“龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭(tou)(tou)”的(de)說辭,來自古老(lao)的(de)天(tian)文學,上古時代(dai)人們(men)(men)選擇黃道赤道附近的(de)二(er)(er)十八個(ge)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)作(zuo)為坐標,以(yi)此(ci)作(zuo)為觀(guan)測天(tian)象(xiang)參(can)照物(wu)。古人根據日月(yue)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)辰的(de)運行軌(gui)跡(ji)和位置(zhi),把黃道附近的(de)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)劃分為二(er)(er)十八組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu),俗稱“二(er)(er)十八宿(su)(su)(su)”。“宿(su)(su)(su)”表(biao)示居住,因為它們(men)(men)環列(lie)在(zai)日、月(yue)、五(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)四(si)方(fang),很像日、月(yue)、五(wu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)棲(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)的(de)場所(suo)(suo),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)稱作(zuo)“宿(su)(su)(su)”。“二(er)(er)十八宿(su)(su)(su)”按照東(dong)西南(nan)(nan)北(bei)四(si)個(ge)方(fang)向劃分為四(si)大組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu),產(chan)生“四(si)象(xiang)”:東(dong)方(fang)蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long),西方(fang)白虎,南(nan)(nan)方(fang)朱雀,北(bei)方(fang)玄武(wu)。在(zai)東(dong)方(fang)的(de)7個(ge)宿(su)(su)(su)分別叫做:“角(jiao)(jiao)、亢(kang)、氐、房(fang)、心(xin)、尾、箕(ji)”,七(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)完(wan)整的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)形星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang),人們(men)(men)稱它為“東(dong)方(fang)蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)”,其(qi)中角(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)代(dai)表(biao)龍(long)(long)(long)角(jiao)(jiao),亢(kang)宿(su)(su)(su)代(dai)表(biao)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)咽喉,氐宿(su)(su)(su)代(dai)表(biao)龍(long)(long)(long)爪(zhua),心(xin)宿(su)(su)(su)代(dai)表(biao)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)心(xin)臟,尾宿(su)(su)(su)和箕(ji)宿(su)(su)(su)代(dai)表(biao)龍(long)(long)(long)尾。在(zai)冬季,這蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)都隱(yin)沒(mei)在(zai)北(bei)方(fang)地平(ping)(ping)線下。仲春(驚蟄(zhe)至春分間),角(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(角(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)一(yi)(yi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和角(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)二(er)(er)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing))就從東(dong)方(fang)地平(ping)(ping)線上出現了,這時整個(ge)蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)身子還(huan)隱(yin)沒(mei)在(zai)地平(ping)(ping)線以(yi)下,只是角(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)初露(lu),故稱“龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭(tou)(tou)”。龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭(tou)(tou)是指蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)群星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)天(tian)空的(de)隱(yin)現變化,并非是真有一(yi)(yi)條動物(wu)之龍(long)(long)(long)在(zai)變換。
蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)的(de)出沒周期與(yu)一年農時(shi)周期相(xiang)一致。春(chun)天(tian)(tian)農耕開始之際,蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)在東(dong)(dong)方(fang)地(di)(di)(di)平線上(shang)開始慢慢上(shang)升,最先露(lu)出的(de)是(shi)明亮的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)首—角(jiao)宿(su);夏(xia)天(tian)(tian)作物生(sheng)(sheng)長,蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)高(gao)懸于南(nan)方(fang)夜(ye)空;而(er)到了秋天(tian)(tian),莊稼豐收,蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)也開始在西方(fang)下(xia)落;冬天(tian)(tian)萬物伏(fu)藏,蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)則(ze)隱(yin)藏于北方(fang)地(di)(di)(di)平線以下(xia)。古人(ren)把仲春(chun)時(shi)蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)在東(dong)(dong)方(fang)地(di)(di)(di)平線上(shang)嶄露(lu)頭角(jiao)稱為(wei)(wei)“見(jian)龍(long)(long)(long)在田”(即(ji)為(wei)(wei)“龍(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)(tai)頭”),仲夏(xia)蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)升至正南(nan)中天(tian)(tian)稱為(wei)(wei)“飛(fei)龍(long)(long)(long)在天(tian)(tian)”;此外還有(you)“亢(kang)龍(long)(long)(long)有(you)悔”、“群龍(long)(long)(long)無首”等,分別對應各(ge)(ge)時(shi)節天(tian)(tian)象(xiang)。龍(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)(tai)頭在農耕文化中標示陽氣自(zi)地(di)(di)(di)底而(er)出,雨(yu)(yu)水增多(duo)(duo),萬物生(sheng)(sheng)機盎然(ran),春(chun)耕由此開始了。龍(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)(tai)頭時(shi)節,我(wo)國(guo)長江中下(xia)游(you)流域以南(nan)很(hen)多(duo)(duo)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)已開始進入雨(yu)(yu)季,春(chun)雷始鳴。元(yuan)時(shi)期將(jiang)陰歷“二(er)月二(er)”稱為(wei)(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)(tai)頭,從節氣上(shang)說,“二(er)月初二(er)”正處(chu)在二(er)十(shi)四節氣的(de)“雨(yu)(yu)水”、“驚蟄(zhe)”、“春(chun)分”之間(jian)。與(yu)“龍(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)(tai)頭”相(xiang)關的(de)的(de)活動很(hen)多(duo)(duo),但不(bu)論哪種方(fang)式(shi),均(jun)圍繞美(mei)好的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)神(shen)信仰(yang)而(er)展開,它是(shi)人(ren)們寄托生(sheng)(sheng)存希望的(de)活動。就全國(guo)而(er)言(yan),由于地(di)(di)(di)域不(bu)同,各(ge)(ge)地(di)(di)(di)風(feng)俗也各(ge)(ge)有(you)差(cha)異。
龍是(shi)中國等東亞區域古代神話傳(chuan)說生活(huo)于(yu)大海中的(de)(de)神異生物,司掌行云布雨,是(shi)和風化雨的(de)(de)主(zhu)宰,常用來象征祥瑞(rui)。其由來于(yu)自然(ran)天象崇拜,與(yu)上古時代天文學對星(xing)辰運行的(de)(de)認識以及(ji)農(nong)(nong)(nong)耕(geng)文化有關(guan)。古人觀測天象的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)在于(yu)確(que)定時間,從而為農(nong)(nong)(nong)業生產提供服務。龍抬頭(tou)是(shi)中國古代農(nong)(nong)(nong)耕(geng)文化對于(yu)時令的(de)(de)反(fan)映,“龍抬頭(tou)”雖有著久(jiu)遠的(de)(de)歷史源頭(tou),但廣(guang)泛(fan)流傳(chuan)成為全國性節日并(bing)出現在文獻上記(ji)載是(shi)在元代之后。
漢代(dai)是我國南(nan)北各地文(wen)化(hua)交流融合的(de)重(zhong)要時期,在(zai)漢代(dai)文(wen)獻出現了龍(long)形象(xiang)的(de)記載。西漢董仲舒的(de)《春秋繁露(lu)》中提到舞(wu)龍(long)求(qiu)雨(yu)的(de)活動,直(zhi)接借助龍(long)的(de)形象(xiang)舉行求(qiu)雨(yu)活動。在(zai)漢代(dai)畫像石上也刻有(you)“戲龍(long)”的(de)舞(wu)蹈場面,后(hou)世(shi)以此作(zuo)為舞(wu)龍(long)燈的(de)濫觴。
唐時期,在(zai)(zai)文獻上(shang)仍未(wei)出現龍抬頭的(de)節俗記(ji)載(zai)。唐朝長安(an)人(ren)把二(er)月朔(shuo)作為一個特(te)殊的(de)日(ri)子,說這是(shi)“迎富(fu)貴(gui)”的(de)日(ri)子,在(zai)(zai)這一天(tian)要吃“迎富(fu)貴(gui)果子”,就是(shi)吃一些(xie)點心類食品。據《唐書·李泌傳(chuan)》記(ji)載(zai),唐中葉以(yi)前,在(zai)(zai)當時的(de)長安(an)春(chun)天(tian)只有三個節日(ri)——正月九、正月晦(三十日(ri))和(he)三月上(shang)巳節,二(er)月沒有節,李泌上(shang)書,廢(fei)正月晦,以(yi)二(er)月一為中和(he)節(取(qu)中正、平和(he)之意),以(yi)示務本。德宗(zong)十分贊同,并下令(ling)以(yi)正月初九、二(er)月朔(shuo)和(he)三月上(shang)巳合稱三令(ling)節。
唐德宗時期,唐德宗認為(wei),三月(yue)有“上巳節(jie)”,九月(yue)有“重陽節(jie)”,而二月(yue)正(zheng)是天(tian)氣由寒轉暖、萬物復蘇、農事開(kai)始之際,卻沒有一個(ge)節(jie)日(ri),實在說(shuo)不過去,于是就征求宰(zai)相(xiang)李(li)泌的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)見。李(li)泌覺得德宗所(suo)說(shuo)頗有道(dao)理(li),為(wei)此他建(jian)議:廢除以往(wang)正(zheng)月(yue)晦日(ri)(正(zheng)月(yue)最后一天(tian))為(wei)節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)舊例,改貞元(yuan)五年(nian)(790)二月(yue)一日(ri)為(wei)“中和節(jie)”;這一天(tian),皇帝要賜宴群臣,并賜給他們刀、尺,表(biao)示裁(cai)度:百官要獻(xian)農書,表(biao)示務(wu)本;民(min)間要用青色(se)的(de)(de)(de)袋(dai)子裝(zhuang)著谷物及瓜(gua)果(guo)種(zhong)粒,互相(xiang)贈送親友;村(cun)社居民(min)要釀制宜(yi)春酒來祭祀勾芒神,以祈(qi)禱豐收等等。德宗聽了十分高(gao)興,完全(quan)采納了李(li)泌的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)見,立即(ji)頒布了一道(dao)詔令(ling),以貞元(yuan)五年(nian)二月(yue)一日(ri)為(wei)中和節(jie)。唐代(dai)宴會總少不了賦詩樂舞,中和節(jie)宴亦復如此。
尉遲樞(shu)《南梵新聞》記載說:“李(li)泌謂以二月一日為中(zhong)和節,人家以青(qing)囊(nang)盛百谷果實,更相饋遺(yi),務(wu)極新巧,宮(gong)中(zhong)亦然,謂之獻(xian)(xian)生子(zi)。”可見獻(xian)(xian)生子(zi)是中(zhong)和節活(huo)動的主(zhu)要特點(dian)。
宋(song)(song)代時在我國一(yi)些(xie)地(di)(di)方(fang)二(er)月(yue)初(chu)二(er)有“挑(tiao)菜(cai)”御宴活動,但與“龍”無關。宋(song)(song)人周密在《武林舊事》中記述南宋(song)(song)時,二(er)月(yue)初(chu)二(er)這一(yi)天宮中有“挑(tiao)菜(cai)”御宴活動。唐宋(song)(song)時文(wen)獻所記載(zai)的這些(xie)地(di)(di)方(fang)“二(er)月(yue)二(er)”活動并沒(mei)有和“龍抬頭”聯系在一(yi)起。
到(dao)了元時期,在文獻上,陰歷二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)就明確作為(wei)(wei)“龍(long)抬頭(tou)”了。《析津志》在描述大都城的風俗(su)時提到(dao),“二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er),謂之龍(long)抬頭(tou)”。這天北方地(di)區人們盛(sheng)行(xing)吃(chi)面條,稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“龍(long)須面”;還要烙餅(bing),叫(jiao)作“龍(long)鱗(lin)”;若包餃(jiao)子(zi),則稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“龍(long)牙”。總(zong)之所吃(chi)的食物都要以龍(long)體部位命名。
明代以(yi)后,“二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)”又有關(guan)于龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭的諸多習俗(su)記載,諸如撒灰引龍(long)(long)(long)、扶龍(long)(long)(long)、熏蟲避(bi)蝎(xie)、剃龍(long)(long)(long)頭、忌針刺龍(long)(long)(long)眼(yan)等節俗(su),故稱(cheng)龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭日(ri)(ri)。元費(fei)著(zhu)《歲華紀麗譜(pu)》:“二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)日(ri)(ri)踏青(qing)節,韌郡(jun)人游賞散四郊(jiao)。……”。又汪(wang)灝《廣群芳(fang)譜(pu)天(tian)時譜(pu)》引《翰墨記》:“洛陽(yang)風俗(su),以(yi)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)日(ri)(ri)為(wei)花朝(chao)節,士庶游玩,又為(wei)挑(tiao)菜節。”
明(ming)時期還(huan)在二月(yue)二還(huan)增添了“熏蟲”、“炒豆”的活動。明(ming)人(ren)的《帝京景物略》中(zhong)說:“二月(yue)二日曰(yue)龍抬頭(tou)……熏床(chuang)炕(kang),曰(yue)熏蟲,為(wei)引龍蟲不(bu)出也。”
清(qing)(qing)康熙(xi)時的《大興(xing)縣志(zhi)》記載,“二(er)月(yue)二(er),家各(ge)為葷素餅,以油烹而食之,曰(yue)熏蟲(chong)。”清(qing)(qing)咸(xian)豐《武定府志(zhi)》:“……以二(er)月(yue)二(er)日為春龍(long)(long)節,取灶灰圍屋如龍(long)(long)蛇狀(zhuang),名曰(yue)引錢龍(long)(long),招福祥也。清(qing)(qing)末的《燕京歲(sui)時記》說:“二(er)月(yue)二(er)日……今(jin)人呼為龍(long)(long)抬頭。是日食餅者謂(wei)之龍(long)(long)鱗餅,食面(mian)者謂(wei)之龍(long)(long)須(xu)面(mian)。閨(gui)中停止針(zhen)(zhen)線,恐傷龍(long)(long)目也。”這時不僅吃餅吃面(mian)條,婦女還(huan)不能操做針(zhen)(zhen)線活,怕(pa)傷害了龍(long)(long)的眼睛。
龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)本源于(yu)(yu)上(shang)(shang)古(gu)星(xing)(xing)(xing)宿崇拜,是我(wo)國傳(chuan)統(tong)二十八宿天(tian)學(xue)體(ti)系中(zhong)由角(jiao)、亢(kang)、氐(di)、房、心、尾六(liu)宿星(xing)(xing)(xing)官所構成的(de)(de)形象(xiang)(xiang)。而“見龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)(zai)田(tian)(tian)”所描(miao)述的(de)(de)則是龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)(xing)伏沒之(zhi)后,位(wei)于(yu)(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)角(jiao)的(de)(de)角(jiao)宿從(cong)東(dong)方(fang)地(di)(di)(di)平(ping)線(xian)上(shang)(shang)重新升(sheng)起的(de)(de)天(tian)象(xiang)(xiang)。《象(xiang)(xiang)》曰(yue):“見龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)(zai)田(tian)(tian),德施普也(ye)”。《易(yi)經·乾(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)卦(gua)》爻辭中(zhong)所言(yan)的(de)(de)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”,實質是對蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)群(qun)星(xing)(xing)(xing)一年(nian)四時運(yun)行情況的(de)(de)闡發(fa)。“初(chu)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),潛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)勿用”;冬天(tian)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)(xing),潛入北方(fang)地(di)(di)(di)平(ping)線(xian)下看不(bu)見,所以無(wu)用。“九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)二,見龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)(zai)田(tian)(tian)”;仲春(chun)(chun)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)(xing)從(cong)東(dong)方(fang)地(di)(di)(di)平(ping)線(xian)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)了(le)起來,嶄露(lu)頭(tou)角(jiao),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)德顯揚(yang)。“九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)三(san),君子終日(ri)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),夕惕若厲,無(wu)咎”;季(ji)春(chun)(chun)上(shang)(shang)不(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)天(tian),下不(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)田(tian)(tian),故‘乾(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)’。“九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)四,或躍在(zai)(zai)(zai)淵”;孟夏(xia)為(wei)春(chun)(chun)夏(xia)之(zhi)交,蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)七(qi)宿的(de)(de)全(quan)體(ti)都擺脫了(le)大地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)羈絆,升(sheng)上(shang)(shang)夜空。“九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)五,飛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)(zai)天(tian)”;仲夏(xia)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)(xing)飛躍于(yu)(yu)正(zheng)南中(zhong)天(tian),故稱(cheng)“飛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”。九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)五,為(wei)乾(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)卦(gua)諸爻當中(zhong)至吉(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)爻,喻事物處于(yu)(yu)最鼎盛時期(qi)。“上(shang)(shang)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),亢(kang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)有(you)悔(hui)”;季(ji)夏(xia)為(wei)夏(xia)秋之(zhi)交,蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)七(qi)宿開始從(cong)最高(gao)點掉(diao)頭(tou)向西(xi)下降,故稱(cheng)“亢(kang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”。“用九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),群(qun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)無(wu)首”;季(ji)秋蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)群(qun)星(xing)(xing)(xing)前面的(de)(de)幾個星(xing)(xing)(xing)宿在(zai)(zai)(zai)正(zheng)西(xi)偏北隱(yin)退潛入于(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)(di)面。見群(qun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)無(wu)首,天(tian)德不(bu)可為(wei)首也(ye),是吉(ji)(ji)利(li)的(de)(de)兆頭(tou)。蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)運(yun)行情況的(de)(de)事象(xiang)(xiang)規律,在(zai)(zai)(zai)《易(yi)經》中(zhong)表(biao)現(xian)得淋漓(li)盡致。仲春(chun)(chun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)(xing)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)于(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)(di)表(biao)上(shang)(shang),在(zai)(zai)(zai)卦(gua)象(xiang)(xiang)中(zhong)屬吉(ji)(ji)兆,乃(nai)生發(fa)之(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)農耕文化中(zhong)標(biao)示著陽(yang)氣自地(di)(di)(di)底而出(chu)(chu),陽(yang)氣生發(fa),雨水增(zeng)多,萬物生機盎然。在(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)信(xin)仰中(zhong),“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”是吉(ji)(ji)祥(xiang)之(zhi)物,司(si)掌行云布雨,是和(he)風化雨的(de)(de)主宰(zai)。自古(gu)以來人(ren)(ren)們(men)亦將仲春(chun)(chun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)(xing)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)于(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)(di)表(biao)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)日(ri)子作為(wei)一個祈求(qiu)風調雨順(shun)、驅(qu)邪(xie)攘災、納(na)祥(xiang)轉運(yun)的(de)(de)吉(ji)(ji)日(ri)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神驅(qu)邪(xie),百毒不(bu)侵;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神賜福,人(ren)(ren)畜平(ping)安;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神發(fa)力(li),生機勃(bo)勃(bo);龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神行云,風調雨順(shun)。
在中國傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)文化中,方(fang)位是和(he)星(xing)辰歷的干支(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間以及八卦(gua)聯系在一起(qi)的。當(dang)(dang)(dang)斗(dou)柄指向正(zheng)東方(fang),卦(gua)在震位,是為仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)春之月,萬(wan)物(wu)之所出(chu)達也(ye)(ye)(ye),萬(wan)物(wu)出(chu)則天地變化可現矣。故《易·說卦(gua)傳(chuan)(chuan)》曰:“帝(di)出(chu)乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)震,齊乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)巽,相見乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)離,致役乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)坤(kun),說言乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)兌,戰乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)乾,勞乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)坎(kan),成(cheng)言乎(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)艮。”按《易經》理(li)論,斗(dou)指正(zheng)東,卦(gua)象(xiang)(xiang)為震,天干甲(jia)乙,地支(zhi)曰卯,五(wu)行(xing)屬木,時(shi)(shi)(shi)在仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)春。當(dang)(dang)(dang)其(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),萬(wan)物(wu)出(chu)達,生機勃勃。斗(dou)指正(zheng)南,卦(gua)象(xiang)(xiang)為離,天干丙(bing)丁,地支(zhi)曰午,五(wu)行(xing)屬火,時(shi)(shi)(shi)在仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)夏之月。當(dang)(dang)(dang)其(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),萬(wan)物(wu)生長,其(qi)勢盛(sheng)極。斗(dou)指正(zheng)西,卦(gua)象(xiang)(xiang)為兌,天干庚(geng)辛,地支(zhi)曰酉,五(wu)行(xing)屬金(jin),時(shi)(shi)(shi)在仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)秋(qiu)之月。當(dang)(dang)(dang)其(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),萬(wan)物(wu)豐收(shou),天氣肅(su)殺。斗(dou)指正(zheng)北,卦(gua)象(xiang)(xiang)為坎(kan),天干壬癸,地支(zhi)曰子,五(wu)行(xing)屬水,時(shi)(shi)(shi)在仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)冬之月。當(dang)(dang)(dang)其(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye),萬(wan)物(wu)閉藏,不相見也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
從節(jie)(jie)氣上說(shuo),農(nong)歷二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)初二(er),正處在“雨水”、“驚(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)”和“春(chun)(chun)(chun)分(fen)”之(zhi)間,我國南方很多地(di)方已開(kai)始(shi)(shi)(shi)進入雨季(ji)。驚(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)在立春(chun)(chun)(chun)、雨水之(zhi)后,是(shi)(shi)(shi)春(chun)(chun)(chun)季(ji)的第三個節(jie)(jie)氣,也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)干支歷卯(mao)(mao)(mao)月(yue)(yue)(yue)的起始(shi)(shi)(shi)。卯(mao)(mao)(mao),冒(mao)也(ye),萬(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)冒(mao)地(di)而(er)出(chu),為(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)發(fa)之(zhi)大(da)象(xiang),代(dai)(dai)表著(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)機(ji)(ji)茂(mao)(mao)(mao)發(fa),如(ru)《律書》曰:”卯(mao)(mao)(mao)之(zhi)為(wei)言(yan)茂(mao)(mao)(mao)也(ye)。言(yan)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)茂(mao)(mao)(mao)也(ye)“。由此可知,卯(mao)(mao)(mao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指萬(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)從地(di)下(xia)(xia)冒(mao)出(chu)的意(yi)(yi)思(si),也(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)草木都從地(di)下(xia)(xia)面冒(mao)出(chu)為(wei)卯(mao)(mao)(mao),卯(mao)(mao)(mao)也(ye)就(jiu)(jiu)代(dai)(dai)表著(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命力,代(dai)(dai)表著(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)機(ji)(ji),所以(yi)二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)能量迸發(fa),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)機(ji)(ji)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)(shi)的月(yue)(yue)(yue)份,預(yu)示一(yi)年的農(nong)事活動即將開(kai)始(shi)(shi)(shi)。仲(zhong)春(chun)(chun)(chun)時節(jie)(jie)龍抬頭,萬(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)復蘇雨似(si)油(you);年年角宿光明亮,歲歲如(ru)意(yi)(yi)大(da)豐收。