除(chu)極地外,廣布世界各地,尤以熱帶地區種(zhong)類最為豐富。
在(zai)夏季(ji),城市的路(lu)燈下(xia),經常能見到(dao)螳(tang)螂(lang),因為螳(tang)螂(lang)具有趨光性(xing)。
螳螂是(shi)昆蟲中體型偏大(da)(da)的(de),體長(chang)(chang)一般55到105毫米,非洲(zhou)的(de)螳螂是(shi)世(shi)界(jie)最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de),身體流線型,以綠(lv)色(se),褐色(se)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),也(ye)具(ju)有花斑的(de)種類;標志性特征是(shi)有兩把“大(da)(da)刀(dao)”,即前(qian)肢,上(shang)有一排堅(jian)硬的(de)鋸齒,大(da)(da)刀(dao)鉤末端長(chang)(chang)有攀爬(pa)的(de)吸盤。頭部(bu)呈扇形,較小;復眼(yan)突出,大(da)(da)而透亮,以黃(huang)綠(lv)色(se)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),晚上(shang)在燈光下呈現黑(hei)色(se),單(dan)眼(yan),在兩眼(yan)之間有3個小點即單(dan)眼(yan);觸角細長(chang)(chang);頸(jing)部(bu)可180度轉動;咀(ju)嚼式口器,上(shang)顎強(qiang)勁(jing)。前(qian)足(zu)(zu)(zu)腿(tui)節(jie)(jie)和脛(jing)節(jie)(jie)有利(li)刺(ci),脛(jing)節(jie)(jie)鐮刀(dao)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),常(chang)向腿(tui)節(jie)(jie)折疊,形成可以捕捉獵物的(de)前(qian)足(zu)(zu)(zu);前(qian)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)輕柔,遮(zhe)住身體全部(bu)為(wei)(wei)覆翅(chi)(chi)(chi),后翅(chi)(chi)(chi)比前(qian)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)要薄,邊緣透明色(se),中間成放射狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)紫紅色(se)、伸展開(kai)呈現扇狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),休息時收斂和前(qian)翅(chi)(chi)(chi)相合;腹部(bu)肥大(da)(da)。前(qian)足(zu)(zu)(zu)鋒利(li)發達善于(yu)捕捉,中、后足(zu)(zu)(zu)適(shi)于(yu)步行(xing),但有時前(qian)足(zu)(zu)(zu)也(ye)會用來保(bao)持(chi)平衡,發育呈變(bian)態(tai)發育。
螳螂的生活周期均(jun)在一年內完成(cheng),一生中經過卵、若蟲(chong)、成(cheng)蟲(chong)三個發(fa)育階段,故屬(shu)于不完全(quan)變(bian)態類的漸(jian)進變(bian)態。若蟲(chong)期脫皮(pi)7~11次(ci),經8~12齡(ling)后到達成(cheng)蟲(chong)期。齡(ling)的增減受環(huan)境和食物多少的影響。
1.產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)期,每(mei)年7月(yue)中旬,多數種(zhong)類即(ji)陸續(xu)進(jin)入(ru)成蟲期,于(yu)8月(yue)下旬經雌雄交配(pei),雌蟲選擇樹木枝(zhi)干或(huo)墻壁、籬笆、石塊(kuai)上(shang)、石縫中產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)。產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)先由左側(ce)附腺(xian)分(fen)泌(mi)泡沫狀(zhuang)蛋白物(wu)質(zhi)于(yu)生殖腔開(kai)口處,右(you)側(ce)附腺(xian)分(fen)泌(mi)出(chu)二酚(fen)醛(quan)類物(wu)質(zhi),使分(fen)泌(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蛋白物(wu)質(zhi)凝固為一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)較(jiao)堅硬的(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)殼(ke)筱蓋在(zai)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)塊(kuai)外(wai)(wai)面(mian),形成卵(luan)(luan)(luan)鞘(qiao)(qiao)。一(yi)(yi)只雌蝗娜所產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)鞘(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多少、卵(luan)(luan)(luan)鞘(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及鞘(qiao)(qiao)內(nei)(nei)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)多少,因不(bu)同種(zhong)類而有(you)(you)(you)(you)差(cha)異,一(yi)(yi)般可產(chan)(chan)下1~4個卵(luan)(luan)(luan)鞘(qiao)(qiao)。每(mei)完(wan)成一(yi)(yi)個卵(luan)(luan)(luan)鞘(qiao)(qiao)需2~4小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),一(yi)(yi)個卵(luan)(luan)(luan)鞘(qiao)(qiao)內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)粒40一(yi)(yi)300個不(bu)等。初產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)鞘(qiao)(qiao)為白色(se)(se)或(huo)乳白色(se)(se),較(jiao)柔軟,經5~10小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后即(ji)變(bian)為土黃色(se)(se)或(huo)黃褐色(se)(se),也有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)為黑褐色(se)(se)。產(chan)(chan)在(zai)桑枝(zhi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)則稱(cheng)為桑螵蛸。由于(yu)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)鞘(qiao)(qiao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)大小(xiao)、長寬、圓扁以(yi)(yi)(yi)及顏色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同,故有(you)(you)(you)(you)夷(yi)帽、野孤(gu)貍鼻涕、止尿狗等民間俗名(ming)。各種(zhong)螳螂均以(yi)(yi)(yi)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)鞘(qiao)(qiao)保護卵(luan)(luan)(luan)細胞渡(du)過寒(han)冬。翌年6月(yue)初,越冬卵(luan)(luan)(luan)開(kai)始孵化,故有(you)(you)(you)(you)“仲夏螳螂生”的(de)(de)(de)(de)說法,一(yi)(yi)直延續(xu)到(dao)7月(yue)上(shang)旬,卵(luan)(luan)(luan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)孵化時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間早(zao)晚,除與(yu)當年的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)濕度有(you)(you)(you)(you)關外(wai)(wai),還與(yu)產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)處所接受光照的(de)(de)(de)(de)強度或(huo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間長短很有(you)(you)(you)(you)關。
