長白石,又稱長白玉、馬鹿玉,也稱長白五(wu)彩石,產于吉林省長白縣馬鹿溝(gou)一帶。該(gai)石石質(zhi)細膩(ni)致密(mi),溫(wen)潤潔凈,堅而不頑(wan);顏色有(you)綠、黃、青(qing)、藍、深褐、紫(zi)紅、灰白等(deng);紋(wen)(wen)理自然(ran)流暢,各色混(hun)生形成卷紋(wen)(wen)、流紋(wen)(wen)、蟒紋(wen)(wen)、龜紋(wen)(wen)、流霞紋(wen)(wen)等(deng);光澤(ze)度(du)(du)好(hao),多為(wei)微(wei)透(tou)明至半(ban)透(tou)明,少數透(tou)明;折射率約1.56~1.60;摩氏硬度(du)(du)約2~2.5度(du)(du),斷口呈貝殼(ke)狀,密(mi)度(du)(du)約為(wei)2.0~2.8。
長白(bai)石(shi)(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)形成(cheng)(cheng)于距(ju)今1.3億多年前,由火山碎屑(xie)物質沉(chen)積、交代而(er)成(cheng)(cheng),其主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)成(cheng)(cheng)分有葉蠟石(shi)(shi)、高(gao)嶺石(shi)(shi)、地(di)開石(shi)(shi)等(deng)。有的長白(bai)石(shi)(shi)因局部硅化或含(han)石(shi)(shi)英構成(cheng)(cheng)"石(shi)(shi)釘",或含(han)金(jin)屬礦物構成(cheng)(cheng)"鐵(tie)釘",而(er)局部受(shou)綠泥石(shi)(shi)化、絹云(yun)母化、高(gao)嶺石(shi)(shi)化者則導致(zhi)質地(di)變(bian)軟(ruan),均有損(sun)于長白(bai)石(shi)(shi)的質量。優(you)質長白(bai)石(shi)(shi)質地(di)脂潤,色(se)彩俊(jun)俏,紋飾秀麗,柔而(er)易(yi)攻(gong),尤以(yi)質地(di)純凈透明(ming)度高(gao)者(凍(dong)石(shi)(shi))為佳。長白(bai)石(shi)(shi)俏色(se)分明(ming),色(se)彩對比強烈(lie),是(shi)常用于印章(zhang)和雕刻的理想石(shi)(shi)料,又稱"印章(zhang)石(shi)(shi)",亦(yi)可(ke)用來(lai)雕制工藝品。
長(chang)(chang)白(bai)石產于吉(ji)林省(sheng)白(bai)山市長(chang)(chang)白(bai)朝(chao)鮮(xian)族自治(zhi)縣馬(ma)鹿溝一帶(dai)。
長(chang)白石(shi)(shi)(shi)又分為(wei)地(di)開石(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)高嶺石(shi)(shi)(shi)兩大(da)類。地(di)開石(shi)(shi)(shi)是凍(dong)(dong)(dong)石(shi)(shi)(shi),顏色(se)俊俏,花紋(wen)奇特(te)而美麗,是目前僅(jin)有(you)的(de)一類品(pin)(pin)種,珍貴(gui)無比,其中(zhong)偶(ou)有(you)透(tou)明的(de)晶體石(shi)(shi)(shi),多(duo)(duo)呈灰藍諸色(se),但質(zhi)材較小,一側(ce)偶(ou)有(you)小米粒大(da)小的(de)鋁質(zhi)結晶沉積(ji)分布;無花紋(wen)者瑩(ying)(ying)潤(run)細膩,顏色(se)純(chun)正。高嶺石(shi)(shi)(shi)是彩色(se)印石(shi)(shi)(shi),花色(se)繁多(duo)(duo),紋(wen)理多(duo)(duo)樣,構(gou)成了長(chang)白石(shi)(shi)(shi)難以數記(ji)的(de)品(pin)(pin)種。目前能叫出名字(zi)的(de)長(chang)白石(shi)(shi)(shi)已逾百(bai)種,各具特(te)色(se),且以透(tou)明的(de)晶石(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)半透(tou)明的(de)凍(dong)(dong)(dong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)居多(duo)(duo),肌理晶瑩(ying)(ying)、堅(jian)韌光潔。其名貴(gui)品(pin)(pin)種有(you)白墨、長(chang)白綠凍(dong)(dong)(dong)、長(chang)白燈光凍(dong)(dong)(dong)、長(chang)白根、長(chang)白蘭(lan)、地(di)圖(tu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、翡翠花斑、高梁紅等,如蘭(lan)天凍(dong)(dong)(dong)、蘭(lan)花青田、白芙蓉、艾葉綠、虎皮凍(dong)(dong)(dong)等罕見名品(pin)(pin)也有(you)發現。 它(ta)是繼壽(shou)山石(shi)(shi)(shi)、青田石(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)后的(de)新興規模較大(da)、品(pin)(pin)類繁多(duo)(duo)、適宜做為(wei)印章篆刻、工藝雕刻的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)。