按背文和鑄行階段(duan)可分(fen)為五式。
第(di)一(yi)式(shi)為(wei)“仿(fang)(fang)古式(shi)”,鑄(zhu)行時間為(wei)順治(zhi)元年至八年(1644~1651),順治(zhi)十(shi)七(qi)年停止使用并回收。包括光(guang)背(bei)(bei)(bei)、背(bei)(bei)(bei)符(fu)號、背(bei)(bei)(bei)紀(ji)值(zhi)三類(lei)(lei),其中紀(ji)值(zhi)類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)背(bei)(bei)(bei)“一(yi)”、“二”與“十(shi)·一(yi)兩(liang)”仿(fang)(fang)明(ming)天啟大錢試鑄(zhu)品,背(bei)(bei)(bei)符(fu)號類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)背(bei)(bei)(bei)星、背(bei)(bei)(bei)圈等。由(you)于仿(fang)(fang)古式(shi)順治(zhi)錢從(cong)形制、鑄(zhu)造(zao)工藝(yi)等方面均(jun)具有(you)(you)很明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)明(ming)朝鑄(zhu)幣的(de)特點(dian),故稱其為(wei)“仿(fang)(fang)古式(shi)”。又因為(wei)錢背(bei)(bei)(bei)無紀(ji)錢局(ju)文字,也稱為(wei)“無紀(ji)局(ju)”式(shi),是清朝入關后鑄(zhu)行的(de)唯一(yi)一(yi)種無紀(ji)局(ju)標識的(de)制錢。
第二(er)式(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“單(dan)(dan)漢(han)(han)字(zi)(zi)(zi)紀局式(shi)(shi)(shi)”,該式(shi)(shi)(shi)鑄(zhu)行時間(jian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)順(shun)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元年至十年(1644~1653),錢(qian)(qian)背(bei)以單(dan)(dan)個(ge)漢(han)(han)字(zi)(zi)(zi)標示鑄(zhu)造(zao)錢(qian)(qian)局簡(jian)稱,先(xian)后(hou)有右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)單(dan)(dan)字(zi)(zi)(zi)、穿左單(dan)(dan)字(zi)(zi)(zi)及穿上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)漢(han)(han)字(zi)(zi)(zi)幾類。由于(yu)順(shun)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)早(zao)期(qi)鑄(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)局眾多,故錢(qian)(qian)背(bei)紀局文(wen)字(zi)(zi)(zi)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)豐富,共發現十九個(ge)錢(qian)(qian)局,三十一(yi)(yi)種背(bei)文(wen),分別為(wei)(wei)(wei):右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)戶、上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)戶、右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)工(gong)(gong)、上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)工(gong)(gong)、右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)宣(xuan)、上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)宣(xuan)、右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)臨、上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)臨、右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)延、左延、右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)云、右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)同、右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)薊、上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)薊、右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)原(yuan)、上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)原(yuan)、右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)陽、上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)陽、右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)河、上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)河、右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)浙(zhe)、上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)浙(zhe)、右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)東、上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)東、右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)荊、上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)荊、上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)寧(ning)、上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)昌、上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)襄、上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)福(fu)、上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)新(xin)。其(qi)中:上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)工(gong)(gong)、上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)新(xin)未正式(shi)(shi)(shi)發行,僅見(jian)數枚樣錢(qian)(qian),背(bei)右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)延字(zi)(zi)(zi)錢(qian)(qian)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)罕見(jian),背(bei)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)延字(zi)(zi)(zi)錢(qian)(qian)未見(jian)真品。舊(jiu)譜記(ji)載背(bei)右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)昌、右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)寧(ning)、上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)陜(shan)、右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)陜(shan)等品種實不存(cun)在。順(shun)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)十七年仿古(gu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)與單(dan)(dan)漢(han)(han)字(zi)(zi)(zi)紀局式(shi)(shi)(shi)順(shun)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)錢(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)并(bing)停(ting)用,并(bing)被(bei)收(shou)兌(dui)銷(xiao)毀(hui)。《清文(wen)獻(xian)通考(kao)(kao)·卷十三·錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)考(kao)(kao)》;“國初,尚仍(reng)其(qi)制,嗣后(hou)有鑄(zhu)漢(han)(han)文(wen),戶工(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)(zi)及各(ge)省鎮地名(ming)一(yi)(yi)字(zi)(zi)(zi),于(yu)錢(qian)(qian)幕之上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),或錢(qian)(qian)幕之右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)者(zhe),皆順(shun)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)十年以前之制。”說明仿古(gu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)與“單(dan)(dan)漢(han)(han)字(zi)(zi)(zi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)”為(wei)(wei)(wei)順(shun)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)錢(qian)(qian)的早(zao)期(qi)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。
