“龍(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)頭”的(de)(de)(de)說辭,來自古老的(de)(de)(de)天文學,上(shang)古時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)人們(men)選擇黃道(dao)赤(chi)道(dao)附近的(de)(de)(de)二十八個(ge)(ge)(ge)組星(xing)(xing)象(xiang)作為坐標,以(yi)此作為觀測天象(xiang)參(can)照物。古人根據日月星(xing)(xing)辰的(de)(de)(de)運行軌跡和位置,把黃道(dao)附近的(de)(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)象(xiang)劃(hua)分為二十八組,俗稱“二十八宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”。“宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”表(biao)示居住,因為它們(men)環列(lie)在(zai)(zai)日、月、五(wu)星(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)四方(fang),很像日、月、五(wu)星(xing)(xing)棲宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)場所(suo),所(suo)以(yi)稱作“宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”。“二十八宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”按照東(dong)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)北(bei)四個(ge)(ge)(ge)方(fang)向劃(hua)分為四大組,產生“四象(xiang)”:東(dong)方(fang)蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long),西(xi)(xi)方(fang)白虎,南(nan)方(fang)朱雀(que),北(bei)方(fang)玄武(wu)。在(zai)(zai)東(dong)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)7個(ge)(ge)(ge)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)分別(bie)叫做:“角、亢、氐、房、心(xin)(xin)、尾、箕”,七宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)組成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)形星(xing)(xing)象(xiang),人們(men)稱它為“東(dong)方(fang)蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)”,其(qi)中角宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)龍(long)(long)(long)角,亢宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)咽喉,氐宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)龍(long)(long)(long)爪,心(xin)(xin)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)臟,尾宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)和箕宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)龍(long)(long)(long)尾。在(zai)(zai)冬季(ji),這蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)七宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)都隱(yin)沒在(zai)(zai)北(bei)方(fang)地(di)平線下。仲春(驚蟄至春分間(jian)),角宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(角宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)一(yi)(yi)星(xing)(xing)和角宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)二星(xing)(xing))就從東(dong)方(fang)地(di)平線上(shang)出現了(le),這時(shi)整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)(ge)蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)身子還(huan)隱(yin)沒在(zai)(zai)地(di)平線以(yi)下,只是角宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)初露,故(gu)稱“龍(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)頭”。龍(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)頭是指蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)七宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)群(qun)星(xing)(xing)在(zai)(zai)天空的(de)(de)(de)隱(yin)現變化,并非是真有一(yi)(yi)條動物之龍(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)變換。
蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)沒周期與一年農時(shi)周期相一致。春天(tian)農耕開(kai)始之際,蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)在東方(fang)地(di)(di)(di)平線上開(kai)始慢慢上升(sheng),最先露出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)明亮的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)首—角宿(su);夏天(tian)作(zuo)物(wu)生(sheng)長,蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)高(gao)懸于(yu)(yu)南(nan)方(fang)夜空;而(er)(er)(er)到(dao)了秋天(tian),莊稼豐收,蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)也(ye)開(kai)始在西方(fang)下落;冬(dong)天(tian)萬物(wu)伏藏,蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)則隱(yin)藏于(yu)(yu)北方(fang)地(di)(di)(di)平線以(yi)(yi)下。古人把仲(zhong)(zhong)春時(shi)蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)在東方(fang)地(di)(di)(di)平線上嶄露頭(tou)角稱(cheng)(cheng)為“見龍(long)(long)(long)在田”(即為“龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭(tou)”),仲(zhong)(zhong)夏蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)七(qi)宿(su)升(sheng)至正南(nan)中天(tian)稱(cheng)(cheng)為“飛龍(long)(long)(long)在天(tian)”;此(ci)(ci)外還有“亢龍(long)(long)(long)有悔”、“群龍(long)(long)(long)無首”等,分(fen)別(bie)對(dui)應(ying)各(ge)時(shi)節天(tian)象。龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭(tou)在農耕文(wen)化中標示陽氣(qi)自地(di)(di)(di)底(di)而(er)(er)(er)出(chu),雨水增多(duo),萬物(wu)生(sheng)機盎然(ran),春耕由(you)此(ci)(ci)開(kai)始了。龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭(tou)時(shi)節,我國(guo)長江中下游流(liu)域以(yi)(yi)南(nan)很(hen)多(duo)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)已(yi)開(kai)始進入(ru)雨季(ji),春雷始鳴。元時(shi)期將陰歷“二(er)月二(er)”稱(cheng)(cheng)為龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭(tou),從節氣(qi)上說,“二(er)月初(chu)二(er)”正處在二(er)十四節氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)“雨水”、“驚蟄”、“春分(fen)”之間。與“龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭(tou)”相關的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)動(dong)很(hen)多(duo),但不論哪種方(fang)式(shi),均圍繞美好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)神信仰而(er)(er)(er)展(zhan)開(kai),它是(shi)人們寄托生(sheng)存希望的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)動(dong)。就全國(guo)而(er)(er)(er)言,由(you)于(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)(di)域不同(tong),各(ge)地(di)(di)(di)風俗也(ye)各(ge)有差(cha)異。
龍是中(zhong)國等東亞(ya)區域(yu)古代(dai)神話傳說(shuo)生(sheng)活(huo)于大海(hai)中(zhong)的(de)(de)神異生(sheng)物,司掌行云布雨,是和風化雨的(de)(de)主宰,常(chang)用來(lai)象(xiang)(xiang)征祥瑞。其由來(lai)于自然天(tian)(tian)象(xiang)(xiang)崇拜,與(yu)上古時代(dai)天(tian)(tian)文(wen)學對星辰(chen)運行的(de)(de)認識以(yi)及(ji)農耕文(wen)化有關。古人觀測(ce)天(tian)(tian)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)在于確定時間,從(cong)而(er)為(wei)農業生(sheng)產(chan)提供服務。龍抬(tai)頭是中(zhong)國古代(dai)農耕文(wen)化對于時令的(de)(de)反映,“龍抬(tai)頭”雖有著(zhu)久遠的(de)(de)歷史(shi)源頭,但廣泛流(liu)傳成為(wei)全國性節日并出現在文(wen)獻(xian)上記(ji)載是在元代(dai)之后。
漢代(dai)(dai)是我國南(nan)北各地文化交(jiao)流融合的(de)重要時期,在(zai)漢代(dai)(dai)文獻(xian)出現了龍(long)形象的(de)記載。西漢董仲(zhong)舒的(de)《春秋繁露(lu)》中提(ti)到舞龍(long)求雨(yu)的(de)活(huo)動(dong),直接借(jie)助龍(long)的(de)形象舉(ju)行(xing)求雨(yu)活(huo)動(dong)。在(zai)漢代(dai)(dai)畫像石上也(ye)刻有“戲龍(long)”的(de)舞蹈場面,后世以此作為舞龍(long)燈的(de)濫觴。
唐(tang)時期,在(zai)文(wen)獻上仍(reng)未出現(xian)龍抬頭的(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)俗記載。唐(tang)朝長安(an)人把二月(yue)(yue)朔作為一個特(te)殊的(de)(de)日子(zi)(zi),說(shuo)這(zhe)是“迎富貴(gui)”的(de)(de)日子(zi)(zi),在(zai)這(zhe)一天要吃(chi)“迎富貴(gui)果(guo)子(zi)(zi)”,就是吃(chi)一些點(dian)心類食品。據《唐(tang)書·李(li)泌(mi)傳》記載,唐(tang)中(zhong)葉以(yi)前(qian),在(zai)當時的(de)(de)長安(an)春天只有三個節(jie)(jie)日——正月(yue)(yue)九、正月(yue)(yue)晦(三十日)和(he)三月(yue)(yue)上巳(si)節(jie)(jie),二月(yue)(yue)沒有節(jie)(jie),李(li)泌(mi)上書,廢正月(yue)(yue)晦,以(yi)二月(yue)(yue)一為中(zhong)和(he)節(jie)(jie)(取中(zhong)正、平和(he)之意(yi)),以(yi)示務本(ben)。德宗十分贊(zan)同,并下(xia)令以(yi)正月(yue)(yue)初(chu)九、二月(yue)(yue)朔和(he)三月(yue)(yue)上巳(si)合稱(cheng)三令節(jie)(jie)。
唐德(de)(de)宗(zong)時(shi)期,唐德(de)(de)宗(zong)認為(wei)(wei)(wei),三月有(you)(you)“上巳節(jie)(jie)”,九月有(you)(you)“重陽節(jie)(jie)”,而二(er)月正是天(tian)氣由寒轉暖(nuan)、萬物復(fu)蘇、農事開始之際,卻沒有(you)(you)一個節(jie)(jie)日(ri),實在說(shuo)不過去,于是就征求宰相李(li)泌的(de)意見。李(li)泌覺得德(de)(de)宗(zong)所說(shuo)頗(po)有(you)(you)道(dao)理,為(wei)(wei)(wei)此他(ta)建議(yi):廢除以往正月晦日(ri)(正月最(zui)后一天(tian))為(wei)(wei)(wei)節(jie)(jie)的(de)舊(jiu)例,改貞元五年(790)二(er)月一日(ri)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“中(zhong)和節(jie)(jie)”;這一天(tian),皇帝要(yao)(yao)賜(si)宴(yan)群臣,并(bing)賜(si)給他(ta)們刀、尺,表(biao)示(shi)裁度(du):百官要(yao)(yao)獻農書(shu),表(biao)示(shi)務本(ben);民間(jian)要(yao)(yao)用青色的(de)袋子裝(zhuang)著谷物及瓜果種粒,互(hu)相贈(zeng)送(song)親友;村社居民要(yao)(yao)釀(niang)制宜春酒來祭祀(si)勾(gou)芒神(shen),以祈禱豐收等等。德(de)(de)宗(zong)聽了十(shi)分(fen)高(gao)興,完全(quan)采納了李(li)泌的(de)意見,立即頒布了一道(dao)詔令,以貞元五年二(er)月一日(ri)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)和節(jie)(jie)。唐代宴(yan)會總少不了賦(fu)詩樂舞,中(zhong)和節(jie)(jie)宴(yan)亦(yi)復(fu)如此。
尉(wei)遲(chi)樞《南(nan)梵新聞(wen)》記載說(shuo):“李(li)泌(mi)謂以二月一日為(wei)中和(he)節,人家以青囊盛(sheng)百谷果(guo)實(shi),更相饋遺,務(wu)極新巧,宮中亦然(ran),謂之(zhi)獻生(sheng)子。”可見獻生(sheng)子是中和(he)節活動的主(zhu)要特(te)點(dian)。
宋代時在我國(guo)一(yi)些地方二(er)月初二(er)有(you)“挑菜(cai)”御宴(yan)活動,但(dan)與(yu)“龍(long)”無關。宋人周(zhou)密在《武林舊(jiu)事》中記述南宋時,二(er)月初二(er)這一(yi)天宮中有(you)“挑菜(cai)”御宴(yan)活動。唐宋時文獻所記載的這些地方“二(er)月二(er)”活動并沒有(you)和“龍(long)抬(tai)頭”聯系在一(yi)起。
到(dao)了元時期(qi),在(zai)文獻上,陰歷二(er)月二(er)就明(ming)確作為(wei)“龍(long)抬頭(tou)”了。《析(xi)津(jin)志》在(zai)描(miao)述大(da)都城的風俗時提到(dao),“二(er)月二(er),謂之(zhi)(zhi)龍(long)抬頭(tou)”。這(zhe)天北方地區人們盛行吃面條,稱為(wei)“龍(long)須面”;還(huan)要烙餅,叫作“龍(long)鱗”;若(ruo)包餃子(zi),則稱為(wei)“龍(long)牙”。總之(zhi)(zhi)所吃的食物都要以龍(long)體部(bu)位(wei)命名。
明代以后,“二(er)月二(er)”又(you)(you)有(you)關于龍(long)(long)抬頭(tou)的諸多習俗(su)記(ji)載,諸如撒灰引龍(long)(long)、扶龍(long)(long)、熏蟲避蝎、剃龍(long)(long)頭(tou)、忌針刺(ci)龍(long)(long)眼等節(jie)俗(su),故(gu)稱(cheng)龍(long)(long)抬頭(tou)日。元費著(zhu)《歲華(hua)紀麗譜(pu)》:“二(er)月二(er)日踏(ta)青節(jie),韌郡人游賞散四(si)郊。……”。又(you)(you)汪灝(hao)《廣群芳譜(pu)天時譜(pu)》引《翰(han)墨記(ji)》:“洛陽(yang)風俗(su),以二(er)月二(er)日為花朝節(jie),士(shi)庶游玩,又(you)(you)為挑菜節(jie)。”
明(ming)時期還在(zai)二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)還增添了(le)“熏蟲”、“炒豆(dou)”的(de)活動。明(ming)人的(de)《帝京景物略》中(zhong)說:“二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)日曰(yue)龍(long)抬頭……熏床炕,曰(yue)熏蟲,為引(yin)龍(long)蟲不出也。”
