蔣介石在第一次(ci)“圍(wei)(wei)剿(jiao)”失敗后,于(yu)1931年二(er)月(yue),派軍政部(bu)長何應欽代行總(zong)司令職權兼陸(lu)海空(kong)軍總(zong)司令南昌行營主任(ren),調(diao)集十八個(ge)師(shi)另三(san)個(ge)旅,20萬(wan)人的(de)兵力,“以厚集兵力,嚴密包圍(wei)(wei)及取(qu)緩進為(wei)(wei)要(yao)旨”,采(cai)取(qu)穩扎穩打、步步為(wei)(wei)營的(de)作戰方(fang)針,積極部(bu)署(shu)對紅一方(fang)面(mian)軍的(de)第二(er)次(ci)“圍(wei)(wei)剿(jiao)”。
3月(yue)下旬,國(guo)民黨軍(jun)(jun)部署完(wan)畢。第(di)(di)(di)19路(lu)軍(jun)(jun)由(you)(you)蔡廷(ting)鍇代總指揮(hui)(hui),轄第(di)(di)(di)60師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(蔡廷(ting)鍇兼)、戴戟第(di)(di)(di)61師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)及第(di)(di)(di)12師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)馬昆第(di)(di)(di)34旅,由(you)(you)興國(guo)向(xiang)龍岡(gang)頭、寧(ning)(ning)都(dou)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong);第(di)(di)(di)5路(lu)軍(jun)(jun)由(you)(you)王金(jin)鈺任總指揮(hui)(hui),轄上官云(yun)相第(di)(di)(di)47師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、公秉(bing)藩(fan)第(di)(di)(di)28師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、郭華(hua)宗(zong)第(di)(di)(di)43師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、郝(hao)夢齡第(di)(di)(di)54師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、羅霖第(di)(di)(di)77師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),由(you)(you)吉安、泰和(he)、吉水、永豐向(xiang)東固(gu)、藤田(tian)方面進(jin)(jin)攻(gong);第(di)(di)(di)26路(lu)軍(jun)(jun)由(you)(you)孫(sun)連仲任總指揮(hui)(hui),轄第(di)(di)(di)25師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(孫(sun)連仲兼)、高樹(shu)勛(xun)第(di)(di)(di)27師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、關樹(shu)人騎1師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),由(you)(you)樂安、宜(yi)黃向(xiang)東韶、小布進(jin)(jin)攻(gong);第(di)(di)(di)6路(lu)軍(jun)(jun)由(you)(you)朱紹良任總指揮(hui)(hui),轄胡祖(zu)玉(yu)第(di)(di)(di)5師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、毛炳文第(di)(di)(di)8師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、許克祥(xiang)第(di)(di)(di)24師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、路(lu)孝(xiao)忱新編第(di)(di)(di)13師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),由(you)(you)南豐、八(ba)都(dou)向(xiang)廣昌、黃陂(po)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)。此(ci)外,韓德勤(qin)第(di)(di)(di)52師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)擔任維護贛江交通和(he)當地“清剿(jiao)”,三(san)個航空隊(dui)執行偵察(cha)和(he)轟炸任務,劉和(he)鼎(ding)第(di)(di)(di)56師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(歸(gui)第(di)(di)(di)6路(lu)軍(jun)(jun)指揮(hui)(hui))出安遠(屬寧(ning)(ning)化縣)、周志(zhi)群(qun)新編第(di)(di)(di)14旅出寧(ning)(ning)化、盧興邦(bang)獨立第(di)(di)(di)32旅出連城和(he)長汀、張貞第(di)(di)(di)49師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)出上杭(hang)和(he)武(wu)平、香翰(han)屏(ping)第(di)(di)(di)62師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)出蕉嶺,防(fang)堵紅軍(jun)(jun)向(xiang)東南轉(zhuan)移(yi)。
