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基本介紹

寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)蜂(feng)（Parasitoid wasp），指膜翅目(mu)細腰亞目(mu)中金(jin)小蜂(feng)科、姬蜂(feng)科、小蜂(feng)科等靠寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)生(sheng)活的(de)多種昆蟲。它們的(de)寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)方式很(hen)多，被寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)對(dui)象從(cong)卵到(dao)(dao)成蟲的(de)各個階段，都(dou)可能被寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)。所謂寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)蜂(feng)，就(jiu)是從(cong)植食性(xing)蜂(feng)類進化(hua)到(dao)(dao)筑巢性(xing)期間的(de)一群肉食性(xing)蜂(feng)類。與寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)蟲一樣。

分成外寄生和內(nei)寄生兩大類。前者(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)指(zhi)把卵產在寄主(zhu)體(ti)表(biao)(biao)，讓孵化(hua)的幼蟲(chong)從(cong)體(ti)表(biao)(biao)取食寄主(zhu)身(shen)體(ti)；后者(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)把卵產在寄主(zhu)體(ti)內(nei)，讓孵化(hua)的幼蟲(chong)取食害蟲(chong)體(ti)內(nei)的組織。內(nei)寄生形式者(zhe)(zhe)，被認為(wei)較為(wei)進(jin)化(hua)。

外寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生者在產卵前，必須克服一(yi)件事(shi)，就是得讓寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)無法動彈，否則卵會(hui)(hui)(hui)被寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)壓壞，甚至被寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)咬死。因(yin)此，外寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生蜂(feng)(feng)會(hui)(hui)(hui)先用產卵管蜇刺(ci)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)，注(zhu)射有(you)毒(du)物質麻痹寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)。也就是說(shuo)，產卵管除了產卵功(gong)能(neng)外，兼具注(zhu)入(ru)麻醉(zui)液的(de)功(gong)能(neng)。此外，還有(you)一(yi)個待解決的(de)問題(ti)，就是寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)必須有(you)造繭性等隱蔽身體(ti)的(de)習性，因(yin)為寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)若遭麻醉(zui)，行動變得遲鈍，容易受(shou)到敵(di)害(hai)攻(gong)擊或其他外在環境(jing)的(de)傷害(hai)，如果(guo)沒有(you)隱蔽自己(ji)的(de)絕活(huo)，體(ti)表的(de)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生蜂(feng)(feng)幼(you)蟲也將會(hui)(hui)(hui)與它同歸于盡。而采用內寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生方(fang)式的(de)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生蜂(feng)(feng)，問題(ti)就沒有(you)那么(me)嚴重。

此(ci)外(wai)，也(ye)有像蜘(zhi)蛛姬蜂(feng)這(zhe)類具有產(chan)卵(luan)特技寄生蜂(feng)，它們(men)以蜘(zhi)蛛網上的蜘(zhi)蛛為(wei)寄主(zhu)。當它突襲蜘(zhi)蛛時，會先刺蜇蜘(zhi)蛛腳的基部，利用其暫(zan)時失去感覺(jue)之際，在它的頭胸部或腹(fu)部腹(fu)面產(chan)下一粒(li)卵(luan)，蜘(zhi)蛛后來雖(sui)然恢復知覺(jue)，但由于腳摳不到卵(luan)，只好任(ren)由孵化的姬蜂(feng)幼(you)蟲吸血，而(er)終至(zhi)死亡。

常見種類

寄生蜂(feng)的種類很多，分別(bie)寄生于(yu)寄主的不(bu)同發育階段，常見的有小蜂(feng)、姬(ji)蜂(feng)、繭蜂(feng)、赤(chi)眼蜂(feng)、嚙小蜂(feng)等。

