唐前(qian)(qian)期(qi)(qi),軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)以府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)體,同時(shi)(shi)還有(you)(you)北衙禁 軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)(mu)、邊(bian)防軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),以及不(bu)脫(tuo)離(li)生產的(de)(de)(de)(de)團(tuan)結兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)。 府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。泛指軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)統(tong)領(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)士,是(shi)唐前(qian)(qian)期(qi)(qi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體。高(gao)祖武(wu)德(de) 二年(619),開始恢復府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)組(zu)織,設驃騎(qi)、車騎(qi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)若(ruo)干、貞(zhen)觀十年 (636),太宗(zong)整頓府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)制(zhi),軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)更名(ming)為(wei)(wei)折沖府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。全(quan)(quan)國(guo)折沖府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)最多(duo)(duo)時(shi)(shi)有(you)(you) 633(或(huo)(huo)634)個(ge)(ge),其(qi)中(zhong)關(guan)內(nei)道261個(ge)(ge),占全(quan)(quan)國(guo)總府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)數(shu)40%以上(shang)(shang),其(qi)次(ci) 是(shi)河(he)東、河(he)南(nan)兩道,其(qi)他(ta)各道府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)數(shu)很(hen)少,形成(cheng)了(le)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)上(shang)(shang)居重馭(yu)輕(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de) 局面(mian)。中(zhong)央統(tong)領(ling)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)十二衛(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)東宮六(liu)率(lv)。十二衛(wei)(wei)(wei)即左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)、左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)驍(xiao)(xiao)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)、左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)武(wu)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)、左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)威衛(wei)(wei)(wei)、左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)領(ling)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)、左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)金吾(wu)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)。諳衛(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)大(da)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)各一人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)各二人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、右(you)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)皆領(ling)60府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu),其(qi)他(ta)諸衛(wei)(wei)(wei)領(ling)40~50 府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。東宮六(liu)率(lv)即太子左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)率(lv)、左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)司御率(lv)、左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)清道率(lv),各領(ling)3~ 5府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。折沖府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)分上(shang)(shang)、中(zhong)、下(xia)三(san)等(deng),上(shang)(shang)等(deng)1200人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),中(zhong)等(deng)1000人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),下(xia)等(deng) 800人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。每府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)置(zhi)折沖都尉(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)長(chang),左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)果毅都尉(wei)(wei)各二人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)副。每軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu) 轄4~6團(tuan),團(tuan)200人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(有(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)以300人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)團(tuan)),團(tuan)設校尉(wei)(wei)。每團(tuan)轄2 旅(lv)(lv)(lv),旅(lv)(lv)(lv)100人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),旅(lv)(lv)(lv)設旅(lv)(lv)(lv)帥。每旅(lv)(lv)(lv)轄2隊(dui),隊(dui)50人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),隊(dui)設隊(dui)正。每隊(dui)分 為(wei)(wei)5火(huo)(huo),火(huo)(huo)10人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),火(huo)(huo)置(zhi)火(huo)(huo)長(chang)。