天眷通寶,中國古代(dai)錢幣(bi)之一。金(jin)代(dai)早(zao)期(qi)鑄(zhu)幣(bi),因存(cun)世絕少,天眷通寶至今未見譜(pu)載(zai)。天眷通寶分(fen)小平(ping)(ping)和折二,平(ping)(ping)錢有楷(kai),篆兩種書(shu)體。
天(tian)眷通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)折(zhe)二錢(qian)(qian)面(mian)文為(wei)楷體,直徑3厘米,重約7.2克。天(tian)眷通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)平(ping)錢(qian)(qian)為(wei)楷書體,右(you)旋讀,其中“眷”字多書一橫;而(er)“通(tong)(tong)(tong)”字寫(xie)法(fa)頗(po)肖(xiao)南(nan)宋“建(jian)炎通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)”之(zhi)“點建(jian)”錢(qian)(qian)的寫(xie)法(fa),“寶(bao)”分(fen)作三筆,甚奇。該(gai)錢(qian)(qian)光背,棕褐色包漿(jiang),字間有入骨銹,制作精整,應(ying)為(wei)官鑄。“金代天(tian)眷通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)真書折(zhe)二”早年出土于(yu)河南(nan)省,原為(wei)泉屆名家(jia)收(shou)藏。
首先(xian)此錢(qian)(qian)“寧(ning)(ning)”字(zi)心外點長(chang)且無回筆,類鐵(tie)母寧(ning)(ning);其次,“通(tong)(tong)(tong)”頭(tou)呈三(san)角狀,有(you)稱“三(san)角通(tong)(tong)(tong)”者;還有(you)“崇”字(zi)示部“小”中(zhong)間豎勾(gou)細且向右斜。具以上特征的大(da)字(zi)版“崇寧(ning)(ning)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”諸譜(pu)未見。《崇寧(ning)(ning)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)分類圖譜(pu)》第(di)126頁249號是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)枚標“鐵(tie)母寧(ning)(ning)”的“崇寧(ning)(ning)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”,但不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)字(zi)版,只(zhi)有(you)第(di)50頁099號、100號兩枚標“珍”的錢(qian)(qian)才是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)約定俗成的大(da)字(zi)版“崇寧(ning)(ning)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”。然鐵(tie)母寧(ning)(ning)大(da)字(zi)者僅見此一(yi)(yi)枚錢(qian)(qian)徑32.2毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),穿(chuan)徑8.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),厚3毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),重14.4克。錢(qian)(qian)體(ti)厚重,青銅質,銹色古舊,開門(men)的老(lao)生坑。之(zhi)所(suo)以謂之(zhi)大(da)字(zi)版,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因此品錢(qian)(qian)文(wen)四字(zi)飽滿(man),寄廓接緣。“寶(bao)(bao)(bao)、寧(ning)(ning)”二字(zi)冠(guan)點長(chang)且向左傾(qing);長(chang)點“崇”;斜丁“寧(ning)(ning)”;高走(zou)“通(tong)(tong)(tong)”等,與被(bei)公認的各譜(pu)均載的大(da)字(zi)“崇寧(ning)(ning)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”雷同(tong)。除錢(qian)(qian)徑略(lve)小外,輪廓寬窄、穿(chuan)孔大(da)小亦基本一(yi)(yi)致。
《宋史·食貨志》有(you)記(ji)載:“把生鐵打成薄(bo)片,排放在貯(zhu)有(you)膽水(shui)的槽(cao)中,浸漬幾天,然后刮(gua)取析出的泥(ni)狀銅(稱作(zuo)“赤煤”),入煉爐(lu)化煉。”
目(mu)前(qian)在市場上錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)偽(wei)比較普遍。錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)偽(wei)基本上有兩(liang)種(zhong)形式。一是(shi)(shi)改刻,就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)用普通錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)改刻成珍貴錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi);另一種(zhong)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)臆(yi)造錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)。