這時,紅一方面軍(jun)(jun)仍是第(di)一、第(di)三兩(liang)個軍(jun)(jun)團,人數(shu)略有減(jian)少,約3萬(wan)余人,經過第(di)一次反“圍剿(jiao)”的(de)(de)鍛煉和勝(sheng)利后的(de)(de)養精蓄銳,斗志旺(wang)盛。毛(mao)澤東提出的(de)(de)誘敵深(shen)入的(de)(de)戰略方針(zhen),已為(wei)廣大軍(jun)(jun)民(min)所認識(shi)和接受。在(zai)第(di)一次反“圍剿(jiao)”勝(sheng)利后,根據(ju)地的(de)(de)黨政軍(jun)(jun)民(min),從各方面進(jin)行(xing)了反“圍剿(jiao)”的(de)(de)準備。
按照紅一方面軍(jun)總部3月23日的(de)(de)命令,主力(li)部隊由根據地(di)(di)北(bei)部邊緣(yuan)的(de)(de)永豐(feng)、樂安、宜(yi)黃、南(nan)豐(feng)以南(nan)地(di)(di)區(qu),轉移到廣(guang)昌(chang)、石城(cheng)、寧(ning)都、瑞金等(deng)(deng)地(di)(di),進行整(zheng)頓、訓練(lian)(lian)、籌款和(he)做群眾工(gong)作。在(zai)紅軍(jun)和(he)人民中進行了(le)廣(guang)泛(fan)深入的(de)(de)政(zheng)治動員,召開了(le)地(di)(di)方武(wu)裝和(he)赤衛軍(jun)、少(shao)先隊的(de)(de)工(gong)作會議(yi),對這些武(wu)裝的(de)(de)任(ren)務(wu)(wu)、編制、訓練(lian)(lian)、戰(zhan)術等(deng)(deng)問題(ti),都作了(le)明確(que)的(de)(de)規定,要求各游擊區(qu)以地(di)(di)方武(wu)裝為骨(gu)干,領導赤衛軍(jun)、少(shao)先隊,運用游擊戰(zhan)術,積(ji)極執行擾敵(di)(di)(di)(di)、堵(du)敵(di)(di)(di)(di)、截敵(di)(di)(di)(di)、襲敵(di)(di)(di)(di)、誘敵(di)(di)(di)(di)、毒敵(di)(di)(di)(di)、捉敵(di)(di)(di)(di)、偵敵(di)(di)(di)(di)、餓敵(di)(di)(di)(di)、盲敵(di)(di)(di)(di)等(deng)(deng)十項任(ren)務(wu)(wu),配合主力(li)紅軍(jun)殲滅敵(di)(di)(di)(di)人。這些就為取得反“圍剿”的(de)(de)勝利,創造了(le)有利條件。
在此期間(jian),六(liu)屆(jie)三中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)全會(hui)后的(de)黨中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)派項英(ying)(ying)到中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)根據地(di),于(1931年)1月15日正式成立蘇區中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)局和(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)革(ge)命軍(jun)事委員(yuan)會(hui)(簡稱中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)革(ge)軍(jun)委),項英(ying)(ying)任中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)局書記(ji)和(he)(he)軍(jun)委主(zhu)席,朱德任軍(jun)委副(fu)主(zhu)席和(he)(he)紅(hong)(hong)一(yi)方面軍(jun)總司(si)令,毛澤東任軍(jun)委副(fu)主(zhu)席、總政治部(bu)主(zhu)任和(he)(he)紅(hong)(hong)一(yi)方面軍(jun)政治委員(yuan)。(1931年)4月,王明“左(zuo)”傾冒險(xian)主(zhu)義統治的(de)黨中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)派出代表團(tuan),到達中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)蘇區并參加中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)局的(de)領導(dao)工(gong)作(zuo)。這種情(qing)況,就在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)蘇區領導(dao)層產(chan)生了分歧,使第(di)一(yi)次反“圍剿”行之有效的(de)戰(zhan)略戰(zhan)術受到干擾。
