床虱屬昆(kun)蟲(chong)綱,半翅目,臭(chou)蟲(chong)科、臭(chou)蟲(chong)屬,是半翅目昆(kun)蟲(chong)中具(ju)有醫(yi)學(xue)重要性(xing)的(de)(de)一個類(lei)(lei)群。根據報道,全(quan)世界有大(da)約75種(zhong)(zhong),但絕(jue)大(da)多(duo)數寄生于蝙(bian)蝠和鳥,與人(ren)類(lei)(lei)有關的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)較少。有臭(chou)腺,分泌物有特(te)殊的(de)(de)氣味,因此(ci)又稱臭(chou)蟲(chong)。
成蟲:體(ti)扁,橢圓形(xing),紅棕色,體(ti)長4-5mm,寬約(yue)3mm,厚約(yue)0.5mm。雌蟲稍大于雄(xiong)蟲。
卵(luan)(luan):臭蟲卵(luan)(luan)橢(tuo)圓形(xing),長約1mm,帶(dai)卵(luan)(luan)帽(mao),卵(luan)(luan)白色,卵(luan)(luan)殼有(you)明(ming)顯的(de)網狀花(hua)紋。常粘附于(yu)縫隙和(he)粗(cu)糙表面上。
若蟲:剛(gang)孵化和新蛻皮的若蟲為淡褐色,以后變深(shen),若蟲形似成(cheng)蟲,習性(xing)(xing)相近,唯(wei)蟲體小(xiao),性(xing)(xing)未(wei)成(cheng)熟和顏色較淺(qian),能吸血,經過5次蛻皮羽(yu)化成(cheng)為成(cheng)蟲。
臭(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)我國古時(shi)又稱床虱、壁虱。臭(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)有一(yi)(yi)對臭(chou)腺,能(neng)分泌一(yi)(yi)種異常(chang)臭(chou)液(ye),此種臭(chou)液(ye)有防御(yu)天(tian)(tian)敵(di)和促進交配之用,臭(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)爬過(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)地方,都留下(xia)難聞的(de)(de)臭(chou)氣,故名(ming)臭(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。若蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)腹部(bu)背面或(huo)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)胸部(bu)腹面有一(yi)(yi)對半月形的(de)(de)臭(chou)腺,能(neng)分泌一(yi)(yi)種有特(te)殊臭(chou)味的(de)(de)物質,使它(ta)臭(chou)名(ming)遠揚。臭(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)群居于床榻(ta)、木(mu)器(qi)家(jia)具、天(tian)(tian)花板、地板、墻(qiang)壁等(deng)的(de)(de)縫(feng)隙中(zhong)。可從屋(wu)頂或(huo)蚊帳上(shang)(shang)掉落于人體吸(xi)血(xue)。通常(chang)夜間活動,白天(tian)(tian)則潛伏在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)述場所,消化血(xue)液(ye)及產卵。常(chang)藏匿在(zai)(zai)衣(yi)物、行李、舟(zhou)車、飛機內,隨(sui)之散布各(ge)處。臭(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)過(guo)(guo)群居生活,因此在(zai)(zai)適宜隱匿的(de)(de)場所常(chang)常(chang)發(fa)現(xian)有大批臭(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)聚集(ji)。不(bu)論是幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),或(huo)是雌雄成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),它(ta)們都在(zai)(zai)晚上(shang)(shang)偷偷地爬出來,憑借刺吸(xi)式的(de)(de)口(kou)(kou)器(qi)嗜吸(xi)人血(xue);在(zai)(zai)找不(bu)到人血(xue)時(shi),也(ye)吸(xi)食家(jia)兔、白鼠和雞的(de)(de)血(xue)。臭(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)吸(xi)血(xue)很(hen)快,5—10分鐘就(jiu)能(neng)吸(xi)飽。人被臭(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)叮咬后,常(chang)引(yin)起(qi)皮膚發(fa)癢,過(guo)(guo)敏的(de)(de)人被叮咬后有明顯(xian)的(de)(de)刺激反(fan)應,傷口(kou)(kou)常(chang)出現(xian)紅腫、奇(qi)癢,如搔破(po)后往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)引(yin)起(qi)細菌感染。妨礙睡(shui)眠,影(ying)響工(gong)作和學習(xi)。若長(chang)期被較(jiao)多(duo)臭(chou)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)叮咬,可產生貧血(xue)( 尤(you)其是營養(yang)不(bu)良(liang)者及兒童) 、神經過(guo)(guo)敏、體虛、哮喘、頭暈及失眠,嚴重影(ying)響健康。