一(yi)年十二(er)個月(yue)(yue)(yue),一(yi)個月(yue)(yue)(yue)對應一(yi)卦(gua)(gua)(gua),卯(mao)(mao)(mao)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(包括驚(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)和春(chun)(chun)(chun)分(fen)兩個節(jie)(jie)氣)對應的是(shi)(shi)(shi)雷天(tian)大(da)壯一(yi)卦(gua)(gua)(gua)。大(da)壯卦(gua)(gua)(gua)的卦(gua)(gua)(gua)象(xiang)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)上開(kai)始(shi)(shi)(shi)打雷了,雷在天(tian)上響,非常形象(xiang)。驚(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)春(chun)(chun)(chun)天(tian)的第一(yi)聲驚(jing)(jing)雷,所謂“春(chun)(chun)(chun)雷驚(jing)(jing)百蟲(chong)”,驚(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)時節(jie)(jie),春(chun)(chun)(chun)雷始(shi)(shi)(shi)響,蟄(zhe)伏于地(di)下(xia)(xia)冬眠(mian)的蟄(zhe)蟲(chong)被雷驚(jing)(jing)醒,紛紛破土而(er)出(chu)。大(da)壯卦(gua)(gua)(gua)是(shi)(shi)(shi)卯(mao)(mao)(mao)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue))的消息卦(gua)(gua)(gua)。“卯(mao)(mao)(mao)”有茂(mao)(mao)(mao)盛的意(yi)(yi)思(si),卯(mao)(mao)(mao)的五(wu)行(xing)屬木,木主生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)發(fa)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長,所以(yi)大(da)壯卦(gua)(gua)(gua)對應的驚(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)節(jie)(jie)氣,意(yi)(yi)味著(zhu)(zhu)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)物(wu)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)(shi)欣欣向榮,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)機(ji)(ji)盎然,大(da)地(di)上將出(chu)現春(chun)(chun)(chun)暖花開(kai)的的美好景(jing)象(xiang)。
現代(dai)氣(qi)象(xiang)科(ke)學表明,“驚蟄”前后,之所以(yi)偶有(you)雷聲,是大(da)地(di)(di)濕度漸高(gao)而促使近地(di)(di)面(mian)熱氣(qi)上升或北(bei)上的(de)(de)(de)濕熱空氣(qi)勢(shi)力較強與活動頻繁(fan)所致。從我國(guo)各地(di)(di)自然(ran)物候進程看,由于南(nan)(nan)北(bei)跨度大(da),春雷始鳴的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間遲早不一(yi)。就多年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)而言,云(yun)南(nan)(nan)南(nan)(nan)部在(zai)1月(yue)(yue)底前后即可聞雷,而北(bei)京的(de)(de)(de)初雷日卻在(zai)4月(yue)(yue)下旬。“驚蟄始雷”的(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法僅(jin)與沿長(chang)江(jiang)流域以(yi)南(nan)(nan)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)候規律相吻(wen)合。驚蟄后,是萬(wan)物生(sheng)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)好時(shi)光,該種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)農作物都(dou)可以(yi)開(kai)始種(zhong)了。作為(wei)全年(nian)氣(qi)溫回(hui)升最(zui)快的(de)(de)(de)節氣(qi),除(chu)東北(bei)、西北(bei)地(di)(di)區仍(reng)是銀妝(zhuang)素裹的(de)(de)(de)冬日景象(xiang)外,我國(guo)大(da)部分地(di)(di)區平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫已升至0℃以(yi)上,華北(bei)地(di)(di)區日平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫為(wei)3至6℃,沿江(jiang)江(jiang)南(nan)(nan)地(di)(di)區為(wei)8℃以(yi)上,而西南(nan)(nan)和華南(nan)(nan)已達10至15℃以(yi)上,早已是一(yi)派融(rong)(rong)融(rong)(rong)春光了,日照時(shi)數也有(you)了明顯的(de)(de)(de)增加。
我國(guo)古代(dai)天文(wen)學家根據日月五星(xing)的(de)(de)運行(xing)軌跡(ji)把天空劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)28天宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su),即“黃道帶”,以(yi)此(ci)來表示日月五星(xing)的(de)(de)運行(xing)和位(wei)置(zhi)。28天宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)4個大區(4象(xiang)或(huo)4神(shen)),東方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)蒼龍(包括(kuo)(kuo)角、亢、氐、房、心(xin)、尾(wei)、箕七(qi)(qi)(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su));西(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)白虎(包括(kuo)(kuo)奎、婁、胃、昴、畢(bi)、觜、參七(qi)(qi)(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su));南方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)朱雀(que)(包括(kuo)(kuo)井、鬼、柳、星(xing)、張、翼、軫七(qi)(qi)(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su));北方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)玄武(包括(kuo)(kuo)斗、牛、女、虛、危、室、壁七(qi)(qi)(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su))。其中‘角宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)’就是(shi)龍角。在仲(zhong)春卯月之初東方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)地平線上升起了龍角星(xing),所以(yi)稱為(wei)龍抬頭。即是(shi)指(zhi)東方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)蒼龍七(qi)(qi)(qi)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)星(xing)象(xiang)的(de)(de)空間變(bian)化。
龍(long)(long)抬頭(tou)的(de)(de)由來與(yu)古代天(tian)(tian)(tian)象(xiang)有關(guan)。中國古代天(tian)(tian)(tian)文學(xue)將(jiang)周天(tian)(tian)(tian)黃(huang)道確定為(wei)(wei)28個星(xing)(xing)座,稱為(wei)(wei)“二十(shi)八(ba)宿(su)”。古人又(you)將(jiang)這28個星(xing)(xing)宿(su)按照(zhao)東南西(xi)北分在四宮(gong),每宮(gong)7宿(su),并(bing)按照(zhao)它們(men)的(de)(de)形(xing)象(xiang)將(jiang)四宮(gong)形(xing)容為(wei)(wei)“青(qing)龍(long)(long),白虎,朱雀,玄武“4種神獸。龍(long)(long)抬頭(tou)所提到的(de)(de)“龍(long)(long)”,指(zhi)的(de)(de)就是是天(tian)(tian)(tian)象(xiang)周天(tian)(tian)(tian)二十(shi)八(ba)宿(su)的(de)(de)東方青(qing)龍(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)。蒼龍(long)(long)頭(tou)部“角(jiao)宿(su)”上有兩顆(ke)星(xing)(xing):角(jiao)宿(su)一(yi)和(he)角(jiao)宿(su)二,代表(biao)蒼龍(long)(long)頭(tou)上的(de)(de)兩只(zhi)犄角(jiao)。“角(jiao)宿(su)”之(zhi)后的(de)(de)四顆(ke)星(xing)(xing)是“亢宿(su)”,亢是龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)咽喉(hou),在咽喉(hou)下面有四顆(ke)星(xing)(xing)排列成一(yi)個簸箕的(de)(de)形(xing)狀(zhuang)是“氐宿(su)”,代表(biao)著龍(long)(long)爪。龍(long)(long)爪后面的(de)(de)房宿(su)、心宿(su)、尾(wei)宿(su)和(he)箕宿(su)分別代表(biao)了龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)心臟和(he)尾(wei)巴。
每(mei)年的仲(zhong)春(chun)晚(wan)上(shang)(shang),蒼龍(long)星宿(su)開(kai)始從東(dong)(dong)方(fang)露頭(tou),角宿(su),代表龍(long)角,開(kai)始從東(dong)(dong)方(fang)地平(ping)線上(shang)(shang)顯現(xian),約(yue)一(yi)個(ge)鐘頭(tou)后(hou),亢宿(su),即龍(long)的咽喉,升至地平(ping)線以上(shang)(shang),接近子夜時(shi)(shi)分,氐(di)宿(su),即龍(long)爪也出現(xian)了。這就(jiu)是“龍(long)抬頭(tou)”的過程。之后(hou),每(mei)天的“龍(long)抬頭(tou)”日期,均約(yue)提前一(yi)點(dian),經過一(yi)個(ge)多月時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian),整(zheng)個(ge)“龍(long)頭(tou)”就(jiu)“抬”起來(lai)了。當地球公轉的位置(zhi)使蒼龍(long)七(qi)宿(su)與太陽處(chu)在(zai)同一(yi)方(fang)向(xiang)時(shi)(shi),太陽的光芒就(jiu)會(hui)淹沒(mei)星光,人們就(jiu)會(hui)看(kan)不到天上(shang)(shang)的那條巨龍(long);而過一(yi)段時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)后(hou),地球的位置(zhi)轉移了,這蒼龍(long)七(qi)宿(su)又會(hui)重新出現(xian),周(zhou)而復始,古人找到了這個(ge)規律,并以它來(lai)判斷時(shi)(shi)令。由于(yu)“歲(sui)差(cha)”的原因(yin),現(xian)"龍(long)抬頭(tou)"實際時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)或推遲。
“二(er)月二(er)、龍抬頭”,象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)著(zhu)生機、萬物復蘇。中(zhong)國與古代西(xi)(xi)方天文學不同(tong),中(zhong)國把恒星(xing)(xing)(xing)劃分成為“三(san)(san)(san)垣(yuan)(yuan)”和(he)“四象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”七大星(xing)(xing)(xing)區。所(suo)謂“垣(yuan)(yuan)”就(jiu)是(shi)“城墻”的(de)意(yi)思。“三(san)(san)(san)垣(yuan)(yuan)”是(shi)“紫微垣(yuan)(yuan)”,象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)皇宮;“太微垣(yuan)(yuan)”象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)行政(zheng)機構;“天市(shi)垣(yuan)(yuan)”象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)繁華街市(shi)。這(zhe)三(san)(san)(san)垣(yuan)(yuan)環繞著(zhu)北極星(xing)(xing)(xing)呈三(san)(san)(san)角狀(zhuang)排列。在(zai)“三(san)(san)(san)垣(yuan)(yuan)”外圍分布著(zhu)“四象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”:東蒼(cang)龍、西(xi)(xi)白虎(hu)、南(nan)朱雀(que)、北玄(xuan)武(wu),也就(jiu)是(shi)說,東方的(de)星(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)如(ru)一(yi)條龍,西(xi)(xi)方的(de)星(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)如(ru)一(yi)只(zhi)虎(hu),南(nan)方的(de)星(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)如(ru)一(yi)只(zhi)大鳥(niao),北方的(de)星(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)如(ru)龜(gui)和(he)蛇。由于地球圍繞太陽公(gong)轉(zhuan),天空的(de)星(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)也隨著(zhu)季節轉(zhuan)換。每到冬(dong)春之(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao)的(de)傍晚,蒼(cang)龍顯現;春夏(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao),玄(xuan)武(wu)升起(qi);夏(xia)秋之(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao),白虎(hu)露頭;秋冬(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao),朱雀(que)上升。
《春秋命(ming)歷序》曰:“天(tian)(tian)地開辟(pi),萬物渾(hun)渾(hun),無知無識;陰陽所憑(ping),天(tian)(tian)體始于北極之野(ye)…日月(yue)五(wu)緯俱起(qi)牽(qian)牛(niu);四(si)萬五(wu)千年,日月(yue)五(wu)緯一輪轉;天(tian)(tian)皇出(chu)焉…定天(tian)(tian)之象(xiang)(xiang),法地之儀(yi)(yi),作干(gan)支以定日月(yue)度。”早在遠古時期古人就(jiu)已經能“觀象(xiang)(xiang)授時”,定天(tian)(tian)之象(xiang)(xiang)、法地之儀(yi)(yi),并(bing)確(que)定了(le)星宿天(tian)(tian)象(xiang)(xiang)、干(gan)支及(ji)二十四(si)節(jie)氣。
詞典《爾雅》中有云:數起(qi)角亢,列(lie)宿(su)之長。故角之見于東(dong)(dong)方(fang)也,物換春(chun)回(hui),鳥獸生角,草木甲坼(che)。它的意(yi)思是在萬物復(fu)蘇的春(chun)天,東(dong)(dong)方(fang)蒼(cang)龍(long)的角宿(su)每到傍晚(wan)將從東(dong)(dong)方(fang)升起(qi)。
龍(long)是(shi)(shi)海(hai)中神(shen)物,主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)主宰雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水,如(ru)《山(shan)海(hai)經》中所說的(de)應(ying)龍(long),民間的(de)“龍(long)抬頭(tou)”節,其源頭(tou)應(ying)追溯(su)至遠(yuan)古。神(shen)話著(zhu)作《山(shan)海(hai)經》中說,應(ying)龍(long)居處在南方,“故南方多雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”,而燭龍(long)“不(bu)食不(bu)寢不(bu)息,風雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)謁(ye)”,也就是(shi)(shi)經常招來風雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。由(you)于(yu)想象(xiang)中的(de)龍(long)能(neng)(neng)騰云(yun)駕霧,于(yu)是(shi)(shi)相信龍(long)能(neng)(neng)給人(ren)帶(dai)來祥瑞。傳說龍(long)能(neng)(neng)行云(yun)布雨(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、消災降福(fu),象(xiang)征祥瑞。
《說文解字(zi)》中解釋“龍”字(zi):“龍,鱗蟲之長。能(neng)幽能(neng)明,能(neng)細能(neng)巨,能(neng)短能(neng)長。春(chun)分而登天,秋分而潛(qian)淵。”?