清(qing)康熙時的(de)《大興縣志(zhi)》記載,“二(er)月二(er),家各為葷素(su)餅(bing),以油(you)烹而食之(zhi),曰熏(xun)蟲(chong)。”清(qing)咸豐(feng)《武定府志(zhi)》:“……以二(er)月二(er)日(ri)為春龍(long)(long)(long)(long)節,取灶灰(hui)圍屋如龍(long)(long)(long)(long)蛇(she)狀,名曰引錢龍(long)(long)(long)(long),招福祥也。清(qing)末的(de)《燕京歲時記》說:“二(er)月二(er)日(ri)……今人呼為龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬頭。是日(ri)食餅(bing)者謂之(zhi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)鱗餅(bing),食面者謂之(zhi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)須(xu)面。閨中停止針線(xian),恐傷(shang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)目也。”這時不僅吃(chi)餅(bing)吃(chi)面條,婦女還不能操做針線(xian)活,怕傷(shang)害了龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)眼(yan)睛(jing)。
龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)本源于(yu)(yu)上古星(xing)(xing)宿崇拜,是(shi)我國(guo)傳統二十八宿天(tian)(tian)(tian)學體(ti)系中(zhong)(zhong)由角(jiao)、亢、氐(di)、房、心、尾六宿星(xing)(xing)官(guan)所(suo)(suo)構成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)形象(xiang)(xiang)。而“見(jian)(jian)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)田”所(suo)(suo)描述的(de)(de)(de)則是(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)伏(fu)沒之(zhi)后,位于(yu)(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)角(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)宿從東方地(di)平(ping)(ping)線(xian)上重新升起的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)象(xiang)(xiang)。《象(xiang)(xiang)》曰:“見(jian)(jian)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)田,德施普(pu)也”。《易(yi)經(jing)·乾(qian)卦(gua)》爻(yao)(yao)辭中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)(suo)言的(de)(de)(de)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”,實質是(shi)對蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)群星(xing)(xing)一年(nian)四(si)時運(yun)行情況(kuang)(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)闡發。“初九(jiu)(jiu),潛(qian)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)勿(wu)用”;冬天(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing),潛(qian)入(ru)北(bei)方地(di)平(ping)(ping)線(xian)下(xia)看不見(jian)(jian),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)無(wu)(wu)用。“九(jiu)(jiu)二,見(jian)(jian)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)田”;仲春(chun)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)從東方地(di)平(ping)(ping)線(xian)上升了(le)起來(lai)(lai),嶄露(lu)頭角(jiao),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)德顯(xian)揚。“九(jiu)(jiu)三,君(jun)子(zi)終日(ri)乾(qian)乾(qian),夕惕若厲,無(wu)(wu)咎”;季春(chun)上不在(zai)(zai)天(tian)(tian)(tian),下(xia)不在(zai)(zai)田,故‘乾(qian)乾(qian)’。“九(jiu)(jiu)四(si),或躍在(zai)(zai)淵”;孟(meng)夏(xia)(xia)為(wei)(wei)春(chun)夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)交,蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)七宿的(de)(de)(de)全體(ti)都擺脫了(le)大地(di)的(de)(de)(de)羈絆,升上夜空。“九(jiu)(jiu)五,飛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)”;仲夏(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)飛躍于(yu)(yu)正(zheng)南中(zhong)(zhong)天(tian)(tian)(tian),故稱(cheng)(cheng)“飛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”。九(jiu)(jiu)五,為(wei)(wei)乾(qian)卦(gua)諸爻(yao)(yao)當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)至吉(ji)的(de)(de)(de)爻(yao)(yao),喻(yu)事物處(chu)于(yu)(yu)最(zui)(zui)鼎盛時期。“上九(jiu)(jiu),亢龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)有悔”;季夏(xia)(xia)為(wei)(wei)夏(xia)(xia)秋之(zhi)交,蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)七宿開始從最(zui)(zui)高點(dian)掉頭向西下(xia)降,故稱(cheng)(cheng)“亢龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”。“用九(jiu)(jiu),群龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)無(wu)(wu)首(shou)”;季秋蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)群星(xing)(xing)前面的(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)個(ge)星(xing)(xing)宿在(zai)(zai)正(zheng)西偏北(bei)隱退潛(qian)入(ru)于(yu)(yu)地(di)面。見(jian)(jian)群龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)無(wu)(wu)首(shou),天(tian)(tian)(tian)德不可為(wei)(wei)首(shou)也,是(shi)吉(ji)利(li)的(de)(de)(de)兆頭。蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)運(yun)行情況(kuang)(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)事象(xiang)(xiang)規律,在(zai)(zai)《易(yi)經(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)現(xian)得淋漓盡致。仲春(chun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)出(chu)現(xian)于(yu)(yu)地(di)表(biao)上,在(zai)(zai)卦(gua)象(xiang)(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)屬吉(ji)兆,乃生發之(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)。在(zai)(zai)農耕(geng)文化中(zhong)(zhong)標示著陽(yang)(yang)氣(qi)自(zi)地(di)底(di)而出(chu),陽(yang)(yang)氣(qi)生發,雨(yu)(yu)水增多,萬物生機(ji)盎然(ran)。在(zai)(zai)人們的(de)(de)(de)信仰(yang)中(zhong)(zhong),“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”是(shi)吉(ji)祥之(zhi)物,司掌(zhang)行云(yun)布(bu)雨(yu)(yu),是(shi)和風(feng)(feng)化雨(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)主宰。自(zi)古以(yi)來(lai)(lai)人們亦將仲春(chun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)出(chu)現(xian)于(yu)(yu)地(di)表(biao)上的(de)(de)(de)日(ri)子(zi)作為(wei)(wei)一個(ge)祈求風(feng)(feng)調雨(yu)(yu)順、驅(qu)邪攘災、納(na)祥轉(zhuan)運(yun)的(de)(de)(de)吉(ji)日(ri)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神驅(qu)邪,百毒不侵(qin);龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神賜福,人畜平(ping)(ping)安;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神發力,生機(ji)勃(bo)(bo)勃(bo)(bo);龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神行云(yun),風(feng)(feng)調雨(yu)(yu)順。
在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)傳(chuan)統文化(hua)(hua)中(zhong),方位是(shi)和(he)星辰歷的干(gan)支(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間以及(ji)八卦(gua)聯系在(zai)一(yi)起(qi)的。當(dang)(dang)斗(dou)柄指向(xiang)正(zheng)東(dong)方,卦(gua)在(zai)震位,是(shi)為(wei)仲(zhong)(zhong)春(chun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue),萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)物之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所出(chu)達也,萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)物出(chu)則天(tian)(tian)(tian)地變(bian)化(hua)(hua)可現矣。故《易·說卦(gua)傳(chuan)》曰(yue)(yue):“帝出(chu)乎(hu)震,齊乎(hu)巽,相(xiang)見乎(hu)離,致役(yi)乎(hu)坤,說言(yan)(yan)乎(hu)兌,戰乎(hu)乾,勞乎(hu)坎,成言(yan)(yan)乎(hu)艮。”按《易經(jing)》理論,斗(dou)指正(zheng)東(dong),卦(gua)象(xiang)為(wei)震,天(tian)(tian)(tian)干(gan)甲乙,地支(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)卯(mao),五(wu)行(xing)(xing)屬木,時(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)仲(zhong)(zhong)春(chun)。當(dang)(dang)其時(shi)(shi)(shi)也,萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)物出(chu)達,生機(ji)勃(bo)勃(bo)。斗(dou)指正(zheng)南,卦(gua)象(xiang)為(wei)離,天(tian)(tian)(tian)干(gan)丙(bing)丁,地支(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)午,五(wu)行(xing)(xing)屬火(huo),時(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)仲(zhong)(zhong)夏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)。當(dang)(dang)其時(shi)(shi)(shi)也,萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)物生長,其勢盛極(ji)。斗(dou)指正(zheng)西,卦(gua)象(xiang)為(wei)兌,天(tian)(tian)(tian)干(gan)庚(geng)辛(xin),地支(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)酉,五(wu)行(xing)(xing)屬金,時(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)仲(zhong)(zhong)秋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)。當(dang)(dang)其時(shi)(shi)(shi)也,萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)物豐收,天(tian)(tian)(tian)氣肅(su)殺。斗(dou)指正(zheng)北,卦(gua)象(xiang)為(wei)坎,天(tian)(tian)(tian)干(gan)壬(ren)癸,地支(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)子,五(wu)行(xing)(xing)屬水,時(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)仲(zhong)(zhong)冬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)。當(dang)(dang)其時(shi)(shi)(shi)也,萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)物閉藏(zang),不相(xiang)見也。
從節(jie)(jie)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)上說,農(nong)歷二月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)初二,正處在(zai)“雨水”、“驚(jing)(jing)蟄”和“春(chun)(chun)分”之間,我國南(nan)方很多地(di)(di)(di)方已開(kai)始(shi)進入雨季。驚(jing)(jing)蟄在(zai)立春(chun)(chun)、雨水之后(hou),是春(chun)(chun)季的(de)(de)第三個(ge)節(jie)(jie)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),也是干支歷卯(mao)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)起始(shi)。卯(mao),冒(mao)也,萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)冒(mao)地(di)(di)(di)而出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu),為生(sheng)發(fa)(fa)之大(da)象(xiang),代(dai)表著(zhu)生(sheng)機茂(mao)發(fa)(fa),如《律書》曰:”卯(mao)之為言茂(mao)也。言萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)茂(mao)也“。由(you)此(ci)可知(zhi),卯(mao)是指萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)從地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)冒(mao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)意思,也就(jiu)(jiu)是草木(mu)都從地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)面冒(mao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)為卯(mao),卯(mao)也就(jiu)(jiu)代(dai)表著(zhu)生(sheng)命力(li),代(dai)表著(zhu)生(sheng)機,所(suo)以(yi)二月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)也是能量迸發(fa)(fa),生(sheng)機開(kai)始(shi)的(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份,預示一(yi)年的(de)(de)農(nong)事(shi)活動即將(jiang)(jiang)開(kai)始(shi)。