棲息于寒帶(dai)針葉林、草原以至熱帶(dai)叢林,無論山(shan)區(qu)、平原或沼澤地以至村(cun)落居民點(dian)和城(cheng)市,均能見(jian)其蹤跡(ji)。穴居在巖石(shi)下、樹洞或柴堆下。
分(fen)布于(yu)除大洋洲外的各(ge)大洲。
食肉(rou)目鼬(you)科的1屬,通稱鼬(you),為(wei)食肉(rou)目中最小的種類。頸長(chang)(chang)(chang),體(ti)長(chang)(chang)(chang)而四肢短,能鉆入鼠洞內捕殺老(lao)鼠。其中最小的是伶鼬(you),體(ti)長(chang)(chang)(chang)13-20厘米(mi),尾長(chang)(chang)(chang)3-4厘米(mi),體(ti)重(zhong)30-70克。體(ti)型較大(da)的黃(huang)鼬(you)和艾鼬(you),體(ti)長(chang)(chang)(chang)30-50厘米(mi),體(ti)重(zhong)0.5-1千克。全(quan)世界(jie)共有鼬(you)類19種。白(bai)鼬(you)和伶鼬(you)生(sheng)活在北半球寒帶地(di)區,其冬毛和夏(xia)毛完全(quan)不(bu)同。夏(xia)毛棕黃(huang)色(se),冬季換成純白(bai)色(se),是適于雪地(di)景觀的保護色(se)。具有肛(gang)腺,可(ke)放臭氣以自衛(wei)。
軀(qu)體細長,四肢較(jiao)短。頭(tou)形狹長,耳一般短而圓(yuan),嗅覺、聽覺靈敏。犬齒(chi)(chi)(chi)較(jiao)發達,裂齒(chi)(chi)(chi)較(jiao)小;上臼齒(chi)(chi)(chi)橫(heng)列(lie),內葉(xie)較(jiao)外(wai)葉(xie)寬;臼齒(chi)(chi)(chi)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)冠直徑大(da)于外(wai)側(ce)門齒(chi)(chi)(chi)高度。體毛(mao)柔軟(ruan),多無斑紋。前(qian)后足均5指(趾(zhi));蹠行性或半蹠行性;爪(zhua)鋒利,不可伸(shen)縮(suo)。尾一般細長而尖。
牙齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)式為:3·1·3·1/3·1·3·2=34。上門齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)橫列齊整,第(di)三枚(mei)(mei)略粗。下門齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)排列不平齊,第(di)二枚(mei)(mei)門齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內移。犬(quan)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)長而微(wei)側扁,略向內曲,下犬(quan)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)短于上犬(quan)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。裂齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)薄如(ru)刀狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。第(di)一枚(mei)(mei)下前(qian)臼(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)較小(xiao),第(di)二枚(mei)(mei)下前(qian)臼(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)冠(guan)斜形,前(qian)高后低。上臼(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)橫置,中央凹陷(xian)成(cheng)溝,外葉(xie)(xie)高于內葉(xie)(xie),內葉(xie)(xie)中央具明顯(xian)小(xiao)尖。第(di)一枚(mei)(mei)下臼(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)由三葉(xie)(xie)組(zu)成(cheng),前(qian)兩葉(xie)(xie)呈(cheng)刀狀(zhuang)(zhuang),后葉(xie)(xie)很低略突出(chu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)冠(guan)。臼(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)很小(xiao),約為第(di)一前(qian)臼(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的1/2。
鼬屬(shu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物生活(huo)力強,夜(ye)行性(xing),尤其是清晨和黃昏活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)頻繁,有時(shi)也在白天活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。通(tong)常單獨行動(dong)(dong)(dong)。行動(dong)(dong)(dong)迅速、詭秘,善于奔(ben)走,能貼伏(fu)地面前進、鉆越縫隙(xi)和洞穴(xue),也能游泳、攀(pan)樹和墻壁等(deng)。除繁殖期外(wai),一(yi)般(ban)沒(mei)有固定的巢穴(xue)。通(tong)常隱(yin)藏在柴(chai)草(cao)堆(dui)下、亂石堆(dui)、墻洞等(deng)處。嗅覺十(shi)分靈(ling)敏,但(dan)視覺較差。性(xing)情(qing)兇(xiong)猛,常捕殺超過(guo)其食(shi)量的獵物。遇險時(shi),常從肛門腺分泌油性(xing)黃色臭液。
憑借靈敏(min)的(de)嗅覺和(he)聽覺搜尋食物(wu)。主要以(yi)鼠(shu)類為食,能追循鼠(shu)跡出入鼠(shu)洞,捕殺(sha)整窩(wo)老鼠(shu)。亦吃小鳥和(he)鳥卵,或(huo)沿(yan)河(he)堤、小溪(xi)活動(dong)捕食蛙類、昆蟲和(he)魚(yu),有時亦盜食家禽。
繁殖(zhi)快,每年冬末、春(chun)初發情交配(pei),懷(huai)孕兩個月(yue)后,夏初產(chan)下3-7只幼(you)仔。哺乳(ru)期1個月(yue),10個月(yue)后即性成(cheng)熟。每年換毛兩次。