《帝京景物略·卷二(er)春場》:“二(er)月二(er),曰(yue)龍抬頭,煎元旦祭(ji)余餅,熏(xun)床炕,謂(wei)之熏(xun)蟲兒,謂(wei)引龍,沖、蟲不出也。”
《燕(yan)京歲時記》:“二(er)月二(er)日(ri),古之中和節也。今人呼為龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)。是日(ri)食餅(bing)者(zhe)謂(wei)之龍(long)(long)鱗餅(bing),食面(mian)者(zhe)謂(wei)之龍(long)(long)須面(mian)。閨中停(ting)止針線,恐傷龍(long)(long)目。”
《大同府志(zhi)》:“二(er)月(yue)二(er)日,各村(cun)疃社(she)醵錢獻生,謂之‘扶龍頭’。提壺汲井水注(zhu)之,曰‘引龍頭’。”
唐代著名詩(shi)人白居(ju)易有詩(shi)云:“二月二日(ri)新雨晴,草(cao)芽菜甲一時生;輕衫細(xi)馬春年少,十字(zi)津(jin)頭一字(zi)行。”
中(zhong)國(guo)民(min)(min)間(jian)認(ren)為(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是吉祥之(zhi)物(wu),和風化雨(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)主宰。“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)”,意味著陽氣生(sheng)發(fa)、萬物(wu)生(sheng)機盎然。故自(zi)(zi)古(gu)以(yi)來,人(ren)(ren)們(men)在(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)時節(jie),會舉(ju)行敬(jing)(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)祈雨(yu)(yu)(yu)、放(fang)生(sheng),以(yi)求(qiu)(qiu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)吉祥豐收(shou)(shou),并(bing)將龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)時節(jie)作為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個納祥轉運的(de)(de)日子(zi)。在(zai)(zai)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)流(liu)傳(chuan)著“二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)(er),拜(bai)村(cun)社(she);龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou),祈豐收(shou)(shou);八月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)(er),祭(ji)村(cun)堂;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)收(shou)(shou)尾,送龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)歸”的(de)(de)說法。從節(jie)氣上說,農歷二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)初,正處在(zai)(zai)“雨(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)”、“驚蟄”和“春分”之(zhi)間(jian),我(wo)(wo)國(guo)南方(fang)很多(duo)地(di)方(fang)已開(kai)始(shi)進入雨(yu)(yu)(yu)季。俗(su)(su)話說“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)不(bu)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)天(tian)(tian)不(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)”。在(zai)(zai)古(gu)代神(shen)(shen)(shen)格(ge)譜系中(zhong),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是海(hai)中(zhong)神(shen)(shen)(shen)物(wu),掌管著降雨(yu)(yu)(yu),降雨(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)多(duo)少直接關系到(dao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)的(de)(de)莊稼的(de)(de)豐歉,因此,為(wei)了(le)求(qiu)(qiu)得(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)(shen)行云布雨(yu)(yu)(yu),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)時節(jie)要在(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)(shen)廟前擺供,舉(ju)行隆重的(de)(de)祭(ji)拜(bai)儀式,同(tong)時唱大戲以(yi)娛神(shen)(shen)(shen);敬(jing)(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)祈雨(yu)(yu)(yu),放(fang)生(sheng),以(yi)求(qiu)(qiu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)吉祥豐收(shou)(shou);也(ye)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)些地(di)方(fang)在(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)節(jie)有“起龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)船”的(de)(de)活動(dong)。二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)初二(er)(er)(er)既(ji)是龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)節(jie)也(ye)是“土地(di)誕”,在(zai)(zai)南方(fang)沿海(hai)地(di)區(qu),二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)初二(er)(er)(er)主要舉(ju)行社(she)祭(ji),祭(ji)祀土地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)民(min)(min)間(jian)有剃龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)、祭(ji)祀、敬(jing)(jing)文昌神(shen)(shen)(shen)、吃面條、炸油糕、爆玉米花、吃豬頭(tou)(tou)等習(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su)。“剃龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)”習(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su),或源于古(gu)人(ren)(ren)對龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)圖騰的(de)(de)崇拜(bai),如古(gu)籍中(zhong)所記載的(de)(de)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)斷發(fa)紋身以(yi)像(xiang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)子(zi)習(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su)。“二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)(er)”這天(tian)(tian),許多(duo)人(ren)(ren)都要理(li)發(fa),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)的(de)(de)日子(zi)理(li)發(fa)叫(jiao)作“剃龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)”,這預示一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)有好的(de)(de)開(kai)始(shi)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)時節(jie)敬(jing)(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)習(xi)(xi)俗(su)(su),體現了(le)中(zhong)國(guo)“天(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)合一(yi)(yi)(yi)”的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)然觀。在(zai)(zai)天(tian)(tian)氣漸(jian)漸(jian)轉暖(nuan)、雨(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)開(kai)始(shi)增多(duo)的(de)(de)時節(jie),人(ren)(ren)們(men)希望通(tong)過敬(jing)(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)祈福順應這一(yi)(yi)(yi)過程(cheng),從而做到(dao)與(yu)自(zi)(zi)然和諧相處。
古時我(wo)國(guo)北方一(yi)些地區(qu)二月二有圍糧囤、引(yin)田龍(long)(long)、敲(qiao)房梁、理(li)發、煎燜子、吃(chi)豬(zhu)頭肉、吃(chi)面(mian)條(tiao)、吃(chi)水餃、吃(chi)糖豆、吃(chi)煎餅、忌動針線的(de)習俗。為(wei)了納(na)吉(ji),二月初二這(zhe)天我(wo)國(guo)北方人(ren)的(de)吃(chi)食物均取(qu)與“龍(long)(long)”相關的(de)名字,面(mian)條(tiao)不叫(jiao)“面(mian)條(tiao)”,稱作“龍(long)(long)須(xu)面(mian)”;水餃稱作“龍(long)(long)耳(er)”、“龍(long)(long)角”;米飯稱作“龍(long)(long)子”;煎餅烙(luo)成龍(long)(long)鱗狀,稱作“龍(long)(long)鱗餅”;面(mian)條(tiao)、餛(hun)飩一(yi)塊煮叫(jiao)做“龍(long)(long)拿珠”;吃(chi)豬(zhu)頭稱作“食龍(long)(long)頭”;吃(chi)蔥餅叫(jiao)做“撕龍(long)(long)皮”。一(yi)切均取(qu)與龍(long)(long)有關的(de)象征與寓意。
民間有(you)許多禁忌(ji)避諱(hui)“龍(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)”,諸如此日家(jia)中忌(ji)動針線,怕(pa)傷到(dao)(dao)龍(long)眼,招災惹禍;忌(ji)擔水(shui),認(ren)為(wei)(wei)這天(tian)晚上龍(long)要(yao)出來活動,禁止(zhi)到(dao)(dao)河邊或(huo)井邊擔水(shui),以免(mian)驚擾(rao)龍(long)的行動,招致旱災之年;忌(ji)諱(hui)蓋(gai)房打夯,以防傷“龍(long)頭(tou)”;再者,忌(ji)諱(hui)磨(mo)面,認(ren)為(wei)(wei)磨(mo)面會榨到(dao)(dao)龍(long)頭(tou),不吉利。俗話說(shuo)“磨(mo)為(wei)(wei)虎,碾(nian)為(wei)(wei)龍(long)”,有(you)石(shi)磨(mo)的人家(jia),這天(tian)要(yao)將磨(mo)支起上扇(shan),方便“龍(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)升天(tian)”。除如上習俗外,民間往往還(huan)舉行多種活動納吉,諸如舞龍(long)、戴龍(long)尾、開筆(bi)等(deng)。
民諺云:“二(er)月二(er)龍(long)抬頭(tou)(tou),八(ba)月二(er)龍(long)收(shou)尾。”二(er)月二(er)龍(long)抬頭(tou)(tou)作(zuo)為古代(dai)民俗的一種(zhong)節日,如今已經(jing)基(ji)本(ben)上從中國人的現(xian)代(dai)生活中淡化出去(qu)了。不過,對于“二(er)月二(er)龍(long)抬頭(tou)(tou)”的一些文化內涵(han),例如古人對龍(long)的崇拜、“龍(long)抬頭(tou)(tou)”在古天文學上的唯(wei)物解釋等等,是仍然具有研究價(jia)值。
二月二既是龍抬頭(tou)節(jie)也是土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)的(de)(de)誕辰(chen),“土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)誕”也稱(cheng)“社日(ri)節(jie)”。社日(ri)分為春(chun)社日(ri)和秋社日(ri),古(gu)(gu)時春(chun)社是立春(chun)后第五個戊(wu)日(ri),秋社是立秋后第五個戊(wu)日(ri)(戊(wu),五行屬(shu)土(tu))。古(gu)(gu)人認為土(tu)生(sheng)萬物,土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)是廣(guang)為敬奉的(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)靈(ling)之一。人們認為土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)管理(li)著五谷的(de)(de)生(sheng)長和地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)平安,很多地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)百(bai)姓都在社日(ri)奉祀土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)。土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)又稱(cheng)福德正神(shen)(shen),在中(zhong)國南方(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu),為給土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)公(gong)“暖壽”,有的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)有舉辦“土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)會”的(de)(de)習俗(su):家家湊錢為土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)祝賀生(sheng)日(ri),到土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)廟(miao)燒香祭(ji)祀,敲(qiao)鑼鼓(gu),放鞭炮。
