天(tian)眷通(tong)寶，中(zhong)國古代(dai)錢幣之一。金代(dai)早期鑄幣，因存世絕少(shao)，天(tian)眷通(tong)寶至(zhi)今(jin)未見譜載。天(tian)眷通(tong)寶分小平和折(zhe)二，平錢有楷(kai)，篆兩種書體。
天(tian)眷通寶(bao)折(zhe)二錢(qian)(qian)面(mian)文為(wei)(wei)楷(kai)體，直徑3厘米，重約7.2克。天(tian)眷通寶(bao)平錢(qian)(qian)為(wei)(wei)楷(kai)書體，右旋讀，其中“眷”字多(duo)書一橫;而“通”字寫(xie)法(fa)頗(po)肖南(nan)(nan)宋“建炎(yan)通寶(bao)”之“點建”錢(qian)(qian)的寫(xie)法(fa)，“寶(bao)”分作三筆，甚奇。該錢(qian)(qian)光背，棕褐色(se)包漿(jiang)，字間有入骨銹，制(zhi)作精整，應為(wei)(wei)官(guan)鑄。“金代天(tian)眷通寶(bao)真書折(zhe)二”早年(nian)出(chu)土(tu)于河南(nan)(nan)省，原為(wei)(wei)泉屆名家收藏。
首先此錢(qian)(qian)(qian)“寧(ning)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)心外點長且(qie)無回(hui)筆(bi)，類鐵母(mu)寧(ning)；其次(ci)，“通(tong)(tong)(tong)”頭呈三(san)(san)角狀，有稱“三(san)(san)角通(tong)(tong)(tong)”者；還(huan)有“崇(chong)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)示部“小(xiao)”中間豎(shu)勾細且(qie)向(xiang)右斜。具以上特征的(de)(de)大字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)版(ban)“崇(chong)寧(ning)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)”諸譜未見(jian)。《崇(chong)寧(ning)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)分(fen)類圖(tu)譜》第126頁249號是一(yi)枚(mei)(mei)標“鐵母(mu)寧(ning)”的(de)(de)“崇(chong)寧(ning)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)”，但不是大字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)版(ban)，只有第50頁099號、100號兩枚(mei)(mei)標“珍”的(de)(de)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)才是約定俗成的(de)(de)大字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)版(ban)“崇(chong)寧(ning)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)”。然鐵母(mu)寧(ning)大字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)者僅見(jian)此一(yi)枚(mei)(mei)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)徑(jing)32.2毫(hao)米，穿徑(jing)8.5毫(hao)米，厚3毫(hao)米，重14.4克(ke)。錢(qian)(qian)(qian)體厚重，青銅質，銹色(se)古舊，開門(men)的(de)(de)老生坑。之所以謂之大字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)版(ban)，是因此品錢(qian)(qian)(qian)文四(si)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)飽滿(man)，寄廓接緣。“寶(bao)、寧(ning)”二字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)冠點長且(qie)向(xiang)左傾；長點“崇(chong)”；斜丁“寧(ning)”；高(gao)走“通(tong)(tong)(tong)”等，與被公認(ren)的(de)(de)各譜均載(zai)的(de)(de)大字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)“崇(chong)寧(ning)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)”雷同(tong)。除錢(qian)(qian)(qian)徑(jing)略小(xiao)外，輪(lun)廓寬窄、穿孔大小(xiao)亦(yi)基本一(yi)致。
《宋史·食貨(huo)志》有記載：“把生鐵(tie)打成薄片，排(pai)放在(zai)貯有膽(dan)水的槽中(zhong)，浸(jin)漬幾天，然(ran)后刮取析出的泥狀銅(稱作“赤(chi)煤(mei)”)，入煉爐化煉。”
目前在(zai)市場上錢幣(bi)的作(zuo)偽比較普遍。錢幣(bi)的作(zuo)偽基(ji)本上有兩種(zhong)形式。一(yi)是改(gai)刻，就是用普通錢幣(bi)改(gai)刻成珍貴(gui)錢幣(bi)；另一(yi)種(zhong)就是臆(yi)造錢幣(bi)。