崇寧通(tong)寶是(shi)(shi)(shi)宋徽宗(zong)時期比較(jiao)重要(yao)的錢幣(bi)之一(yi)(yi),因此(ci)要(yao)仿制它(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)很難的。目前市場(chang)上(shang)作假(jia)(jia)一(yi)(yi)般有(you)兩(liang)種(zhong)方式,一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)改刻(ke),就是(shi)(shi)(shi)用普通(tong)錢幣(bi)改刻(ke)成珍貴錢幣(bi)。另外一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)造假(jia)(jia)。如是(shi)(shi)(shi)用假(jia)(jia)幣(bi)跟真幣(bi)比較(jiao),就不難發(fa)現首先從文字上(shang)看(kan)(kan),就沒有(you)瘦金體(ti)的剛勁有(you)力,也缺乏御(yu)書體(ti)的那(nei)種(zhong)大(da)氣。再(zai)一(yi)(yi)個是(shi)(shi)(shi)看(kan)(kan)它(ta)的鑄造,真錢幣(bi)鑄工精湛,在(zai)放大(da)鏡(jing)(jing)下也很難看(kan)(kan)出砂眼,而假(jia)(jia)錢幣(bi)的質地(di)比較(jiao)粗(cu)糙,沒有(you)質感,就是(shi)(shi)(shi)不用放大(da)鏡(jing)(jing)也能看(kan)(kan)出它(ta)的砂眼。
1、看銅質
我國歷(li)代(dai)古錢(qian)(qian)幣大(da)多數是以銅合(he)金(jin)(jin)形式鑄造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de),因而合(he)金(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成份不同(tong),錢(qian)(qian)幣也隨之呈(cheng)現出不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)顏色(se)(se)(se)(se)。各時代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)錢(qian)(qian)幣銅質是不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de),又由(you)于古代(dai)冶煉技術(shu)不同(tong),各地區鑄造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)古錢(qian)(qian)也各不相同(tong),每個朝(chao)代(dai)各有特點。總的(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)講,用銅鋅合(he)金(jin)(jin)鑄造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)錢(qian)(qian)幣呈(cheng)黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se),銅錫合(he)金(jin)(jin)鑄造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)錢(qian)(qian)幣呈(cheng)青色(se)(se)(se)(se)。清代(dai)、民國時期,新(xin)疆(jiang)、西藏等地鑄錢(qian)(qian),用銅加(jia)少許(xu)鋅鉛(qian),鑄成后(hou)錢(qian)(qian)體呈(cheng)紅色(se)(se)(se)(se)。
先秦(qin)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)幣(bi)主要是銅(tong)(tong)錫合金(jin)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)的(de)(de),銅(tong)(tong)質呈(cheng)青紅色(se),質地較(jiao)硬挺(ting);漢代(dai)至唐宋時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)絕(jue)大(da)(da)部(bu)分錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)青銅(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造,其(qi)特點是銅(tong)(tong)色(se)青白中微帶淡(dan)紅。隋代(dai)的(de)(de)五(wu)銖錢(qian)(qian)因為(wei)(wei)錫的(de)(de)成(cheng)份大(da)(da),銅(tong)(tong)質泛白,稱(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)白錢(qian)(qian)。明嘉靖以(yi)后,開始向黃銅(tong)(tong)過渡(du),到天啟(qi)年間(jian),用黃銅(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)幣(bi)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)定制(zhi),錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)色(se)澤較(jiao)之(zhi)以(yi)前發生(sheng)了較(jiao)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)變化,可見(jian),我國(guo)古錢(qian)(qian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造均(jun)有規律可循。
