該圖片由注冊用戶""提供， 反饋黃蜂(feng)(feng)的(de)口器為咀嚼式，觸角具12或13節。通(tong)常有(you)翅，胸腹(fu)之間以纖細的(de)“腰”相連(lian)，腹(fu)部(bu)具可怕的(de)螫(shi)刺。成蟲主(zhu)要以花蜜為食，但幼(you)蟲以母體提供的(de)昆蟲為食。已(yi)知有(you)20000多種，絕大(da)部(bu)分為獨(du)棲，社會性的(de)黃蜂(feng)(feng)僅限于胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)超(chao)科(ke)（Vespoidea）胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)科(ke)（Vespidae）的(de)約1000種，還包括大(da)胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)及(ji)黃衣小胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)類。這些種類與蛛蜂(feng)(feng)科(ke)（Pompilidae，同(tong)屬(shu)胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)超(chao)科(ke)）種類和其(qi)他黃蜂(feng)(feng)類的(de)不同(tong)之處(chu)是(shi)休息時其(qi)翅縱向折疊。
黃蜂成蟲時期的(de)身體(ti)外觀亦具(ju)有昆蟲的(de)標(biao)準特(te)(te)征(zheng)，包(bao)括頭部(bu)、胸部(bu)、腹部(bu)、三對(dui)腳和一對(dui)觸角；同時，它的(de)單(dan)眼(yan)、復眼(yan)與翅膀，也(ye)是多數昆蟲共有的(de)特(te)(te)征(zheng)；此外，腹部(bu)尾端(duan)內隱藏了一支退化的(de)輸卵(luan)管(guan)，即有毒蜂針。成蟲體(ti)多呈黑、黃、棕三色相間，或為單(dan)一色。具(ju)大小不同的(de)刻點或光滑。茸毛一般較短。足(zu)較長。翅發達，飛翔迅速。靜止(zhi)前翅縱折，覆(fu)蓋身體(ti)背面(mian)。
口器發達，上(shang)顎較粗(cu)壯。雄蜂(feng)(feng)腹部(bu)7節(jie)(jie)，無螫(shi)針(zhen)。雌蜂(feng)(feng)腹部(bu)6節(jie)(jie)，末端有由產卵器形(xing)(xing)成的螫(shi)針(zhen)，上(shang)連毒囊，分泌毒液(ye)，毒力較強。蛹(yong)為離蛹(yong)，黃白(bai)色(se)，顏色(se)隨齡(ling)期而加深。頭、胸、腹分明，主(zhu)要器官均明顯可見。很多蜾(guo)蠃以蛹(yong)越冬。幼蟲梭(suo)形(xing)(xing)，白(bai)色(se)，無足。體(ti)分13節(jie)(jie)。
毒(du)素和螫針：胡蜂(feng)的(de)毒(du)素分溶血毒(du)和神經(jing)毒(du)2類，可引起人(ren)的(de)肝、腎等臟器的(de)功能衰竭，特(te)別是蜇到人(ren)血管上有生命之憂，對過敏體質的(de)人(ren)尤其危險。胡蜂(feng)毒(du)刺上無(wu)毒(du)腺蓋，可對人(ren)發動多(duo)次襲(xi)擊(ji)或(huo)蜇刺人(ren)。
黃蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)也(ye)叫胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)，養殖(zhi)胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)具有較(jiao)高的(de)經濟(ji)效益和(he)(he)廣(guang)闊的(de)開發前景。胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)一(yi)生包括(kuo)卵(luan)、幼蟲(chong)(chong)、蛹和(he)(he)成蟲(chong)(chong)四個蟲(chong)(chong)態，1年(nian)發生3代(dai)，第1代(dai)成蟲(chong)(chong)6月(yue)中旬(xun)羽(yu)化，第2代(dai)一(yi)般6月(yue)中旬(xun)至7月(yue)上旬(xun)發生，第3代(dai)7月(yue)中旬(xun)至8月(yue)上中旬(xun)羽(yu)化，10月(yue)下旬(xun)交配，開始(shi)越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)。雄(xiong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)多(duo)在第3代(dai)出現，交配后死(si)亡，壽命(ming)較(jiao)短。越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)雄(xiong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)有群集(ji)性，常抱團越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)，抵(di)御寒氣。春季雌蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)單獨覓(mi)食(shi)筑(zhu)巢，一(yi)般將巢筑(zhu)于(yu)樹上或(huo)樹洞中。成蟲(chong)(chong)捕食(shi)鱗(lin)翅目幼蟲(chong)(chong)，并取食(shi)果(guo)汁及嫩葉。
（1）蜂籠。木制或用鐵紗網制成(cheng)，體積約為(wei)0.03～0.04立(li)方米(mi)，使其有充(chong)分活(huo)動的余地。
（2）蜂(feng)(feng)棚(peng)(peng)。大(da)小視采收蜂(feng)(feng)巢的(de)(de)多少而(er)定，可利用大(da)型玻璃溫(wen)室、大(da)型廠房或建(jian)立專用育蜂(feng)(feng)棚(peng)(peng)。蜂(feng)(feng)棚(peng)(peng)用鐵、木作支架，鐵窗紗作圍(wei)網，一(yi)(yi)般面積在100平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)左右，高(gao)2m，棚(peng)(peng)內種植(zhi)玉米(mi)、大(da)豆、棉花等易接入(ru)昆蟲生存的(de)(de)作物，棚(peng)(peng)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)面留有(you)紗門(men)。棚(peng)(peng)內要(yao)懸掛盛有(you)蜜水、水果、瓜皮等飼料的(de)(de)小盤，使蜂(feng)(feng)能在放入(ru)后取食(shi)并自(zi)由活動。
（3）蜂箱。用木材做成(cheng)，邊長15～20cm，上(shang)下用薄(bo)木板(ban)做成(cheng)蓋和底。蓋上(shang)裝有掛鉤(gou)，四周掛有紗(sha)窗(chuang)，一側留有活(huo)門。
飼(si)料水果(guo)，如熟(shu)透的蘋果(guo)、桃等；水分較多的青菜；糖(tang)蜜；瓜(gua)皮(pi)等。
飼(si)養管(guan)理飼(si)養胡(hu)蜂的關(guan)鍵問題是(shi)：冬季保護(hu)雌(ci)種(zhong)蜂安全度過冬季，春(chun)季引(yin)導(dao)早筑巢、多(duo)筑巢。