崇(chong)寧通寶是宋徽宗(zong)時期比(bi)較(jiao)重要的(de)錢(qian)(qian)幣之一，因(yin)此要仿制(zhi)它(ta)是很難(nan)的(de)。目前(qian)市(shi)場上(shang)(shang)作假(jia)(jia)一般(ban)有(you)兩種方式，一種是改刻(ke)，就是用(yong)普通錢(qian)(qian)幣改刻(ke)成珍貴錢(qian)(qian)幣。另外一種就是造假(jia)(jia)。如是用(yong)假(jia)(jia)幣跟真幣比(bi)較(jiao)，就不難(nan)發現首先從(cong)文字上(shang)(shang)看(kan)，就沒有(you)瘦金(jin)體的(de)剛勁有(you)力，也(ye)缺乏御書體的(de)那種大氣。再一個(ge)是看(kan)它(ta)的(de)鑄造，真錢(qian)(qian)幣鑄工(gong)精湛(zhan)，在放大鏡下也(ye)很難(nan)看(kan)出(chu)(chu)砂眼(yan)(yan)，而假(jia)(jia)錢(qian)(qian)幣的(de)質地比(bi)較(jiao)粗糙，沒有(you)質感，就是不用(yong)放大鏡也(ye)能看(kan)出(chu)(chu)它(ta)的(de)砂眼(yan)(yan)。
1、看銅質
我國歷代(dai)(dai)古錢(qian)幣(bi)大多數是以銅(tong)合金形(xing)式鑄(zhu)(zhu)造的(de)(de)(de)，因而合金的(de)(de)(de)成份(fen)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)，錢(qian)幣(bi)也隨之呈(cheng)(cheng)現出不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)顏色。各(ge)時代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)錢(qian)幣(bi)銅(tong)質(zhi)是不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)，又由于(yu)古代(dai)(dai)冶煉(lian)技術不(bu)(bu)同(tong)，各(ge)地(di)區(qu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造的(de)(de)(de)古錢(qian)也各(ge)不(bu)(bu)相同(tong)，每(mei)個朝代(dai)(dai)各(ge)有特點。總的(de)(de)(de)來講，用銅(tong)鋅合金鑄(zhu)(zhu)造的(de)(de)(de)錢(qian)幣(bi)呈(cheng)(cheng)黃色，銅(tong)錫合金鑄(zhu)(zhu)造的(de)(de)(de)錢(qian)幣(bi)呈(cheng)(cheng)青(qing)色。清代(dai)(dai)、民國時期(qi)，新疆、西(xi)藏等地(di)鑄(zhu)(zhu)錢(qian)，用銅(tong)加少(shao)許鋅鉛，鑄(zhu)(zhu)成后錢(qian)體呈(cheng)(cheng)紅(hong)色。
先(xian)秦時(shi)(shi)期的(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)幣(bi)主要(yao)是銅(tong)錫合金鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)的(de)，銅(tong)質呈(cheng)青紅(hong)色(se)，質地較(jiao)(jiao)硬挺；漢代(dai)至唐宋時(shi)(shi)期的(de)絕(jue)大部分錢(qian)幣(bi)均(jun)為青銅(tong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)，其特點是銅(tong)色(se)青白(bai)(bai)中微帶淡紅(hong)。隋代(dai)的(de)五銖錢(qian)因為錫的(de)成(cheng)份大，銅(tong)質泛白(bai)(bai)，稱之為白(bai)(bai)錢(qian)。明嘉靖以后，開(kai)始向黃銅(tong)過(guo)渡，到天(tian)啟年(nian)間，用黃銅(tong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)幣(bi)成(cheng)為定制(zhi)，錢(qian)幣(bi)色(se)澤較(jiao)(jiao)之以前(qian)發生(sheng)了較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)變化，可見，我國古錢(qian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)均(jun)有規律可循。
2、觀銹色
今所見錢幣，無外乎兩種：一(yi)為發掘品，一(yi)為傳(chuan)世品。發掘品在(zai)地下埋(mai)藏了許(xu)多年(nian)，其表(biao)面都長滿了銅銹色。傳(chuan)世品也因空氣中氧化作用，表(biao)面有一(yi)層包漿。呈黑色或銅色。
銅(tong)是一種比較穩定的(de)金屬，在常(chang)溫(wen)下不(bu)易(yi)生(sheng)銹。要經(jing)過幾十年，甚至上百年的(de)時間才(cai)能生(sheng)成氧(yang)化銅(tong)、堿式碳酸銅(tong)等。氧(yang)化銅(tong)因形成的(de)顆位大小(xiao)不(bu)同，呈現出(chu)黃(huang)、橙(cheng)紅(hong)、鮮紅(hong)、深(shen)棕(zong)等不(bu)同的(de)顏色(se)，俗稱(cheng)“棗皮(pi)紅(hong)”、“栗子殼”等。