2、觀銹色
今所見錢幣,無外(wai)乎兩種:一為(wei)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)品,一為(wei)傳(chuan)世品。發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)品在地下埋藏了(le)許多年,其表(biao)(biao)面(mian)都(dou)長滿了(le)銅銹色(se)。傳(chuan)世品也因空氣中氧化作(zuo)用,表(biao)(biao)面(mian)有一層包漿。呈黑色(se)或銅色(se)。
銅是一種比較穩定(ding)的(de)(de)金屬,在常溫下不(bu)易生銹。要經過幾十年(nian),甚(shen)至(zhi)上(shang)百(bai)年(nian)的(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)才能生成氧(yang)化銅、堿式碳酸銅等(deng)。氧(yang)化銅因(yin)形成的(de)(de)顆位(wei)大(da)小不(bu)同,呈現出(chu)黃、橙紅、鮮紅、深棕(zong)等(deng)不(bu)同的(de)(de)顏色(se),俗(su)稱“棗皮紅”、“栗子殼”等(deng)。
出土(tu)的發(fa)掘品(pin)錢幣表面銹(xiu)(xiu)色(se)深深漬入(ru)錢幣里面,因為其(qi)分子結(jie)構穩定、緊(jin)密(mi),所以真(zhen)銹(xiu)(xiu)很不容易(yi)擦掉。而偽造銹(xiu)(xiu)色(se)則不然,偽銹(xiu)(xiu)多在錢幣表面,稱作“浮(fu)銹(xiu)(xiu)”或“粉狀銹(xiu)(xiu)”,比(bi)較輕浮(fu),容易(yi)脫落(luo),往往經(jing)堿水一煮,做(zuo)上的假銹(xiu)(xiu)便不堪一擊。發(fa)掘品(pin)偽銹(xiu)(xiu)作法有兩種(zhong):(1)將偽品(pin)錢幣放人醋酸(suan)中(zhong),埋入(ru)地(di)下,迅速(su)生成銹(xiu)(xiu)色(se);(2)將偽品(pin)放入(ru)鹽鹵砂(sha)(氯化氨)、錫綠(硫酸(suan)銅)、醋的混合液中(zhong),把(ba)新銅腐蝕成舊色(se),然后用(yong)膠水往錢幣上面粘銹(xiu)(xiu)。傳(chuan)世品(pin)偽銹(xiu)(xiu)的作法是把(ba)偽品(pin)用(yong)火熏黑、擦油、打蠟。傳(chuan)世真(zhen)品(pin)黑得沉著、光滑,而偽品(pin)則漂浮(fu)、發(fa)亮。
綠銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)的(de)形成又有(you)南(nan)北(bei)方的(de)差別,地(di)質帶酸性的(de)地(di)區氧(yang)化(hua)程度也相應嚴重些(xie)。北(bei)方干(gan)燥,雨水少,則(ze)(ze)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)色(se)堅硬(ying)。南(nan)方多(duo)(duo)雨水且潮濕,氧(yang)化(hua)層較松且多(duo)(duo)呈藍綠相間(jian)二(er)色(se)。例如(ru)南(nan)宋錢(qian)幣(bi)發(fa)行(xing)于(yu)南(nan)方,放(fang)出(chu)土于(yu)南(nan)方較多(duo)(duo),受地(di)理環境的(de)影響,錢(qian)幣(bi)一(yi)般呈藍綠色(se)。如(ru)發(fa)現(xian)淺綠銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)者,則(ze)(ze)此錢(qian)有(you)問題。如(ru)果入土區域燥熱,銅銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)會呈紅(hong)紫色(se),但(dan)這種(zhong)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)色(se)不會單獨存在于(yu)錢(qian)體上,必伴有(you)綠銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)混(hun)雜在一(yi)起,稱之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)“紅(hong)斑(ban)綠銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)”。如(ru)發(fa)現(xian)錢(qian)體通為(wei)(wei)紅(hong)銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu),應屬假錢(qian),它是(shi)造假者將偽品放(fang)入爐中燒紅(hong)。這種(zhong)仿銹(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)膚淺,明眼(yan)人一(yi)看便知(zhi)是(shi)假。
3、看鑄幣銘文
