瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)繭(jian)蜂Perilitus coccinellae(Schrank)是(shi)繭(jian)蜂科優繭(jian)蜂亞科緣繭(jian)蜂屬的一個(ge)物種。瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)繭(jian)蜂幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)操(cao)控(kong)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)保護蜂繭(jian)的時間長度(du)存在差異(yi)。有(you)時候瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)會一直保持警(jing)惕,直到幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)破繭(jian)而出,蛻(tui)變成黃蜂。以幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體內和一部分以繭(jian)在田(tian)間越冬(dong),春季3-4月羽化為成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。寄(ji)主有(you)七星瓤蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、稻紅瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)寄(ji)生,單寄(ji)生。
北京(海淀(dian),延慶,懷柔),山西(xi)(花塔,榆(yu)次,臨汾),內蒙古(賀蘭山),浙江(西(xi)天目山,東(dong)陽),福建(福州(zhou),漳(zhang)州(zhou),龍(long)溪),河南(nan)(安陽),四川(西(xi)昌(chang)),云南(nan)(昆(kun)明,開(kai)遠),新疆(烏魯木齊)。
全(quan)世界(包括夏(xia)威(wei)夷(yi)和(he)新西蘭(lan))。
雌蜂體長(chang)約4毫米。頭頂黃褐色,顏面黃色,復眼、單眼座及后頭黑色,觸(chu)角由(you)基(ji)部(bu)(bu)至(zhi)端(duan)部(bu)(bu)深褐色至(zhi)黑色;胸部(bu)(bu)及并(bing)胸腹節黑色;足暗褐色,前足稍(shao)淡;翅透明,略帶煙褐色,翅痣與翅脈暗褐色;腹部(bu)(bu),第1背板(ban)端(duan)部(bu)(bu)變寬具刻(ke)紋及皺狀刻(ke)點,第2節及其后各節背板(ban)平滑(hua),具光澤。產卵管(guan)突出,直,產卵管(guan)鞘長(chang)約為腹長(chang)之半(ban),被(bei)均勻(yun)白(bai)毛。
頭光(guang)(guang)滑(hua)具(ju)(ju)白(bai)色(se)柔毛(mao)(mao),顏面中(zhong)央(yang)略隆(long)起(qi),與唇基(ji)間(jian)分界明顯,唇基(ji)窩深,有(you)后(hou)(hou)頭脊;觸角與體約(yue)等長,22節。中(zhong)胸盾片(pian)(pian)中(zhong)葉前半(ban)部及側葉后(hou)(hou)半(ban)部光(guang)(guang)滑(hua)具(ju)(ju)光(guang)(guang)澤,稍隆(long)起(qi),盾縱溝寬而淺,有(you)網(wang)(wang)(wang)狀(zhuang)皺(zhou)紋,至盾片(pian)(pian)中(zhong)葉前半(ban)部連成一(yi)片(pian)(pian),似“U”字形(xing);小盾片(pian)(pian)具(ju)(ju)網(wang)(wang)(wang)紋;并胸腹(fu)(fu)節具(ju)(ju)粗網(wang)(wang)(wang)紋,自(zi)基(ji)部1/3以后(hou)(hou)向下傾(qing)斜,后(hou)(hou)半(ban)部有(you)細(xi)中(zhong)脊。前翅(chi)徑(jing)室上緣短于徑(jing)脈(mo)端(duan)(duan)部距翅(chi)端(duan)(duan)的距離,徑(jing)脈(mo)第1段很短,約(yue)與基(ji)徑(jing)基(ji)段等長,無(wu)第2肘間(jian)脈(mo),回脈(mo)自(zi)肘室伸(shen)出,小脈(mo)后(hou)(hou)叉式。腹(fu)(fu)部第1節有(you)柄,具(ju)(ju)網(wang)(wang)(wang)狀(zhuang)皺(zhou)紋,第2節以后(hou)(hou)各(ge)節背板光(guang)(guang)滑(hua),具(ju)(ju)光(guang)(guang)澤。產卵管鞘(qiao)黑色(se),約(yue)為腹(fu)(fu)長之半(ban),被有(you)白(bai)色(se)細(xi)毛(mao)(mao)。幼蟲長橢圓形(xing),黃白(bai)毛(mao)(mao),頭部較(jiao)粗,后(hou)(hou)端(duan)(duan)較(jiao)細(xi),無(wu)足(zu),腹(fu)(fu)末有(you)水泡狀(zhuang)突起(qi)。老熟時體長約(yue)5.5毫(hao)米(mi)。繭(jian)長約(yue)5毫(hao)米(mi),紡錘形(xing),黃褐色(se),繭(jian)外有(you)一(yi)層(ceng)疏(shu)松的深灰黃色(se)薄絲。單(dan)繭(jian)。
寄(ji)(ji)主(zhu)有七星瓤蟲、稻紅(hong)瓢(piao)蟲。成(cheng)蟲寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng),單寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)。蜂(feng)(feng)幼蟲老熟時鉆出寄(ji)(ji)主(zhu)體外,在(zai)(zai)其腹下(xia)吐(tu)絲結繭(jian),繭(jian)白色,并有一(yi)絲與瓤蟲相(xiang)連,此(ci)時蟲已進人(ren)垂死狀態(tai),俯在(zai)(zai)蜂(feng)(feng)繭(jian)之(zhi)上,尤如孵蛋一(yi)樣,觸之(zhi)能微(wei)動,不食(shi)不動維持十天左右,寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)蜂(feng)(feng)才咬破(po)繭(jian)的一(yi)端(duan)(切口整齊)羽化出來。貴定(ding)地區四月底在(zai)(zai)麥田(tian)可(ke)(ke)見七星瓢(piao)蟲被(bei)寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng);9月間可(ke)(ke)見稻田(tian)稻紅(hong)艦蟲被(bei)寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)。另(ling)發現有一(yi)種金(jin)小(xiao)蜂(feng)(feng)作重寄(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng),從蟲繭(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)繭(jian)內羽化出來。