仲春(chun)(chun)時節(jie)(jie)龍抬頭,萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)復(fu)蘇雨似油;年年角(jiao)宿光明亮,歲歲如意大(da)豐收。一(yi)年十(shi)二個(ge)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),一(yi)個(ge)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)對(dui)(dui)應(ying)(ying)一(yi)卦(gua),卯(mao)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(包括驚(jing)(jing)蟄和春(chun)(chun)分兩個(ge)節(jie)(jie)氣(qi)(qi)(qi))對(dui)(dui)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)是雷(lei)(lei)天大(da)壯(zhuang)一(yi)卦(gua)。大(da)壯(zhuang)卦(gua)的(de)(de)卦(gua)象(xiang)就(jiu)(jiu)是天上開(kai)始(shi)打雷(lei)(lei)了,雷(lei)(lei)在(zai)天上響,非常(chang)形象(xiang)。驚(jing)(jing)蟄就(jiu)(jiu)是春(chun)(chun)天的(de)(de)第一(yi)聲(sheng)驚(jing)(jing)雷(lei)(lei),所(suo)謂“春(chun)(chun)雷(lei)(lei)驚(jing)(jing)百蟲(chong)”,驚(jing)(jing)蟄時節(jie)(jie),春(chun)(chun)雷(lei)(lei)始(shi)響,蟄伏于地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)冬眠的(de)(de)蟄蟲(chong)被雷(lei)(lei)驚(jing)(jing)醒,紛紛破土而出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)。大(da)壯(zhuang)卦(gua)是卯(mao)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(二月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue))的(de)(de)消(xiao)息卦(gua)。“卯(mao)”有茂(mao)盛的(de)(de)意思,卯(mao)的(de)(de)五(wu)行屬木(mu),木(mu)主生(sheng)發(fa)(fa)、生(sheng)長,所(suo)以(yi)大(da)壯(zhuang)卦(gua)對(dui)(dui)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)驚(jing)(jing)蟄節(jie)(jie)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),意味著(zhu)萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)開(kai)始(shi)欣欣向榮,生(sheng)機盎然,大(da)地(di)(di)(di)上將(jiang)(jiang)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現春(chun)(chun)暖花開(kai)的(de)(de)的(de)(de)美好景(jing)象(xiang)。
現代氣(qi)(qi)象科學表明(ming),“驚(jing)蟄(zhe)”前后(hou),之所(suo)以(yi)(yi)偶有(you)雷(lei)聲,是大(da)地(di)濕度(du)漸高而促(cu)使近地(di)面熱(re)氣(qi)(qi)上(shang)升(sheng)或北(bei)(bei)(bei)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)濕熱(re)空氣(qi)(qi)勢力較強與(yu)活動頻繁所(suo)致(zhi)。從我(wo)國(guo)各地(di)自(zi)然物候(hou)進程看(kan),由(you)于南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)跨度(du)大(da),春(chun)雷(lei)始(shi)鳴的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)遲早(zao)不一。就多年平均而言(yan),云南(nan)(nan)南(nan)(nan)部在(zai)1月底前后(hou)即可聞雷(lei),而北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)的(de)(de)(de)初(chu)雷(lei)日卻在(zai)4月下旬。“驚(jing)蟄(zhe)始(shi)雷(lei)”的(de)(de)(de)說法僅與(yu)沿長江流域以(yi)(yi)南(nan)(nan)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)規律(lv)相吻合。驚(jing)蟄(zhe)后(hou),是萬物生長的(de)(de)(de)好時(shi)光,該種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)農作物都可以(yi)(yi)開始(shi)種(zhong)了。作為全年氣(qi)(qi)溫回升(sheng)最快的(de)(de)(de)節氣(qi)(qi),除東(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)、西(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)地(di)區仍是銀(yin)妝(zhuang)素裹的(de)(de)(de)冬日景象外,我(wo)國(guo)大(da)部分(fen)地(di)區平均氣(qi)(qi)溫已升(sheng)至(zhi)0℃以(yi)(yi)上(shang),華北(bei)(bei)(bei)地(di)區日平均氣(qi)(qi)溫為3至(zhi)6℃,沿江江南(nan)(nan)地(di)區為8℃以(yi)(yi)上(shang),而西(xi)南(nan)(nan)和華南(nan)(nan)已達10至(zhi)15℃以(yi)(yi)上(shang),早(zao)已是一派融(rong)融(rong)春(chun)光了,日照時(shi)數也(ye)有(you)了明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)增加。
我國(guo)古代天文學家根據日(ri)月(yue)五星(xing)(xing)的運(yun)行(xing)軌跡把(ba)天空劃分為28天宿,即“黃道帶”,以(yi)此來(lai)表(biao)示日(ri)月(yue)五星(xing)(xing)的運(yun)行(xing)和位置。28天宿可分為4個大區(4象或4神),東(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)蒼龍(long)(包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)角、亢(kang)、氐、房(fang)、心、尾、箕七宿);西(xi)方(fang)(fang)白虎(包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)奎、婁、胃、昴、畢、觜、參七宿);南方(fang)(fang)朱(zhu)雀(包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)井、鬼(gui)、柳、星(xing)(xing)、張、翼、軫七宿);北方(fang)(fang)玄武(包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)斗、牛、女、虛、危、室、壁七宿)。其中‘角宿’就(jiu)是(shi)龍(long)角。在仲(zhong)春卯月(yue)之(zhi)初東(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)地平線上升起(qi)了龍(long)角星(xing)(xing),所以(yi)稱為龍(long)抬(tai)頭。即是(shi)指東(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)蒼龍(long)七宿星(xing)(xing)象的空間變(bian)化(hua)。
龍(long)抬頭(tou)的(de)由來與古(gu)代天象(xiang)有(you)關。中(zhong)國古(gu)代天文學(xue)將周天黃道確定(ding)為28個星(xing)座(zuo),稱為“二(er)十(shi)八(ba)(ba)宿(su)”。古(gu)人(ren)又將這28個星(xing)宿(su)按照東南(nan)西北分(fen)(fen)在四(si)宮,每宮7宿(su),并按照它們的(de)形象(xiang)將四(si)宮形容為“青龍(long),白虎,朱(zhu)雀(que),玄武“4種神獸。龍(long)抬頭(tou)所提(ti)到的(de)“龍(long)”,指的(de)就是(shi)是(shi)天象(xiang)周天二(er)十(shi)八(ba)(ba)宿(su)的(de)東方青龍(long)七宿(su)。蒼龍(long)頭(tou)部“角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)”上有(you)兩顆(ke)星(xing):角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)一和角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)二(er),代表蒼龍(long)頭(tou)上的(de)兩只犄角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。“角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)”之后(hou)(hou)的(de)四(si)顆(ke)星(xing)是(shi)“亢宿(su)”,亢是(shi)龍(long)的(de)咽喉,在咽喉下面(mian)有(you)四(si)顆(ke)星(xing)排列成一個簸箕(ji)的(de)形狀(zhuang)是(shi)“氐(di)宿(su)”,代表著龍(long)爪。龍(long)爪后(hou)(hou)面(mian)的(de)房(fang)宿(su)、心宿(su)、尾(wei)宿(su)和箕(ji)宿(su)分(fen)(fen)別代表了(le)龍(long)的(de)心臟(zang)和尾(wei)巴。
每(mei)年的(de)仲春晚上(shang)(shang),蒼龍(long)(long)星宿開始從東方露頭(tou),角宿,代(dai)表龍(long)(long)角,開始從東方地平線上(shang)(shang)顯現,約一(yi)(yi)(yi)個鐘頭(tou)后(hou),亢宿,即龍(long)(long)的(de)咽喉,升至地平線以上(shang)(shang),接近子夜時(shi)分,氐(di)宿,即龍(long)(long)爪也出現了。這(zhe)(zhe)就是“龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)”的(de)過程。之(zhi)后(hou),每(mei)天(tian)的(de)“龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)”日期,均約提前一(yi)(yi)(yi)點,經過一(yi)(yi)(yi)個多月時(shi)間(jian),整(zheng)個“龍(long)(long)頭(tou)”就“抬(tai)”起來了。當地球公轉(zhuan)的(de)位置使蒼龍(long)(long)七(qi)宿與太陽處在同(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方向時(shi),太陽的(de)光芒(mang)就會淹沒星光,人們(men)就會看不到天(tian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)那條巨龍(long)(long);而過一(yi)(yi)(yi)段時(shi)間(jian)后(hou),地球的(de)位置轉(zhuan)移了,這(zhe)(zhe)蒼龍(long)(long)七(qi)宿又會重新出現,周而復始,古(gu)人找到了這(zhe)(zhe)個規律,并以它來判(pan)斷時(shi)令。由于“歲差”的(de)原因,現"龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)"實際(ji)時(shi)間(jian)或推遲(chi)。
“二月二、龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)”,象征(zheng)著(zhu)生機、萬物復(fu)蘇。中(zhong)國(guo)與古代西方(fang)(fang)天文學不同,中(zhong)國(guo)把恒星劃分(fen)成為“三(san)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”和(he)(he)“四象”七大(da)星區。所(suo)謂“垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”就是“城墻”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思。“三(san)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”是“紫(zi)微垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”,象征(zheng)皇宮;“太(tai)微垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”象征(zheng)行政機構;“天市垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”象征(zheng)繁華街市。這三(san)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)環繞著(zhu)北(bei)極星呈三(san)角狀排列。在“三(san)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”外圍分(fen)布著(zhu)“四象”:東蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)、西白虎(hu)、南朱雀(que)、北(bei)玄(xuan)武,也就是說,東方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)星象如(ru)一(yi)條龍(long)(long),西方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)星象如(ru)一(yi)只虎(hu),南方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)星象如(ru)一(yi)只大(da)鳥(niao),北(bei)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)星象如(ru)龜和(he)(he)蛇(she)。由于(yu)地球圍繞太(tai)陽公轉(zhuan),天空(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)星象也隨著(zhu)季節轉(zhuan)換。每到冬春之(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傍晚,蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)顯現;春夏之(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao),玄(xuan)武升(sheng)起;夏秋之(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao),白虎(hu)露頭(tou);秋冬之(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao),朱雀(que)上升(sheng)。
《春秋命歷序》曰:“天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)開辟,萬(wan)(wan)物渾渾,無(wu)知無(wu)識(shi);陰陽(yang)所憑(ping),天(tian)(tian)體始于北極之(zhi)野…日(ri)(ri)月(yue)五(wu)緯俱(ju)起(qi)牽牛;四萬(wan)(wan)五(wu)千年,日(ri)(ri)月(yue)五(wu)緯一(yi)輪(lun)轉;天(tian)(tian)皇出焉…定(ding)(ding)天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)象(xiang),法(fa)地(di)(di)之(zhi)儀,作干支(zhi)以定(ding)(ding)日(ri)(ri)月(yue)度。”早在遠古時期古人就已經(jing)能“觀象(xiang)授時”,定(ding)(ding)天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)象(xiang)、法(fa)地(di)(di)之(zhi)儀,并確定(ding)(ding)了星宿天(tian)(tian)象(xiang)、干支(zhi)及二十四節氣。
詞典《爾雅》中有云:數起角亢,列宿(su)之長。故角之見(jian)于東(dong)方也,物換春回,鳥獸生角,草木甲坼(che)。它的(de)意思是在萬物復蘇的(de)春天,東(dong)方蒼龍(long)的(de)角宿(su)每到傍晚(wan)將從東(dong)方升起。
龍(long)(long)是海中神(shen)物,主要是主宰(zai)雨(yu)水(shui),如《山海經(jing)》中所說的(de)應(ying)龍(long)(long),民間的(de)“龍(long)(long)抬頭”節,其源頭應(ying)追溯至(zhi)遠古(gu)。神(shen)話著作《山海經(jing)》中說,應(ying)龍(long)(long)居處在南方,“故(gu)南方多雨(yu)”,而燭龍(long)(long)“不食不寢不息,風雨(yu)是謁(ye)”,也就(jiu)是經(jing)常招(zhao)來風雨(yu)。由于想象中的(de)龍(long)(long)能騰(teng)云(yun)(yun)駕(jia)霧,于是相信龍(long)(long)能給人帶來祥(xiang)瑞(rui)。傳說龍(long)(long)能行云(yun)(yun)布雨(yu)、消災降(jiang)福,象征(zheng)祥(xiang)瑞(rui)。
《說文解字》中解釋(shi)“龍”字:“龍,鱗蟲(chong)之(zhi)長(chang)。能(neng)幽能(neng)明,能(neng)細能(neng)巨,能(neng)短(duan)能(neng)長(chang)。春(chun)分而登天(tian),秋分而潛淵。”?