我(wo)國金屬鑄幣(bi)(bi)的(de)一大特(te)點(dian)就是(shi)有銘(ming)(ming)文書(shu)(shu)寫,可以說,每一種(zhong)錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)文字(zi)的(de)字(zi)體各有特(te)征(zheng)(zheng),不(bu)同時(shi)代(dai)的(de)鑄幣(bi)(bi)銘(ming)(ming)文,有不(bu)同的(de)書(shu)(shu)寫風格(ge)。根據(ju)這些特(te)征(zheng)(zheng)可檢驗是(shi)否為(wei)(wei)同時(shi)代(dai)的(de)錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)。另外,在注重各種(zhong)銘(ming)(ming)文特(te)點(dian)的(de)同時(shi),還可找出銘(ming)(ming)文的(de)演變過程和變化的(de)規(gui)律。這些規(gui)律和特(te)征(zheng)(zheng)可以作為(wei)(wei)鑒定古錢(qian)真偽的(de)依據(ju)。
先秦(qin)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)刀(dao)、布、圜錢(qian)等金屬鑄幣上的(de)文(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi)是用大(da)篆(zhuan)來書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)寫的(de)。秦(qin)漢(han)(han)時(shi)期(qi),銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)體屬小篆(zhuan)范疇,如半(ban)兩、五銖,但(dan)已(yi)有(you)漢(han)(han)隸(li)風格,其中莽(mang)錢(qian)為(wei)懸(xuan)針篆(zhuan)。魏晉南(nan)北朝書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)體復雜(za)。唐代錢(qian)幣為(wei)八(ba)分隸(li)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),唐代以后隸(li)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)盛行(xing),五代十國主(zhu)要為(wei)真(zhen)、篆(zhuan)、隸(li)三種。北宋錢(qian)幣則有(you)篆(zhuan)、隸(li)、真(zhen)、行(xing)、草(cao)。自南(nan)宋光宗紹熙以后至元、明、清,銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)均以楷書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(真(zhen)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu))為(wei)主(zhu),間或篆(zhuan)、隸(li)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)體。因為(wei)我國是一(yi)個多民族國家,鑄幣銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)又(you)有(you)蒙、滿、回、黨項(西夏)等少數民族文(wen)(wen)字(zi)(zi)。
鑒定(ding)一枚錢(qian)幣(bi)書體(ti)對不對,首先要看(kan)它(ta)是(shi)否符合當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點;第二步才看(kan)它(ta)是(shi)否符合本品(pin)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點。如:“益(yi)化”圜(yuan)錢(qian)雖(sui)為先秦大篆,但它(ta)又同(tong)時(shi)有(you)齊文(wen)字的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征,不同(tong)于同(tong)時(shi)期(qi)其它(ta)各國(guo)之(zhi)圜(yuan)錢(qian)文(wen)字;發現(xian)(xian)有(you)東周、西(xi)周的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圜(yuan)錢(qian),若其錢(qian)文(wen)是(shi)小篆書寫,顯然是(shi)偽(wei)品(pin)無疑;秦半(ban)兩在古錢(qian)中頗(po)負盛(sheng)名,其錢(qian)體(ti)厚(hou)重,銅質精(jing)良,錢(qian)文(wen)隆起而雄偉,半(ban)兩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“兩”字中“人(ren)”字高聳,如發現(xian)(xian)錢(qian)文(wen)扁平(ping)者,一看(kan)便知是(shi)偽(wei)品(pin);如見到(dao)清(qing)(qing)代寶(bao)源或(huo)寶(bao)泉(quan)局(ju)錢(qian)幣(bi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滿文(wen)書寫有(you)錯誤(wu),則應考慮到(dao)寶(bao)泉(quan)、寶(bao)源二局(ju)是(shi)清(qing)(qing)代國(guo)家級的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、最正規的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄錢(qian)局(ju),滿文(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書寫絕不會出現(xian)(xian)錯誤(wu),則所見之(zhi)錢(qian)幣(bi)必屬(shu)偽(wei)品(pin)。
4、聽聲音