出土的(de)(de)發(fa)掘品錢(qian)(qian)幣表面銹(xiu)(xiu)色深(shen)深(shen)漬入(ru)錢(qian)(qian)幣里面，因為其分子結構穩定(ding)、緊密(mi)，所以真銹(xiu)(xiu)很不(bu)容(rong)易擦(ca)掉。而偽(wei)(wei)造銹(xiu)(xiu)色則不(bu)然，偽(wei)(wei)銹(xiu)(xiu)多在錢(qian)(qian)幣表面，稱作“浮(fu)(fu)銹(xiu)(xiu)”或“粉狀銹(xiu)(xiu)”，比較(jiao)輕浮(fu)(fu)，容(rong)易脫(tuo)落，往(wang)往(wang)經堿(jian)水(shui)一煮，做(zuo)上的(de)(de)假銹(xiu)(xiu)便不(bu)堪(kan)一擊。發(fa)掘品偽(wei)(wei)銹(xiu)(xiu)作法(fa)有兩(liang)種：（1）將偽(wei)(wei)品錢(qian)(qian)幣放人(ren)醋(cu)酸中(zhong)，埋入(ru)地下(xia)，迅速生成銹(xiu)(xiu)色；（2）將偽(wei)(wei)品放入(ru)鹽鹵砂（氯化氨）、錫綠(lv)（硫酸銅）、醋(cu)的(de)(de)混合液中(zhong)，把新銅腐蝕成舊色，然后用膠水(shui)往(wang)錢(qian)(qian)幣上面粘銹(xiu)(xiu)。傳世品偽(wei)(wei)銹(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)作法(fa)是把偽(wei)(wei)品用火熏黑(hei)、擦(ca)油、打蠟。傳世真品黑(hei)得沉著、光滑，而偽(wei)(wei)品則漂浮(fu)(fu)、發(fa)亮(liang)。
綠(lv)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)的(de)形(xing)成又有(you)南(nan)北方(fang)的(de)差(cha)別，地質帶酸(suan)性的(de)地區氧(yang)化程度也相(xiang)應(ying)嚴重(zhong)些。北方(fang)干燥，雨(yu)水少，則(ze)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)色(se)堅硬。南(nan)方(fang)多雨(yu)水且潮濕，氧(yang)化層較(jiao)松且多呈藍綠(lv)相(xiang)間二色(se)。例如南(nan)宋錢(qian)幣(bi)發行于南(nan)方(fang)，放出土于南(nan)方(fang)較(jiao)多，受地理環境的(de)影響，錢(qian)幣(bi)一般呈藍綠(lv)色(se)。如發現淺綠(lv)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)者(zhe)，則(ze)此錢(qian)有(you)問(wen)題。如果入土區域燥熱，銅銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)會(hui)呈紅(hong)紫色(se)，但這(zhe)種銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)色(se)不會(hui)單獨存在(zai)于錢(qian)體上，必(bi)伴有(you)綠(lv)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)混(hun)雜(za)在(zai)一起(qi)，稱之為(wei)“紅(hong)斑綠(lv)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)”。如發現錢(qian)體通(tong)為(wei)紅(hong)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)，應(ying)屬假(jia)錢(qian)，它(ta)是(shi)造假(jia)者(zhe)將偽品放入爐中燒紅(hong)。這(zhe)種仿銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)膚淺，明(ming)眼(yan)人一看(kan)便知是(shi)假(jia)。
3、看鑄幣銘文
我國(guo)金屬鑄(zhu)幣(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)一大特點就(jiu)是(shi)有銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)書寫(xie)，可(ke)以(yi)說，每(mei)一種(zhong)錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)文(wen)(wen)字的(de)(de)(de)字體各(ge)有特征(zheng)，不同(tong)時(shi)(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)幣(bi)(bi)銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)，有不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)書寫(xie)風格。