2.若(ruo)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)期(qi)。卵(luan)在鞘內經胚胎(tai)發育為(wei)若(ruo)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)后,即借身體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)蠕(ru)動和(he)卵(luan)的(de)(de)脹力,上升至(zhi)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)產卵(luan),并從(cong)做鞘時(shi)留下(xia)的(de)(de)孵化掙(zheng)脫(tuo)卵(luan)膜孵化出來,并借助于(yu)第十腹(fu)(fu)板上分泌(mi)的(de)(de)膠質細絲,將(jiang)卵(luan)殼及蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)粘連懸掛著,有(you)時(shi)可拉(la)成(cheng)10余只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)長串,不久早孵化的(de)(de)個體(ti)(ti),即借徽風蕩漾用足抓住周圍(wei)物體(ti)(ti)各奔(ben)東西,這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)現象(xiang),也(ye)(ye)是螳(tang)螂生(sheng)(sheng)活中(zhong)避免(mian)互相(xiang)殘食(shi),保存(cun)自(zi)(zi)身物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)本能。卵(luan)的(de)(de)孵化時(shi)間(jian),多(duo)在早晨4時(shi)開始(shi)至(zhi)8~9時(shi)最盛(中(zhong)華螳(tang)螂);廣腹(fu)(fu)幢(chuang)螂則(ze)多(duo)在下(xia)午18時(shi)左右為(wei)孵化盛期(qi);薄翅幢(chuang)螂以9~12時(shi)為(wei)姆化盛期(qi)。1~2齡蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)自(zi)(zi)相(xiang)殘食(shi)性較強,在自(zi)(zi)然(ran)環境中(zhong),一般只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)10%~20%成(cheng)活率。這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)自(zi)(zi)相(xiang)殘殺現象(xiang),可能是螳(tang)螂蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)口數(shu)量自(zi)(zi)控到(dao)一定數(shu)量的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)機制(zhi),這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)機制(zhi)的(de)(de)產生(sheng)(sheng)與(yu)幼小若(ruo)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)耐饑餓(e)力有(you)關,因為(wei)一、二(er)齡蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在完全缺食(shi)的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)4~5日(ri)即死亡(wang),后期(qi)若(ruo)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在缺食(shi)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)也(ye)(ye)只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能維持11~18天的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)命期(qi),若(ruo)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)與(yu)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)形態(tai)相(xiang)似(si),只(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是若(ruo)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)不同齡期(qi)的(de)(de)腳部背向有(you)由小到(dao)大的(de)(de)翅芽(ya),末(mo)齡完成(cheng)后,才長出起著飛翔作用的(de)(de)兩(liang)對大翅。
3.成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)期(qi)(qi)(qi),每(mei)年7~10月為(wei)(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)陸續(xu)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)期(qi)(qi)(qi),一(yi)(yi)(yi)般雄(xiong)性(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)較雌(ci)性(xing)(xing)早(zao)10余(yu)天(tian)(tian),羽化為(wei)(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)后(hou)經(jing)(jing)歷10~15天(tian)(tian)就可(ke)(ke)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)交配(pei),交配(pei)時(shi)間2~4小時(shi),交配(pei)前期(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)螳螂(lang)取(qu)食量的(de)最高(gao)峰。當食物(wu)貧乏時(shi),雌(ci)性(xing)(xing)有(you)進(jin)(jin)攻雄(xiong)性(xing)(xing)并作為(wei)(wei)獵(lie)物(wu)而(er)被(bei)取(qu)食,人們稱為(wei)(wei)“妻食夫”現象。