古代(dai)把土(tu)(tu)地(di)神和祭祀(si)土(tu)(tu)地(di)神的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方都叫(jiao)"社(she)",按(an)照民間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習俗,每到(dao)播種(zhong)或收獲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)季節,農民們(men)都要立(li)社(she)祭祀(si),祈求(qiu)或酬報土(tu)(tu)地(di)神。土(tu)(tu)地(di)神在(zai)(zai)(zai)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日常生活中(zhong)(zhong)處于重要地(di)位,不但家(jia)(jia)族(zu)大,而且分布廣。在(zai)(zai)(zai)居家(jia)(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)有居家(jia)(jia)土(tu)(tu)地(di)神,村屯有村屯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)地(di)神,城市有城市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)地(di)神,有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)將土(tu)(tu)地(di)供奉(feng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)家(jia)(jia)中(zhong)(zhong),有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供奉(feng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)門(men)口,有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)則供在(zai)(zai)(zai)村落的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)廟中(zhong)(zhong)。總之(zhi)土(tu)(tu)地(di)神的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職責就(jiu)是保(bao)佑著一方土(tu)(tu)地(di)之(zhi)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)物康泰,人(ren)口清(qing)潔,出入平(ping)安了。
二(er)月二(er)這天在飲(yin)食上(shang)也(ye)有(you)一定(ding)的講(jiang)究,北方百姓在這天飲(yin)食多以龍(long)為名(ming)。吃(chi)(chi)(chi)春餅名(ming)曰“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)鱗”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)面條(tiao)名(ming)曰“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)須”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)餛(hun)飩(tun)為“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)眼”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)餃子則叫“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)耳(er)”,面條(tiao)、餛(hun)飩(tun)一塊(kuai)煮(zhu)叫做“龍(long)拿珠”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)蔥餅叫做“撕(si)龍(long)皮(pi)”。有(you)些(xie)地方還有(you)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)“龍(long)眼”、“龍(long)須”、“龍(long)舌”、“龍(long)耳(er)”、“龍(long)皮(pi)”、“龍(long)子”、“龍(long)蛋”以及吃(chi)(chi)(chi)春餅、吃(chi)(chi)(chi)豬頭肉的習俗。一切(qie)均取(qu)與龍(long)有(you)關的象征與寓意。這些(xie)都寄托了人們祈龍(long)賜福(fu)的強烈愿望。
北(bei)方(fang)地區過(guo)二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er),農(nong)(nong)家(jia)就開(kai)始準備炒糖(tang)豆(dou)(dou)的(de)(de)(de)原料。二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)早上,家(jia)家(jia)戶戶都(dou)用糖(tang)炒花生和黃豆(dou)(dou),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)叫糖(tang)豆(dou)(dou),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)叫蝎豆(dou)(dou),還有(you)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)玉米花。過(guo)去都(dou)是自家(jia)制作自家(jia)食用,現在不同了(le),一般沒有(you)自家(jia)制作的(de)(de)(de)了(le)。城里(li)的(de)(de)(de)超(chao)市(shi)里(li),農(nong)(nong)村的(de)(de)(de)集市(shi)上,二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)前后(hou)擺滿了(le)各(ge)式各(ge)樣的(de)(de)(de)糖(tang)豆(dou)(dou),大概有(you)十幾種甚至更多。隨吃隨買,香(xiang)甜可口。二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)這(zhe)天,農(nong)(nong)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)餐桌上要擺多種糖(tang)豆(dou)(dou),以示慶(qing)賀這(zhe)個節日。
早上卯(mao)時(5點到7點之間),卯(mao)月的第一個卯(mao)日卯(mao)時,出門面(mian)向東方深吸氣,此為一吉。
指二月(yue)初二理(li)(li)發,兒童(tong)理(li)(li)發,叫剃“喜(xi)頭”,借龍抬頭之吉時,保佑孩(hai)童(tong)健康成長(chang),長(chang)大后(hou)出(chu)人(ren)頭地;大人(ren)理(li)(li)發,辭舊迎新(xin),希望帶來好運,新(xin)的一(yi)年順(shun)順(shun)利利。
古時,龍抬頭節是祭祀(si)(si)龍神(shen)的(de)(de)日(ri)子(zi),每(mei)年(nian)的(de)(de)這一(yi)天,人們都要到龍神(shen)廟或(huo)水畔焚(fen)香上供祭祀(si)(si)龍神(shen),祈求龍神(shen)興(xing)云化(hua)雨,保(bao)佑一(yi)年(nian)五谷豐(feng)登(deng)。龍抬頭時節我國部分地區會有“起龍船(chuan)”的(de)(de)活動,請龍出水,以及(ji)祈求事(shi)事(shi)順利的(de)(de)心愿。
“龍抬頭(tou)”也是農(nong)村的(de)農(nong)事節。農(nong)諺曰:“二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)龍抬頭(tou),大家小戶使耕牛(niu)”。農(nong)時春雨貴(gui)如油。倘春雨充沛,預示著一(yi)年的(de)大豐(feng)收。
相傳(chuan)農歷(li)二(er)月(yue)初三(san)為(wei)文昌(chang)(主宰功名之神)誕辰日,舊時這天讓孩子開(kai)筆(bi)寫字,取龍抬頭之吉兆,為(wei)孩子正衣冠(guan)、點(dian)朱砂啟蒙(meng)明智,寓意(yi)孩子眼明心明,祝愿孩子長(chang)大斷文識(shi)字。開(kai)筆(bi)禮是(shi)人生的第一次大禮,是(shi)中國傳(chuan)統中對(dui)少兒開(kai)始識(shi)字習(xi)禮的啟蒙(meng)教育形(xing)式。
每(mei)當春(chun)龍(long)(long)節到(dao)(dao)來(lai),我(wo)國部分地(di)區(qu)在這天早晨家(jia)家(jia)戶戶打著燈籠(long)到(dao)(dao)井邊(bian)或河(he)邊(bian)挑水,回(hui)到(dao)(dao)家(jia)里便點燈、燒香、上(shang)供。舊時(shi),人們把這種(zhong)儀式叫做(zuo)“引(yin)(yin)田龍(long)(long)”。引(yin)(yin)龍(long)(long)伏蟲的(de)(de)活動有很多(duo)(duo),最有特點是撒(sa)(sa)灰(hui)(hui)。撒(sa)(sa)灰(hui)(hui)十分講(jiang)究,灰(hui)(hui)多(duo)(duo)選用草(cao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)灰(hui)(hui),人們自家(jia)門(men)口(kou)以草(cao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)灰(hui)(hui)撒(sa)(sa)一(yi)(yi)條龍(long)(long)到(dao)(dao)河(he)邊(bian),再(zai)用谷糠(kang)撒(sa)(sa)一(yi)(yi)條龍(long)(long)引(yin)(yin)到(dao)(dao)家(jia),意為(wei)送走懶(青)龍(long)(long)、引(yin)(yin)來(lai)錢(黃)龍(long)(long),保佑(you)人財兩旺;從臨街大門(men)外一(yi)(yi)直撒(sa)(sa)到(dao)(dao)廚房(fang)灶(zao)間,并繞水缸一(yi)(yi)圈,叫做(zuo)“引(yin)(yin)錢龍(long)(long)”;將草(cao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)灰(hui)(hui)撒(sa)(sa)于(yu)門(men)口(kou),攔門(men)辟災;將草(cao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)灰(hui)(hui)撒(sa)(sa)于(yu)墻腳,呈(cheng)龍(long)(long)蛇狀,以招福祥、避蟲害(hai)。陜西(xi)富(fu)縣(xian)一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)還流行撒(sa)(sa)灰(hui)(hui)圍莊墻外的(de)(de)做(zuo)法(fa),也是伏龍(long)(long)驅(qu)蟲的(de)(de)表現(xian)。后(hou)來(lai),也出現(xian)用石灰(hui)(hui)替代草(cao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)灰(hui)(hui)伏龍(long)(long)降蟲的(de)(de)做(zuo)法(fa)。
①山東地(di)區(qu)用灶煙在地(di)面(mian)畫一條龍。一是請龍回(hui)來興云布(bu)雨,祈求豐收;二是龍為百蟲(chong)之(zhi)神,龍來了,蟲(chong)都躲起(qi)來,對人體健(jian)康(kang)、農作物生長都有(you)益(yi)。
②晉(jin)西北(bei)地(di)區引錢(qian)龍,選擇一(yi)棵大樹或一(yi)塊大石(shi),用(yong)灰線(xian)圍(wei)灑一(yi)圈,再用(yong)紅線(xian)拴(shuan)一(yi)枚(mei)銅錢(qian)置圈內(nei),牽(qian)線(xian)回家,用(yong)容器蓋住即(ji)成(cheng)。
③還有地區(qu)在這(zhe)(zhe)天清早,人們從井(jing)里挑水回家,倒入水缸。誰最(zui)先(xian)(xian)挑回家就最(zui)先(xian)(xian)引(yin)到錢龍,這(zhe)(zhe)年財運(yun)就會非(fei)常(chang)(chang)好,所以經常(chang)(chang)出現凌晨(chen)爭先(xian)(xian)恐后挑水的情形。
黃(huang)河三角洲及一些沿河地區還有”放(fang)龍燈“的習俗。不(bu)少人家用蘆葦(wei)或秫秸(jie)扎成小船,插上蠟燭或放(fang)上用蘿(luo)卜挖(wa)成的小油碗,待到傍晚時分,放(fang)到河里或灣里點燃(ran),為龍照路。借此娛樂同時又傳遞一種美好的祝愿。
東北部(bu)分(fen)地區在(zai)(zai)二(er)月(yue)二(er)早晨,以長竿擊(ji)(ji)(ji)打(da)房梁(liang)(liang),謂(wei)之”敲龍頭(tou)“。把龍喚醒,佑(you)一方平安(an)。大(da)人(ren)小孩還念著:”二(er)月(yue)二(er),龍抬頭(tou),大(da)倉(cang)滿,小倉(cang)流。“有的地方在(zai)(zai)院子里用灶灰撒一個個大(da)圓圈,將五谷雜糧放于(yu)中間,稱作”打(da)囤“或”填倉(cang)“,預(yu)祝當年五谷豐(feng)登,倉(cang)囤盈滿。擊(ji)(ji)(ji)房梁(liang)(liang)就(jiu)是用木棍或者(zhe)竹竿敲擊(ji)(ji)(ji)房梁(liang)(liang),以驚走蛇(she)、蝎(xie)等毒蟲,毋使(shi)為(wei)害。有的地方流行敲擊(ji)(ji)(ji)炕沿,目的與敲擊(ji)(ji)(ji)房梁(liang)(liang)相同(tong)。
我國北(bei)方廣泛的(de)流(liu)傳著(zhu)“二(er)(er)月二(er)(er),龍抬頭;大倉滿,小(xiao)倉流(liu)”的(de)民諺。農歷(li)二(er)(er)月初(chu)二(er)(er)清晨,北(bei)方很多(duo)地區的(de)村(cun)民早(zao)早(zao)起床,家庭主婦從(cong)自家鍋(guo)灶底下(xia)掏一筐燒柴(chai)禾余下(xia)的(de)草木灰(hui)(hui),拿一把小(xiao)鐵鏟子鏟些(xie)草木灰(hui)(hui),人(ren)走手(shou)搖,在地上畫出(chu)一個(ge)個(ge)圓來。圍(wei)(wei)(wei)倉的(de)圓圈(quan),大套小(xiao),少則三圈(quan),多(duo)則五圈(quan),圍(wei)(wei)(wei)單不圍(wei)(wei)(wei)雙(shuang)。圍(wei)(wei)(wei)好倉后,把家中的(de)糧(liang)食虔誠地放在倉的(de)中間,還有意撒在倉的(de)外圍(wei)(wei)(wei),象征當年的(de)大豐收(shou)。
