刷還(huan)”墾(ken)(ken)(ken)(ken)民的(de)(de)被動情(qing)況之(zhi)下,向(xiang)清(qing)(qing)(qing)廷(ting)提出穆(mu)克登(deng)碑(bei)(bei)所刻之(zhi)“土(tu)門(men)(men)”界(jie)河(he)非(fei)圖(tu)(tu)們(men)(men)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、圖(tu)(tu)們(men)(men)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)非(fei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)界(jie)河(he)、圖(tu)(tu)們(men)(men)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)北(bei)岸為(wei)(wei)(wei)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮領土(tu)的(de)(de)主(zhu)張,所謂中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)邊界(jie)問題由此而(er)產生。為(wei)(wei)(wei)此,兩(liang)(liang)國于1885、1887年(nian)先后進(jin)行了兩(liang)(liang)次勘界(jie)與談判,最終進(jin)一(yi)步確(que)認了圖(tu)(tu)們(men)(men)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)界(jie)河(he)的(de)(de)歷史(shi)事實,僅就圖(tu)(tu)們(men)(men)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)最北(bei)的(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)條源(yuan)(yuan)頭——紅土(tu)山(shan)水(shui)(shui)和石乙(yi)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)合(he)流點(dian)以西(xi)之(zhi)地(di)域,以兩(liang)(liang)者(zhe)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)何水(shui)(shui)劃界(jie)則懸而(er)未決。1964年(nian)后,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)邊界(jie)線得以定(ding)論。
15世(shi)紀中(zhong)(zhong)葉,朝(chao)鮮王(wang)朝(chao)開拓北方(fang)領土(tu),在圖們(men)(men)江中(zhong)(zhong)下游南岸地區設置六(liu)鎮之后(hou),圖們(men)(men)江開始成(cheng)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)朝(chao)兩國(guo)習慣(guan)上的(de)天然分界線。清王(wang)朝(chao)全(quan)面(mian)繼承了明王(wang)朝(chao)的(de)疆域(yu),延續(xu)了明代中(zhong)(zhong)期以(yi)后(hou)以(yi)今圖們(men)(men)江中(zhong)(zhong)下游明確河段為(wei)界的(de)習慣(guan)分界線,江北為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)疆域(yu),江南為(wei)朝(chao)鮮國(guo)土(tu)。
清康熙朝(chao)時,穆(mu)克登兩次奉旨查邊。第二(er)次查邊,定下兩國界河鴨綠江(jiang)和(he)圖們(men)(men)江(jiang)的源頭,確定以(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)紅丹水為圖們(men)(men)江(jiang)正源,在(zai)小(xiao)(xiao)白山分水嶺上立下石(shi)碑,以(yi)標示(shi)兩江(jiang)之源。穆(mu)克登委托朝(chao)鮮(xian)在(zai)其(qi)指定的最(zui)北(bei)的圖們(men)(men)江(jiang)源頭和(he)小(xiao)(xiao)紅丹水之間筑設標示(shi)物,但朝(chao)方施工時違背穆(mu)克登的本意(yi),沿北(bei)去的松花江(jiang)上源——黃花松溝子筑設了石(shi)堆、土堆。后來穆(mu)克登死后清政府更沒留意(yi)這件事(shi)了。
穆克登碑失蹤前位(wei)于(yu)天池東南約八、九里處(chu),220余年間該碑被(bei)屢(lv)次從初立位(wei)置向(xiang)(xiang)中國方向(xiang)(xiang)挪移。
1883年,朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)王朝(chao)(chao)向清王朝(chao)(chao)提(ti)出圖(tu)們(men)江(jiang)(jiang)非中朝(chao)(chao)界(jie)(jie)河(he)(he),海蘭河(he)(he)為(wei)穆克(ke)登碑文(wen)中的(de)界(jie)(jie)河(he)(he)“土(tu)(tu)門(men)”。1885年,中朝(chao)(chao)兩國進行了(le)(le)勘(kan)(kan)界(jie)(jie)與談(tan)判(pan),清方(fang)(fang)(fang)堅持“土(tu)(tu)門(men)”即為(wei)圖(tu)們(men)江(jiang)(jiang),朝(chao)(chao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)改(gai)稱黃(huang)花松溝(gou)子為(wei)“土(tu)(tu)門(men)”界(jie)(jie)河(he)(he)。兩國對長白山中朝(chao)(chao)邊界(jie)(jie)情(qing)況做了(le)(le)詳細(xi)勘(kan)(kan)查,但界(jie)(jie)談(tan)未取得(de)一致結論,對“土(tu)(tu)門(men)”為(wei)何水(shui)未達成共(gong)識。1885年界(jie)(jie)談(tan)后,朝(chao)(chao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)自行放棄了(le)(le)“土(tu)(tu)門(men)”非圖(tu)們(men)江(jiang)(jiang)的(de)觀(guan)點,承認(ren)中朝(chao)(chao)兩國原本就以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)圖(tu)們(men)江(jiang)(jiang)為(wei)界(jie)(jie)河(he)(he)的(de)事(shi)實。1887年,雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)進行了(le)(le)第二次界(jie)(jie)談(tan),討(tao)論圖(tu)們(men)江(jiang)(jiang)上游地段以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)何水(shui)為(wei)圖(tu)們(men)江(jiang)(jiang)正源并(bing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)分界(jie)(jie)。清方(fang)(fang)(fang)主張(zhang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)石乙(yi)水(shui)分界(jie)(jie),朝(chao)(chao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)主張(zhang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)紅土(tu)(tu)山水(shui)分界(jie)(jie),談(tan)判(pan)始(shi)終(zhong)未達成一致,最后朝(chao)(chao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)提(ti)出聽由清光(guang)緒(xu)帝(di)裁(cai)決。光(guang)緒(xu)帝(di)命以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)石乙(yi)水(shui)分界(jie)(jie),朝(chao)(chao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)仍(reng)持異議。1897年之(zhi)后,朝(chao)(chao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)又(you)重新提(ti)出“土(tu)(tu)門(men)”非圖(tu)們(men)江(jiang)(jiang),只因無(wu)法自圓(yuan)其說(shuo),最終(zhong)不得(de)不放棄。