根據這(zhe)些特征(zheng)可(ke)檢驗是(shi)否為同(tong)時(shi)(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)。另(ling)外，在注重各(ge)種(zhong)銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)特點的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)，還可(ke)找出銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)演(yan)變(bian)過程和變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)律。這(zhe)些規(gui)律和特征(zheng)可(ke)以(yi)作為鑒(jian)定(ding)古(gu)錢(qian)真偽的(de)(de)(de)依據。
先秦時期(qi)的(de)刀、布、圜錢(qian)等金(jin)屬鑄(zhu)幣上(shang)的(de)文(wen)(wen)字是用大篆(zhuan)(zhuan)來書(shu)(shu)(shu)寫的(de)。秦漢時期(qi)，銘文(wen)(wen)書(shu)(shu)(shu)體(ti)屬小篆(zhuan)(zhuan)范疇，如半(ban)兩、五(wu)銖，但已有(you)漢隸(li)風格，其(qi)中莽錢(qian)為(wei)懸針篆(zhuan)(zhuan)。魏(wei)晉南北(bei)朝書(shu)(shu)(shu)體(ti)復(fu)雜。唐代(dai)錢(qian)幣為(wei)八分(fen)隸(li)書(shu)(shu)(shu)，唐代(dai)以后隸(li)書(shu)(shu)(shu)盛(sheng)行(xing)，五(wu)代(dai)十國主要為(wei)真(zhen)、篆(zhuan)(zhuan)、隸(li)三種。北(bei)宋錢(qian)幣則有(you)篆(zhuan)(zhuan)、隸(li)、真(zhen)、行(xing)、草。自南宋光宗紹熙以后至元、明、清，銘文(wen)(wen)均以楷書(shu)(shu)(shu)（真(zhen)書(shu)(shu)(shu)）為(wei)主，間或篆(zhuan)(zhuan)、隸(li)書(shu)(shu)(shu)體(ti)。因為(wei)我(wo)國是一個多民(min)族國家，鑄(zhu)幣銘文(wen)(wen)又有(you)蒙、滿、回、黨項（西夏）等少(shao)數民(min)族文(wen)(wen)字。
鑒定一枚錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)書(shu)(shu)體(ti)對(dui)不(bu)對(dui)，首先要(yao)看(kan)它是否符(fu)合當時(shi)的(de)特點；第二步才看(kan)它是否符(fu)合本品(pin)種(zhong)的(de)特點。如(ru)(ru)：“益化”圜(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)雖(sui)為先秦大(da)篆，但它又同(tong)(tong)時(shi)有(you)(you)齊文(wen)字(zi)的(de)特征，不(bu)同(tong)(tong)于同(tong)(tong)時(shi)期其它各(ge)國之(zhi)圜(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)文(wen)字(zi)；發現有(you)(you)東周、西周的(de)圜(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)，若其錢(qian)(qian)(qian)文(wen)是小篆書(shu)(shu)寫，顯然是偽品(pin)無疑；秦半兩在古錢(qian)(qian)(qian)中(zhong)頗負(fu)盛名(ming)，其錢(qian)(qian)(qian)體(ti)厚(hou)重，銅質精(jing)良，錢(qian)(qian)(qian)文(wen)隆起(qi)而雄偉，半兩的(de)“兩”字(zi)中(zhong)“人”字(zi)高聳，如(ru)(ru)發現錢(qian)(qian)(qian)文(wen)扁平者，一看(kan)便知是偽品(pin)；如(ru)(ru)見到清代寶源或寶泉局錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)中(zhong)的(de)滿文(wen)書(shu)(shu)寫有(you)(you)錯誤(wu)，則應考慮到寶泉、寶源二局是清代國家級的(de)、最正規的(de)鑄錢(qian)(qian)(qian)局，滿文(wen)的(de)書(shu)(shu)寫絕不(bu)會出現錯誤(wu)，則所(suo)見之(zhi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)必屬偽品(pin)。
4、聽聲音
古錢(qian)古錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)由(you)于質地(di)(di)的(de)原因(yin)，年代(dai)越久遠(yuan)，火氣盡(jin)脫，氧化(hua)越嚴重，擲于水泥地(di)(di)面(mian)其(qi)聲(sheng)音(yin)也越喑啞(ya)。大(da)概(gai)來說，先(xian)秦時期的(de)刀、布、圜(yuan)錢(qian)均(jun)是啞(ya)音(yin)。而明代(dai)以后的(de)錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)，距今時間較近，還(huan)未受到(dao)深層的(de)氧化(hua)，聲(sheng)音(yin)則是清脆、響亮。如果我們(men)把先(xian)秦時期的(de)錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)擲在地(di)(di)上，傳來清脆聲(sheng)，則此錢(qian)不太可靠；反之(zhi)，如果明、清錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)擲地(di)(di)為(wei)啞(ya)音(yin)，則也必將懷(huai)疑。