古代將自然界中的生物分成毛(mao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、羽蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、介蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、鱗(lin)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、人類(lei)五(wu)大類(lei)。毛(mao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)指(zhi)披毛(mao)獸類(lei),羽蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)指(zhi)鳥類(lei),介蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)指(zhi)帶甲殼類(lei),鱗(lin)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)指(zhi)有鱗(lin)之魚和帶翅昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)類(lei)。龍是(shi)鱗(lin)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)之長,龍出則百蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)伏藏。二(er)月(yue)初二(er)正是(shi)驚(jing)蟄前后(hou),百蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)萌動,疾病易(yi)生,蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害也是(shi)莊(zhuang)稼的天敵,因此(ci)人們引龍伏蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),希(xi)望(wang)(wang)借龍威(wei)鎮伏百蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),保(bao)佑(you)人畜平安,五(wu)谷豐登。進入農歷二(er)月(yue),天氣(qi)漸暖,各種昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)開始活動,有些(xie)昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)對(dui)人的健康是(shi)有害的,所以二(er)月(yue)二(er)這(zhe)一(yi)天,人們紛紛攤烙煎餅、燃燒熏香,希(xi)望(wang)(wang)憑借煙氣(qi)驅走(zou)毒蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。
二(er)月(yue)初二(er)吃(chi)豬(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)肉也有說法。自古以來,供奉祭(ji)神總要用豬(zhu)(zhu)牛羊三牲,后來簡化為三牲之頭(tou),豬(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)即其中(zhong)之一(yi)。如(ru)今(jin)就有一(yi)道(dao)(dao)名菜叫(jiao)做“扒(ba)豬(zhu)(zhu)臉(lian)”,經過(guo)選(xuan)料、清洗、噴烤(kao)、洗泡、醬(jiang)制等十二(er)道(dao)(dao)步驟,歷(li)經十多(duo)個(ge)小時(shi)的(de)烹飪,才能端上餐桌。“扒(ba)豬(zhu)(zhu)臉(lian)”有三種(zhong),一(yi)是原汁原味吃(chi);二(er)是蘸醬(jiang)汁吃(chi);三是卷煎(jian)餅吃(chi)。每一(yi)種(zhong)吃(chi)法都(dou)有不同的(de)滋味。
撒(sa)灰引龍、打灰囤
我(wo)國(guo)山(shan)東(dong)部(bu)分地區農村(cun),這(zhe)一(yi)天有“撒(sa)灰(hui)(hui)引龍”、“打灰(hui)(hui)囤(dun)”的習(xi)俗。這(zhe)一(yi)天,天還蒙(meng)蒙(meng)亮(liang)的時候,家家戶戶就開始撒(sa)灰(hui)(hui)了,用簸箕(ji)盛著(zhu)(zhu)草木灰(hui)(hui),沿(yan)著(zhu)(zhu)自家房子外圍(wei)(wei)墻(qiang)根密密的撒(sa)一(yi)圈(quan),因為這(zhe)條(tiao)灰(hui)(hui)線又細又長,形似(si)傳說中的龍,所以(yi)這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)(ge)舉動(dong)也(ye)被叫做“撒(sa)灰(hui)(hui)引龍”,寓(yu)意(yi)把象征吉祥的龍請到(dao)家里(li)。除此之外,家家戶戶還會在門前、場院(yuan)用草木灰(hui)(hui)圍(wei)(wei)成一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)個(ge)(ge)(ge)圓圈(quan),中間(jian)放上五谷(gu)、硬幣。代表(biao)著(zhu)(zhu)糧食屯、錢屯,有的囤(dun)外再(zai)畫上梯子,以(yi)表(biao)明囤(dun)的高大(da)。一(yi)邊(bian)用灰(hui)(hui)畫圈(quan)還一(yi)面(mian)嘴里(li)念叨著(zhu)(zhu):“二月二、打簸箕(ji),大(da)囤(dun)滿(man)、小囤(dun)漾”,希望來年家里(li)糧食豐收,財源滾滾。
實際上,撒(sa)灰除了(le)象征意(yi)義,在(zai)實際中(zhong)也是有用的(de),在(zai)農村,舊式的(de)農家房(fang)(fang)屋(wu)為土(tu)(tu)木建筑(zhu),房(fang)(fang)舍墻體(ti)或(huo)由土(tu)(tu)墼壘砌,寒(han)冬里,墻縫、炕縫自(zi)然成了(le)蝎(xie)子、蚰蜒、“草(cao)鞋底”等(deng)毒(du)蟲蟄(zhe)伏(fu)之處。驚蟄(zhe)以后,這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)毒(du)蟲伺機出動,危(wei)害人身(shen)。二(er)月二(er)當天,村民便在(zai)炕墻下面(mian)及房(fang)(fang)屋(wu)墻根(gen)底下撒(sa)上點草(cao)木灰,也有熏蟲辟邪的(de)作用。臨沂一(yi)些(xie)(xie)地(di)方這(zhe)一(yi)天舉辦土(tu)(tu)地(di)會(hui),農戶湊錢為土(tu)(tu)地(di)爺過(guo)生日(ri),到(dao)土(tu)(tu)地(di)廟燒香祭祀、敲鑼鼓、放鞭炮,以求土(tu)(tu)地(di)爺保佑有個好收成。
剃龍頭
二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)初(chu)二(er)(er)(er),民間(jian)最(zui)大(da)的(de)習俗是(shi)“剃龍(long)頭”,不(bu)(bu)管是(shi)老人小(xiao)孩,剪發、修容,讓自(zi)己煥然一新,預示著可以求得(de)一年(nian)的(de)好運。從一大(da)早開始,一些理(li)發店(dian)里就人來人往,顧客迎(ying)門,理(li)發師們都忙得(de)不(bu)(bu)亦(yi)樂(le)乎。許多(duo)人之所(suo)以選在(zai)(zai)這天剪發,是(shi)因為(wei)民間(jian)有習俗,正月(yue)(yue)剃頭不(bu)(bu)吉利,所(suo)以很多(duo)人普遍是(shi)在(zai)(zai)年(nian)前理(li)一次發,然后一直(zhi)等到(dao)二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)(er)才“理(li)發去舊”。
吃豆子、攤煎餅(bing),舞龍(long)燈(deng)
二(er)月(yue)二(er)這天,山(shan)東(dong)傳統民俗,這一天要(yao)吃炒黃豆、炒豆萁(ji),也都有攤煎餅的習俗。祈求(qiu)今年五谷豐登,有個好收成。不少地(di)方還有舞龍燈等活動,為的就是祈福送福。
吃春餅
二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)日既然(ran)是(shi)“龍抬頭”之時(shi),許多食(shi)品就(jiu)與龍牽扯在一起。北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)民俗食(shi)品,一種烙(luo)得很薄(bo)的(de)面(mian)餅(bing)(bing)(bing),又(you)稱薄(bo)餅(bing)(bing)(bing)。北(bei)(bei)方地區還(huan)時(shi)興食(shi)用面(mian)條、水餃等。每(mei)年立(li)(li)春(chun)(chun)(chun)日,北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)人都要(yao)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)(chun)(chun)餅(bing)(bing)(bing),名(ming)曰“咬春(chun)(chun)(chun)”。農歷二(er)(er)月初(chu)二(er)(er),這一天北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)人也要(yao)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)(chun)(chun)餅(bing)(bing)(bing),名(ming)曰“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)龍鱗”。春(chun)(chun)(chun)餅(bing)(bing)(bing)比吃(chi)(chi)(chi)烤鴨的(de)薄(bo)餅(bing)(bing)(bing)要(yao)大,并且有(you)韌性(北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)人稱為(wei)要(yao)有(you)“骨立(li)(li)勁(jing)兒”),因為(wei)要(yao)卷很多菜吃(chi)(chi)(chi)。昔日,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)(chun)(chun)餅(bing)(bing)(bing)時(shi)講(jiang)究(jiu)到盒(he)子(zi)鋪去叫“蘇(su)盤”(又(you)稱盒(he)子(zi)菜)。吃(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)(chun)(chun)餅(bing)(bing)(bing)時(shi),全家(jia)圍坐(zuo)一起,把烙(luo)好的(de)春(chun)(chun)(chun)餅(bing)(bing)(bing)放在蒸鍋里,隨吃(chi)(chi)(chi)隨拿,為(wei)的(de)是(shi)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)個熱(re)乎(hu)勁(jing)兒。若在二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)這一天吃(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)(chun)(chun)餅(bing)(bing)(bing),北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)人還(huan)講(jiang)究(jiu)把出(chu)嫁的(de)姑(gu)娘接(jie)回家(jia)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)春(chun)(chun)(chun)餅(bing)(bing)(bing)。
吃“驢打滾”
老北京的習俗,人們喜歡在農歷(li)二月二買“驢(lv)打(da)滾”品嘗。黃豆(dou)粉面裹豆(dou)沙(sha)餡(xian)兒的驢(lv)打(da)滾外形圓(yuan)潤,有“財源滾滾”的吉祥含義。
照房梁、驅蟲
在(zai)北(bei)(bei)京民(min)間有民(min)諺說“二(er)月(yue)二(er),照(zhao)房(fang)梁,蝎子蜈蚣(gong)無(wu)處藏”,老(lao)百姓要在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)天驅除(chu)害(hai)蟲,點著蠟(la)燭(zhu),照(zhao)著房(fang)梁和墻壁(bi)驅除(chu)蝎子、蜈蚣(gong)等(deng),這(zhe)(zhe)些蟲兒一見亮光就掉(diao)下(xia)來(lai)被消(xiao)滅了。龍抬(tai)頭(tou)這(zhe)(zhe)一天進行驅蟲活(huo)動(dong)(dong)的習俗(su)主要流行于我國北(bei)(bei)方地區。二(er)月(yue)二(er)時各種昆蟲包括毒蟲的活(huo)動(dong)(dong)開始頻(pin)繁,為(wei)了避免(mian)毒蟲的傷害(hai),人們舉行一些含有驅蟲意(yi)味(wei)的活(huo)動(dong)(dong)。如用棍棒、掃帚(zhou)或(huo)者鞋子敲打梁頭(tou)、墻壁(bi)、門(men)戶(hu)、床(chuang)炕(kang)等(deng),以避蛇蝎、蚰蜒、老(lao)鼠等(deng)蟲物。通常還要念吟唱歌謠,如“二(er)月(yue)二(er),龍抬(tai)頭(tou),蝎子、蜈蚣(gong)不露(lu)頭(tou)。”(天津)。”
在晉西北地(di)區,人們盛行“司錢龍(long)”,早(zao)上太陽未出山,家家戶戶提一(yi)(yi)把茶壺,到河邊或(huo)井上去汲水(shui)(shui)。按照(zhao)這一(yi)(yi)年幾(ji)(ji)龍(long)治水(shui)(shui)的推算,在茶壺內放(fang)幾(ji)(ji)枚銅錢或(huo)硬幣。汲水(shui)(shui)以(yi)后(hou),隨(sui)走隨(sui)傾地(di)灑一(yi)(yi)條水(shui)(shui)跡(ji)回到家中,將余(yu)下的水(shui)(shui)與錢全(quan)部(bu)倒入水(shui)(shui)缸,錢龍(long)就引(yin)回家來了(le),意喻一(yi)(yi)年發財。“引(yin)錢龍(long)”時特別忌說話,以(yi)免驚跑了(le)錢龍(long)。
晉西北(bei)一(yi)些地方的引錢(qian)龍,選擇一(yi)棵大(da)(da)樹或一(yi)塊(kuai)大(da)(da)石,用(yong)灰(hui)線(xian)(xian)圍灑一(yi)圈(quan)。再用(yong)紅線(xian)(xian)拴(shuan)一(yi)枚銅錢(qian),先(xian)將銅錢(qian)置放在(zai)灰(hui)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)內,手拉線(xian)(xian)牽(qian)回家中(zhong),用(yong)容器蓋(gai)住即(ji)成。
另(ling)一習俗是(shi)驅毒活動。俗話(hua)說:“驚蟄(zhe)過,百(bai)蟲蘇(su)。”《陽(yang)城縣(xian)志(zhi)》載(zai):“百(bai)蟄(zhe)初驚,懸(xuan)天師符以辟(pi)蟲毒。”
陜西西安(an)地(di)區這一(yi)(yi)天,一(yi)(yi)般是外(wai)婆(舅(jiu)家)給(gei)外(wai)甥(女)送爆米花(hua)及餑(bo)(bo)餑(bo)(bo)饃(mo)。媽媽會前一(yi)(yi)天炒好齊子(zi)豆,準(zhun)備給(gei)家里(li)人。齊子(zi)豆是用油、水和面,然后切(qie)成小的立(li)方體,再用油炒了。有的地(di)方會把花(hua)生和齊子(zi)豆一(yi)(yi)齊炒。
二月二在河北,農村早(zao)起有(you)(you)挑(tiao)龍蛋的風俗,天還沒有(you)(you)亮的時(shi)候,男主人用水桶從村里(li)的水井里(li)打水,相(xiang)傳二月二的水井里(li)會有(you)(you)龍蛋,挑(tiao)回家里(li)以求風調(diao)雨順,取吉祥(xiang)之意。
