金(jin)錢龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)學名為三線閉殼(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(Cuora trifasciata),別名紅(hong)邊(bian)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)、紅(hong)肚龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)、斷板龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)、金(jin)頭龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)等(deng),隸(li)屬于(yu)(yu)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)鱉目(mu)(Testudines)、龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)科(Emydidae)、淡水龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)亞科(Batagurinae)、閉殼(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)屬(Cuora)。主要分(fen)布于(yu)(yu)我(wo)國(guo)的(de)廣(guang)東、廣(guang)西、海南(nan)、福建、香(xiang)港(gang)等(deng)省區(qu)及越南(nan)、老撾等(deng)東南(nan)亞國(guo)家,為我(wo)國(guo)的(de)二級保護(hu)動物。
金(jin)錢(qian)龜是(shi)珍貴的動物資源(yuan),渾(hun)身(shen)都(dou)是(shi)寶,在(zai)藥用(yong)、觀賞、工藝制(zhi)作、食用(yong)以(yi)及現代科學研究等方面都(dou)具有重(zhong)要(yao)的意義和經濟價值(zhi)。人們(men)對金(jin)錢(qian)龜的需求(qiu)不斷增加,但在(zai)自(zi)然界中,金(jin)錢(qian)龜由于其(qi)繁殖數(shu)量(liang)低,加上遭到人們(men)的狂捕濫殺,其(qi)種群數(shu)量(liang)日益(yi)下(xia)降, 在(zai)野外已難覓(mi)其(qi)蹤。
三線閉(bi)(bi)殼龜頭(tou)較(jiao)細長(chang),頭(tou)頂部(bu)(bu)(bu)光滑無鱗,吻(wen)鈍(dun),上喙略勾曲(qu),喉(hou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、頸部(bu)(bu)(bu)呈淺橘(ju)紅(hong)色,頭(tou)兩(liang)側眼后(hou)具(ju)(ju)棱(leng)形(xing)褐斑塊。頭(tou)背(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)蠟黃(huang)色,背(bei)(bei)甲(jia)(jia)紅(hong)棕色,有3條黑色縱(zong)紋(wen),似“川”字且(qie)中央(yang)的(de)(de)條紋(wen)較(jiao)長(chang)(幼體無),背(bei)(bei)甲(jia)(jia)前(qian)后(hou)緣光滑不呈鋸齒狀。腹(fu)甲(jia)(jia)黑色,邊緣為黃(huang)色,背(bei)(bei)、腹(fu)甲(jia)(jia)間、胸、腹(fu)盾間均靠韌帶相連,龜殼可完(wan)全閉(bi)(bi)合。腋窩(wo)、四(si)肢、尾部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)皮膚呈橘(ju)紅(hong)色。指(zhi)、趾間具(ju)(ju)蹼,尾短而(er)尖(jian)細。
三(san)線(xian)(xian)(xian)閉殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜用肺呼吸,營水、陸兩棲(qi)生活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)。多(duo)(duo)生活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)在(zai)山區和丘(qiu)陵地帶的(de)(de)峽谷、小溪、河叉(cha)、湖泊中,有時(shi)(shi)也爬到(dao)潮濕的(de)(de)山澗、草叢及稻(dao)田內活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)。晴朗天氣喜在(zai)陸地上曬(shai)太陽,而天氣炎熱(re)時(shi)(shi)則大部分藏于暗處,有群居(ju)、穴居(ju)習性。三(san)線(xian)(xian)(xian)閉殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜屬變溫(wen)動(dong)(dong)物,其活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)直接受外界(jie)溫(wen)度的(de)(de)影響,適宜的(de)(de)生長溫(wen)度為24~32℃,致死高溫(wen)為45℃,致死低溫(wen)為4℃。當環境溫(wen)度達到(dao)23~28℃時(shi)(shi),活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)頻繁;在(zai)水溫(wen)29~31℃時(shi)(shi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)躍(yue),食(shi)欲(yu)旺盛,生長快(kuai)。當氣溫(wen)高于36℃或低于16℃時(shi)(shi),其活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)量(liang)及攝食(shi)量(liang)明顯減少(shao)。在(zai)高溫(wen)季節,多(duo)(duo)集(ji)中在(zai)夜晚及早晨較涼爽的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong),飽食(shi)后則潛入水中或隱藏在(zai)窩內作短時(shi)(shi)夏眠。氣溫(wen)低時(shi)(shi),其活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)多(duo)(duo)在(zai)中午進行。在(zai)溫(wen)度下降至(zhi)(zhi)10~15℃左右時(shi)(shi),三(san)線(xian)(xian)(xian)閉殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜進入冬眠,華(hua)南地區每年12月至(zhi)(zhi)翌年2月為三(san)線(xian)(xian)(xian)閉殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜的(de)(de)冬眠期(qi),至(zhi)(zhi)3月初開(kai)始離窩尋食(shi)。三(san)線(xian)(xian)(xian)閉殼(ke)(ke)(ke)龜性情(qing)溫(wen)和,不咬人,同類很少(shao)互(hu)相攻擊,遇(yu)敵(di)害僅有躲避能(neng)力而無反擊能(neng)力。
三線閉殼(ke)龜(gui)屬雜(za)食(shi)(shi)性(xing),在(zai)野(ye)外覓食(shi)(shi)各種水生動物如魚蝦等,也采食(shi)(shi)少量(liang)(liang)野(ye)菜(cai)、野(ye)果,喜(xi)歡采食(shi)(shi)蚯蚓、蜂蛹(yong)及動物內臟等。人工養殖時,以肉食(shi)(shi)性(xing)為主,也可用蛋白(bai)含(han)量(liang)(liang)在(zai)40%左右的(de)全價配合餌(er)料投(tou)喂(wei)。
性(xing)成(cheng)熟年齡與性(xing)別鑒(jian)定