古(gu)錢(qian)(qian)古(gu)錢(qian)(qian)幣由(you)于(yu)質地(di)的(de)原因,年(nian)代越久(jiu)遠,火氣盡(jin)脫,氧(yang)(yang)化越嚴重,擲(zhi)于(yu)水泥地(di)面(mian)其聲音(yin)也(ye)越喑啞。大概來說,先秦時期(qi)的(de)刀、布、圜錢(qian)(qian)均是(shi)啞音(yin)。而明(ming)代以后的(de)錢(qian)(qian)幣,距今時間較近,還未受到深層(ceng)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)化,聲音(yin)則(ze)是(shi)清脆(cui)(cui)、響亮。如果我們把(ba)先秦時期(qi)的(de)錢(qian)(qian)幣擲(zhi)在地(di)上(shang),傳來清脆(cui)(cui)聲,則(ze)此錢(qian)(qian)不太可靠;反之,如果明(ming)、清錢(qian)(qian)幣擲(zhi)地(di)為啞音(yin),則(ze)也(ye)必將懷疑。
5、了解鑄造方法(fa)
我國古代鑄(zhu)幣的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造,大概(gai)經過了子范(土、石(shi),銅(tong))、母范(磚、銅(tong))、翻砂等幾個發展階段。無(wu)論是(shi)真錢(qian)還是(shi)偽品的(de)(de)各種鑄(zhu)造方法,都會在(zai)錢(qian)幣上留(liu)下相應的(de)(de)痕跡(ji)。這(zhe)些痕跡(ji)就是(shi)我們今天鑒定錢(qian)幣真偽的(de)(de)一個有力依據。
6、聞氣味
此種(zhong)(zhong)方法是古錢(qian)鑒定中最簡單的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)。因(yin)為偽品錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)多是用(yong)化學(xue)物(wu)質來偽造裝(zhuang)飾,往往會散發出一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)難聞(wen)的(de)、刺鼻的(de)化學(xue)性怪味(wei)(wei),而真品錢(qian)幣(bi)(bi)則沒有這種(zhong)(zhong)怪味(wei)(wei)。
7、觀版別
從(cong)版別上(shang)辨別古(gu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)最(zui)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)辦法是(shi)除(chu)了多(duo)(duo)看錢(qian)(qian)(qian)譜(pu)之外,必須要(yao)(yao)多(duo)(duo)接觸實物(wu),以(yi)熟悉(xi)各個(ge)朝(chao)代的(de)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)真品(pin)(pin)。不(bu)(bu)但要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意珍稀品(pin)(pin),更要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意大量的(de)普(pu)通(tong)品(pin)(pin)種。因(yin)為(wei)這(zhe)些(xie)普(pu)通(tong)品(pin)(pin)很少(shao)偽品(pin)(pin),能真實地反映各個(ge)歷史時(shi)期(qi)的(de)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)特(te)征(zheng)。如(ru)戰國時(shi)期(qi)刀(dao)布形制(zhi)特(te)殊(shu),造(zao)偽者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)只好用真品(pin)(pin)翻砂制(zhi)造(zao)贗(yan)品(pin)(pin),其破(po)綻在于(yu)翻砂鑄造(zao)后的(de)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)偏小,較為(wei)厚重,文字(zi)(zi)膚淺,銅質粗糙(cao),銹色不(bu)(bu)對且(qie)易脫落。而(er)且(qie)刀(dao)幣(bi)(bi)在鑄造(zao)時(shi)其澆口(kou)在刀(dao)環上(shang),布幣(bi)(bi)的(de)澆口(kou)在首端,出落后基(ji)本不(bu)(bu)作修整,保(bao)持自然狀態,而(er)造(zao)假(jia)(jia)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)往往為(wei)了品(pin)(pin)相(xiang)美觀,將刀(dao)幣(bi)(bi)、布幣(bi)(bi)邊緣磨(mo)光(guang)滑,實際上(shang)是(shi)畫蛇添足,露出了破(po)綻。再(zai)如(ru)會(hui)昌開元,因(yin)揚(yang)州已(yi)以(yi)昌字(zi)(zi)紀年,如(ru)發現背“揚(yang)”字(zi)(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),無論(lun)傳世(shi)品(pin)(pin)還是(shi)出土(tu)品(pin)(pin)均(jun)應(ying)將其視為(wei)偽品(pin)(pin)。因(yin)北宋各代和清咸豐錢(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)版別最(zui)為(wei)復(fu)雜,也(ye)是(shi)造(zao)假(jia)(jia)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)競相(xiang)仿制(zhi)的(de)對象,我們應(ying)對它們的(de)形制(zhi)多(duo)(duo)加(jia)分析,掌握特(te)征(zheng),以(yi)防上(shang)當受騙(pian)。