邯鄲:吃“龍(long)須面”;“龍(long)耳”、“龍(long)角”(餃子(zi));“龍(long)子(zi)”(米飯(fan));“龍(long)拿珠(zhu)”(混沌面);“食龍(long)頭(tou)”(豬頭(tou))。每(mei)逢農歷二(er)月初二(er),磁州(zhou)附近山村有姑(gu)娘(niang)們過(guo)乞巧(qiao)(qiao)節的習俗(su)(su)。這一天,姑(gu)娘(niang)們可自(zi)由(you)結伴,穿上好(hao)衣裳,帶(dai)好(hao)小米、白面、油、鹽及鍋(guo)、碗、盆、勺等(deng)工具,一起上山野(ye)餐(can),這就(jiu)是(shi)磁州(zhou)古時(shi)流傳下來的"姑(gu)娘(niang)二(er)月二(er)吃乞巧(qiao)(qiao)飯(fan)"習俗(su)(su)。
石(shi)家莊(zhuang):吃(chi)麻花,豬頭(tou)肉,餃子(zi)。那(nei)邊是要吃(chi)那(nei)種面片(pian),石(shi)家莊(zhuang)人(ren)叫咸食(shi),混著雞蛋(dan)和面粉香(xiang)味(wei)的(de)面片(pian)香(xiang);也有叫菜餅(bing)子(zi)的(de),就(jiu)是把在地窖里藏(zang)了(le)一冬天的(de)蘿卜挖出(chu)(chu)來(lai),切(qie)成(cheng)絲和面和到一起,烙(luo)出(chu)(chu)來(lai)的(de)餅(bing),沾著蒜(suan)泥和醋(cu),很多(duo)(duo)人(ren)吃(chi)不習慣,不過這么多(duo)(duo)年的(de)風俗沿襲下來(lai),而且還一直(zhi)能(neng)傳承下去(qu)。
承德:早(zao)起(qi)煎(jian)(jian)餅(bing)早(zao)起(qi)煎(jian)(jian)餅(bing)午餃子(zi)煎(jian)(jian)肉片煎(jian)(jian)魚(yu):二月二炸魚(yu)煎(jian)(jian)肉,這叫“熏蟲兒”。因為二月二正值(zhi)驚蟄(zhe)前后,百蟲蠢動,疫病易生,人(ren)們祈(qi)望用這香味熏醒傳說中的龍鎮住毒蟲,吃豬頭肉。
滄州:吃龍拿珠,就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)面條和餃子(zi)(zi)一起(qi)下鍋煮,煮熟了再吃。吃餃子(zi)(zi)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)龍耳(er)朵(duo)的意思(si)或面條就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)龍須子(zi)(zi)意思(si)。吃龍鱗餅。
奉祀土地公
南方(fang)”二(er)月二(er)“主(zhu)要(yao)以(yi)祭社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地神(shen)(shen)(shen))習(xi)俗(su)為(wei)主(zhu),祭龍習(xi)俗(su)主(zhu)要(yao)在龍升天(tian)的(de)(de)仲夏端午。在浙江、福建、廣(guang)東、廣(guang)西等(deng)地區,既有龍抬頭節(jie)(jie)習(xi)俗(su),又以(yi)祭社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)為(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)習(xi)俗(su)。由(you)于(yu)”地載萬物(wu)“、”聚(ju)財于(yu)地“,我(wo)國南方(fang)普遍奉祀土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地神(shen)(shen)(shen),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地神(shen)(shen)(shen)又稱”社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)“、”社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)神(shen)(shen)(shen)“、”土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)“、“土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地公”、”福德(de)正神(shen)(shen)(shen)“,客家人(ren)稱”土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地伯公“。”二(er)月二(er)“(古(gu)時春(chun)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)是立春(chun)后第五(wu)個戊日(ri)(ri),秋社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)是立秋后第五(wu)個戊日(ri)(ri))社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)日(ri)(ri)節(jie)(jie)主(zhu)要(yao)是祭祀土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地和聚(ju)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會飲,借敬神(shen)(shen)(shen)、娛神(shen)(shen)(shen)而娛人(ren)。從上古(gu)開(kai)始,社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)神(shen)(shen)(shen)就成為(wei)了祭祀系統中(zhong)的(de)(de)祀典之神(shen)(shen)(shen)。時至今日(ri)(ri),古(gu)老的(de)(de)“社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)神(shen)(shen)(shen)”已有了很多變化,但祭祀土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地神(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)習(xi)俗(su)一(yi)直保留下來,并隨著華人(ren)的(de)(de)遷徙,在泰國,新加坡,馬來西亞(ya)等(deng)東南亞(ya)國家也開(kai)花(hua)結果,落地生根。
分祭豬肉
分祭肉,聚(ju)(ju)眾宴(yan)飲(yin),奏(zou)樂歡(huan)娛(yu)。社(she)祭作為民眾歡(huan)聚(ju)(ju)節日的(de)(de)習俗(su),在龍抬(tai)頭這(zhe)天(tian)也會上(shang)演。《廣(guang)州(zhou)府志(zhi)》引(yin)《番禺(yu)志(zhi)》載:“二月(yue)二日土地會,大小衙署(shu)及(ji)街巷無不召(zhao)梨園(yuan)奏(zou)樂娛(yu)神。”昔(xi)日那祭社(she)的(de)(de)盛況及(ji)人們(men)聚(ju)(ju)眾宴(yan)飲(yin)的(de)(de)歡(huan)娛(yu)場面,在這(zhe)些記載中可見一(yi)斑(ban)。?
開筆禮
“二(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er),龍(long)抬頭(tou),龍(long)不抬頭(tou)我抬頭(tou)。”在傳統習俗里(li),為取龍(long)抬頭(tou)之(zhi)吉(ji)兆。兒童在二(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)這天,會(hui)舉行“開筆禮”,過去私塾先生多在這一天收學生,謂之(zhi)“占鰲頭(tou)”。人們希望通過這種方式(shi),祝愿(yuan)每一個孩子長大后斷文識字。
起龍船
在龍(long)抬(tai)頭這天,廣東一些地方(fang)有“起(qi)龍(long)船(chuan)”的(de)活動,眾人跳入(ru)水(shui)中“起(qi)龍(long)船(chuan)”,請龍(long)出水(shui)、清洗龍(long)船(chuan)、試(shi)扒龍(long)船(chuan)。人們選擇(ze)這天作為傳統“起(qi)龍(long)船(chuan)”的(de)日子(zi),是為了顯(xian)示(shi)百姓對龍(long)舟的(de)尊(zun)重,以(yi)及(ji)祈(qi)求事事順利的(de)心愿。
敬龍神
在(zai)過去,潮州有“迎(ying)青(qing)龍(long)”之俗,是(shi)以青(qing)色蛇為(wei)青(qing)龍(long),用(yong)彩(cai)車、彩(cai)隊扛了游(you)巡,這是(shi)敬祭龍(long)神的遺(yi)風(feng)。
剪龍頭
一直流傳(chuan)著二月(yue)二“剪(jian)龍頭”的習俗,這天大人、孩子(zi)都(dou)剃(ti)頭,叫“剃(ti)喜頭”。特別是男孩子(zi),都(dou)要(yao)理(li)發,謂之“剪(jian)龍頭”,據說在這一天理(li)發能(neng)夠帶(dai)來一年的好運(yun)(yun),也有要(yao)想鴻運(yun)(yun)當剃(ti)頭的寓意(yi)。
炮會
二月(yue)二土(tu)地(di)神誕(dan)辰,在(zai)廣東部分地(di)區,當地(di)男女老少會用震天的鞭(bian)炮祈(qi)求風調雨順、五(wu)谷(gu)豐登(deng),這一習俗被(bei)人(ren)們稱作“炮會”。
龍食
由于人們(men)對龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)崇拜,龍(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)頭這天人們(men)要吃(chi)有“龍(long)(long)(long)”字的(de)(de)食品(pin)來沾“龍(long)(long)(long)氣”,所(suo)以龍(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)頭風(feng)味食物大都(dou)以“龍(long)(long)(long)”來命(ming)名。面(mian)條稱作“龍(long)(long)(long)須面(mian)”、面(mian)餅(bing)稱作“龍(long)(long)(long)鱗餅(bing)”……,人們(men)希望以此(ci)祈求龍(long)(long)(long)王(wang)保佑一年風(feng)調雨(yu)順。
浙(zhe)南:泗(si)溪(xi)二月(yue)二廟會,地處浙(zhe)江南部的(de)(de)(de)泰順縣泗(si)溪(xi)鎮是(shi)著名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)廊橋之鄉(xiang),世界最(zui)美廊橋“姊妹橋”的(de)(de)(de)所(suo)在(zai)地,這(zhe)里(li)山清水秀,空氣清新。在(zai)泗(si)溪(xi)鎮白粉(fen)(fen)墻村有著近三百(bai)年(nian)歷(li)史的(de)(de)(de)二月(yue)二祈福(fu)廟會活動(dong)(dong),每年(nian)農歷(li)二月(yue)初二這(zhe)天(tian),白粉(fen)(fen)墻村都(dou)要在(zai)本村的(de)(de)(de)“陳十四娘娘”廟舉(ju)行(xing)二月(yue)二廟會(祈福(fu)活動(dong)(dong))。該習俗興起于清朝(chao)雍(yong)正年(nian)間,俗稱“做(zuo)福(fu)”或“福(fu)酒”,從清代至(zhi)民(min)國(guo)“二月(yue)二”廟會活動(dong)(dong)發展到鼎盛(sheng),前(qian)往參加“福(fu)宴”的(de)(de)(de)人群除本境鄉(xiang)民(min),更多的(de)(de)(de)來客都(dou)是(shi)從十鄉(xiang)八里(li)之外慕名(ming)面來,可謂盛(sheng)況空前(qian)。廟會活動(dong)(dong)內容精彩,其中最(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)地方特(te)色是(shi)“娘娘踩街”、“福(fu)宴”和浙(zhe)南木偶戲。
唐山(shan)遷安(an)(an):遷安(an)(an)地區的風俗是登(deng)山(shan)。
江蘇南(nan)通:民間(jian)有用(yong)面(mian)粉制作壽桃(tao)、牲(sheng)畜(chu),蒸熟后插在(zai)(zai)(zai)竹(zhu)簽上(shang)(shang),晚上(shang)(shang)再插在(zai)(zai)(zai)田(tian)間(jian),認為這(zhe)是(shi)供百(bai)蟲(chong)之神和(he)祭祀(si)祖(zu)先(xian)的(de)(de)食品,祈求祖(zu)先(xian)驅趕蟲(chong)災,也希(xi)望(wang)百(bai)蟲(chong)之神不(bu)要(yao)(yao)危害莊稼。山東日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)濰坊地(di)(di)區農村會用(yong)草木(mu)灰在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)上(shang)(shang)畫谷倉糧(liang)倉,在(zai)(zai)(zai)倉內撒上(shang)(shang)五谷,祈禱新一(yi)年谷糧(liang)滿倉。并(bing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)一(yi)天(tian)(tian)炒(chao)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)豆,(白(bai)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)、冰糖(tang)(tang)(tang)和(he)花(hua)生一(yi)起(qi)炒(chao))吃糖(tang)(tang)(tang)豆。是(shi)日(ri),各地(di)(di)普遍把食品名稱(cheng)加上(shang)(shang)“龍(long)(long)”的(de)(de)頭(tou)(tou)銜,吃水餃叫(jiao)吃“龍(long)(long)耳”,吃春餅叫(jiao)吃“龍(long)(long)鱗(lin)”,吃面(mian)條叫(jiao)食“龍(long)(long)須”,吃米飯(fan)叫(jiao)吃“龍(long)(long)子(zi)”,吃餛飩叫(jiao)吃“龍(long)(long)眼(yan)”等(deng)。婦(fu)(fu)女(nv)們在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)一(yi)天(tian)(tian)不(bu)能做針線活,因為蒼龍(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)一(yi)天(tian)(tian)要(yao)(yao)抬(tai)頭(tou)(tou)觀(guan)望(wang)天(tian)(tian)下(xia),使用(yong)針會刺(ci)傷龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)眼(yan)睛。婦(fu)(fu)女(nv)起(qi)床前,先(xian)念“二月(yue)二,龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)(tou),龍(long)(long)不(bu)抬(tai)頭(tou)(tou)我抬(tai)頭(tou)(tou)”。起(qi)床后還要(yao)(yao)打著燈籠照(zhao)(zhao)房梁(liang),邊照(zhao)(zhao)邊念“二月(yue)二,照(zhao)(zhao)房梁(liang),蝎子(zi)蜈蚣無(wu)處藏”。有的(de)(de)地(di)(di)方婦(fu)(fu)女(nv)停止洗(xi)衣服,怕傷了(le)龍(long)(long)皮,等(deng)等(deng)。山東菏澤民間(jian)習俗是(shi)二月(yue)二這(zhe)天(tian)(tian)炒(chao)鹽水黃豆,讓黃豆開花(hua)。