（1）采(cai)集(ji)。每年9月底10月初，胡蜂開(kai)(kai)始(shi)脫(tuo)離(li)舊巢，遷(qian)移到(dao)適宜的(de)(de)場所群(qun)集(ji)越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)，此時(shi)(shi)收(shou)集(ji)群(qun)蜂最為適宜。夜間用(yong)捕蟲網在(zai)群(qun)蜂的(de)(de)越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)處收(shou)集(ji)，養(yang)殖在(zai)蜂籠(long)中。每個蜂籠(long)放入(ru)300～500頭，并(bing)用(yong)黑布遮光，放在(zai)干(gan)燥通風、不受干(gan)擾的(de)(de)空室內，減(jian)少活(huo)動(dong)量，促使其(qi)提前進入(ru)冬(dong)眠狀態(tai)。為避免蜂群(qun)脫(tuo)巢后不易尋找，也可于9月中旬在(zai)原巢上采(cai)收(shou)，放入(ru)籠(long)或箱中，利用(yong)群(qun)蜂向上習性，在(zai)籠(long)底投放熟透(tou)的(de)(de)蘋果、桃和水分較多的(de)(de)青菜。中午(wu)氣溫(wen)(wen)高(gao)(gao)時(shi)(shi)，在(zai)陽(yang)光下曬3～4h，使其(qi)活(huo)動(dong)并(bing)取食，推遲休眠期(qi)，不但補充了(le)營(ying)養(yang)，仍能使其(qi)安全越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)。胡蜂為半冬(dong)眠昆蟲，氣溫(wen)(wen)降至5℃開(kai)(kai)始(shi)抱團(tuan)，氣溫(wen)(wen)越(yue)(yue)低(di)，抱團(tuan)越(yue)(yue)緊；氣溫(wen)(wen)稍高(gao)(gao)，則(ze)抱團(tuan)松散(san)(san)；溫(wen)(wen)度高(gao)(gao)于7℃時(shi)(shi)，便開(kai)(kai)始(shi)散(san)(san)團(tuan)，越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)后成活(huo)率(lv)的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)低(di)主要與抱團(tuan)好壞有(you)關，所以(yi)，在(zai)越(yue)(yue)冬(dong)期(qi)間，要經常檢查，箱籠(long)10～15日進行1次抱團(tuan)情況檢查。如果發現散(san)(san)團(tuan)，應(ying)及時(shi)(shi)降溫(wen)(wen)，加厚遮光外套。
（2）飼(si)養(yang)(yang)管理(li)。第(di)(di)2年3月上旬氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)回(hui)升到(dao)10℃以(yi)(yi)上，越(yue)冬蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)散團，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)壁(bi)活動(dong)。此時(shi)(shi)(shi)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)立即投入(ru)蘋果、糖蜜、糖拌饃等飼(si)料進(jin)(jin)行人(ren)工(gong)飼(si)養(yang)(yang)，喂養(yang)(yang)至4月中旬，籠(long)(long)(long)(long)內(nei)(nei)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)振翅(chi)活動(dong)一(yi)段時(shi)(shi)(shi)間，才(cai)可(ke)(ke)放蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)出籠(long)(long)(long)(long)，回(hui)歸大(da)(da)自然(ran)筑(zhu)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)。人(ren)工(gong)輔助筑(zhu)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)自然(ran)條(tiao)件下(xia)建筑(zhu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)棚(peng)(peng)。春季氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)恒定在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)13℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)，越(yue)冬胡蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)散團活動(dong)，可(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)夜間移入(ru)大(da)(da)棚(peng)(peng)中，輕開(kai)(kai)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)門(men)或箱蓋(gai)，來日(ri)胡蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)即在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)棚(peng)(peng)內(nei)(nei)飛翔。氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)恒定在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)17℃以(yi)(yi)上時(shi)(shi)(shi)，蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)筑(zhu)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)階段，應(ying)(ying)(ying)隨(sui)時(shi)(shi)(shi)觀(guan)察，見有蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)棚(peng)(peng)頂及(ji)四周(zhou)紗網上時(shi)(shi)(shi)飛時(shi)(shi)(shi)停，應(ying)(ying)(ying)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)將(jiang)(jiang)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)掛(gua)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)棚(peng)(peng)內(nei)(nei)各處(chu)，將(jiang)(jiang)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)開(kai)(kai)啟一(yi)半而(er)拴牢。于育蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)棚(peng)(peng)中僅有人(ren)工(gong)設置的(de)(de)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)遮光避雨、擋風(feng)的(de)(de)適(shi)宜(yi)筑(zhu)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)地(di)點，蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)很自然(ran)地(di)飛入(ru)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)中。