5、了解鑄(zhu)造方法
我國古代鑄幣(bi)(bi)的鑄造，大(da)概(gai)經過了子范（土、石，銅）、母范（磚、銅）、翻砂(sha)等(deng)幾個發展階段(duan)。無(wu)論是真(zhen)錢(qian)還是偽品的各種鑄造方法，都(dou)會在錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)上留下相應的痕(hen)(hen)跡。這些(xie)痕(hen)(hen)跡就(jiu)是我們今天鑒定(ding)錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)真(zhen)偽的一個有力依據。
6、聞氣味
此種(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)是古錢鑒定中最簡單的(de)一種(zhong)。因(yin)為(wei)偽品(pin)錢幣多是用(yong)化學物質來偽造裝飾，往(wang)往(wang)會散發(fa)出(chu)一種(zhong)難(nan)聞的(de)、刺鼻(bi)的(de)化學性怪(guai)味，而真品(pin)錢幣則(ze)沒有這種(zhong)怪(guai)味。
7、觀版別
從版(ban)別上辨別古錢(qian)最(zui)主要(yao)的(de)辦法是(shi)除了(le)多看錢(qian)譜之外，必須要(yao)多接觸實(shi)(shi)物，以(yi)熟悉各個(ge)朝代的(de)錢(qian)幣(bi)真品(pin)。不但要(yao)注意珍稀(xi)品(pin)，更要(yao)注意大(da)量的(de)普通品(pin)種(zhong)。因為(wei)這(zhe)些普通品(pin)很(hen)少(shao)偽品(pin)，能(neng)真實(shi)(shi)地反映各個(ge)歷史(shi)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)錢(qian)幣(bi)特(te)(te)征(zheng)。如戰國時(shi)期(qi)刀布形(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)特(te)(te)殊，造(zao)(zao)(zao)偽者(zhe)只(zhi)好用(yong)真品(pin)翻砂(sha)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)贗品(pin)，其(qi)(qi)破(po)綻在(zai)于翻砂(sha)鑄造(zao)(zao)(zao)后(hou)的(de)錢(qian)幣(bi)偏小(xiao)，較(jiao)為(wei)厚重，文字膚淺，銅(tong)質粗糙，銹色(se)不對且(qie)(qie)易脫落。而且(qie)(qie)刀幣(bi)在(zai)鑄造(zao)(zao)(zao)時(shi)其(qi)(qi)澆口在(zai)刀環上，布幣(bi)的(de)澆口在(zai)首端，出(chu)落后(hou)基本不作修整，保持(chi)自然狀態，而造(zao)(zao)(zao)假(jia)者(zhe)往往為(wei)了(le)品(pin)相(xiang)美(mei)觀(guan)，將刀幣(bi)、布幣(bi)邊緣磨光滑，實(shi)(shi)際上是(shi)畫蛇添足，露出(chu)了(le)破(po)綻。再如會昌開(kai)元，因揚(yang)(yang)州已以(yi)昌字紀年(nian)，如發現背(bei)“揚(yang)(yang)”字者(zhe)，無(wu)論傳世品(pin)還(huan)是(shi)出(chu)土(tu)品(pin)均應(ying)(ying)將其(qi)(qi)視為(wei)偽品(pin)。因北宋各代和清咸豐錢(qian)幣(bi)版(ban)別最(zui)為(wei)復雜，也是(shi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)假(jia)者(zhe)競相(xiang)仿制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)對象，我(wo)們(men)應(ying)(ying)對它(ta)們(men)的(de)形(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)多加(jia)分(fen)析，掌握特(te)(te)征(zheng)，以(yi)防上當(dang)受騙。
1．陰文(wen)字范(fan)鑄(zhu)錢法，以泥陶子(zi)(zi)范(fan)為主流的子(zi)(zi)范(fan)鑄(zhu)幣。泥質子(zi)(zi)范(fan)，是將幣形錢文(wen)雕(diao)刻(ke)在細泥片上，陰干后并(bing)燒烤(kao)成陶后，直(zhi)接澆銅液鑄(zhu)錢。這種(zhong)錢范(fan)很不結實，只能使用一兩次(ci)，用后即碎，如(ru)再鑄(zhu)，仍需重新再制(zhi)范(fan)。