1.陰(yin)文(wen)字范(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)法,以泥(ni)陶(tao)子(zi)范(fan)為主流的子(zi)范(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)幣(bi)(bi)。泥(ni)質子(zi)范(fan),是將(jiang)幣(bi)(bi)形錢(qian)(qian)文(wen)雕刻在細泥(ni)片上,陰(yin)干后并燒烤(kao)成陶(tao)后,直(zhi)接澆銅液鑄(zhu)(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)。這種(zhong)錢(qian)(qian)范(fan)很不結實,只能使用一兩(liang)次,用后即碎,如(ru)再鑄(zhu)(zhu),仍需重新再制范(fan)。
2.陽文母(mu)范(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)錢(qian)法(fa),陽文母(mu)范(fan)(fan)(fan)在(zai)鑄(zhu)(zhu)幣(bi)上稱范(fan)(fan)(fan)母(mu),范(fan)(fan)(fan)母(mu)是翻制(zhi)子(zi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)用的,不能直接鑄(zhu)(zhu)錢(qian)。用這種范(fan)(fan)(fan)母(mu)可以印(yin)制(zhi)很多子(zi)范(fan)(fan)(fan),把(ba)數(shu)十個子(zi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)摞在(zai)一起,一次能鑄(zhu)(zhu)上百枚錢(qian)幣(bi)。陽文母(mu)范(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)出的錢(qian)幣(bi),錢(qian)面文字筆劃(hua)棱角已經圓(yuan)渾,不見特別鋒(feng)利,錢(qian)體(ti)也(ye)不是那樣平(ping)整,但絕無細小的砂(sha)粒痕跡,如有“砂(sha)眼”,必是翻砂(sha)偽造的假幣(bi)。
3.母(mu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)翻鑄(zhu)法,鑄(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)要求已很嚴格(ge),每逢改元鑄(zhu)新(xin)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),先作樣(yang)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)呈(cheng)帝王審定(ding)。鑄(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)程(cheng)序(xu)最為典型(xing):象牙精(jing)雕(diao)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)樣(yang)?銅雕(diao)祖(zu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)?初鑄(zhu)母(mu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)?印范母(mu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)?進(jin)呈(cheng)樣(yang)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。以外省(sheng)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)局的(de)程(cheng)序(xu)是:初鑄(zhu)母(mu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(部(bu)頒樣(yang)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian))?印范母(mu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)?進(jin)呈(cheng)樣(yang)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。用母(mu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)翻鑄(zhu)的(de)大量(liang)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)幣,規整(zheng)精(jing)美,同(tong)版錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)很多,但錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)體面、背直觀無(wu)砂(sha)眼(yan),且(qie)文字(zi)優美,錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)文與(yu)地章之(zhi)間深峻(jun),無(wu)膚淺之(zhi)象。