《帝(di)京景物(wu)略·卷二春場》:“二月二,曰龍抬頭,煎(jian)元旦祭(ji)余餅,熏(xun)(xun)床炕,謂之(zhi)熏(xun)(xun)蟲兒(er),謂引龍,沖(chong)、蟲不出也。”
《燕(yan)京歲時(shi)記》:“二月二日(ri),古之(zhi)中和節也。今人呼為龍抬頭(tou)。是日(ri)食(shi)餅者(zhe)謂之(zhi)龍鱗餅,食(shi)面(mian)者(zhe)謂之(zhi)龍須(xu)面(mian)。閨(gui)中停止針線(xian),恐傷龍目(mu)。”
《大同府志》:“二月(yue)二日,各(ge)村疃社醵(ju)錢(qian)獻生,謂之(zhi)‘扶龍頭’。提壺汲井水注之(zhi),曰‘引龍頭’。”
唐(tang)代著名詩人白居(ju)易有詩云(yun):“二(er)月二(er)日(ri)新(xin)雨(yu)晴,草芽菜(cai)甲一時生(sheng);輕衫細馬春年(nian)少(shao),十(shi)字津(jin)頭一字行。”
中(zhong)國(guo)民間認為(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是吉(ji)(ji)祥之(zhi)物,和風化雨(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)主宰。“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)”,意味(wei)著陽氣(qi)生發(fa)、萬物生機盎然。故自古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)以來,人(ren)們在(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)時(shi)節,會舉行敬(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)祈雨(yu)(yu)(yu)、放(fang)生,以求一(yi)年(nian)吉(ji)(ji)祥豐收(shou)(shou)(shou),并(bing)將龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)時(shi)節作為(wei)一(yi)個納祥轉(zhuan)運的(de)日(ri)子(zi)。在(zai)(zai)我國(guo)流傳著“二月(yue)(yue)二,拜村(cun)社(she);龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou),祈豐收(shou)(shou)(shou);八(ba)月(yue)(yue)二,祭(ji)(ji)村(cun)堂;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)收(shou)(shou)(shou)尾(wei),送龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)歸”的(de)說法(fa)。從(cong)節氣(qi)上(shang)說,農歷二月(yue)(yue)初(chu)(chu),正(zheng)處在(zai)(zai)“雨(yu)(yu)(yu)水”、“驚(jing)蟄”和“春(chun)分”之(zhi)間,我國(guo)南(nan)方(fang)很多(duo)地(di)方(fang)已開始進入雨(yu)(yu)(yu)季。俗(su)(su)(su)話說“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)不抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)天不雨(yu)(yu)(yu)”。在(zai)(zai)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代神(shen)(shen)格譜系(xi)(xi)中(zhong),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是海中(zhong)神(shen)(shen)物,掌管著降(jiang)雨(yu)(yu)(yu),降(jiang)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)多(duo)少直(zhi)接關系(xi)(xi)到一(yi)年(nian)的(de)莊稼的(de)豐歉,因(yin)此,為(wei)了(le)求得(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)行云(yun)布雨(yu)(yu)(yu),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)時(shi)節要(yao)在(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)廟前擺供(gong),舉行隆重的(de)祭(ji)(ji)拜儀式(shi),同(tong)時(shi)唱大戲以娛神(shen)(shen);敬(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)祈雨(yu)(yu)(yu),放(fang)生,以求一(yi)年(nian)吉(ji)(ji)祥豐收(shou)(shou)(shou);也(ye)有一(yi)些(xie)地(di)方(fang)在(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)節有“起龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)船”的(de)活動(dong)。二月(yue)(yue)初(chu)(chu)二既(ji)是龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)節也(ye)是“土地(di)誕”,在(zai)(zai)南(nan)方(fang)沿海地(di)區,二月(yue)(yue)初(chu)(chu)二主要(yao)舉行社(she)祭(ji)(ji),祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)土地(di)神(shen)(shen)。我國(guo)民間有剃龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)、祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)、敬(jing)文(wen)昌(chang)神(shen)(shen)、吃(chi)面(mian)條、炸油(you)糕、爆(bao)玉米花、吃(chi)豬頭(tou)(tou)等習(xi)俗(su)(su)(su)。“剃龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)”習(xi)俗(su)(su)(su),或源于古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)對龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)圖(tu)騰的(de)崇拜,如古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)籍中(zhong)所記載(zai)的(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)斷(duan)發(fa)紋(wen)身以像龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)子(zi)習(xi)俗(su)(su)(su)。“二月(yue)(yue)二”這(zhe)天,許多(duo)人(ren)都要(yao)理發(fa),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)的(de)日(ri)子(zi)理發(fa)叫作“剃龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)”,這(zhe)預示(shi)一(yi)年(nian)有好的(de)開始。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)時(shi)節敬(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)習(xi)俗(su)(su)(su),體現了(le)中(zhong)國(guo)“天人(ren)合一(yi)”的(de)自然觀。在(zai)(zai)天氣(qi)漸漸轉(zhuan)暖、雨(yu)(yu)(yu)水開始增多(duo)的(de)時(shi)節,人(ren)們希(xi)望通過敬(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)祈福(fu)順應這(zhe)一(yi)過程,從(cong)而做到與(yu)自然和諧相(xiang)處。
古(gu)時我國(guo)北(bei)方一些(xie)地區二(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)有圍(wei)糧(liang)囤、引(yin)田龍(long)(long)(long)、敲房(fang)梁、理(li)發、煎燜子、吃(chi)豬頭(tou)肉(rou)、吃(chi)面(mian)條、吃(chi)水(shui)(shui)餃、吃(chi)糖豆(dou)、吃(chi)煎餅(bing)、忌動針線的習俗。為(wei)了(le)納吉,二(er)月(yue)(yue)初二(er)這天我國(guo)北(bei)方人的吃(chi)食物(wu)均取(qu)與“龍(long)(long)(long)”相(xiang)關的名字(zi),面(mian)條不叫“面(mian)條”,稱(cheng)作“龍(long)(long)(long)須面(mian)”;水(shui)(shui)餃稱(cheng)作“龍(long)(long)(long)耳(er)”、“龍(long)(long)(long)角”;米飯(fan)稱(cheng)作“龍(long)(long)(long)子”;煎餅(bing)烙成龍(long)(long)(long)鱗狀,稱(cheng)作“龍(long)(long)(long)鱗餅(bing)”;面(mian)條、餛飩(tun)一塊煮(zhu)叫做“龍(long)(long)(long)拿(na)珠”;吃(chi)豬頭(tou)稱(cheng)作“食龍(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)”;吃(chi)蔥餅(bing)叫做“撕龍(long)(long)(long)皮”。一切(qie)均取(qu)與龍(long)(long)(long)有關的象征與寓意。
民間有許多(duo)禁忌(ji)避諱(hui)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬頭(tou)”,諸如此(ci)日家中忌(ji)動針線,怕傷(shang)到龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)眼(yan),招(zhao)災惹禍;忌(ji)擔水(shui),認(ren)為這天晚上龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)要(yao)出來活動,禁止到河(he)邊或井邊擔水(shui),以免驚擾龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的行動,招(zhao)致旱災之(zhi)年;忌(ji)諱(hui)蓋房打夯,以防傷(shang)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)”;再者,忌(ji)諱(hui)磨(mo)面(mian),認(ren)為磨(mo)面(mian)會榨到龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou),不吉利。俗(su)話說“磨(mo)為虎,碾為龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”,有石磨(mo)的人家,這天要(yao)將磨(mo)支起上扇,方便“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬頭(tou)升天”。除如上習俗(su)外,民間往往還(huan)舉(ju)行多(duo)種(zhong)活動納(na)吉,諸如舞(wu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、戴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)尾(wei)、開筆等(deng)。
民諺云:“二(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)龍(long)抬(tai)頭,八(ba)月二(er)(er)(er)龍(long)收尾。”二(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)龍(long)抬(tai)頭作為古代(dai)民俗(su)的(de)一(yi)種節日,如(ru)今已經基本上(shang)從中(zhong)國人的(de)現代(dai)生活中(zhong)淡化出去(qu)了。不過,對于“二(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)龍(long)抬(tai)頭”的(de)一(yi)些文(wen)化內(nei)涵,例如(ru)古人對龍(long)的(de)崇拜、“龍(long)抬(tai)頭”在古天(tian)文(wen)學上(shang)的(de)唯物解釋等等,是仍然具有(you)研究價值。
二(er)月二(er)既是龍(long)抬(tai)頭節也(ye)是土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)公(gong)的(de)(de)誕辰,“土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)誕”也(ye)稱“社日(ri)(ri)節”。社日(ri)(ri)分為(wei)(wei)春(chun)(chun)社日(ri)(ri)和秋(qiu)(qiu)社日(ri)(ri),古時春(chun)(chun)社是立春(chun)(chun)后(hou)第五(wu)個戊日(ri)(ri),秋(qiu)(qiu)社是立秋(qiu)(qiu)后(hou)第五(wu)個戊日(ri)(ri)(戊,五(wu)行屬土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu))。古人認(ren)為(wei)(wei)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)生(sheng)萬物(wu),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)是廣為(wei)(wei)敬奉的(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)靈之一。人們認(ren)為(wei)(wei)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)公(gong)管理(li)著五(wu)谷(gu)的(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)和地(di)(di)方的(de)(de)平安,很多地(di)(di)方的(de)(de)百姓都在(zai)社日(ri)(ri)奉祀(si)(si)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)公(gong)又稱福德正(zheng)神(shen)(shen),在(zai)中國南方地(di)(di)區,為(wei)(wei)給土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)公(gong)公(gong)“暖壽”,有(you)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)方有(you)舉辦“土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)會(hui)”的(de)(de)習俗:家家湊錢(qian)為(wei)(wei)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)祝賀(he)生(sheng)日(ri)(ri),到土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)廟(miao)燒(shao)香祭祀(si)(si),敲鑼鼓,放鞭炮。