只要(yao)(yao)(yao)經過短暫的(de)(de)適(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)，用(yong)(yong)足(zu)及(ji)口器(qi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)頂清理(li)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)基，這時(shi)(shi)(shi)飼(si)料盤中應(ying)(ying)(ying)添加(jia)(jia)糖蜜成(cheng)(cheng)分，以(yi)(yi)利(li)于蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)建造牢固(gu)的(de)(de)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)柄。然(ran)后(hou)(hou)(hou)建立第(di)(di)1個(ge)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)室(shi)(shi)。巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)室(shi)(shi)是(shi)胡蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)將(jiang)(jiang)口器(qi)啃嚼(jiao)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)朽木(mu)及(ji)紙張等糊狀(zhuang)纖維(wei)物質銜(xian)入(ru)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)中，粘連(lian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)柄上，再稍(shao)修砌而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)，因此，要(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)棚(peng)(peng)內(nei)(nei)放上腐(fu)朽木(mu)材，棚(peng)(peng)壁(bi)紗網上掛(gua)些廢紙條(tiao)，備(bei)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)取(qu)(qu)用(yong)(yong)。第(di)(di)1個(ge)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)室(shi)(shi)建好(hao)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，后(hou)(hou)(hou)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)便在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)室(shi)(shi)近底部側(ce)壁(bi)產(chan)下(xia)1粒帶短柄的(de)(de)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)。蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)前(qian)，后(hou)(hou)(hou)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)會很快在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)位于巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)柄下(xia)第(di)(di)1巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)室(shi)(shi)側(ce)面接圓周(zhou)狀(zhuang)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)室(shi)(shi)，邊建邊產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)，直(zhi)至卵(luan)(luan)(luan)粒依次(ci)孵(fu)化(hua)(hua)。后(hou)(hou)(hou)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)不(bu)斷產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)，同時(shi)(shi)(shi)擔負外出覓(mi)食(shi)和(he)飼(si)育幼蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)任(ren)務(wu)。巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)體不(bu)斷擴(kuo)大(da)(da)，幼蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)隨(sui)之增加(jia)(jia)，此時(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)特別注意飼(si)料的(de)(de)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)。經過5個(ge)月的(de)(de)飼(si)養(yang)(yang)管理(li)，蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)中蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)直(zhi)徑可(ke)(ke)達10CM以(yi)(yi)上，有百余只成(cheng)(cheng)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。天氣(qi)(qi)漸冷，雌蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)停止。雌蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)蛹(yong)將(jiang)(jiang)要(yao)(yao)(yao)羽(yu)化(hua)(hua)完時(shi)(shi)(shi)，宜(yi)關閉籠(long)(long)(long)(long)門(men)，防成(cheng)(cheng)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)離巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)。