第三(san)式(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)“一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”式(shi)(shi),錢(qian)背穿右以(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)單漢字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)標示鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)局,穿左書(shu)寫“一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”二(er)(er)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)行時間為(wei)(wei)順(shun)治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)至十(shi)(shi)(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(1653~1657),停用時間為(wei)(wei)康熙二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(1663)。根據順(shun)治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(1653)九(jiu)月當時的(de)戶部尚書(shu)車克(ke)題:“進(jin)驗新(xin)式(shi)(shi)樣錢(qian)并請旨頒發(fa)”事(shi)本(ben)中記載:“遵(zun)照新(xin)式(shi)(shi)背鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)貳字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)樣錢(qian)萬文,理合進(jin)驗,如果合式(shi)(shi),以(yi)便頒發(fa)各省鎮(zhen)照式(shi)(shi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造?查在京有戶?工(gong)兩局,臣部經管者(zhe),錢(qian)背鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)壹戶字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),工(gong)部鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),如江(jiang)(jiang)寧(ning)寧(ning)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),浙(zhe)江(jiang)(jiang)浙(zhe)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),武昌昌字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),福建(jian)福字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),山(shan)東(dong)(dong)東(dong)(dong)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),河(he)南河(he)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),陜西陜字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),太原原字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),陽和陽字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),宣(xuan)府(fu)宣(xuan)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),薊鎮(zhen)薊字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),臨清臨字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),所以(yi)辯精(jing)粗(cu),而分(fen)殿(dian)最也(ye)?”順(shun)治(zhi)“一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”式(shi)(shi)錢(qian)共發(fa)現十(shi)(shi)(shi)七種,分(fen)別為(wei)(wei):“戶一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”、“工(gong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”、“宣(xuan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”、“同一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”、“薊一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”、“原一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”、“陽一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”、“河(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”、“浙(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”、“東(dong)(dong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”、“寧(ning)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”、“昌一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”、“福一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”、“陜一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”、“江(jiang)(jiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”、“云(yun)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”。唯獨云(yun)南鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)“云(yun)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”為(wei)(wei)順(shun)治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六年(nian)(nian)至順(shun)治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(1659~1661)。該(gai)式(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)“權銀(yin)錢(qian)”;“一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”二(er)(er)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)為(wei)(wei)折(zhe)銀(yin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(十(shi)(shi)(shi)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)折(zhe)銀(yin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen),十(shi)(shi)(shi)分(fen)折(zhe)銀(yin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)錢(qian),十(shi)(shi)(shi)錢(qian)折(zhe)銀(yin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)兩),“權銀(yin)錢(qian)”的(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)行是(shi)清朝初年(nian)(nian)銀(yin)錢(qian)雙本(ben)位貨幣制度的(de)實(shi)物體現。