府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)總稱為(wei)(wei)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)士,善弓馬者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)越騎(qi), 余(yu)為(wei)(wei)步兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、排矛(mao)手、步射。府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)平(ping)時(shi)(shi)講武(wu)習射,上(shang)(shang)番(fan)(fan)前(qian)(qian)進行(xing)試(shi)閱,每 年冬季由(you)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)組(zu)織教戰。府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要任務是(shi)輪流(liu)到(dao)京師(shi)長(chang)安宿(su)衛(wei)(wei)(wei),其(qi)次(ci)是(shi)出征作(zuo) 戰或(huo)(huo)戍守邊(bian)防 府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing) 上(shang)(shang)番(fan)(fan),按距長(chang) 安遠(yuan)近(jin)確定番(fan)(fan) 期(qi)(qi),如500里 內(nei)五(wu)番(fan)(fan),1000 里七(qi)番(fan)(fan),1500 里八番(fan)(fan),即將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)全(quan)(quan)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)士分成(cheng)5組(zu),7組(zu)或(huo)(huo)8組(zu),輪流(liu)到(dao)京師(shi)宿(su)衛(wei)(wei)(wei),每番(fan)(fan)一個(ge)(ge)月,期(qi)(qi)滿(man)后(hou)返回軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)。府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)服(fu)役和(he)從事(shi)農業生產密切結合(he),體現(xian)了(le)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)農合(he) 一的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)特點(dian),既減輕(qing)了(le)國(guo)家(jia)經費開支、又保證了(le)農業生產的(de)(de)(de)(de)進 行(xing)。府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)制(zhi)是(shi)建(jian)立在均田制(zhi)基礎之上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。高(gao)宗(zong)以后(hou),土地(di)兼并日重, 均田制(zhi)遭(zao)到(dao)破壞,加之士兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)逃散,府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)制(zhi)急劇衰落,府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)土崩瓦解。 兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)莫。是(shi)唐前(qian)(qian)期(qi)(qi)臨時(shi)(shi)征募(mu)(mu)民(min)丁組(zu)建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui).又叫募(mu)(mu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、征人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、募(mu)(mu) 兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。一般選取(qu)富戶多(duo)(duo)丁、人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)材驍(xiao)(xiao)勇者(zhe)充當(dang),舉薦前(qian)(qian)資(zi)官(非現(xian)任文武(wu) 官)、勛官或(huo)(huo)有(you)(you)才能的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)任各級將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)領(ling)。兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)裝備由(you)當(dang)地(di)政府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)供給(gei), 不(bu)足(zu)則(ze)由(you)本人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)自(zi)備或(huo)(huo)由(you)親鄰互相資(zi)助。由(you)于(yu)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)主(zhu)(zhu)要分番(fan)(fan)赴京師(shi) 宿(su)衛(wei)(wei)(wei),從事(shi)征成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)員有(you)(you)限,所以多(duo)(duo)次(ci)征戰主(zhu)(zhu)要征發兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)(mu)進行(xing),如 高(gao)宗(zong)征伐遼東,一次(ci)出兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)50余(yu)萬人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),大(da)多(duo)(duo)是(shi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)(mu)。玄宗(zong)時(shi)(shi)沿(yan)邊(bian)鎮(zhen)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)60余(yu)萬人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),其(qi)中(zhong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比重很(hen)大(da)。兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)(mu)戍邊(bian)年限不(bu)固(gu)定,有(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)長(chang)達(da) 五(wu)六(liu)年。
除十二衛(wei)(wei)所領上番府兵(南(nan)衙(ya)(ya)禁(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun))保(bao)衛(wei)(wei)京城外,還有單獨組建(jian)守衛(wei)(wei)宮(gong)禁(jin)的北衙(ya)(ya)禁(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。北衙(ya)(ya)禁(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)原(yuan)為元從禁(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),后(hou)來改(gai)從衛(wei)(wei) 士(shi)簡(jian)補或召募。太宗(zong)(zong)(zong)于玄(xuan)武(wu)門置左右屯營(ying),號稱(cheng)“飛騎”,挑(tiao)選其(qi)中 驍健(jian)善射(she)者百人名(ming)(ming)為“百騎,武(wu)后(hou)再(zai)擴大(da)為“千騎”,中宗(zong)(zong)(zong)又改(gai)名(ming)(ming) 為“萬騎”。高宗(zong)(zong)(zong)、玄(xuan)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)又分別建(jian)立(li)左右羽林(lin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、左右龍(long)武(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),官員、 名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)與諸衛(wei)(wei)相同。此(ci)后(hou),肅宗(zong)(zong)(zong)置左右神(shen)武(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。史籍統稱(cheng)左右羽林(lin)、 龍(long)武(wu)、神(shen)武(wu)為六(liu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。