對第二次反(fan)“圍(wei)剿(jiao)”的(de)戰略方(fang)(fang)針問題,黨中(zhong)央曾(ceng)指示:“當著敵(di)人(ren)力(li)量(liang)(liang)尚未集中(zhong)的(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou),我們(men)必(bi)須(xu)利用優勢兵(bing)力(li),去(qu)擊潰敵(di)人(ren)的(de)主(zhu)力(li)”。“紅(hong)軍總(zong)司令部(bu)在組織(zhi)決戰中(zhong),采(cai)(cai)取誘敵(di)深(shen)入(ru)蘇區的(de)策略,在當時(shi)(shi)的(de)階段中(zhong)(年底及年初)是正(zheng)確的(de)。如(ru)果力(li)量(liang)(liang)對比上利于我們(men)時(shi)(shi),我們(men)應該擴展(zhan)向白區的(de)堅(jian)決進攻,打碎敵(di)人(ren)的(de)生力(li)軍”。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)還提出:“遇必(bi)要時(shi)(shi),可以拋棄舊的(de)與組織(zhi)新(xin)的(de)蘇維埃區域”。經過反(fan)復(fu)討論,才接受了(le)毛澤東的(de)正(zheng)確主(zhu)張,仍然采(cai)(cai)取誘敵(di)深(shen)入(ru)的(de)戰略方(fang)(fang)針。
(1931年)3月中(zhong)旬(xun)至(zhi)4月中(zhong)旬(xun),在(zai)蘇區中(zhong)央局(ju)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)次擴大會(hui)議上,有(you)人(ren)又提(ti)出分兵退敵(di)的(de)(de)(de)方針。對(dui)反攻先打(da)(da)(da)(da)哪(na)路(lu)敵(di)人(ren)問題,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)張先打(da)(da)(da)(da)強敵(di)蔡廷鍇部,也(ye)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)張打(da)(da)(da)(da)朱紹良部。鑒于(yu)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)19路(lu)軍(jun)(jun)、第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)26路(lu)軍(jun)(jun)和(he)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)6路(lu)軍(jun)(jun)均(jun)為最強或(huo)較強之敵(di),而第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)5路(lu)軍(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)43、第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)47、第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)54師(shi)從北(bei)方新到,第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)28、第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)77師(shi)在(zai)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)次“圍剿”中(zhong)被紅(hong)軍(jun)(jun)擊(ji)敗(bai)過,對(dui)紅(hong)軍(jun)(jun)有(you)畏(wei)懼(ju)心理,戰斗力弱,先打(da)(da)(da)(da)該敵(di)容易取勝。同時,紅(hong)軍(jun)(jun)如(ru)由東向(xiang)西打(da)(da)(da)(da),則受贛江限制(zhi),而從富田打(da)(da)(da)(da)起,向(xiang)東橫(heng)掃,可在(zai)閩贛交界的(de)(de)(de)建寧(ning)、黎川、泰(tai)寧(ning)地區擴大根(gen)據地,征集(ji)資財(cai),便(bian)于(yu)打(da)(da)(da)(da)破(po)敵(di)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)下一(yi)次“圍剿”。因此決定(ding)采取由西向(xiang)東橫(heng)掃,先打(da)(da)(da)(da)弱敵(di),各個擊(ji)破(po)的(de)(de)(de)作戰方針。