第四(si)式為(wei)背(bei)(bei)“滿(man)(man)文(wen)(wen)(wen)”式,錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)背(bei)(bei)書寫滿(man)(man)文(wen)(wen)(wen)“寶(bao)泉”或(huo)“寶(bao)源(yuan)”分列(lie)穿左右。順治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)(1657),戶部題準各省(sheng)(sheng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)局(ju)(ju)一(yi)律停(ting)鑄(zhu)(zhu),僅(jin)由戶部寶(bao)泉局(ju)(ju)與工(gong)部寶(bao)源(yuan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)背(bei)(bei)滿(man)(man)文(wen)(wen)(wen)局(ju)(ju)名錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。《清(qing)史(shi)稿食貨五》記載:“順治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian),直省(sheng)(sheng)局(ju)(ju)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)不精(jing)(jing),私鑄(zhu)(zhu)乘之(zhi),卒壅不行,悉罷鑄(zhu)(zhu),專任寶(bao)泉,寶(bao)源(yuan)精(jing)(jing)造一(yi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)四(si)分重錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),幕用(yong)(yong)滿(man)(man)文(wen)(wen)(wen),俾私鑄(zhu)(zhu),限于作偽,現行錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)限三月銷毀(hui)?”可見由北京戶?工(gong)二局(ju)(ju)改鑄(zhu)(zhu)順治(zhi)背(bei)(bei)滿(man)(man)文(wen)(wen)(wen)“寶(bao)泉”?“寶(bao)源(yuan)”重錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)是為(wei)了(le)達(da)到統(tong)一(yi)管理防止私鑄(zhu)(zhu)的(de)目(mu)的(de),也是歷史(shi)上最重的(de)小平(ping)制(zhi)(zhi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。背(bei)(bei)“滿(man)(man)文(wen)(wen)(wen)”式制(zhi)(zhi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)行時間為(wei)順治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)至十(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(1657~1661),錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)體(ti)大(da)而厚重,錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)背(bei)(bei)銘文(wen)(wen)(wen)改為(wei)雙滿(man)(man)文(wen)(wen)(wen)形(xing)式,較之(zhi)前順治(zhi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)有很大(da)不同。從這一(yi)式開始,清(qing)朝(chao)制(zhi)(zhi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)在形(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)從上沿用(yong)(yong)明朝(chao)的(de)時代進入了(le)真正的(de)清(qing)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)時代,背(bei)(bei)滿(man)(man)文(wen)(wen)(wen)寶(bao)泉、寶(bao)源(yuan)形(xing)式的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)一(yi)直延續至清(qing)末宣統(tong)時期。它的(de)出現具有劃時代的(de)意義。
第五式(shi)(shi)(shi)為“滿(man)(man)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)文(wen)(wen)(wen)”式(shi)(shi)(shi),錢(qian)(qian)背分別以(yi)滿(man)(man)、漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)書寫鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)簡稱,分列穿左右。鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)時間為順(shun)治(zhi)十(shi)七年(nian)至十(shi)八年(nian)(1660-1661)?據《清(qing)(qing)朝通(tong)志(zhi)(zhi)》所載:順(shun)治(zhi)十(shi)七年(nian)(1660)戶(hu)部又重定順(shun)治(zhi)通(tong)寶背文(wen)(wen)(wen)制(zhi)式(shi)(shi)(shi),除寶泉局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)、寶源局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)續鋳背滿(man)(man)文(wen)(wen)(wen)式(shi)(shi)(shi)外(wai),提準(zhun)重開(kai)十(shi)五個地方錢(qian)(qian)局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju),并(bing)按照順(shun)治(zhi)四式(shi)(shi)(shi)的規格開(kai)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)新錢(qian)(qian),每文(wen)(wen)(wen)重一錢(qian)(qian)四分,其(qi)背文(wen)(wen)(wen)由穿右省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)府局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)文(wen)(wen)(wen)局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)名,穿左為滿(man)(man)文(wen)(wen)(wen)局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)名,故稱滿(man)(man)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)文(wen)(wen)(wen)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。據《清(qing)(qing)朝通(tong)志(zhi)(zhi)》記(ji)載該式(shi)(shi)(shi)分別有(you):山(shan)西(xi)大(da)同鎮局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)滿(man)(man)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)“同”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?江南(nan)江寧局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)滿(man)(man)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)“寧”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?山(shan)東省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)滿(man)(man)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)“東”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?湖廣(guang)武昌府局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)滿(man)(man)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)“昌”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?直(zhi)隸(li)宣化(hua)鎮局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)滿(man)(man)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)“宣”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?山(shan)西(xi)太(tai)原府局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)滿(man)(man)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)“原”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?