4.沉泥(ni)(ni)烘模熟鑄法(fa),。此法(fa)是將錢(qian)(qian)形和錢(qian)(qian)文(wen)(wen)鑄印在泥(ni)(ni)型(xing)上,再(zai)經過高(gao)溫處理,這樣既(ji)可(ke)起瘠化(hua)作用(yong),又可(ke)降低配合料的(de)(de)可(ke)塑性,減少其收縮程(cheng)度,稱之“沉泥(ni)(ni)”。然后采用(yong)早期冶煉熟鐵的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa),利用(yong)小型(xing)反射爐(lu)的(de)(de)作用(yong),直接(jie)在泥(ni)(ni)型(xing)錢(qian)(qian)模上熔銅精煉,并加(jia)入鋅、鉛、錫等,再(zai)通過冷卻,使粗銅和粗合金(jin)的(de)(de)雜質析出,如此冷卻或(huo)加(jia)熱多次,所鑄錢(qian)(qian)幣錢(qian)(qian)文(wen)(wen)纖細鋒棱,表面光潔,銅質精良(liang),是砂(sha)型(xing)澆鑄的(de)(de)錢(qian)(qian)幣不可(ke)比擬的(de)(de)。
除了火法(fa)(fa)冶煉之外還有“膽水(shui)(shui)(shui)冶銅(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)”。這種(zhong)冶銅(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)就是利用金屬鐵從(cong)含有銅(tong)(tong)化(hua)合物的(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)液中(zhong)置換出銅(tong)(tong)來,然后把它刮取(qu)下來,再(zai)經(jing)烹煉后,就可以(yi)得(de)到銅(tong)(tong)錠。所謂(wei)“膽水(shui)(shui)(shui)”是指(zhi)天(tian)然的(de)(de)(de)含硫(liu)酸銅(tong)(tong)(我國(guo)俗稱它為石(shi)(shi)膽、膽礬)的(de)(de)(de)泉水(shui)(shui)(shui)。它的(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)是因(yin)為天(tian)然的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)礦石(shi)(shi)經(jing)風化(hua)氧(yang)化(hua),一(yi)部(bu)分便會(hui)生成(cheng)可溶(rong)性硫(liu)酸銅(tong)(tong),經(jing)過地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)、雨水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)浸泡、淋洗,便會(hui)溶(rong)解而匯(hui)入泉水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)。這種(zhong)膽水(shui)(shui)(shui)只(zhi)要銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)度足夠大,就可以(yi)做為水(shui)(shui)(shui)法(fa)(fa)冶銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)原料。
早在(zai)漢代(dai)時,我國(guo)先民就(jiu)已經(jing)注意到金屬鐵(tie)(tie)可置(zhi)換銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)。例如(ru)西漢古(gu)籍《淮南萬畢術》上(shang)就(jiu)有(you)(you)“曾青(qing)(碳(tan)酸(suan)銅(tong)(tong)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)礦物(wu))得鐵(tie)(tie),則〔鐵(tie)(tie)〕化為銅(tong)(tong)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)記載(zai)。東漢成(cheng)書的(de)(de)(de)(de)《神農(nong)本草(cao)經(jing)》有(you)(you)“石(shi)膽能化鐵(tie)(tie)為銅(tong)(tong)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)話。東晉煉丹(dan)家葛洪在(zai)其(qi)《抱(bao)樸子·內篇》中講得更明確:“以(yi)曾青(qing)涂鐵(tie)(tie),鐵(tie)(tie)赤色如(ru)銅(tong)(tong),……而皆外變(bian)而內不(bu)化也。”不(bu)過那時多數人對這(zhe)種現象(xiang)沒有(you)(you)確切的(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)解,誤以(yi)為是鐵(tie)(tie)接觸到曾青(qing)、石(shi)膽就(jiu)轉化為銅(tong)(tong)了(le)(le)。及至唐代(dai),有(you)(you)些從事煉金術活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)方士就(jiu)利用這(zhe)個化學變(bian)化把(ba)石(shi)膽水(shui)和水(shui)銀放(fang)在(zai)大鐵(tie)(tie)鍋中加熱熬煉,被(bei)置(zhi)換出的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)便與水(shui)銀形成(cheng)汞(gong)齊。然后,他們把(ba)那些很像(xiang)砂粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)汞(gong)齊加熱,蒸出水(shui)銀,便得到了(le)(le)紅銅(tong)(tong)粉。他們美其(qi)名叫“紅銀”,很自(zi)以(yi)為得意,認為真的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)現了(le)(le)使鐵(tie)(tie)向銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)嬗變(bian)。唐代(dai)后期方士金陵子所撰的(de)(de)(de)(de)《龍虎還丹(dan)訣》就(jiu)記載(zai)了(le)(le)這(zhe)項“絕技”。