(1931年(nian))4月(yue)(yue)1日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),國(guo)民(min)黨軍分四路開(kai)始(shi)向中(zhong)央(yang)根據(ju)地(di)(di)大(da)舉進(jin)(jin)攻,至(zhi)4月(yue)(yue)23日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),先后進(jin)(jin)至(zhi)江背洞(dong)、龍岡(gang)頭、富田(tian)、水南、嚴坊(fang)、招攜、廣昌等地(di)(di)。與(yu)此同時(shi),紅軍主力秘密轉(zhuan)移到龍岡(gang)、上固、東固地(di)(di)區(qu),為待機殲(jian)(jian)敵(di)、迫敵(di)而在(zai)(zai)東固地(di)(di)區(qu)待命(ming)達25天(tian)。5月(yue)(yue)13日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),國(guo)民(min)黨軍王金(jin)鈺所(suo)部(bu)(bu)第(di)(di)28師(shi)(shi)(shi)和第(di)(di)47師(shi)(shi)(shi)一個旅,開(kai)始(shi)由富田(tian)向東固前進(jin)(jin)。5月(yue)(yue)16日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)至(zhi)17日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),紅軍在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)洞(dong)、九寸嶺地(di)(di)區(qu)包圍(wei)殲(jian)(jian)滅(mie)敵(di)第(di)(di)28師(shi)(shi)(shi)和第(di)(di)47師(shi)(shi)(shi)一個旅的(de)大(da)部(bu)(bu)。接著向東橫掃(sao),于5月(yue)(yue)19日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)在(zai)(zai)白沙(sha)殲(jian)(jian)敵(di)第(di)(di)43師(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)部(bu)(bu)和第(di)(di)47師(shi)(shi)(shi)一個旅的(de)殘(can)部(bu)(bu),余(yu)敵(di)逃向永豐;5月(yue)(yue)22日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)村殲(jian)(jian)滅(mie)前來西援的(de)敵(di)第(di)(di)27師(shi)(shi)(shi)近一個旅;5月(yue)(yue)27日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)攻克廣昌,殲(jian)(jian)敵(di)第(di)(di)5師(shi)(shi)(shi)一部(bu)(bu),第(di)(di)5師(shi)(shi)(shi)師(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)胡(hu)祖(zu)玉受重傷(shang)斃命(ming);5月(yue)(yue)31日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)突(tu)襲建寧,殲(jian)(jian)敵(di)第(di)(di)56師(shi)(shi)(shi)三個多團(tuan)。從5月(yue)(yue)16日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)至(zhi)31日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),紅一方面橫掃(sao)700余(yu)里(li),連打五個勝仗,殲(jian)(jian)敵(di)3萬余(yu)人,繳槍(qiang)2萬余(yu)支(zhi),痛快(kuai)淋(lin)漓地(di)(di)打破了敵(di)人的(de)第(di)(di)二次“圍(wei)剿”。
紅(hong)軍粉碎“圍剿”后,乘勝轉(zhuan)入進(jin)攻,分(fen)兵發動群眾(zhong),打土豪分(fen)田地,籌糧(liang)籌款,解放(fang)了贛(gan)東、閩西的黎川、南豐、建寧、泰(tai)寧、寧化、長汀等廣大(da)地區(qu),進(jin)一(yi)步鞏(gong)固和擴大(da)了中(zhong)央(yang)革命根據地。
此次(ci)戰(zhan)役的(de)(de)勝(sheng)利(li),使(shi)得(de)中(zhong)國共產黨進一(yi)步擴(kuo)大了中(zhong)央蘇區的(de)(de)范圍,其勢力從江西南部伸展入(ru)福建西部。毛(mao)澤東(dong)也又一(yi)次(ci)證實(shi)了自己的(de)(de)軍(jun)事才能,更加穩固(gu)了在紅軍(jun)中(zhong)的(de)(de)領導地位(wei)。
在此次戰役失敗后,蔣(jiang)介石認識到無法依靠(kao)其他派系(xi)的武裝消滅中國共產黨部隊(dui),加(jia)之(zhi)各地軍(jun)閥反對南京(jing)中央政府(fu)的敵對行動漸(jian)漸(jian)平息(xi),蔣(jiang)介石開(kai)(kai)始抽調其精銳(rui)的嫡系(xi)部隊(dui)開(kai)(kai)赴“剿共”戰場。