15世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)中(zhong)葉(xie)之后,大致上(shang)以(yi)圖(tu)們江(jiang)(jiang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)習慣邊(bian)界線、長白(bai)山(shan)(shan)以(yi)南尚有中(zhong)國領(ling)土;穆(mu)克(ke)登(deng)查邊(bian)前,三江(jiang)(jiang)口以(yi)東(dong)地段(duan)以(yi)圖(tu)們江(jiang)(jiang)主河段(duan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)界,三江(jiang)(jiang)口以(yi)西(xi)的圖(tu)們江(jiang)(jiang)上(shang)游地段(duan)界限(xian)未明(ming);1712年(nian)穆(mu)克(ke)登(deng)確(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)以(yi)小紅(hong)丹水(shui)(shui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)界;“丁亥”界談后光(guang)緒帝(di)裁決以(yi)石乙水(shui)(shui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)界;1909年(nian)《間島協約》約定(ding)(ding)仍以(yi)石乙水(shui)(shui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)界;20世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)60年(nian)代開始中(zhong)朝(chao)兩國確(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)以(yi)紅(hong)土山(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)界,并將長白(bai)山(shan)(shan)天(tian)池(chi)一分為(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)。這一過程中(zhong),朝(chao)鮮領(ling)土不斷向北(bei)方拓展(zhan),中(zhong)國領(ling)土則一再縮減。
公元1712年,清(qing)康熙帝(di)派烏喇(la)總管穆(mu)(mu)克登(deng)赴長(chang)(chang)白(bai)山(shan)查看(kan)(kan)中朝(chao)(chao)(chao)邊界(jie)界(jie)河鴨(ya)綠江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、圖們(men)(men)(men)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)源地(di)段(duan)(duan),同時知會朝(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)政(zheng)府。朝(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)政(zheng)府遂派漢城府尹樸(pu)權、咸鏡道觀察(cha)使(shi)李善溥為(wei)(wei)接(jie)伴使(shi),并(bing)派若干軍(jun)官、譯官隨(sui)穆(mu)(mu)克登(deng)上(shang)長(chang)(chang)白(bai)山(shan)。5月15日,穆(mu)(mu)克登(deng)在長(chang)(chang)白(bai)山(shan)頂分(fen)水領(ling)鴨(ya)綠江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、圖們(men)(men)(men)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)兩(liang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)源頭立審(shen)視(shi)碑(bei)(朝(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)稱定界(jie)碑(bei))。碑(bei)文中有“奉旨查邊至(zhi)此審(shen)視(shi)西為(wei)(wei)鴨(ya)綠、東為(wei)(wei)圖們(men)(men)(men),故于(yu)分(fen)水領(ling)上(shang)勘石為(wei)(wei)記(ji)”。穆(mu)(mu)克登(deng)同時發現圖們(men)(men)(men)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)源地(di)段(duan)(duan),從(cong)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)源往(wang)下.流至(zhi)數十(shi)里不見水痕(hen)(hen),兩(liang)岸(an)草稀土平(ping),不易辨認邊界(jie)。因(yin)此就(jiu)商于(yu)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)接(jie)伴使(shi)樸(pu)權,建議在圖們(men)(men)(men)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)源地(di)帶數十(shi)里不見水痕(hen)(hen)地(di)帶,設棚(peng)立標(biao)。朝(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)樸(pu)權同意,并(bing)建議由朝(chao)(chao)(chao)方承(cheng)擔。兩(liang)國邊界(jie)設棚(peng)立標(biao)本為(wei)(wei)大事(shi),理應(ying)雙方共同參與,但穆(mu)(mu)克登(deng)竟將此事(shi)完全(quan)委于(yu)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian),而后回國,蓋因(yin)時朝(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)清(qing)藩屬,而朝(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)在該地(di)實際上(shang)有替(ti)清(qing)廷看(kan)(kan)家護(hu)院的職責,尤(you)其(qi)在后來的封禁(jin)時期。因(yin)此,朝(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)王國方面并(bing)無逾越之膽,而且多次請清(qing)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)發還越界(jie)耕種的朝(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)農(nong)民(min),并(bing)且斬(zhan)首示眾,已示向清(qing)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)的效忠。