2．陽文母(mu)(mu)(mu)范(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)錢法，陽文母(mu)(mu)(mu)范(fan)(fan)在(zai)鑄(zhu)幣上(shang)稱范(fan)(fan)母(mu)(mu)(mu)，范(fan)(fan)母(mu)(mu)(mu)是翻制子(zi)范(fan)(fan)用的(de)，不(bu)能直(zhi)接(jie)鑄(zhu)錢。用這種(zhong)范(fan)(fan)母(mu)(mu)(mu)可(ke)以(yi)印制很多子(zi)范(fan)(fan)，把數十個子(zi)范(fan)(fan)摞在(zai)一(yi)起(qi)，一(yi)次能鑄(zhu)上(shang)百(bai)枚錢幣。陽文母(mu)(mu)(mu)范(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)出的(de)錢幣，錢面文字筆劃棱角已經圓渾，不(bu)見特別鋒利，錢體也不(bu)是那樣(yang)平整，但絕(jue)無細小(xiao)的(de)砂粒痕跡，如有“砂眼”，必是翻砂偽(wei)造的(de)假幣。
3．母(mu)(mu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)翻鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法，鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)已很嚴格，每(mei)逢改(gai)元鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)新錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，先作樣(yang)(yang)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)呈(cheng)帝王審(shen)定(ding)。鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)程序(xu)最為典型：象牙精雕錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)樣(yang)(yang)?銅雕祖錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)?初鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)母(mu)(mu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)?印范母(mu)(mu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)?進呈(cheng)樣(yang)(yang)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。以外省(sheng)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)局的(de)(de)程序(xu)是：初鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)母(mu)(mu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)（部頒(ban)樣(yang)(yang)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)）?印范母(mu)(mu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)?進呈(cheng)樣(yang)(yang)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。用母(mu)(mu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)翻鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)大量錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)幣，規整精美，同版錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)很多(duo)，但錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)體(ti)面、背直觀無砂眼，且文字優美，錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)文與地章之(zhi)間深峻，無膚淺之(zhi)象。
4．沉(chen)泥(ni)(ni)烘模熟(shu)鑄法，。此法是將(jiang)錢(qian)(qian)形和錢(qian)(qian)文(wen)(wen)鑄印在泥(ni)(ni)型(xing)上(shang)，再經(jing)過(guo)高(gao)溫處理，這樣既可起瘠化作用，又可降低配合料的(de)可塑性，減少其收縮程度，稱之“沉(chen)泥(ni)(ni)”。然后采(cai)用早期冶煉(lian)熟(shu)鐵的(de)方(fang)法，利用小型(xing)反射爐的(de)作用，直接在泥(ni)(ni)型(xing)錢(qian)(qian)模上(shang)熔(rong)銅(tong)精煉(lian)，并(bing)加入鋅、鉛、錫等，再通過(guo)冷卻，使粗(cu)銅(tong)和粗(cu)合金的(de)雜(za)質析出，如此冷卻或加熱(re)多次，所鑄錢(qian)(qian)幣錢(qian)(qian)文(wen)(wen)纖細鋒棱，表面光潔(jie)，銅(tong)質精良(liang)，是砂型(xing)澆(jiao)鑄的(de)錢(qian)(qian)幣不可比擬(ni)的(de)。