各邊防(fang)軍事機構分為(wei)(wei)(wei)軍、守(shou)捉、鎮(zhen)、戍(shu)(shu)(shu)所轄的(de)(de)屯戍(shu)(shu)(shu)部(bu)隊(dui)。其(qi)中鎮(zhen)、 戍(shu)(shu)(shu)各分上(shang)中下(xia)(xia)三等:500人(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)鎮(zhen),300人(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中鎮(zhen),不(bu)足300人(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)(xia) 鎮(zhen);50人(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)戍(shu)(shu)(shu),30人(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中戍(shu)(shu)(shu),不(bu)足30人(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)下(xia)(xia)戍(shu)(shu)(shu)。每鎮(zhen)、戍(shu)(shu)(shu)分別置 鎮(zhen)將、鎮(zhen)副,戍(shu)(shu)(shu)主、戍(shu)(shu)(shu)副各一人(ren)(ren)。軍、守(shou)捉自高宗起逐(zhu)漸增多。各置使(shi)(shi)和(he)副使(shi)(shi),所領(ling)兵數比鎮(zhen)、戍(shu)(shu)(shu)多。隨著邊防(fang)線的(de)(de)延長(chang)和(he)戰爭的(de)(de)頻繁,遂(sui)設節(jie)度使(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)邊境區(qu)域(yu)性的(de)(de)最(zui)高長(chang)官(guan)。景云二年(711),首以賀拔(ba)延嗣(si)為(wei)(wei)(wei)河西節(jie)度使(shi)(shi),即軍區(qu)的(de)(de)固定長(chang)官(guan),至天(tian)寶(bao)九(jiu)年,沿邊地區(qu)已(yi)有(you)安西、北庭(ting)、河西、朔方、河東、范陽、平盧、隴右、劍南、嶺南九(jiu)節(jie)度使(shi)(shi)、一經略使(shi)(shi)。節(jie)度使(shi)(shi)所轄軍、守(shou)捉、鎮(zhen)、戊的(de)(de)邊防(fang)體制更加完備。
又(you)稱(cheng)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)練兵(bing)(bing),土團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan),是由(you)各州(zhou)刺(ci)史統(tong)掌的不(bu)(bu)長期脫離生(sheng)產(chan)的地方武裝。武后(hou)萬(wan)歲(sui)通天元年(nian)(696),為防御契丹的需(xu)要,始 于山東近邊諸州(zhou)置(zhi)(zhi)武騎團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)兵(bing)(bing)。圣歷元年(nian)(698),河(he)南、河(he)北置(zhi)(zhi)武騎團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)防備突厥(jue):每(mei)150戶征兵(bing)(bing)15人(ren),馬(ma)一(yi)匹。代宗(zong)大歷十(shi)二(er)年(nian)(777)規定,團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)結兵(bing)(bing)春夏歸農,秋(qiu)冬追集,服役期間發給身糧醬菜(cai)。各地征召(zhao)的數量也越來(lai)越多(duo)。團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)結兵(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)入軍(jun)籍,一(yi)般在本境(jing)內防守或應調(diao)配(pei)合作戰,軍(jun)事任務結束(shu)即回鄉(xiang)耕種(zhong)。
主要是(shi)神(shen)策六軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、藩鎮兵。神(shen)策軍(jun)(jun)(jun),原先是(shi)隴右洮(tao)州的(de)(de)(de)一支邊軍(jun)(jun)(jun)。安(an)史亂(luan)起,神(shen)策軍(jun)(jun)(jun)千余人奔赴(fu)中原平叛,屯駐陜州,后進(jin)(jin)入長安(an)禁苑升為天子禁軍(jun)(jun)(jun)。貞(zhen)元十二年(796年),分神(shen)策軍(jun)(jun)(jun)為左(zuo)、右兩軍(jun)(jun)(jun),命宦(huan)(huan)官(guan)竇文(wen)場、霍(huo)仙鳴為左(zuo)、右神(shen)策護軍(jun)(jun)(jun)中尉,從此開創宦(huan)(huan)官(guan)統領(ling)神(shen)策軍(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)固定(ding)制度(du)。宦(huan)(huan)官(guan)還進(jin)(jin)一步控(kong)制了人數(shu)不多的(de)(de)(de)左(zuo)右羽林、左(zuo)右龍武(wu)、左(zuo)右神(shen)武(wu)等六軍(jun)(jun)(jun)。神(shen)策軍(jun)(jun)(jun)在宦(huan)(huan)官(guan)的(de)(de)(de)統領(ling)下(xia),賞賜優厚(hou),其將吏升遷(qian)也遠超其余諸軍(jun)(jun)(jun),極盛時(shi)發展到(dao)18萬余人,分別屯駐于京師及(ji)京西北諸鎮,在保衛唐王朝及(ji)平定(ding)地方動亂(luan)中起過重要的(de)(de)(de)作用。至唐末,經(jing)過黃巢(chao)起義(yi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)打擊和(he)朱(zhu)溫的(de)(de)(de)誅殺,被殲滅(mie)殆盡,最終被解散(san)。
藩(fan)(fan)鎮(zhen)軍(jun)(jun)(jun),即節(jie)(jie)度(du)使(shi)統領的軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)。唐(tang)后期,全國有四五十個藩(fan)(fan)鎮(zhen),各藩(fan)(fan)鎮(zhen)節(jie)(jie)度(du)使(shi)都擁有軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui),少(shao)則(ze)數(shu)千(qian),多至10萬人(ren)。各藩(fan)(fan)鍺兵(bing)(bing),由 于屯(tun)(tun)駐地區(qu)與擔負任務不(bu)同,分為牙兵(bing)(bing)(又(you)稱中軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、牙中軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、牙內兵(bing)(bing),屯(tun)(tun)駐在節(jie)(jie)度(du)使(shi)治所(suo)(suo))、牙外軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(又(you)稱外營兵(bing)(bing),屯(tun)(tun)駐在節(jie)(jie)度(du)使(shi)治所(suo)(suo)的外城(cheng))、外鎮(zhen)兵(bing)(bing)(屯(tun)(tun)駐藩(fan)(fan)鎮(zhen)屬郡關津要(yao)地)等(deng)。牙兵(bing)(bing)系節(jie)(jie)度(du)使(shi)的親 兵(bing)(bing),人(ren)數(shu)較多,戰(zhan)斗力強,給唐(tang)朝(chao)社會、政治造(zao)成(cheng)很大的影(ying)響。如河 朔三鎮(zhen)牙軍(jun)(jun)(jun),長期父子世襲,互通婚姻,享有種種政治、經(jing)濟特權, 形成(cheng)桀驁不(bu)馴的驕兵(bing)(bing)集團。動(dong)輒發(fa)起兵(bing)(bing)變(bian),驅逐(zhu)將(jiang)帥,或支持節(jie)(jie)度(du)使(shi)竊地割據,反(fan)抗朝(chao)廷,危害極(ji)為嚴重。