約(yue)在(zai)五(wu)代(dai)時(shi)(shi),“膽(dan)(dan)水(shui)(shui)冶銅(tong)(tong)(tong)”正式成為一種實用(yong)性生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)。及(ji)至宋(song)代(dai),這種工(gong)藝發展(zhan)到很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)規模。據《宋(song)會要(yao)·食貨篇》記(ji)載,北宋(song)徽宗年(nian)間(jian)以(yi)(yi)膽(dan)(dan)水(shui)(shui)冶銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地區(qu)有(you)11處(chu),以(yi)(yi)韶州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)岑水(shui)(shui)(在(zai)廣(guang)東)、信州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)鉛山(在(zai)江(jiang)西)、饒(rao)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)德興(也(ye)在(zai)江(jiang)西)三處(chu)規模較大。在(zai)崇寧二年(nian)(公元1103年(nian))時(shi)(shi),全國膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)總產(chan)量(liang)達到了1874427斤(jin),約(yue)占(zhan)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)12%。而在(zai)趙宋(song)王朝偏安(an)江(jiang)南(nan)以(yi)(yi)后,所領江(jiang)南(nan)14州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)量(liang)銳減,而乾道(dao)年(nian)間(jian)膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)量(liang)仍有(you)21萬斤(jin),竟占(zhan)到南(nan)宋(song)當(dang)年(nian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)總產(chan)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)80%。所以(yi)(yi)宋(song)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人對膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)生產(chan)非常重視(shi),南(nan)宋(song)人張甲曾專門寫(xie)了一部書(shu)《浸銅(tong)(tong)(tong)要(yao)略》,記(ji)載了當(dang)時(shi)(shi)膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)情況。關于(yu)浸取膽(dan)(dan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具體操作(zuo)(zuo),《宋(song)史·食貨志》有(you)記(ji)載:把生鐵打成薄(bo)片,排放(fang)在(zai)貯有(you)膽(dan)(dan)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)槽中,浸漬幾天,然后刮取析出的(de)(de)(de)(de)泥狀銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(稱作(zuo)(zuo)“赤煤”),入煉(lian)爐化煉(lian)。當(dang)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效益,大約(yue)每用(yong)鐵二斤(jin)四(si)兩(liang)可得(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)一斤(jin),技術水(shui)(shui)平是(shi)相(xiang)當(dang)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。此外,那(nei)時(shi)(shi)還有(you)利(li)(li)用(yong)膽(dan)(dan)土(tu)煎銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“淋銅(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)”,基本原(yuan)理(li)與“膽(dan)(dan)水(shui)(shui)法(fa)(fa)”是(shi)相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)(de),此法(fa)(fa)“工(gong)多(duo)利(li)(li)少”,但“其土(tu)無窮,若比之礦銅(tong)(tong)(tong),其利(li)(li)已厚”,所以(yi)(yi)也(ye)被普遍利(li)(li)用(yong)過(guo)。