除了火法冶煉之外還有“膽水(shui)(shui)冶銅(tong)法”。這(zhe)種冶銅(tong)法就(jiu)是利(li)用(yong)金屬鐵從含(han)有銅(tong)化(hua)合物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶液(ye)中置換出銅(tong)來(lai)，然(ran)(ran)后把它刮取(qu)下來(lai)，再經(jing)烹煉后，就(jiu)可以得(de)到銅(tong)錠。所謂(wei)“膽水(shui)(shui)”是指天然(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)硫酸(suan)銅(tong)(我國(guo)俗稱(cheng)它為石膽、膽礬)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)泉水(shui)(shui)。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形成是因(yin)為天然(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫化(hua)銅(tong)礦石經(jing)風化(hua)氧化(hua)，一部(bu)分(fen)便會生(sheng)成可溶性硫酸(suan)銅(tong)，經(jing)過地下水(shui)(shui)、雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浸(jin)泡、淋洗，便會溶解而匯入泉水(shui)(shui)中。這(zhe)種膽水(shui)(shui)只(zhi)要銅(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃度足夠大，就(jiu)可以做(zuo)為水(shui)(shui)法冶銅(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原料。
早在(zai)漢(han)代時，我國先民就(jiu)(jiu)已經(jing)注意到金屬(shu)鐵可置換銅(tong)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)。例如西漢(han)古籍《淮南萬畢術》上就(jiu)(jiu)有“曾青(碳(tan)酸銅(tong)類的(de)(de)(de)礦物)得(de)(de)鐵，則〔鐵〕化(hua)為銅(tong)”的(de)(de)(de)記(ji)載。東漢(han)成書(shu)的(de)(de)(de)《神農本草經(jing)》有“石(shi)膽(dan)能(neng)化(hua)鐵為銅(tong)”的(de)(de)(de)話。東晉煉(lian)丹(dan)家葛洪在(zai)其《抱(bao)樸子·內(nei)篇(pian)》中講得(de)(de)更明確：“以曾青涂(tu)鐵，鐵赤色如銅(tong)，……而皆外變(bian)而內(nei)不(bu)化(hua)也。”不(bu)過那(nei)時多數人(ren)對這(zhe)種現(xian)象(xiang)沒(mei)有確切(qie)的(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)解，誤(wu)以為是鐵接觸到曾青、石(shi)膽(dan)就(jiu)(jiu)轉化(hua)為銅(tong)了(le)(le)(le)。及至唐(tang)代，有些從事煉(lian)金術活動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)士就(jiu)(jiu)利用這(zhe)個化(hua)學(xue)變(bian)化(hua)把石(shi)膽(dan)水(shui)(shui)和(he)水(shui)(shui)銀(yin)放在(zai)大鐵鍋中加(jia)(jia)熱熬煉(lian)，被置換出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)便(bian)與水(shui)(shui)銀(yin)形(xing)成汞(gong)齊(qi)。然后，他(ta)們把那(nei)些很像砂(sha)粒(li)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)汞(gong)齊(qi)加(jia)(jia)熱，蒸出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)銀(yin)，便(bian)得(de)(de)到了(le)(le)(le)紅銅(tong)粉(fen)。他(ta)們美其名(ming)叫“紅銀(yin)”，很自以為得(de)(de)意，認(ren)為真的(de)(de)(de)實現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)使鐵向銅(tong)的(de)(de)(de)嬗變(bian)。唐(tang)代后期(qi)方(fang)士金陵子所撰的(de)(de)(de)《龍虎還丹(dan)訣》就(jiu)(jiu)記(ji)載了(le)(le)(le)這(zhe)項“絕技”。