黃蜂(feng)家族的(de)(de)瓢蟲(chong)繭(jian)蜂(feng)將(jiang)(jiang)瓢蟲(chong)變(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)僵尸的(de)(de)全(quan)過程。瓢蟲(chong)繭(jian)蜂(feng)鎖(suo)定目標,準(zhun)備(bei)將(jiang)(jiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)枚卵注入瓢蟲(chong)體(ti)內(nei)(nei)。在(zai)蜂(feng)毒的(de)(de)侵襲下,瓢蟲(chong)將(jiang)(jiang)陷入癱(tan)瘓(huan)狀(zhuang)態。在(zai)瓢蟲(chong)體(ti)內(nei)(nei),卵孵化成(cheng)(cheng)幼蟲(chong),發育幾天之后便在(zai)瓢蟲(chong)腹部抓出(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)小洞。隨后,幼蟲(chong)在(zai)瓢蟲(chong)腿之間(jian)(jian)織(zhi)出(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)繭(jian),幼蟲(chong)蛻變(bian)期(qi)間(jian)(jian),瓢蟲(chong)的(de)(de)尸體(ti)一(yi)(yi)(yi)直安息(xi)在(zai)繭(jian)頂(ding)部。
研究指出絕大多數寄生蟲(chong)(chong)最(zui)終(zhong)都殺死宿(su)主,一(yi)些瓢蟲(chong)(chong)經受(shou)住可怕的(de)(de)(de)考驗,幸(xing)(xing)存下來(lai)。30%到40%的(de)(de)(de)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)宿(su)主在黃(huang)蜂幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)孵化之后(hou)仍然(ran)存活,其中一(yi)些個體還能繼續產(chan)卵。這些瓢蟲(chong)(chong)之所以(yi)能夠幸(xing)(xing)存的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因在于(yu),黃(huang)蜂幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)只以(yi)并不對瓢蟲(chong)(chong)構成(cheng)致(zhi)命威(wei)脅(xie)的(de)(de)(de)組織為食,例如脂肪。
仍然活著(zhu)的(de)(de)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)站在(zai)蜂(feng)繭(jian)上(shang)面,此時的(de)(de)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)具有(you)(you)攻(gong)擊性(xing),攻(gong)擊入侵者(zhe)。這種行為與(yu)黃蜂(feng)幼蟲(chong)鉆出并結繭(jian)后留在(zai)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)體(ti)內(nei)的(de)(de)毒液有(you)(you)關。研究小組將捕食(shi)性(xing)草蜻蛉(ling)放入培(pei)養皿,蜂(feng)繭(jian)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)上(shang)面站著(zhu)活瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)站著(zhu)死(si)蜂(feng)繭(jian),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)則(ze)沒(mei)有(you)(you)這個保鏢(biao)。實驗(yan)結果顯示,草蜻蛉(ling)在(zai)攻(gong)擊受到僵尸保鏢(biao)保護的(de)(de)蜂(feng)繭(jian)時成功率較低。
瓢(piao)蟲(chong)繭蜂(feng)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)操控(kong)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)保(bao)護蜂(feng)繭的(de)時間(jian)(jian)長度存在差異。有時候瓢(piao)蟲(chong)會一直保(bao)持警惕,直到幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)破繭而(er)出,蛻(tui)變成黃蜂(feng)。其他情況下,瓢(piao)蟲(chong)被控(kong)制的(de)時間(jian)(jian)只(zhi)有幾天(tian)。研(yan)究(jiu)發現,如(ru)果投入更(geng)多時間(jian)(jian)和能(neng)量(liang)控(kong)制它們的(de)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)保(bao)鏢,黃蜂(feng)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)成年(nian)后產(chan)卵(luan)較少。這是科學家第(di)一次發現控(kong)制宿主與自身繁殖(zhi)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)取(qu)舍(she)關系。
最終,一(yi)只新黃(huang)蜂從受到保護的繭(jian)中鉆出。布羅德表示這項研究揭開了加拿大的一(yi)個(ge)謎團。他說(shuo):“在森林中散步時,我們(men)經常看到瓢蟲站(zhan)在一(yi)個(ge)繭(jian)上面(mian),這讓我們(men)大為迷惑。現在,我們(men)終于(yu)找到答案。”
以(yi)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)內(nei)和(he)(he)一部分以(yi)繭在田間(jian)越冬,春季3-4月羽化為成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),產卵于瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)腹末或腹側的節間(jian)膜(mo)內(nei),單寄(ji)生,幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)老熟后(hou)在寄(ji)主腹部背面第4-5節間(jian)咬圓孔外出(chu),在瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)下吐絲(si)作繭。成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)壽(shou)命平(ping)均(jun)7天,蛹期平(ping)均(jun)14天,卵和(he)(he)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)期共(gong)43天,第1代幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)期在4月上旬(xun)至4月底,第2代在6月。
生境(jing):農田(tian)、果園(yuan)、森(sen)林。
地理分(fen)布:河北、山(shan)東、河南、陜西、上海(hai)、四川、臺灣(wan)、福建、廣東、廣西、云南。