福建莆(pu)(pu)(pu)田:莆(pu)(pu)(pu)田民(min)間有“二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er),龍(long)抬頭,打牙(ya)(ya)祭(ji),大聚餐(can)”之俗(su)。農歷二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)初(chu)(chu)二(er)(er)(er),俗(su)稱“二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)”,莆(pu)(pu)(pu)仙人稱二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)為“頭牙(ya)(ya)”,而且與臘月(yue)十六的(de)(de)“尾牙(ya)(ya)”同等重視(shi)。按(an)地方(fang)方(fang)言,“做(zuo)牙(ya)(ya)”也叫“打牙(ya)(ya)祭(ji)”。所謂“打牙(ya)(ya)祭(ji)”,在(zai)(zai)《現代漢語(yu)詞典》注(zhu)解說:“原指每逢月(yue)初(chu)(chu)、月(yue)中吃(chi)一頓有葷菜的(de)(de)飯,后(hou)來泛指偶而吃(chi)一頓豐(feng)盛的(de)(de)飯。”然而,在(zai)(zai)莆(pu)(pu)(pu)仙,整個正(zheng)月(yue)里鬧元宵(xiao),都(dou)有“豐(feng)盛的(de)(de)菜肴”,算不上(shang)是“做(zuo)牙(ya)(ya)”“打牙(ya)(ya)祭(ji)”。到二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)初(chu)(chu)二(er)(er)(er),才是一年中“做(zuo)牙(ya)(ya)”的(de)(de)頭一次,所以(yi)稱為“頭牙(ya)(ya)”。“頭牙(ya)(ya)”這(zhe)一天,按(an)傳(chuan)統慣例,各行業(ye)、商店鋪(pu)、包括各戶主,一到黃(huang)昏(hun)前后(hou)時(shi)段(duan),置辦(ban)(ban)果品酒(jiu)肴等,點香燭(zhu)、燒“貢銀(yin)”、放鞭炮(pao)等。城里的(de)(de)把供案擺在(zai)(zai)自家店門前,鄉村(cun)的(de)(de)到田頭、社(she)廟(miao)祭(ji)祀土地神(shen),祈求(qiu)豐(feng)收。然后(hou),以(yi)祭(ji)神(shen)福余,邀(yao)請(qing)雇傭伙友工匠們聚餐(can),未得邀(yao)請(qing)者(zhe),就意味(wei)著被“解雇”。莆(pu)(pu)(pu)仙村(cun)民(min)凡有雇傭木工、泥工等工匠做(zuo)工的(de)(de)人家,戶主須于二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)初(chu)(chu)二(er)(er)(er)晚上(shang)辦(ban)(ban)酒(jiu)席請(qing)工匠“做(zuo)頭牙(ya)(ya)”。
福(fu)建福(fu)清(qing):江(jiang)陰鎮(zhen)的(de)南(nan)曹村(cun)二月初二日報恩寺桃溪境迎春(chun)神(shen)(shen)游(you)甚為壯觀,人(ren)們裝扮成狀元、榜眼、探花(hua)郎、文武百官,彩旗、腰(yao)鼓(gu)隊、旱船、蚌女、十番、舞龍(long)、舞獅(shi)參游(you)人(ren)數眾多。春(chun)和景明,大地綠遍,到郊外走走,空氣(qi)新鮮,陽光充(chong)足,大氣(qi)中的(de)“長壽素”——陰離子(zi)較多,是調整人(ren)體代謝的(de)天然(ran)“藥物(wu)”,更是治療精神(shen)(shen)緊張的(de)理想“解毒劑”。村(cun)民(min)們以淳樸的(de)情(qing)懷用古老(lao)傳統的(de)方式迎接著新一年(nian)的(de)平(ping)安與(yu)豐收,祈(qi)盼著風調雨順、五谷(gu)豐登、繁榮(rong)昌盛(sheng)。
傳(chuan)說(shuo)堯(yao)王(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)父親(qin)帝(di)嚳(帝(di)俊)共(gong)有(you)四個(ge)王(wang)(wang)(wang)妃(fei):姜嫄(jiāng yuán)、簡狄(di)(jiǎn dí)、慶(qing)(qing)都(dou)(dou)、常(chang)儀。本來常(chang)儀的(de)地(di)(di)位(wei)最低(di),可自從(cong)(cong)(cong)生了(le)(le)兒(er)子(zi)(zi),眾人就另眼相看(kan)了(le)(le)。慶(qing)(qing)都(dou)(dou)一(yi)直為(wei)沒(mei)有(you)兒(er)子(zi)(zi)煩惱。有(you)人告(gao)訴她,神(shen)母廟求(qiu)子(zi)(zi)很靈驗,只要真心實意(yi),沒(mei)有(you)不(bu)成的(de)。慶(qing)(qing)都(dou)(dou)照女巫說(shuo)的(de),在(zai)元宵(xiao)節(jie)的(de)晚飯后,去廟里擺上供品,然(ran)后恭(gong)恭(gong)敬(jing)敬(jing)地(di)(di)磕(ke)了(le)(le)仨頭,雙手合十,祈求(qiu)神(shen)靈賜子(zi)(zi)。話分兩頭說(shuo)。有(you)年大(da)旱,百姓生活困(kun)苦。天上有(you)條赤(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long),看(kan)見人間的(de)凄慘境況,產生了(le)(le)憐憫之心,私下(xia)里下(xia)了(le)(le)一(yi)場雨(yu)。這(zhe)事被玉皇(huang)大(da)帝(di)知(zhi)道了(le)(le),就把赤(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)壓在(zai)了(le)(le)一(yi)座山底下(xia)。百姓為(wei)赤(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)求(qiu)情,玉皇(huang)大(da)帝(di)發話說(shuo):“除(chu)非金(jin)豆(dou)子(zi)(zi)開花(hua)。”到(dao)了(le)(le)二(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)這(zhe)天,不(bu)知(zhi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)哪(na)里來了(le)(le)個(ge)老媽媽,一(yi)個(ge)勁(jing)地(di)(di)喊:“賣金(jin)豆(dou)子(zi)(zi)!”人們很納悶(men),買回家(jia)一(yi)看(kan),是(shi)(shi)些(xie)黃(huang)豆(dou)。這(zhe)些(xie)黃(huang)豆(dou)放在(zai)鍋里一(yi)炒(chao),噼里啪啦地(di)(di)開了(le)(le)花(hua)。玉帝(di)得(de)知(zhi),只得(de)把那條赤(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)放了(le)(le)出來,貶下(xia)凡間。慶(qing)(qing)都(dou)(dou)從(cong)(cong)(cong)神(shen)母廟求(qiu)子(zi)(zi)后,就天天盼(pan)著好消息(xi)。一(yi)天夜里,她夢見一(yi)條赤(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)追(zhui)隨,從(cong)(cong)(cong)此(ci),就懷孕了(le)(le)。到(dao)了(le)(le)第二(er)(er)(er)年的(de)二(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er),先是(shi)(shi)電閃雷鳴(ming),后又艷陽(yang)高照。院子(zi)(zi)里一(yi)道金(jin)光照耀,孩(hai)子(zi)(zi)降生了(le)(le),起名叫放勛,就是(shi)(shi)后來的(de)堯(yao)王(wang)(wang)(wang)。放勛聰明伶俐,從(cong)(cong)(cong)小就惹人喜愛(ai),長(chang)大(da)當了(le)(le)帝(di)王(wang)(wang)(wang)后,每到(dao)二(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)這(zhe)天,就同(tong)百姓一(yi)起耕(geng)田。帝(di)王(wang)(wang)(wang)耕(geng)田的(de)習俗就這(zhe)樣傳(chuan)了(le)(le)下(xia)來。每逢過年的(de)時候,集上賣的(de)木版年畫,“皇(huang)帝(di)爺爺使金(jin)牛”,就是(shi)(shi)由此(ci)而來。對(dui)于堯(yao)王(wang)(wang)(wang)出世大(da)家(jia)都(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)眾說(shuo)紛(fen)紜,后世編一(yi)段(duan):金(jin)豆(dou)開花(hua)赤(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)遂抬頭二(er)(er)(er)月初二(er)(er)(er)堯(yao)王(wang)(wang)(wang)喜出世。
傳說(shuo)龍抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)節起源(yuan)于伏(fu)羲(xi)氏時代,伏(fu)羲(xi)“重(zhong)(zhong)農桑,務(wu)耕田”,每(mei)年農歷二(er)月初(chu)二(er)這(zhe)天“皇(huang)娘送(song)飯,御(yu)駕(jia)親耕”,自理(li)一畝(mu)(mu)三分地(di)。后來黃帝、唐堯、虞舜、夏禹紛紛效法(fa)先王(wang)。到周武(wu)王(wang)時期,不僅(jin)沿(yan)襲了這(zhe)一傳統(tong)作法(fa),而且還當作一項重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的國策來實行(xing)。于每(mei)年農歷二(er)月初(chu)二(er),舉行(xing)重(zhong)(zhong)大儀式,讓文武(wu)百官都親耕一畝(mu)(mu)三分地(di)。據說(shuo),這(zhe)便是龍抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)節的由來。
在我國北方民(min)間(jian)還流傳(chuan)著這樣(yang)一個故事(shi)。說武(wu)(wu)則天(tian)當上(shang)皇帝(di),惹惱了玉(yu)(yu)(yu)皇大(da)(da)帝(di),傳(chuan)諭(yu)四海龍(long)王(wang),三年內不(bu)得(de)向人(ren)(ren)間(jian)降雨。不(bu)久,司管天(tian)河的龍(long)王(wang)聽見(jian)民(min)間(jian)人(ren)(ren)家(jia)(jia)(jia)的哭聲(sheng),看(kan)見(jian)餓(e)死人(ren)(ren)的慘景,擔心人(ren)(ren)間(jian)生路斷絕,便(bian)違抗玉(yu)(yu)(yu)帝(di)的旨意,為(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)間(jian)降了一次雨。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)帝(di)得(de)知,把龍(long)王(wang)打下(xia)凡間(jian),壓在一座大(da)(da)山下(xia)受罪,山上(shang)立碑:“龍(long)王(wang)降雨犯天(tian)規,當受人(ren)(ren)間(jian)千秋罪;要想重(zhong)登靈霄閣(ge),除非(fei)金(jin)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)時。”人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)了拯救龍(long)王(wang),到(dao)(dao)處找(zhao)開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)的金(jin)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)。到(dao)(dao)次年農(nong)歷二月(yue)初(chu)二,人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)正在翻(fan)曬(shai)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)時,想到(dao)(dao)這玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)就(jiu)像金(jin)豆(dou)(dou)(dou),炒一炒開(kai)(kai)了花(hua)(hua)不(bu)就(jiu)是金(jin)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)嗎?于是家(jia)(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)(jia)戶戶爆玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)花(hua)(hua),并在院子(zi)(zi)里(li)設案焚香,供上(shang)開(kai)(kai)了花(hua)(hua)的“金(jin)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)”。(傳(chuan)說有誤,武(wu)(wu)則天(tian)是唐朝時期人(ren)(ren)物,玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)是明(ming)朝才傳(chuan)入中國的,那時哪里(li)來玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)?)龍(long)王(wang)抬頭一看(kan),知道(dao)百姓救它,便(bian)大(da)(da)聲(sheng)向玉(yu)(yu)(yu)帝(di)喊道(dao):“金(jin)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)了,快放我出(chu)去!”玉(yu)(yu)(yu)帝(di)一看(kan)人(ren)(ren)間(jian)家(jia)(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)(jia)戶戶院里(li)金(jin)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)花(hua)(hua)開(kai)(kai)放,只好傳(chuan)諭(yu),詔(zhao)龍(long)王(wang)回到(dao)(dao)天(tian)庭,繼(ji)續給人(ren)(ren)間(jian)興(xing)云布雨。從(cong)此(ci),民(min)間(jian)形成(cheng)習慣,每到(dao)(dao)二月(yue)初(chu)二這一天(tian),就(jiu)爆玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米(mi)花(hua)(hua)吃(chi)。