收回(hui)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)，利(li)用(yong)(yong)夜間蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)群安(an)靜時(shi)(shi)(shi)，將(jiang)(jiang)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)籠(long)(long)(long)(long)倒(dao)放，待(dai)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)群爬向上方離開(kai)(kai)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，摘(zhai)取(qu)(qu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)房，取(qu)(qu)出尚未羽(yu)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)殘(can)蛹(yong)，掛(gua)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)通風(feng)、干燥(zao)、無鼠、無蟲處(chu)晾干，備(bei)作藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)。蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)群旺盛時(shi)(shi)(shi)，還可(ke)(ke)提取(qu)(qu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)毒，藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)價值(zhi)更高。
危(wei)害胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)敵(di)種類很多，包括昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)、蜘(zhi)蛛、鳥(niao)類及老(lao)(lao)鼠(shu)等，還有病(bing)原(yuan)微生物(wu)引起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)害。危(wei)害蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)最嚴重的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)鱗翅目瞑蛾科的(de)(de)(de)黃尾巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)螟，其成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)夜間在(zai)(zai)(zai)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)上產(chan)卵，4～5D后(hou)孵化(hua)出幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)。幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)穿行(xing)于(yu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)內(nei)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)室中(zhong)，咬食胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)，造成(cheng)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)解體，且(qie)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)螟喜夜間活(huo)動(dong)，而胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)白天(tian)活(huo)動(dong)，晚上伏于(yu)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)上不動(dong)，任巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)螟將(jiang)其卵產(chan)于(yu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)上而無動(dong)于(yu)衷。一旦(dan)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)螟入(ru)侵蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)，可(ke)使大量(liang)胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)死亡(wang)。對(dui)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)螟的(de)(de)(de)預防(fang)(fang)，一是(shi)讓胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)將(jiang)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)建在(zai)(zai)(zai)離(li)地(di)面(mian)較遠的(de)(de)(de)位置，因為自(zi)然界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)，一般距地(di)面(mian)近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)受巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)螟危(wei)害嚴重，距地(di)面(mian)遠的(de)(de)(de)較輕(qing)；二是(shi)人工飼養箱中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)螟產(chan)卵的(de)(de)(de)2～3D內(nei)，每晚將(jiang)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)箱門關(guan)上，可(ke)避免巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)螟在(zai)(zai)(zai)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)箱內(nei)產(chan)卵。幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)高(gao)溫多雨季(ji)(ji)節易得腐臭病(bing)，感染(ran)后(hou)會(hui)很快發病(bing)死亡(wang)。可(ke)以將(jiang)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)箱疏散，在(zai)(zai)(zai)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)上用(yong)噴霧器噴灑抗生素進行(xing)預防(fang)(fang)。此外(wai)，危(wei)害胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物(wu)還有烏鴉(ya)、喜鵲、螞蟻、蜘(zhi)蛛、壁虎等。在(zai)(zai)(zai)冬季(ji)(ji)越(yue)冬時，老(lao)(lao)鼠(shu)也(ye)會(hui)咬食成(cheng)群越(yue)冬的(de)(de)(de)胡(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)，這(zhe)些都需要加(jia)強防(fang)(fang)范。