古代把土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)和祭(ji)祀土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方都叫"社",按照民間的(de)(de)習俗,每到(dao)播種或(huo)收獲的(de)(de)季節,農民們都要立社祭(ji)祀,祈(qi)求或(huo)酬報土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)。土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)在(zai)人(ren)的(de)(de)日常生(sheng)活(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)處于重要地(di)(di)(di)位(wei),不但家(jia)族大,而且分布(bu)廣。在(zai)居家(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)居家(jia)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen),村(cun)屯有(you)(you)村(cun)屯的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen),城(cheng)市有(you)(you)城(cheng)市的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)將土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)供(gong)奉在(zai)家(jia)中(zhong)(zhong),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)供(gong)奉在(zai)門(men)口(kou)(kou),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)則供(gong)在(zai)村(cun)落的(de)(de)社廟(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)。總之土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)職責就是保佑(you)著一方土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)之內(nei)的(de)(de)人(ren)物康泰,人(ren)口(kou)(kou)清潔,出入平安了。
二月二這天在(zai)飲食上也(ye)有(you)一定(ding)的講(jiang)究,北(bei)方百姓在(zai)這天飲食多以(yi)龍(long)為名。吃(chi)(chi)(chi)春餅(bing)(bing)名曰“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)鱗”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)面條名曰“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)須(xu)”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)餛(hun)飩(tun)為“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)眼(yan)”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)餃子(zi)則叫(jiao)“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)耳(er)”,面條、餛(hun)飩(tun)一塊煮叫(jiao)做“龍(long)拿珠”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)蔥餅(bing)(bing)叫(jiao)做“撕(si)龍(long)皮(pi)”。有(you)些地方還有(you)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)“龍(long)眼(yan)”、“龍(long)須(xu)”、“龍(long)舌”、“龍(long)耳(er)”、“龍(long)皮(pi)”、“龍(long)子(zi)”、“龍(long)蛋”以(yi)及(ji)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)春餅(bing)(bing)、吃(chi)(chi)(chi)豬頭肉(rou)的習(xi)俗。一切均取(qu)與龍(long)有(you)關的象(xiang)征與寓意。這些都寄托了人們祈(qi)龍(long)賜(si)福的強(qiang)烈愿望(wang)。
北(bei)方(fang)地(di)(di)區過(guo)二(er)(er)月二(er)(er),農家(jia)(jia)就開始準備(bei)炒糖(tang)豆(dou)的(de)(de)(de)原料。二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)早(zao)上(shang),家(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)戶(hu)戶(hu)都(dou)(dou)用糖(tang)炒花(hua)生和黃豆(dou),有的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)叫(jiao)糖(tang)豆(dou),有的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)叫(jiao)蝎豆(dou),還有的(de)(de)(de)爆玉米花(hua)。過(guo)去都(dou)(dou)是自家(jia)(jia)制(zhi)(zhi)作自家(jia)(jia)食用,現在(zai)不同(tong)了,一般沒有自家(jia)(jia)制(zhi)(zhi)作的(de)(de)(de)了。城里(li)的(de)(de)(de)超市里(li),農村的(de)(de)(de)集市上(shang),二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)前(qian)后擺(bai)滿了各式各樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)糖(tang)豆(dou),大概有十(shi)幾種甚至更多。隨吃隨買,香甜(tian)可(ke)口。二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)這(zhe)天,農家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)餐(can)桌上(shang)要擺(bai)多種糖(tang)豆(dou),以示慶賀(he)這(zhe)個節(jie)日(ri)。
早上卯時(shi)(5點到7點之間),卯月(yue)的(de)第(di)一(yi)個卯日(ri)卯時(shi),出門面向(xiang)東方深吸氣,此(ci)為一(yi)吉(ji)。
指二(er)月初二(er)理發,兒童理發,叫(jiao)剃“喜頭(tou)(tou)”,借(jie)龍抬(tai)頭(tou)(tou)之吉時,保佑孩童健康成(cheng)長,長大后出人頭(tou)(tou)地;大人理發,辭舊迎(ying)新(xin),希望帶來(lai)好(hao)運,新(xin)的一年順順利(li)(li)利(li)(li)。
古時(shi),龍(long)(long)抬頭節是祭祀龍(long)(long)神(shen)的日子(zi),每年(nian)的這一(yi)天,人們都要到龍(long)(long)神(shen)廟(miao)或水(shui)畔焚香上(shang)供祭祀龍(long)(long)神(shen),祈求龍(long)(long)神(shen)興云化雨,保佑一(yi)年(nian)五谷豐(feng)登。龍(long)(long)抬頭時(shi)節我國(guo)部分地區會(hui)有“起龍(long)(long)船(chuan)”的活動(dong),請龍(long)(long)出水(shui),以及祈求事(shi)事(shi)順(shun)利的心愿。
“龍抬(tai)頭”也是農(nong)村的農(nong)事(shi)節(jie)。農(nong)諺曰:“二月二龍抬(tai)頭,大(da)家(jia)小(xiao)戶使(shi)耕牛”。農(nong)時春雨(yu)貴(gui)如油。倘春雨(yu)充沛,預示著一年的大(da)豐收。
相傳(chuan)農歷二月初三為文昌(主宰功名之神(shen))誕辰日,舊時這天讓(rang)孩子開(kai)(kai)筆(bi)寫字,取(qu)龍抬頭之吉兆,為孩子正衣(yi)冠、點朱砂啟(qi)蒙(meng)明智(zhi),寓意孩子眼明心明,祝(zhu)愿孩子長(chang)大斷文識字。開(kai)(kai)筆(bi)禮是(shi)(shi)人生(sheng)的(de)第一次大禮,是(shi)(shi)中國傳(chuan)統中對少(shao)兒開(kai)(kai)始識字習禮的(de)啟(qi)蒙(meng)教(jiao)育形式。
每當(dang)春龍(long)(long)(long)節到來,我國(guo)部分(fen)地區在這(zhe)天早晨(chen)家(jia)家(jia)戶(hu)戶(hu)打(da)著(zhu)燈籠到井邊(bian)或(huo)河(he)邊(bian)挑水,回到家(jia)里便點(dian)燈、燒香、上供。舊(jiu)時,人們把這(zhe)種(zhong)儀式(shi)叫做“引(yin)田龍(long)(long)(long)”。引(yin)龍(long)(long)(long)伏(fu)(fu)蟲的(de)(de)活動有很多,最有特點(dian)是(shi)撒(sa)(sa)(sa)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)。撒(sa)(sa)(sa)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)十分(fen)講究(jiu),灰(hui)(hui)(hui)多選用草(cao)(cao)木灰(hui)(hui)(hui),人們自(zi)家(jia)門口(kou)以草(cao)(cao)木灰(hui)(hui)(hui)撒(sa)(sa)(sa)一(yi)條(tiao)龍(long)(long)(long)到河(he)邊(bian),再用谷(gu)糠撒(sa)(sa)(sa)一(yi)條(tiao)龍(long)(long)(long)引(yin)到家(jia),意為(wei)送走懶(青)龍(long)(long)(long)、引(yin)來錢(黃)龍(long)(long)(long),保佑人財兩旺;從(cong)臨(lin)街大(da)門外一(yi)直撒(sa)(sa)(sa)到廚房灶間,并(bing)繞水缸一(yi)圈,叫做“引(yin)錢龍(long)(long)(long)”;將草(cao)(cao)木灰(hui)(hui)(hui)撒(sa)(sa)(sa)于門口(kou),攔門辟災;將草(cao)(cao)木灰(hui)(hui)(hui)撒(sa)(sa)(sa)于墻腳(jiao),呈龍(long)(long)(long)蛇狀,以招福祥、避蟲害。陜(shan)西富縣一(yi)帶還流行撒(sa)(sa)(sa)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)圍莊墻外的(de)(de)做法,也(ye)是(shi)伏(fu)(fu)龍(long)(long)(long)驅蟲的(de)(de)表現。后來,也(ye)出(chu)現用石(shi)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)替(ti)代草(cao)(cao)木灰(hui)(hui)(hui)伏(fu)(fu)龍(long)(long)(long)降蟲的(de)(de)做法。
①山東地區用灶煙在地面畫一條龍(long)(long)。一是請龍(long)(long)回(hui)來(lai)興云(yun)布雨,祈求豐(feng)收;二(er)是龍(long)(long)為百蟲之(zhi)神,龍(long)(long)來(lai)了,蟲都(dou)躲起來(lai),對人體(ti)健康、農(nong)作物生長都(dou)有益。
②晉(jin)西北地區引錢(qian)龍,選擇一棵大樹或一塊大石,用(yong)(yong)灰線(xian)(xian)圍(wei)灑一圈(quan),再用(yong)(yong)紅線(xian)(xian)拴一枚(mei)銅錢(qian)置圈(quan)內,牽(qian)線(xian)(xian)回家(jia),用(yong)(yong)容器蓋(gai)住即成。
③還(huan)有地區在這(zhe)天清早,人(ren)們從井里挑水回家(jia),倒入水缸。誰最先挑回家(jia)就最先引到錢龍,這(zhe)年財運就會(hui)非常好,所以經常出現凌晨爭先恐后(hou)挑水的情(qing)形。
黃河(he)三角洲及(ji)一(yi)(yi)些沿河(he)地區還(huan)有”放(fang)龍燈“的習俗(su)。不(bu)少(shao)人家用蘆(lu)葦或秫秸扎成(cheng)(cheng)小船,插上蠟燭(zhu)或放(fang)上用蘿卜挖成(cheng)(cheng)的小油(you)碗,待(dai)到(dao)傍晚時分,放(fang)到(dao)河(he)里(li)或灣里(li)點燃,為龍照路。借此娛樂(le)同時又傳遞一(yi)(yi)種美好(hao)的祝愿。
東(dong)北部分地區在二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)早(zao)晨,以(yi)(yi)長竿(gan)擊(ji)(ji)打房(fang)梁,謂之”敲龍頭(tou)“。把龍喚醒,佑一方(fang)(fang)平安。大(da)人小(xiao)孩還念著:”二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er),龍抬頭(tou),大(da)倉滿,小(xiao)倉流。“有(you)的(de)地方(fang)(fang)在院子里(li)用(yong)灶(zao)灰撒一個個大(da)圓圈,將五谷(gu)雜糧放于中間,稱作(zuo)”打囤“或”填(tian)倉“,預祝當年五谷(gu)豐登,倉囤盈滿。擊(ji)(ji)房(fang)梁就是用(yong)木棍或者竹竿(gan)敲擊(ji)(ji)房(fang)梁,以(yi)(yi)驚走蛇、蝎等毒蟲,毋使為害。有(you)的(de)地方(fang)(fang)流行敲擊(ji)(ji)炕沿,目的(de)與敲擊(ji)(ji)房(fang)梁相同(tong)。
我國北(bei)方廣泛的流(liu)傳著“二(er)(er)月二(er)(er),龍抬頭;大倉(cang)滿(man),小倉(cang)流(liu)”的民諺。農歷(li)二(er)(er)月初二(er)(er)清(qing)晨,北(bei)方很多(duo)地(di)區的村民早(zao)早(zao)起床,家(jia)庭主婦從自家(jia)鍋灶底下掏(tao)一筐燒柴禾余下的草木(mu)灰,拿一把(ba)小鐵鏟子鏟些草木(mu)灰,人走手搖,在地(di)上畫出(chu)一個(ge)個(ge)圓來。圍(wei)(wei)(wei)倉(cang)的圓圈(quan),大套小,少則(ze)(ze)三圈(quan),多(duo)則(ze)(ze)五圈(quan),圍(wei)(wei)(wei)單(dan)不圍(wei)(wei)(wei)雙(shuang)。圍(wei)(wei)(wei)好倉(cang)后(hou),把(ba)家(jia)中的糧食虔誠地(di)放(fang)在倉(cang)的中間,還有(you)意撒在倉(cang)的外(wai)圍(wei)(wei)(wei),象征當年的大豐收(shou)。