姬蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)是(shi)(shi)膜翅(chi)目(mu)姬蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)科的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)，膜翅(chi)目(mu)(Hymenoptera)姬蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)科(Ichneunmonidae,有(you)(you)重(zhong)要經濟意義的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)大(da)科)昆(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。分布很(hen)廣，約(yue)40,000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。形狀(zhuang)、顏色、大(da)小(xiao)各異，一(yi)般1.2公(gong)分(約(yue)0.5寸(cun))長(chang)(chang)。北美洲最長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)(chang)針(zhen)姬蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)屬(shu)達(da)5公(gong)分。許多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)腹部細(xi)長(chang)(chang)而彎(wan)曲，像黃蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)，區別一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)于觸角較(jiao)(jiao)長(chang)(chang)，節較(jiao)(jiao)多。產(chan)(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)器通常(chang)比(bi)身體(ti)(ti)長(chang)(chang)。許多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)翅(chi)有(you)(you)一(yi)黑(hei)點(dian)。寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)蜘蛛以(yi)(yi)及多類昆(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)上(shang)，尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)鱗翅(chi)目(mu)和其(qi)他(ta)膜翅(chi)目(mu)昆(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。由于寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)許多害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)上(shang)，總的(de)(de)(de)來說是(shi)(shi)益蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。雌蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)在(zai)(zai)宿(su)主的(de)(de)(de)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)或蛹(yong)(很(hen)少在(zai)(zai)卵(luan)(luan)或成體(ti)(ti))上(shang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)。幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)取(qu)食宿(su)主的(de)(de)(de)脂肪和體(ti)(ti)液，長(chang)(chang)成后織一(yi)繭。如(ru)果宿(su)主生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活場所不(bu)是(shi)(shi)隱蔽的(de)(de)(de)，則通常(chang)寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)宿(su)主體(ti)(ti)內(nei)；若宿(su)主生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活在(zai)(zai)隱蔽處(如(ru)樹木(mu)孔(kong)道(dao)內(nei))，則常(chang)寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)宿(su)主體(ti)(ti)姬蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)外。一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)宿(su)主上(shang)多數只有(you)(you)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，但(dan)有(you)(you)時也(ye)可有(you)(you)多個(ge)(ge)(ge)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。赤眼蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)以(yi)(yi)眼紅色而得名，它經常(chang)把卵(luan)(luan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)在(zai)(zai)松(song)毛蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、玉米螟(ming)(ming)、二化螟(ming)(ming)及甘蔗螟(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)(luan)中，幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)就以(yi)(yi)寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)卵(luan)(luan)中的(de)(de)(de)營養(yang)物質為(wei)食，所以(yi)(yi)可以(yi)(yi)大(da)量消(xiao)滅農(nong)林害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)；雌馬(ma)尼蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)可以(yi)(yi)把卵(luan)(luan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)在(zai)(zai)鉆(zhan)入樹皮(pi)的(de)(de)(de)天牛幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)內(nei)，以(yi)(yi)后它的(de)(de)(de)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)便以(yi)(yi)天牛幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)為(wei)食，直至(zhi)吃得只剩一(yi)層皮(pi)。當(dang)它發(fa)現鱗翅(chi)目(mu)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)后便落到它的(de)(de)(de)頭部，用(yong)長(chang)(chang)針(zhen)狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)器刺入其(qi)腦部，實施麻碎后被(bei)寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)便昏迷不(bu)醒，然(ran)后被(bei)“劫(jie)”入穴(xue)中，產(chan)(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)其(qi)中；其(qi)他(ta)如(ru)金(jin)小(xiao)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)、姬蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)、小(xiao)繭蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)等是(shi)(shi)消(xiao)滅害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)能手。左(zuo)圖是(shi)(shi)用(yong)赤眼蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)防(fang)治玉米螟(ming)(ming)，掛在(zai)(zai)玉米葉(xie)子上(shang)是(shi)(shi)赤眼蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)卵(luan)(luan)塊(kuai)，每個(ge)(ge)(ge)小(xiao)白球里有(you)(you)40多個(ge)(ge)(ge)赤眼蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)卵(luan)(luan)。

黑(hei)(hei)青(qing)小蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)（Dibrachys xavus）棉(mian)紅鈴蟲等(deng)的天敵，金(jin)小蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)科。雌成蟲體長(chang)約2.8毫米(mi)(mi)，黑(hei)(hei)色(se)(se)，翅透(tou)明有(you)(you)金(jin)屬光(guang)澤，腹(fu)部(bu)紡錘形。雄成蟲體長(chang)約2毫米(mi)(mi)，腹(fu)部(bu)第一、二節間有(you)(you)半透(tou)明的黃(huang)白(bai)色(se)(se)帶。年(nian)生(sheng)11-12代(dai)。在越冬結繭(jian)的棉(mian)紅鈴蟲幼(you)蟲體上寄(ji)生(sheng)，使(shi)其死(si)亡(wang)。用于防治(zhi)棉(mian)花倉庫內的棉(mian)紅鈴蟲，倉庫內放蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)后，寄(ji)生(sheng)率(lv)很高。

生活習性

與捕食(shi)性(xing)昆蟲不(bu)(bu)同的是，寄(ji)(ji)生性(xing)昆蟲一般都(dou)是成蟲積極地尋找(zhao)寄(ji)(ji)主(zhu)，當發現寄(ji)(ji)主(zhu)后，將卵產于體內。幼蟲孵化(hua)后取食(shi)寄(ji)(ji)主(zhu)的營養，和(he)寄(ji)(ji)主(zhu)共生一段時間后才使寄(ji)(ji)主(zhu)死亡。幼蟲不(bu)(bu)能(neng)主(zhu)動尋找(zhao)食(shi)物。

繁殖方式

寄生蜂產的幼卵安靜地躺在夢幻般的薄紗結構中。雌性寄生(sheng)蜂通(tong)常(chang)會(hui)將幼(you)(you)卵(luan)(luan)注入毛(mao)(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)蟲(chong)體(ti)內，當(dang)幼(you)(you)卵(luan)(luan)在毛(mao)(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)蟲(chong)體(ti)內發育(yu)14天左右(you)，就會(hui)變得非常(chang)難看(kan)。寄生(sheng)蜂在毛(mao)(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)蟲(chong)體(ti)內排卵(luan)(luan)發育(yu)是自然界中一種奇特的(de)生(sheng)物學(xue)攻(gong)擊，寄生(sheng)蜂幼(you)(you)卵(luan)(luan)使用(yong)其DNA中的(de)一種病毒(du)使毛(mao)(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)蟲(chong)處于麻痹狀態。受(shou)傷的(de)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)蟲(chong)顯(xian)然被病毒(du)所嚴重影響，它在幼(you)(you)卵(luan)(luan)旁(pang)建造了(le)絲(si)毯結構，對(dui)這些(xie)攻(gong)擊者進行防御(yu)，然而在這種發育(yu)環(huan)境(jing)下，寄生(sheng)蜂幼(you)(you)卵(luan)(luan)逐漸發育(yu)，最終完(wan)全成熟，離開毛(mao)(mao)(mao)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)蟲(chong)飛向天空。