約(yue)在(zai)五代時(shi)，“膽(dan)(dan)水(shui)冶(ye)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”正式成為一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)實用(yong)性(xing)生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)。及至(zhi)宋(song)代，這種(zhong)(zhong)工藝發展(zhan)到(dao)很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)規模(mo)。據(ju)《宋(song)會(hui)要(yao)(yao)·食(shi)貨篇》記(ji)載(zai)，北(bei)宋(song)徽宗(zong)年間以(yi)膽(dan)(dan)水(shui)冶(ye)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)區有(you)11處，以(yi)韶州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)岑水(shui)(在(zai)廣東)、信(xin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)鉛山(在(zai)江西)、饒(rao)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)德興(也(ye)在(zai)江西)三(san)處規模(mo)較大。在(zai)崇(chong)寧(ning)二年(公元1103年)時(shi)，全國膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)總(zong)產(chan)量達到(dao)了(le)1874427斤，約(yue)占當(dang)時(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)12%。而(er)在(zai)趙宋(song)王朝偏安(an)江南(nan)(nan)以(yi)后(hou)，所領江南(nan)(nan)14州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)量銳減，而(er)乾道年間膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)量仍有(you)21萬斤，竟占到(dao)南(nan)(nan)宋(song)當(dang)年銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)總(zong)產(chan)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)80%。所以(yi)宋(song)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)人對膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生產(chan)非(fei)常(chang)重視，南(nan)(nan)宋(song)人張甲曾專門寫了(le)一(yi)部(bu)書《浸銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)要(yao)(yao)略(lve)》，記(ji)載(zai)了(le)當(dang)時(shi)膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)情況。關于(yu)浸取膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)操作，《宋(song)史·食(shi)貨志》有(you)記(ji)載(zai)：把生鐵打成薄片，排放在(zai)貯有(you)膽(dan)(dan)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)槽中，浸漬幾天，然后(hou)刮取析出的(de)(de)(de)(de)泥狀(zhuang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(稱作“赤煤(mei)”)，入煉爐化煉。當(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效益，大約(yue)每用(yong)鐵二斤四(si)兩可(ke)得銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)斤，技術(shu)水(shui)平是相當(dang)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)。此外(wai)，那時(shi)還有(you)利(li)(li)用(yong)膽(dan)(dan)土煎銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“淋銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)”，基本原理與(yu)“膽(dan)(dan)水(shui)法(fa)”是相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)，此法(fa)“工多利(li)(li)少”，但“其(qi)土無窮(qiong)，若比之(zhi)礦銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，其(qi)利(li)(li)已(yi)厚”，所以(yi)也(ye)被普遍利(li)(li)用(yong)過。
精靈世界 