直(zhi)隸(li)薊州(zhou)鎮局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)滿(man)(man)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)“薊”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?江西(xi)南(nan)昌府局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)滿(man)(man)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)“江”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?河南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)滿(man)(man)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)“河”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?山(shan)東臨清(qing)(qing)鎮局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)滿(man)(man)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)“臨”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?浙江省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)滿(man)(man)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)“浙”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?陜(shan)西(xi)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)滿(man)(man)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)“陜(shan)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?福(fu)(fu)建省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)滿(man)(man)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)“福(fu)(fu)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、云(yun)南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)滿(man)(man)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)“云(yun)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)錢(qian)(qian)?其(qi)中福(fu)(fu)建省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)滿(man)(man)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)“福(fu)(fu)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)與云(yun)南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)局(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)滿(man)(man)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)“云(yun)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)錢(qian)(qian)并(bing)未正式(shi)(shi)(shi)開(kai)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),滿(man)(man)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)“福(fu)(fu)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)錢(qian)(qian)僅(jin)發現(xian)數(shu)枚部頒樣錢(qian)(qian),而滿(man)(man)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)“云(yun)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)錢(qian)(qian)未見真品存世。
公(gong)元1644年,清(qing)軍(jun)入(ru)關(guan)(guan),愛新覺(jue)羅·福臨至(zhi)北(bei)京。為了(le)穩定流通(tong)鑄(zhu)幣(bi)(bi)混亂的(de)(de)(de)局(ju)面(mian),一(yi)方面(mian)有選擇地繼續沿用明代舊錢(qian)(qian),另(ling)一(yi)方在(zai)北(bei)京設中央錢(qian)(qian)局(ju)開鑄(zhu)“順(shun)治通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”錢(qian)(qian)。新錢(qian)(qian)每(mei)(mei)文重量(liang)定為一(yi)錢(qian)(qian)與明錢(qian)(qian)兌(dui)換。這(zhe)一(yi)舉措逐漸統(tong)一(yi)了(le)流通(tong)錢(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)形制,為恢復國民經濟打下(xia)了(le)良好的(de)(de)(de)基礎。然而(er)(er)作(zuo)為剛(gang)剛(gang)入(ru)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)清(qing)朝(chao)政(zheng)府推行順(shun)治通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)錢(qian)(qian)并不是(shi)一(yi)帆風順(shun)的(de)(de)(de),它先后經歷了(le)五(wu)次重要的(de)(de)(de)改(gai)革,最終(zhong)完成了(le)脫(tuo)離明代而(er)(er)建立清(qing)代鑄(zhu)幣(bi)(bi)體系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)。五(wu)次貨幣(bi)(bi)改(gai)制鑄(zhu)就了(le)五(wu)種形式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)順(shun)治通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)錢(qian)(qian),這(zhe)就是(shi)聞名于世(shi)的(de)(de)(de)順(shun)治五(wu)式(shi)。每(mei)(mei)一(yi)式(shi)順(shun)治通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)自成體系(xi)又(you)互相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)聯,為我(wo)們后來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)收藏和研究者提供了(le)豐(feng)富多彩、趣味(wei)無(wu)窮的(de)(de)(de)實物(wu)資料。
1.明亡清(qing)興是中國歷史中的一(yi)個(ge)精彩的亮點,滿清(qing)入關之后(hou),清(qing)政權(quan)、南明政權(quan)、農民起義軍政權(quan)之間爆發的一(yi)系列大規模的戰爭(zheng)。清(qing)政權(quan)的統一(yi)戰爭(zheng)主導(dao)了前期順治錢的鑄(zhu)造(zao),它是一(yi)個(ge)戰時貨(huo)幣演化的經典案(an)例(li)和實(shi)物證(zheng)據;
2.隨(sui)著敵對政(zheng)權逐(zhu)一被消(xiao)滅,后(hou)期的(de)順(shun)治(zhi)錢(qian)迅速從戰時貨幣(bi)向建設時期貨幣(bi)的(de)轉型(xing)過渡,順(shun)治(zhi)錢(qian)也徹底從明朝制(zhi)錢(qian)體系中(zhong)脫離出來。它是研究清前期是如何著力恢復戰后(hou)經濟課題(ti)重要實例;
3.順治(zhi)(zhi)錢是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)歷(li)史(shi)上第二個(ge)完(wan)成(cheng)了大一(yi)統的少數(shu)民族政(zheng)權(quan)開國(guo)鑄幣(bi),是(shi)(shi)研(yan)究少數(shu)民族與漢族錢幣(bi)文化如何(he)一(yi)步步走向(xiang)融合的實物資(zi)料;順治(zhi)(zhi)錢是(shi)(shi)在銀本(ben)位貨幣(bi)制(zhi)度(du)完(wan)全確立之后(hou),建立的一(yi)整套白銀、銅錢雙軌(gui)制(zhi)貨幣(bi)解決方案;是(shi)(shi)貨幣(bi)白銀化研(yan)究的重要組(zu)成(cheng);
4.鑄幣紀局的(de)(de)制(zhi)度是整(zheng)個(ge)清代錢(qian)幣體系(xi)的(de)(de)一大(da)特(te)點,也是中(zhong)國封建鑄幣制(zhi)度發展到更成熟階(jie)段的(de)(de)體現(xian)。這(zhe)(zhe)一制(zhi)度雖然始于順治(zhi)錢(qian),但(dan)這(zhe)(zhe)并(bing)非一蹴而就,它經(jing)歷了一個(ge)循序漸(jian)進(jin)的(de)(de)過程(cheng),對順治(zhi)錢(qian)的(de)(de)研(yan)究為弄清這(zhe)(zhe)一演(yan)化過程(cheng)提供了重要參考。