這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)行(xing)為(wei)(wei),被(bei)解釋(shi)為(wei)(wei)由于雄(xiong)性(xing)(xing)的(de)咽(yan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)節可(ke)(ke)分泌一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)激素,促使它的(de)側向運動和(he)腹部外生(sheng)(sheng)殖器的(de)抱握運動,因此,雌(ci)性(xing)(xing)獵(lie)食雄(xiong)性(xing)(xing)常先吃頭,這(zhe)樣可(ke)(ke)破壞雄(xiong)性(xing)(xing)的(de)咽(yan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)節,有(you)利(li)于雙方接(jie)(jie)觸成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong),另(ling)外,有(you)人認(ren)為(wei)(wei),由于雄(xiong)性(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)早(zao),此時(shi)雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)性(xing)(xing)器官尚未發(fa)育(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)不接(jie)(jie)受(shou)交配(pei)的(de)非婚反抗表現,還有(you)人認(ren)為(wei)(wei),雌(ci)吃雄(xiong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)雌(ci)性(xing)(xing)腹內卵子的(de)早(zao)熟(shu)補充營養,在一(yi)(yi)(yi)般情況下(xia)(xia)(xia),只要(yao)雄(xiong)螳螂(lang)能把握時(shi)機與雌(ci)性(xing)(xing)迅速完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)交配(pei)過程(cheng)(cheng),也可(ke)(ke)幸免于難。從以上種(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)解釋(shi)看,雌(ci)性(xing)(xing)吃雄(xiong)性(xing)(xing)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)圍繞求婚、交配(pei)、營養三(san)者的(de)相(xiang)互關系(xi)而(er)產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)保持(chi)種(zhong)(zhong)群優勢的(de)自然行(xing)為(wei)(wei),在這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong),由雌(ci)性(xing)(xing)擔負繁衍后(hou)代的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)責任。
4.食(shi)性,螳螂為(wei)陸棲(qi)捕(bu)食(shi)昆(kun)(kun)蟲(肉食(shi)性),凡(fan)是昆(kun)(kun)蟲中的小型種類(lei)都(dou)可被螳螂捕(bu)食(shi),尤以蠅(ying)、蚊蝗(huang)、蛾蝶類(lei)的卵、幼(you)蟲、裸露(lu)的蛹、成蟲都(dou)是其適宜的獵捕(bu)物。甚至蟬、飛蝗(huang)等大型昆(kun)(kun)蟲,也是它(ta)們(men)的捕(bu)食(shi)對(dui)象。
1.卵囊(nang)的(de)保(bao)存(cun):據室內(nei)外(wai)觀察(cha),螳螂卵囊(nang)一般于氣溫(wen)(wen)穩定在(zai)20℃時開始孵化。因此,11~12月份采集卵囊(nang),一直(zhi)到4月份可在(zai)常溫(wen)(wen)下保(bao)存(cun),但要(yao)保(bao)持干燥(zao),防潮防鼠。5月以后,根據氣溫(wen)(wen)和利用上的(de)需要(yao),在(zai)冰箱內(nei)保(bao)存(cun)。
2.室外大籠(long)(long)罩(zhao)(zhao)飼養:5月下旬(xun)將待孵(fu)的(de)螳螂卵(luan)移放(fang)到籠(long)(long)罩(zhao)(zhao)內(nei)(nei),孵(fu)化后按每平方米50頭投放(fang)。籠(long)(long)罩(zhao)(zhao)內(nei)(nei)栽各(ge)種矮小的(de)樹(shu)木和棉(mian)花等隔離(li)物,建立與自(zi)然界相仿的(de)環境(jing),減(jian)少殘殺,晴雨天遮蓋蘆席。3齡前若(ruo)蟲代飼料(liao)制成(cheng)糊(hu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),4齡后代飼料(liao)蒸熟成(cheng)發糕(gao)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。糊(hu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)飼料(liao)放(fang)在隔離(li)物的(de)枝葉上,糕(gao)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)放(fang)在小橡皮瓶(ping)塞(sai)內(nei)(nei)。及時剔除霉變殘渣,保持(chi)飼料(liao)新鮮。
1.飼養(yang)釋(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang):將(jiang)(jiang)在(zai)室外(wai)籠罩內喂(wei)養(yang)到2齡的(de)若蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),于釋(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)前(qian)停食1~2天,以增加若蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)田(tian)間(jian)的(de)穩定性。釋(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)前(qian)一天晚上(shang)(shang),放(fang)(fang)(fang)置白紗布(bu),將(jiang)(jiang)若蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)誘集在(zai)紗布(bu)上(shang)(shang)。次日清晨,每畝按10一15個點投放(fang)(fang)(fang)100頭左右,并根(gen)據害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)發展情況,隨時往意補(bu)充投放(fang)(fang)(fang)。在(zai)釋(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)前(qian)田(tian)邊(bian)要挖深溝,防止螳螂擴散(san)外(wai)逃。要實(shi)行分期催(cui)孵(fu),分批釋(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)。在(zai)6月上(shang)(shang)中旬分三次釋(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang),每次間(jian)隔10天,使田(tian)間(jian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)態齡期相差3一4齡,錯開脫皮(pi)時間(jian),始終(zhong)保(bao)持螳螂對害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)控制能(neng)力。
2.大(da)田插(cha)(cha)卵(luan):6月上中旬,將(jiang)冷藏的螳(tang)螂卵(luan)囊加溫(wen)催孵,趁雨(yu)后(hou)田間潮濕時,每畝(mu)播(bo)卵(luan)囊20塊(kuai),一周后(hou)再插(cha)(cha)10塊(kuai)。卵(luan)囊要(yao)插(cha)(cha)在大(da)棉(mian)株(zhu)下,以減少陽光直接(jie)照射,提高(gao)成活率(lv)。