古代將自然(ran)界中的(de)(de)生物分成(cheng)毛(mao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、羽蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、介(jie)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、鱗(lin)(lin)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、人類五大類。毛(mao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)指(zhi)披毛(mao)獸類,羽蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)指(zhi)鳥(niao)類,介(jie)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)指(zhi)帶甲殼類,鱗(lin)(lin)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)指(zhi)有(you)鱗(lin)(lin)之(zhi)魚和帶翅昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)類。龍是鱗(lin)(lin)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)之(zhi)長(chang),龍出則(ze)百蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)伏藏。二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)初二(er)(er)(er)正(zheng)是驚蟄(zhe)前后,百蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)萌(meng)動,疾病易生,蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害也是莊稼的(de)(de)天敵,因此人們(men)引龍伏蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),希望借(jie)龍威鎮伏百蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),保佑(you)人畜平安(an),五谷豐登。進(jin)入農歷二(er)(er)(er)月(yue),天氣(qi)(qi)漸暖(nuan),各種昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)開始活動,有(you)些昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)對人的(de)(de)健康是有(you)害的(de)(de),所(suo)以二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)這(zhe)一天,人們(men)紛紛攤烙煎餅、燃(ran)燒熏香,希望憑借(jie)煙氣(qi)(qi)驅(qu)走毒(du)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。
二(er)(er)(er)月初二(er)(er)(er)吃豬(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)肉也有說(shuo)法。自古以來(lai)(lai),供奉祭神(shen)總(zong)要用(yong)豬(zhu)(zhu)牛羊三(san)(san)牲(sheng)(sheng),后(hou)來(lai)(lai)簡化為(wei)三(san)(san)牲(sheng)(sheng)之頭(tou),豬(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)即其中之一(yi)。如今(jin)就有一(yi)道名(ming)菜叫(jiao)做(zuo)“扒(ba)豬(zhu)(zhu)臉”,經(jing)過選(xuan)料(liao)、清(qing)洗、噴(pen)烤、洗泡、醬制等十二(er)(er)(er)道步驟,歷經(jing)十多個小時的(de)烹飪(ren),才(cai)能端(duan)上餐桌。“扒(ba)豬(zhu)(zhu)臉”有三(san)(san)種(zhong)(zhong),一(yi)是(shi)(shi)原汁原味吃;二(er)(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)蘸(zhan)醬汁吃;三(san)(san)是(shi)(shi)卷煎餅吃。每一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)吃法都有不同的(de)滋味。
撒灰引龍、打灰囤
我國山東部分(fen)地區農(nong)村,這(zhe)一天有(you)“撒灰(hui)(hui)引龍(long)”、“打灰(hui)(hui)囤(dun)(dun)”的習俗。這(zhe)一天,天還(huan)(huan)蒙蒙亮的時候(hou),家(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)戶戶就開始撒灰(hui)(hui)了,用(yong)簸(bo)箕(ji)盛(sheng)著草木灰(hui)(hui),沿著自家(jia)(jia)房子外圍墻(qiang)根密密的撒一圈,因為(wei)這(zhe)條灰(hui)(hui)線又細又長,形(xing)似(si)傳說中(zhong)的龍(long),所以(yi)這(zhe)個(ge)舉動也被叫做“撒灰(hui)(hui)引龍(long)”,寓(yu)意把(ba)象(xiang)征(zheng)吉祥的龍(long)請到家(jia)(jia)里。除此之外,家(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)戶戶還(huan)(huan)會在門前(qian)、場院用(yong)草木灰(hui)(hui)圍成一個(ge)個(ge)圓圈,中(zhong)間(jian)放上(shang)五谷、硬幣。代(dai)表著糧(liang)食屯、錢屯,有(you)的囤(dun)(dun)外再畫上(shang)梯子,以(yi)表明囤(dun)(dun)的高大(da)。一邊用(yong)灰(hui)(hui)畫圈還(huan)(huan)一面嘴里念叨著:“二月二、打簸(bo)箕(ji),大(da)囤(dun)(dun)滿、小囤(dun)(dun)漾”,希望來(lai)年家(jia)(jia)里糧(liang)食豐收,財(cai)源滾(gun)滾(gun)。
實(shi)際(ji)上,撒(sa)灰(hui)除了象征意義(yi),在實(shi)際(ji)中也(ye)是(shi)有(you)(you)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de),在農村(cun),舊式的(de)(de)(de)農家房(fang)屋為(wei)土(tu)木建(jian)筑,房(fang)舍墻(qiang)體或由(you)土(tu)墼壘砌,寒冬里,墻(qiang)縫(feng)、炕縫(feng)自(zi)然成(cheng)了蝎子(zi)、蚰蜒、“草(cao)鞋底(di)”等毒蟲蟄伏(fu)之處。驚蟄以后,這些毒蟲伺機出動,危害人身。二(er)月二(er)當天,村(cun)民便在炕墻(qiang)下面及房(fang)屋墻(qiang)根底(di)下撒(sa)上點(dian)草(cao)木灰(hui),也(ye)有(you)(you)熏(xun)蟲辟邪(xie)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。臨沂一些地(di)方(fang)這一天舉辦土(tu)地(di)會,農戶(hu)湊(cou)錢為(wei)土(tu)地(di)爺過生日,到(dao)土(tu)地(di)廟燒香祭祀、敲(qiao)鑼(luo)鼓(gu)、放鞭炮,以求土(tu)地(di)爺保佑(you)有(you)(you)個好收成(cheng)。
剃龍頭
二(er)月初(chu)二(er),民(min)間(jian)最大(da)的習(xi)俗(su)是(shi)(shi)“剃(ti)龍頭”,不(bu)管(guan)是(shi)(shi)老(lao)人(ren)小孩(hai),剪發、修容,讓(rang)自(zi)己煥然一新(xin),預示著可以求得一年的好(hao)運。從一大(da)早(zao)開始(shi),一些理(li)發店里就人(ren)來人(ren)往,顧客迎門,理(li)發師們都忙得不(bu)亦樂乎。許多(duo)(duo)人(ren)之所以選在這天剪發,是(shi)(shi)因為民(min)間(jian)有(you)習(xi)俗(su),正月剃(ti)頭不(bu)吉利,所以很(hen)多(duo)(duo)人(ren)普(pu)遍是(shi)(shi)在年前(qian)理(li)一次發,然后一直等到(dao)二(er)月二(er)才“理(li)發去(qu)舊(jiu)”。
吃豆子、攤煎餅,舞龍燈
二月二這天,山東(dong)傳統民俗,這一天要吃炒黃豆(dou)、炒豆(dou)萁,也都有(you)攤煎餅的(de)習俗。祈求(qiu)今年五谷豐登,有(you)個(ge)好(hao)收(shou)成。不少地方還有(you)舞龍(long)燈等活(huo)動,為(wei)的(de)就是(shi)祈福送(song)福。
吃春餅
二月(yue)二日(ri)既然是“龍(long)抬頭(tou)”之時(shi),許(xu)多(duo)食(shi)品就(jiu)與龍(long)牽(qian)扯在(zai)一(yi)起。北京(jing)(jing)(jing)民俗食(shi)品,一(yi)種烙得很薄(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)面(mian)餅(bing),又(you)稱薄(bo)(bo)餅(bing)。北方地區(qu)還(huan)時(shi)興食(shi)用面(mian)條(tiao)、水餃等(deng)。每年立春(chun)日(ri),北京(jing)(jing)(jing)人(ren)都要(yao)吃(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅(bing),名(ming)曰(yue)“咬春(chun)”。農歷二月(yue)初二,這一(yi)天北京(jing)(jing)(jing)人(ren)也(ye)要(yao)吃(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅(bing),名(ming)曰(yue)“吃(chi)(chi)龍(long)鱗”。春(chun)餅(bing)比吃(chi)(chi)烤鴨的(de)(de)薄(bo)(bo)餅(bing)要(yao)大(da),并且有韌性(北京(jing)(jing)(jing)人(ren)稱為(wei)要(yao)有“骨立勁兒(er)”),因為(wei)要(yao)卷很多(duo)菜吃(chi)(chi)。昔日(ri),吃(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅(bing)時(shi)講究到(dao)盒子鋪(pu)去叫“蘇盤”(又(you)稱盒子菜)。吃(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅(bing)時(shi),全家(jia)圍坐一(yi)起,把烙好的(de)(de)春(chun)餅(bing)放在(zai)蒸鍋(guo)里,隨(sui)吃(chi)(chi)隨(sui)拿,為(wei)的(de)(de)是吃(chi)(chi)個熱乎勁兒(er)。若(ruo)在(zai)二月(yue)二這一(yi)天吃(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅(bing),北京(jing)(jing)(jing)人(ren)還(huan)講究把出嫁的(de)(de)姑娘接回家(jia)吃(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅(bing)。
吃“驢打滾”
老北京的(de)習俗,人們喜歡在農歷二月(yue)二買(mai)“驢(lv)打滾(gun)(gun)”品嘗。黃豆粉面裹豆沙餡(xian)兒的(de)驢(lv)打滾(gun)(gun)外(wai)形圓潤,有“財源(yuan)滾(gun)(gun)滾(gun)(gun)”的(de)吉(ji)祥含義。
照房梁、驅蟲
在北京民(min)間有(you)民(min)諺說“二(er)月(yue)二(er),照房梁(liang),蝎(xie)子蜈蚣(gong)(gong)無處(chu)藏”,老百姓要在這(zhe)天驅除害蟲(chong),點(dian)著蠟燭,照著房梁(liang)和墻壁驅除蝎(xie)子、蜈蚣(gong)(gong)等(deng)(deng),這(zhe)些(xie)蟲(chong)兒(er)一(yi)見亮光就掉下來(lai)被消(xiao)滅了。龍抬頭(tou)這(zhe)一(yi)天進行驅蟲(chong)活(huo)動的(de)習(xi)俗主要流(liu)行于我國(guo)北方(fang)地區(qu)。二(er)月(yue)二(er)時各種昆蟲(chong)包括毒蟲(chong)的(de)活(huo)動開始(shi)頻(pin)繁,為了避(bi)免毒蟲(chong)的(de)傷(shang)害,人們(men)舉行一(yi)些(xie)含有(you)驅蟲(chong)意(yi)味的(de)活(huo)動。如(ru)用棍棒、掃帚(zhou)或者(zhe)鞋子敲(qiao)打(da)梁(liang)頭(tou)、墻壁、門戶、床炕(kang)等(deng)(deng),以避(bi)蛇蝎(xie)、蚰蜒(yan)、老鼠等(deng)(deng)蟲(chong)物。通常還要念吟唱歌謠(yao),如(ru)“二(er)月(yue)二(er),龍抬頭(tou),蝎(xie)子、蜈蚣(gong)(gong)不露(lu)頭(tou)。”(天津)。”
在晉西北地(di)(di)區,人們盛行“司(si)錢龍(long)”,早上(shang)太陽未出山,家家戶(hu)戶(hu)提一(yi)把茶壺(hu),到河邊或井(jing)上(shang)去(qu)汲(ji)水(shui)(shui)。按照這一(yi)年(nian)幾(ji)(ji)龍(long)治水(shui)(shui)的(de)推算(suan),在茶壺(hu)內放幾(ji)(ji)枚銅錢或硬幣。汲(ji)水(shui)(shui)以(yi)(yi)后,隨(sui)走(zou)隨(sui)傾地(di)(di)灑(sa)一(yi)條水(shui)(shui)跡(ji)回到家中,將余下的(de)水(shui)(shui)與錢全部倒入(ru)水(shui)(shui)缸,錢龍(long)就引回家來(lai)了,意喻一(yi)年(nian)發財(cai)。“引錢龍(long)”時特別忌說話,以(yi)(yi)免(mian)驚(jing)跑了錢龍(long)。
晉西(xi)北一些地方的(de)引(yin)錢龍,選擇一棵大樹或一塊大石(shi),用灰線(xian)圍灑(sa)一圈。再用紅線(xian)拴一枚銅(tong)錢,先將銅(tong)錢置(zhi)放在灰線(xian)圈內,手拉線(xian)牽回家中,用容器(qi)蓋住(zhu)即成。
另一習(xi)俗(su)(su)是驅毒(du)活動。俗(su)(su)話說(shuo):“驚蟄過,百(bai)蟲蘇。”《陽城縣志》載:“百(bai)蟄初驚,懸天師符以辟(pi)蟲毒(du)。”
陜西西安地(di)區這一天,一般是外婆(舅家(jia))給外甥(女(nv))送爆米花及餑餑饃。媽(ma)媽(ma)會前一天炒好齊子豆,準備給家(jia)里(li)人。齊子豆是用油、水和(he)面,然后(hou)切成小的立方體,再(zai)用油炒了。有的地(di)方會把花生和(he)齊子豆一齊炒。
二月二在河北,農村(cun)早起有(you)挑龍蛋(dan)的(de)風(feng)俗(su),天還(huan)沒有(you)亮的(de)時候(hou),男主人(ren)用水(shui)桶從村(cun)里的(de)水(shui)井里打水(shui),相傳(chuan)二月二的(de)水(shui)井里會有(you)龍蛋(dan),挑回(hui)家(jia)里以求風(feng)調雨順,取吉(ji)祥(xiang)之意。
邯鄲(dan):吃“龍須(xu)面”;“龍耳”、“龍角”(餃子);“龍子”(米飯);“龍拿(na)珠”(混沌面);“食龍頭(tou)”(豬頭(tou))。每逢農歷二月初二,磁州附近山村有姑(gu)(gu)娘們過乞(qi)巧節的習俗。這一天,姑(gu)(gu)娘們可自由結伴(ban),穿上好衣(yi)裳(shang),帶(dai)好小米、白面、油、鹽及鍋、碗、盆、勺等工具,一起上山野餐,這就是磁州古時流傳(chuan)下來的"姑(gu)(gu)娘二月二吃乞(qi)巧飯"習俗。
石(shi)家莊:吃麻花(hua),豬頭肉,餃子(zi)。那邊是要吃那種面(mian)片,石(shi)家莊人(ren)(ren)叫咸(xian)食,混(hun)著雞(ji)蛋(dan)和(he)面(mian)粉香味(wei)的(de)面(mian)片香;也(ye)有(you)叫菜餅(bing)(bing)子(zi)的(de),就是把在地窖里藏了一(yi)冬天的(de)蘿(luo)卜挖(wa)出來,切成絲和(he)面(mian)和(he)到一(yi)起,烙出來的(de)餅(bing)(bing),沾著蒜(suan)泥和(he)醋,很多(duo)人(ren)(ren)吃不習慣,不過這么多(duo)年的(de)風俗(su)沿襲下來,而且(qie)還一(yi)直能傳承下去(qu)。
承德:早起(qi)煎餅(bing)早起(qi)煎餅(bing)午餃子煎肉(rou)片煎魚(yu):二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)炸魚(yu)煎肉(rou),這叫“熏蟲(chong)兒(er)”。因為二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)正值驚(jing)蟄前后,百(bai)蟲(chong)蠢動,疫(yi)病易生(sheng),人們(men)祈望(wang)用這香(xiang)味熏醒傳說中的龍鎮住毒蟲(chong),吃豬(zhu)頭肉(rou)。
滄州:吃龍(long)拿(na)珠,就(jiu)是(shi)面條和餃子(zi)(zi)一起下(xia)鍋煮,煮熟了再(zai)吃。吃餃子(zi)(zi)就(jiu)是(shi)龍(long)耳(er)朵(duo)的(de)意思或面條就(jiu)是(shi)龍(long)須子(zi)(zi)意思。吃龍(long)鱗餅(bing)。
奉祀土地公
