南(nan)疆10萬大山旳密林(lin)之中常有旅人不幸遇難,尸體(ti)被(bei)沼(zhao)氣(qi),瘴氣(qi),戾氣(qi)所(suo)染,經歷百年(nian)則成夏耕尸,這(zhe)惹來無窮禍害。
《山海(hai)經.大荒(huang)西經》說:爰有大暑,不(bu)可(ke)以往(wang),有人無首(shou),操(cao)戈(ge)盾立,名曰(yue)夏耕之尸。夏耕是夏朝最後一任帝王(wang)夏桀的(de)部將,負責鎮守章(zhang)山,商湯伐桀時,被砍(kan)掉了(le)頭(tou),夏耕的(de)靈魂不(bu)死,逃到(dao)了(le)巫山,成(cheng)為夏耕尸,他雖然沒(mei)有腦袋,卻依舊手操(cao)戈(ge)盾,盡忠職(zhi)守地護衛巫山。
《中國神怪》:
”有個人沒(mei)了(le)腦(nao)袋,手拿一(yi)把(ba)戈和(he)一(yi)面(mian)盾(dun)牌立著,名叫夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)耕(geng)尸(shi)(shi)。 從前成湯(tang)在章(zhang)(zhang)山討伐夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)桀,打敗(bai)了(le)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)桀,斬殺夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)耕(geng)尸(shi)(shi)于(yu)他(ta)的(de)面(mian)前。夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)耕(geng)尸(shi)(shi)站立起來后,發覺沒(mei)了(le)腦(nao)袋,為逃避他(ta)的(de)罪咎,于(yu)是竄到(dao)巫(wu)山去(qu)了(le)。夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)耕(geng)是夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)朝最后一(yi)任帝王(wang)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)桀的(de)部將,負責鎮守(shou)章(zhang)(zhang)山,商湯(tang)伐桀時,被砍掉了(le)頭(tou),夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)耕(geng)的(de)靈(ling)魂不死,逃到(dao)了(le)巫(wu)山,成為夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)耕(geng)尸(shi)(shi),他(ta)雖(sui)然沒(mei)有腦(nao)袋,卻(que)依舊手操戈盾(dun),盡(jin)忠(zhong)職(zhi)守(shou)地護衛(wei)巫(wu)山。
《山(shan)海經》《大荒(huang)西(xi)經》記載:
有人無(wu)首,操戈盾立,名曰(yue)夏耕之(zhi)尸(shi)。故成湯(tang)伐(fa)夏桀于(yu)(yu)章山(shan)(shan),克之(zhi),斬耕厥前。耕既(ji)立,無(wu)首,走厥咎(jiu),乃降于(yu)(yu)巫山(shan)(shan)。
郭(guo)璞(pu)注:亦形(xing)天尸(shi)之類(lei)。
夏(xia)耕是夏(xia)桀(jie)的將(jiang)軍,戰敗(bai)逃亡,被(bei)成(cheng)湯(tang)斬首,與(yu)斷首的刑天(tian)(tian)有(you)幾分相似。但刑天(tian)(tian)是“與(yu)天(tian)(tian)帝(di)爭神,帝(di)斷其首”的不屈(qu)英雄。而夏(xia)耕是以敗(bai)將(jiang)來襯托成(cheng)湯(tang)的英雄形(xing)象。
二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)諸(zhu)(zhu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)是在二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)諸(zhu)(zhu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的基礎(chu)上(shang)增入(ru)四(si)(si)(si)位天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)神(shen)(shen)(shen)而成(cheng)“二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”的。二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)諸(zhu)(zhu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的名稱都本于印度(du)教(婆羅(luo)(luo)門(men)教),具體(ti)是:一大梵天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)、二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)帝釋天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)、三多聞天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)王、四(si)(si)(si)持國(guo)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)王、五(wu)增長天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)王、六廣目天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)王、七金(jin)剛密跡、八(ba)大自在天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)或摩醯首羅(luo)(luo)、九散脂大將、十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大辯才(cai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)、十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一大功(gong)德天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)、十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)韋馱天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)神(shen)(shen)(shen)、十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三堅(jian)牢地神(shen)(shen)(shen)、十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)菩提(ti)樹神(shen)(shen)(shen)、十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)鬼(gui)子母、十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六摩利支天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)、十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七日宮(gong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子、十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)月宮(gong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)子、十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九娑竭龍王、二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)閻摩羅(luo)(luo)王。隋代天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)臺智者大師依據《金(jin)光(guang)明(ming)經·功(gong)德天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)品》,制定(ding)了《金(jin)光(guang)明(ming)三昧(mei)懺法》。后代據此簡略(lve)成(cheng)《齋天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)科儀》,為寺廟中祭天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的儀軌(gui),依《金(jin)光(guang)明(ming)經·鬼(gui)神(shen)(shen)(shen)品》等所說,選下二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)位天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)神(shen)(shen)(shen),即此二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)諸(zhu)(zhu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)。到了明(ming)代,又(you)增入(ru)四(si)(si)(si)位天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)神(shen)(shen)(shen),則成(cheng)了“二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”,即二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一緊那羅(luo)(luo)、二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)紫微大帝、二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三東岳大帝、二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)雷神(shen)(shen)(shen)。
后(hou)三位(wei)是(shi)道(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)神明(ming),這顯示了(le)(le)明(ming)以(yi)后(hou)佛(fo)(fo)道(dao)二教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)相互借(jie)用與融合的(de)(de)趨向(xiang)。前一(yi)位(wei)是(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)龍(long)八(ba)(ba)部(bu)之一(yi),我們將在天(tian)(tian)(tian)龍(long)八(ba)(ba)部(bu)條(tiao)中(zhong)介(jie)紹(shao)(shao)。其(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)二十諸(zhu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)常(chang)常(chang)作為一(yi)組(zu)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)在塑像(xiang)和壁畫中(zhong),而且(qie)也時或(huo)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)于水(shui)陸(lu)法會時懸掛的(de)(de)水(shui)陸(lu)畫中(zhong)。但(dan)供奉二十四諸(zhu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)寺廟也不少,如昆明(ming)的(de)(de)圓(yuan)通寶殿、山西大(da)同的(de)(de)善(shan)化寺、五臺山金閣寺等。在佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)藝術(shu)中(zhong),“天(tian)(tian)(tian)”像(xiang)也常(chang)有(you)單(dan)獨或(huo)以(yi)其(qi)他組(zu)合出(chu)(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)情況。在中(zhong)國佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)石(shi)(shi)窟(ku)藝術(shu)中(zhong),很早(zao)就(jiu)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)了(le)(le)諸(zhu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)形象。如新(xin)疆克孜爾石(shi)(shi)窟(ku)第一(yi)百十窟(ku)主室左(zuo)壁所(suo)繪“夜半逾城”的(de)(de)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)故(gu)事壁畫中(zhong),就(jiu)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)了(le)(le)帝釋天(tian)(tian)(tian)和四天(tian)(tian)(tian)王天(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)形象。云岡(gang)石(shi)(shi)窟(ku)第八(ba)(ba)窟(ku)窟(ku)門兩側,則雕(diao)有(you)騎牛(niu)的(de)(de)摩醯首羅天(tian)(tian)(tian)和騎金翅鳥的(de)(de)鳩摩羅天(tian)(tian)(tian)。以(yi)下我們將一(yi)一(yi)介(jie)紹(shao)(shao)除緊那(nei)羅和四大(da)天(tian)(tian)(tian)王以(yi)外的(de)(de)二十四諸(zhu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)。