龜類性成(cheng)熟(shu)年(nian)齡(ling)(ling)因性別不同而(er)有差異。野生三線(xian)閉殼(ke)(ke)龜雌龜的(de)性成(cheng)熟(shu)年(nian)齡(ling)(ling)為(wei)6~7齡(ling)(ling),體重(zhong)1.25~1.50kg;雄龜的(de)性成(cheng)熟(shu)年(nian)齡(ling)(ling)為(wei)4~5齡(ling)(ling),體重(zhong)0.70~1.00kg。在(zai)人(ren)工養殖(zhi)環境(jing)中,雌龜的(de)性成(cheng)熟(shu)年(nian)齡(ling)(ling)為(wei)7齡(ling)(ling),雄龜為(wei)4~5齡(ling)(ling)。性成(cheng)熟(shu)的(de)三線(xian)閉殼(ke)(ke)龜雌性個體的(de)泄殖(zhi)孔內(nei)緣(yuan)(yuan)僅到達(da)背(bei)殼(ke)(ke)后緣(yuan)(yuan),尾較粗(cu)短(duan);雄性個體的(de)泄殖(zhi)孔內(nei)緣(yuan)(yuan)超出背(bei)殼(ke)(ke)后緣(yuan)(yuan),尾較細長。
發情與產卵
三線(xian)(xian)(xian)閉(bi)(bi)殼(ke)龜的(de)發情(qing)和(he)交配(pei)(pei)時間(jian)(jian)均(jun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)每(mei)年(nian)的(de)春季(ji)和(he)秋(qiu)季(ji),氣溫(wen)在(zai)(zai)(zai)20~28℃、水溫(wen)在(zai)(zai)(zai)16~25℃范圍內,三線(xian)(xian)(xian)閉(bi)(bi)殼(ke)龜均(jun)有交配(pei)(pei)行(xing)為。而在(zai)(zai)(zai)廣州地區,雌(ci)、雄龜一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)每(mei)年(nian)的(de)秋(qiu)季(ji)發情(qing)和(he)交配(pei)(pei)。交配(pei)(pei)多(duo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)黃昏后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),并在(zai)(zai)(zai)水中(zhong)完(wan)成。交配(pei)(pei)時間(jian)(jian)持(chi)續(xu)約20min。三線(xian)(xian)(xian)閉(bi)(bi)殼(ke)龜在(zai)(zai)(zai)人工養殖(zhi)環境(jing)中(zhong),在(zai)(zai)(zai)氣溫(wen)25~35℃范圍內均(jun)能自然(ran)產(chan)卵(luan)(luan),產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)每(mei)年(nian)的(de)5~9月進行(xing),高峰期在(zai)(zai)(zai)6月中(zhong)旬至7月底。雌(ci)龜多(duo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)傍晚上岸尋找適宜的(de)產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)場所(suo),并常在(zai)(zai)(zai)靠(kao)近水邊的(de)樹根(gen)旁、土(tu)質(zhi)松軟處用后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)肢(zhi)挖窩產(chan)卵(luan)(luan),窩深70~100mm、直(zhi)徑50~60mm、呈瓶頸狀。雌(ci)龜產(chan)完(wan)卵(luan)(luan)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)再用后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)肢(zhi)和(he)腹部(bu)將(jiang)卵(luan)(luan)用沙(sha)土(tu)壓平,然(ran)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)自行(xing)離開,具無護卵(luan)(luan)習性(xing),與黃喉擬水龜(Mauremys mutica Cantor)的(de)產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)習性(xing)相似。三線(xian)(xian)(xian)閉(bi)(bi)殼(ke)龜每(mei)年(nian)產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)1~2次,每(mei)次1~9枚,平均(jun)3.6枚。
長期(qi)以來,將產于廣東、廣西、海南(nan)及(ji)越南(nan)等地的(de)(de)背(bei)(bei)甲(jia)(jia)棕紅色(se)(se)(se),具(ju)(ju)3條(tiao)黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se)條(tiao)紋(wen),腹甲(jia)(jia)黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se),腋部(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)胯部(bu)(bu)(bu)橘紅色(se)(se)(se),頭(tou)背(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)蠟(la)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se),喉部(bu)(bu)(bu)、頸(jing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)淺橘黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)的(de)(de)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)線(xian)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui),即(ji)金錢龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)。但部(bu)(bu)(bu)分專家認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),金錢龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)包括2種(zhong)(zhong)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui),即(ji)三(san)(san)(san)線(xian)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(Cuora trifasciata也稱中國(guo)三(san)(san)(san)線(xian)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui))和(he)圓(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)(li)(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(Cuora cyclornata也稱越南(nan)三(san)(san)(san)線(xian)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui))。三(san)(san)(san)線(xian)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)頭(tou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)金黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se),腹甲(jia)(jia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se);而(er)圓(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)(li)(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)頭(tou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)灰色(se)(se)(se),腹甲(jia)(jia)淡黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se),前半部(bu)(bu)(bu)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)米字(zi)上半部(bu)(bu)(bu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀或呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se)蘑(mo)菇狀斑紋(wen)。