南方”二月(yue)(yue)二“主要以(yi)祭(ji)(ji)社(she)(she)(she)(土(tu)地(di)(di)神(shen)(shen))習(xi)俗(su)為主,祭(ji)(ji)龍(long)(long)習(xi)俗(su)主要在龍(long)(long)升天的仲夏端午。在浙江、福建、廣東、廣西等地(di)(di)區,既有龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭節習(xi)俗(su),又以(yi)祭(ji)(ji)社(she)(she)(she)為主的習(xi)俗(su)。由于”地(di)(di)載萬物“、”聚財于地(di)(di)“,我(wo)國(guo)(guo)南方普(pu)遍(bian)奉祀土(tu)地(di)(di)神(shen)(shen),土(tu)地(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)又稱”社(she)(she)(she)“、”社(she)(she)(she)神(shen)(shen)“、”土(tu)神(shen)(shen)“、“土(tu)地(di)(di)公”、”福德(de)正神(shen)(shen)“,客家(jia)人稱”土(tu)地(di)(di)伯公“。”二月(yue)(yue)二“(古時春社(she)(she)(she)是立春后第五(wu)個戊日,秋社(she)(she)(she)是立秋后第五(wu)個戊日)社(she)(she)(she)日節主要是祭(ji)(ji)祀土(tu)地(di)(di)和聚社(she)(she)(she)會(hui)飲,借敬神(shen)(shen)、娛(yu)神(shen)(shen)而娛(yu)人。從上古開(kai)(kai)始,社(she)(she)(she)神(shen)(shen)就成(cheng)為了(le)祭(ji)(ji)祀系統中的祀典之(zhi)神(shen)(shen)。時至(zhi)今日,古老的“社(she)(she)(she)神(shen)(shen)”已有了(le)很多(duo)變化(hua),但(dan)祭(ji)(ji)祀土(tu)地(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)的習(xi)俗(su)一直保留(liu)下來(lai),并隨著華人的遷(qian)徙(xi),在泰國(guo)(guo),新加(jia)坡,馬來(lai)西亞(ya)等東南亞(ya)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)也開(kai)(kai)花(hua)結果,落地(di)(di)生根。
分祭豬肉
分祭肉,聚(ju)眾(zhong)宴(yan)飲(yin),奏樂歡娛(yu)。社祭作為民眾(zhong)歡聚(ju)節日(ri)的習(xi)俗,在(zai)龍抬(tai)頭這(zhe)天也會上演。《廣(guang)州府志》引(yin)《番禺志》載:“二月(yue)二日(ri)土地會,大(da)小衙(ya)署及街巷(xiang)無(wu)不召梨園奏樂娛(yu)神(shen)。”昔日(ri)那祭社的盛況及人們聚(ju)眾(zhong)宴(yan)飲(yin)的歡娛(yu)場面(mian),在(zai)這(zhe)些(xie)記載中可見一斑(ban)。?
開筆禮
“二月二,龍抬頭(tou),龍不(bu)抬頭(tou)我抬頭(tou)。”在傳(chuan)統(tong)習俗里,為取龍抬頭(tou)之(zhi)吉兆。兒童在二月二這(zhe)天,會舉行(xing)“開筆禮”,過去(qu)私塾(shu)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)多在這(zhe)一天收學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng),謂(wei)之(zhi)“占鰲(ao)頭(tou)”。人(ren)們希望通(tong)過這(zhe)種方式,祝(zhu)愿(yuan)每(mei)一個(ge)孩子長大后(hou)斷文識字。
起龍船
在龍(long)(long)抬頭這天,廣東一(yi)些地方有(you)“起(qi)龍(long)(long)船(chuan)”的(de)活動(dong),眾人(ren)跳入水中“起(qi)龍(long)(long)船(chuan)”,請龍(long)(long)出水、清洗龍(long)(long)船(chuan)、試扒龍(long)(long)船(chuan)。人(ren)們選(xuan)擇這天作為傳統“起(qi)龍(long)(long)船(chuan)”的(de)日子,是為了顯示百姓(xing)對龍(long)(long)舟的(de)尊重,以(yi)及(ji)祈求事(shi)事(shi)順(shun)利(li)的(de)心(xin)愿。
敬龍神
在過去,潮州有“迎青(qing)(qing)龍”之俗,是以(yi)青(qing)(qing)色蛇(she)為青(qing)(qing)龍,用彩車、彩隊扛(kang)了(le)游巡,這(zhe)是敬祭龍神的(de)遺風(feng)。
剪龍頭
一直流(liu)傳著二月二“剪龍(long)頭(tou)”的習俗,這天(tian)大(da)人、孩子都(dou)剃(ti)頭(tou),叫“剃(ti)喜頭(tou)”。特別(bie)是(shi)男孩子,都(dou)要理(li)發(fa),謂之(zhi)“剪龍(long)頭(tou)”,據(ju)說在(zai)這一天(tian)理(li)發(fa)能夠帶來一年的好運,也有要想鴻(hong)運當(dang)剃(ti)頭(tou)的寓意(yi)。
炮會
二(er)月二(er)土地神誕辰(chen),在廣(guang)東部分地區,當地男(nan)女老少會用震天的鞭炮祈求風調(diao)雨順、五谷豐登,這(zhe)一(yi)習(xi)俗被人(ren)們稱作“炮會”。
龍食
由(you)于人們(men)對龍(long)(long)(long)的崇拜,龍(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)頭這天人們(men)要吃有“龍(long)(long)(long)”字的食品(pin)來沾“龍(long)(long)(long)氣”,所以龍(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)頭風味食物大(da)都以“龍(long)(long)(long)”來命名。面(mian)條稱作“龍(long)(long)(long)須面(mian)”、面(mian)餅(bing)稱作“龍(long)(long)(long)鱗(lin)餅(bing)”……,人們(men)希望(wang)以此祈求龍(long)(long)(long)王保佑一年(nian)風調雨順。
浙南:泗溪二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)廟(miao)會(hui),地處浙江南部的(de)泰順縣泗溪鎮是(shi)著名的(de)廊(lang)橋之鄉,世(shi)界最美(mei)廊(lang)橋“姊妹橋”的(de)所在地,這(zhe)里(li)山清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)水秀,空(kong)氣清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)新(xin)。在泗溪鎮白粉墻(qiang)村有著近三百(bai)年(nian)歷史(shi)的(de)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)祈福廟(miao)會(hui)活動(dong),每年(nian)農歷二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)月初二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)這(zhe)天(tian),白粉墻(qiang)村都要在本村的(de)“陳十(shi)四娘娘”廟(miao)舉(ju)行(xing)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)廟(miao)會(hui)(祈福活動(dong))。該(gai)習(xi)俗興起于清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)朝雍正年(nian)間,俗稱“做福”或(huo)“福酒”,從清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)代(dai)至民國“二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)”廟(miao)會(hui)活動(dong)發展到鼎盛,前(qian)往參(can)加“福宴”的(de)人(ren)群除本境鄉民,更(geng)多的(de)來客都是(shi)從十(shi)鄉八里(li)之外慕(mu)名面來,可(ke)謂盛況空(kong)前(qian)。廟(miao)會(hui)活動(dong)內(nei)容精彩,其中最大的(de)地方特色是(shi)“娘娘踩街”、“福宴”和(he)浙南木偶戲(xi)。
唐(tang)山遷(qian)安(an):遷(qian)安(an)地區的(de)風俗是登山。
江蘇南通(tong):民間有用(yong)(yong)面粉(fen)制作壽桃、牲畜,蒸熟后(hou)插在竹簽上(shang),晚上(shang)再插在田間,認為(wei)這是(shi)供百(bai)蟲之(zhi)神和(he)祭祀祖(zu)先的(de)食品,祈求祖(zu)先驅趕蟲災,也希望百(bai)蟲之(zhi)神不(bu)要(yao)危害莊稼。山(shan)東(dong)日(ri)照濰坊地區農村會用(yong)(yong)草木灰在地上(shang)畫谷倉(cang)糧(liang)倉(cang),在倉(cang)內撒(sa)上(shang)五谷,祈禱(dao)新(xin)一(yi)(yi)年谷糧(liang)滿(man)倉(cang)。并(bing)在這一(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)炒(chao)糖(tang)豆(dou)(dou),(白糖(tang)、冰(bing)糖(tang)和(he)花生一(yi)(yi)起炒(chao))吃(chi)糖(tang)豆(dou)(dou)。是(shi)日(ri),各(ge)地普遍把(ba)食品名(ming)稱加上(shang)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)”的(de)頭銜,吃(chi)水餃(jiao)叫吃(chi)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)耳”,吃(chi)春餅叫吃(chi)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)鱗”,吃(chi)面條叫食“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)須”,吃(chi)米飯叫吃(chi)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)子”,吃(chi)餛飩叫吃(chi)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)眼”等。婦女(nv)們在這一(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)不(bu)能做針線活(huo),因(yin)為(wei)蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)在這一(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)要(yao)抬頭觀望天(tian)(tian)下,使(shi)用(yong)(yong)針會刺傷龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)眼睛。婦女(nv)起床前(qian),先念“二(er)月二(er),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬頭,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)不(bu)抬頭我抬頭”。起床后(hou)還(huan)要(yao)打(da)著燈籠照房(fang)(fang)梁,邊照邊念“二(er)月二(er),照房(fang)(fang)梁,蝎子蜈(wu)蚣無處藏”。有的(de)地方婦女(nv)停(ting)止洗衣服,怕(pa)傷了龍(long)(long)(long)(long)皮,等等。山(shan)東(dong)菏澤民間習俗是(shi)二(er)月二(er)這天(tian)(tian)炒(chao)鹽水黃(huang)豆(dou)(dou),讓黃(huang)豆(dou)(dou)開花。
福建(jian)莆(pu)田(tian):莆(pu)田(tian)民間有“二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er),龍抬頭(tou)(tou),打牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)祭(ji)(ji),大聚(ju)餐(can)”之俗。農歷(li)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)初(chu)二(er)(er),俗稱(cheng)“二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)”,莆(pu)仙人稱(cheng)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)為“頭(tou)(tou)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”,而(er)(er)且與臘月(yue)(yue)十六的(de)“尾牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”同等(deng)(deng)重視(shi)。按(an)地(di)方(fang)方(fang)言(yan),“做(zuo)(zuo)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”也叫(jiao)“打牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)祭(ji)(ji)”。所謂“打牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)祭(ji)(ji)”,在《現代漢語詞典(dian)》注解說:“原指每逢月(yue)(yue)初(chu)、月(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)吃一(yi)(yi)頓(dun)有葷菜(cai)的(de)飯,后來泛指偶而(er)(er)吃一(yi)(yi)頓(dun)豐盛的(de)飯。”然(ran)而(er)(er),在莆(pu)仙,整個正月(yue)(yue)里鬧元(yuan)宵,都(dou)有“豐盛的(de)菜(cai)肴”,算不上是(shi)“做(zuo)(zuo)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”“打牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)祭(ji)(ji)”。到(dao)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)初(chu)二(er)(er),才(cai)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)年中(zhong)(zhong)“做(zuo)(zuo)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”的(de)頭(tou)(tou)一(yi)(yi)次,所以(yi)稱(cheng)為“頭(tou)(tou)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”。“頭(tou)(tou)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”這一(yi)(yi)天,按(an)傳統(tong)慣(guan)例,各行業(ye)、商(shang)店鋪、包括(kuo)各戶(hu)主(zhu),一(yi)(yi)到(dao)黃(huang)昏前后時段,置辦果品酒(jiu)(jiu)肴等(deng)(deng),點香燭、燒“貢銀”、放鞭炮(pao)等(deng)(deng)。城里的(de)把供案擺在自家店門前,鄉村(cun)的(de)到(dao)田(tian)頭(tou)(tou)、社(she)廟祭(ji)(ji)祀土(tu)地(di)神,祈求豐收。然(ran)后,以(yi)祭(ji)(ji)神福余(yu),邀(yao)請(qing)雇傭(yong)伙友工(gong)(gong)(gong)匠(jiang)們聚(ju)餐(can),未得邀(yao)請(qing)者,就意味著(zhu)被“解雇”。莆(pu)仙村(cun)民凡有雇傭(yong)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)、泥工(gong)(gong)(gong)等(deng)(deng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)匠(jiang)做(zuo)(zuo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)人家,戶(hu)主(zhu)須于(yu)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)初(chu)二(er)(er)晚(wan)上辦酒(jiu)(jiu)席請(qing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)匠(jiang)“做(zuo)(zuo)頭(tou)(tou)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”。
福(fu)建福(fu)清:江陰(yin)鎮的(de)南曹村二月初(chu)二日報恩寺桃溪境迎春(chun)神(shen)(shen)游甚為壯觀(guan),人們裝(zhuang)扮(ban)成(cheng)狀元、榜眼、探(tan)花郎、文武百官,彩旗(qi)、腰(yao)鼓隊(dui)、旱船、蚌女、十番、舞龍(long)、舞獅參游人數(shu)眾多。春(chun)和景明,大地綠遍,到(dao)郊外走走,空氣新鮮,陽(yang)光(guang)充(chong)足,大氣中(zhong)的(de)“長壽素(su)”——陰(yin)離子較多,是(shi)調(diao)整(zheng)人體代(dai)謝(xie)的(de)天然“藥(yao)物”,更是(shi)治療精神(shen)(shen)緊張(zhang)的(de)理(li)想“解毒(du)劑”。村民們以淳樸的(de)情懷(huai)用(yong)古(gu)老傳統(tong)的(de)方式迎接著新一年的(de)平安與豐(feng)收,祈(qi)盼著風調(diao)雨順、五(wu)谷豐(feng)登、繁榮昌盛(sheng)。
傳說(shuo)堯(yao)(yao)王(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)父親(qin)帝(di)(di)(di)嚳(帝(di)(di)(di)俊)共有(you)四(si)個(ge)王(wang)(wang)(wang)妃(fei):姜嫄(jiāng yuán)、簡(jian)狄(jiǎn dí)、慶都(dou)(dou)、常(chang)儀。本來(lai)常(chang)儀的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)位最低,可(ke)自從(cong)(cong)生(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)兒子(zi),眾人就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)另眼(yan)相看(kan)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。慶都(dou)(dou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)直(zhi)為沒(mei)有(you)兒子(zi)煩惱。有(you)人告訴她,神母(mu)廟求子(zi)很(hen)靈驗(yan),只要真心實意,沒(mei)有(you)不成的(de)(de)。慶都(dou)(dou)照女巫說(shuo)的(de)(de),在元宵節的(de)(de)晚飯后(hou),去廟里(li)(li)(li)擺上(shang)供(gong)品,然后(hou)恭恭敬敬地(di)(di)(di)(di)磕了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)仨頭(tou),雙手合十,祈(qi)求神靈賜(si)子(zi)。話分兩頭(tou)說(shuo)。有(you)年(nian)(nian)大旱,百姓生(sheng)活困(kun)苦(ku)。天(tian)(tian)上(shang)有(you)條(tiao)(tiao)赤(chi)龍,看(kan)見人間(jian)的(de)(de)凄慘境況(kuang),產(chan)生(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)憐憫之心,私下(xia)里(li)(li)(li)下(xia)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)場雨(yu)。這(zhe)(zhe)事被玉皇大帝(di)(di)(di)知道了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)把(ba)赤(chi)龍壓在了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)座(zuo)山底(di)下(xia)。百姓為赤(chi)龍求情,玉皇大帝(di)(di)(di)發話說(shuo):“除(chu)非金豆子(zi)開花。”到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)二(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)這(zhe)(zhe)天(tian)(tian),不知從(cong)(cong)哪里(li)(li)(li)來(lai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)個(ge)老(lao)媽(ma)媽(ma),一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)勁(jing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)喊:“賣(mai)金豆子(zi)!”人們很(hen)納悶,買(mai)回(hui)家(jia)一(yi)(yi)(yi)看(kan),是(shi)些(xie)黃(huang)(huang)豆。這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)黃(huang)(huang)豆放(fang)(fang)在鍋里(li)(li)(li)一(yi)(yi)(yi)炒(chao),噼里(li)(li)(li)啪(pa)啦地(di)(di)(di)(di)開了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)花。玉帝(di)(di)(di)得知,只得把(ba)那條(tiao)(tiao)赤(chi)龍放(fang)(fang)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)出來(lai),貶下(xia)凡間(jian)。慶都(dou)(dou)從(cong)(cong)神母(mu)廟求子(zi)后(hou),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)天(tian)(tian)天(tian)(tian)盼(pan)著好消息。一(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)夜里(li)(li)(li),她夢見一(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)赤(chi)龍追隨,從(cong)(cong)此,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)懷孕(yun)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)第二(er)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)二(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er),先是(shi)電閃雷(lei)鳴(ming),后(hou)又艷陽高照。院子(zi)里(li)(li)(li)一(yi)(yi)(yi)道金光照耀,孩子(zi)降生(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),起(qi)名(ming)叫放(fang)(fang)勛,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)后(hou)來(lai)的(de)(de)堯(yao)(yao)王(wang)(wang)(wang)。放(fang)(fang)勛聰明伶俐,從(cong)(cong)小(xiao)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)惹人喜愛(ai),長(chang)大當了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)帝(di)(di)(di)王(wang)(wang)(wang)后(hou),每到(dao)二(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)這(zhe)(zhe)天(tian)(tian),就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)同百姓一(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)耕(geng)田(tian)。帝(di)(di)(di)王(wang)(wang)(wang)耕(geng)田(tian)的(de)(de)習(xi)俗(su)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)這(zhe)(zhe)樣傳了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)下(xia)來(lai)。每逢過年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)時候,集上(shang)賣(mai)的(de)(de)木版年(nian)(nian)畫,“皇帝(di)(di)(di)爺爺使金牛(niu)”,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)由此而來(lai)。對于堯(yao)(yao)王(wang)(wang)(wang)出世(shi)(shi)大家(jia)都(dou)(dou)是(shi)眾說(shuo)紛紜,后(hou)世(shi)(shi)編一(yi)(yi)(yi)段:金豆開花赤(chi)龍遂抬頭(tou)二(er)月(yue)(yue)初二(er)堯(yao)(yao)王(wang)(wang)(wang)喜出世(shi)(shi)。
傳說龍抬(tai)頭(tou)節起源于伏羲(xi)氏時代(dai),伏羲(xi)“重農桑,務耕田”,每年農歷(li)(li)二(er)月(yue)初二(er)這(zhe)天“皇娘送(song)飯,御駕親耕”,自理一(yi)(yi)畝(mu)三分地。后來(lai)黃帝、唐堯、虞舜(shun)、夏禹(yu)紛紛效(xiao)法(fa)先王。到周(zhou)武王時期(qi),不(bu)僅沿襲(xi)了這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)傳統作(zuo)法(fa),而且還(huan)當作(zuo)一(yi)(yi)項重要的(de)國策來(lai)實行。于每年農歷(li)(li)二(er)月(yue)初二(er),舉行重大儀式,讓(rang)文武百官都親耕一(yi)(yi)畝(mu)三分地。據說,這(zhe)便(bian)是龍抬(tai)頭(tou)節的(de)由來(lai)。
在我國北方民(min)間(jian)(jian)(jian)還流(liu)傳(chuan)著這(zhe)樣一(yi)(yi)個(ge)故事。說武(wu)則天(tian)(tian)當上(shang)皇帝(di),惹惱了(le)玉(yu)(yu)皇大帝(di),傳(chuan)諭四海龍(long)(long)(long)王,三年內不得向人(ren)(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)(jian)降(jiang)雨。不久,司管天(tian)(tian)河的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)王聽(ting)見民(min)間(jian)(jian)(jian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)家的(de)(de)哭(ku)聲,看(kan)見餓死人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)慘景,擔心人(ren)(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)(jian)生路斷絕,便違(wei)抗玉(yu)(yu)帝(di)的(de)(de)旨意,為人(ren)(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)(jian)降(jiang)了(le)一(yi)(yi)次雨。玉(yu)(yu)帝(di)得知,把龍(long)(long)(long)王打下凡間(jian)(jian)(jian),壓在一(yi)(yi)座大山(shan)下受罪,山(shan)上(shang)立碑:“龍(long)(long)(long)王降(jiang)雨犯(fan)天(tian)(tian)規(gui),當受人(ren)(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)(jian)千秋罪;要想(xiang)重登靈(ling)霄閣,除非(fei)金(jin)(jin)(jin)豆(dou)開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)時。”人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)為了(le)拯救龍(long)(long)(long)王,到處找開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)豆(dou)。到次年農歷(li)二月初二,人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)正在翻(fan)曬玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)種子時,想(xiang)到這(zhe)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)就(jiu)像金(jin)(jin)(jin)豆(dou),炒一(yi)(yi)炒開(kai)(kai)了(le)花(hua)(hua)(hua)不就(jiu)是(shi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)豆(dou)開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)嗎?于是(shi)家家戶戶爆(bao)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)花(hua)(hua)(hua),并在院子里設案(an)焚(fen)香,供(gong)上(shang)開(kai)(kai)了(le)花(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)“金(jin)(jin)(jin)豆(dou)”。(傳(chuan)說有誤,武(wu)則天(tian)(tian)是(shi)唐朝時期人(ren)(ren)(ren)物,玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)是(shi)明朝才(cai)傳(chuan)入中國的(de)(de),那時哪里來玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)種子?)龍(long)(long)(long)王抬頭一(yi)(yi)看(kan),知道百姓救它,便大聲向玉(yu)(yu)帝(di)喊道:“金(jin)(jin)(jin)豆(dou)開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)了(le),快放(fang)我出(chu)去!”玉(yu)(yu)帝(di)一(yi)(yi)看(kan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)(jian)家家戶戶院里金(jin)(jin)(jin)豆(dou)花(hua)(hua)(hua)開(kai)(kai)放(fang),只好(hao)傳(chuan)諭,詔龍(long)(long)(long)王回(hui)到天(tian)(tian)庭,繼續(xu)給人(ren)(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)(jian)興云布雨。從此,民(min)間(jian)(jian)(jian)形成習慣,每到二月初二這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian),就(jiu)爆(bao)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)吃。