三(san)(san)(san)線(xian)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)背(bei)(bei)甲(jia)(jia)中央較隆起,外形(xing)(xing)(xing)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)長矩形(xing)(xing)(xing),后部(bu)(bu)(bu)最寬;而(er)圓(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)(li)(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)背(bei)(bei)甲(jia)(jia)較平坦(tan),呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)卵(luan)(luan)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),中部(bu)(bu)(bu)最寬,其腋部(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)胯部(bu)(bu)(bu)更(geng)(geng)鮮紅,具(ju)(ju)有更(geng)(geng)美麗(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)外表(biao),故稱圓(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)(li)(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(其種(zhong)(zhong)名(ming)(ming)cyclornata中的(de)(de)cycl是從希臘單詞“kyklos”轉化(hua)而(er)來,意為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de);ornata來自于拉(la)丁語(yu)“ornatus”,意為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)華(hua)麗(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de))。三(san)(san)(san)線(xian)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)名(ming)(ming)trifasciata則來自拉(la)丁字(zi)母tria(表(biao)示三(san)(san)(san)的(de)(de)意思)和(he)fascia(表(biao)示條(tiao)紋(wen)的(de)(de)意思)。圓(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)(li)(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)又(you)可分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)2個亞(ya)(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong),即(ji)圓(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)(li)(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)指名(ming)(ming)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(Cuora cyclornata cyclornata,又(you)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)越南(nan)三(san)(san)(san)線(xian)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)指名(ming)(ming)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong))和(he)圓(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)(li)(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)梅氏亞(ya)(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)(Cuora cyclornata meieri,又(you)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)越南(nan)三(san)(san)(san)線(xian)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)邁氏亞(ya)(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong))。其主要區別是圓(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)(li)(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)指名(ming)(ming)亞(ya)(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)背(bei)(bei)甲(jia)(jia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),較平坦(tan);下(xia)頜橙色(se)(se)(se);腹甲(jia)(jia)前半部(bu)(bu)(bu)呈(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)米字(zi)上半部(bu)(bu)(bu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀,后半部(bu)(bu)(bu)黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se);邊緣淡黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)。圓(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)(li)(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)梅氏亞(ya)(ya)(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)背(bei)(bei)甲(jia)(jia)卵(luan)(luan)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing);下(xia)頜白色(se)(se)(se);腹甲(jia)(jia)黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se),似(si)蘑(mo)菇狀。圓(yuan)(yuan)麗(li)(li)(li)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)龜(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)是否能訂(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)新(xin)種(zhong)(zhong),值得(de)進一步探(tan)討。