瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)Perilitus coccinellae(Schrank)是繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)科(ke)(ke)優繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)亞(ya)科(ke)(ke)緣繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)屬的(de)(de)一(yi)個物(wu)種。瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)幼蟲(chong)(chong)操控瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)保護(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)繭(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)時間長(chang)度存在差(cha)異(yi)。有時候(hou)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)會一(yi)直保持(chi)警惕,直到幼蟲(chong)(chong)破(po)繭(jian)(jian)而(er)出,蛻變成黃蜂(feng)(feng)。以幼蟲(chong)(chong)在瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)體內和一(yi)部分以繭(jian)(jian)在田(tian)間越冬,春季3-4月羽(yu)化為成蟲(chong)(chong)。寄(ji)主有七星瓤蟲(chong)(chong)、稻(dao)紅瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)。成蟲(chong)(chong)寄(ji)生(sheng),單寄(ji)生(sheng)。
北京(海淀,延(yan)慶,懷(huai)柔),山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(花(hua)塔,榆次,臨汾(fen)),內蒙古(賀蘭山(shan)(shan)(shan)),浙江(西(xi)(xi)天目山(shan)(shan)(shan),東(dong)陽(yang)),福建(福州(zhou)(zhou),漳(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou),龍溪),河南(nan)(安陽(yang)),四川(西(xi)(xi)昌),云南(nan)(昆明,開遠(yuan)),新疆(烏(wu)魯木齊)。
全(quan)世界(包括夏威(wei)夷和新(xin)西蘭)。
雌蜂體(ti)長約(yue)4毫米。頭(tou)頂黃褐(he)色(se)(se),顏面黃色(se)(se),復眼(yan)、單(dan)眼(yan)座及(ji)后頭(tou)黑色(se)(se),觸角(jiao)由(you)基部(bu)至端部(bu)深褐(he)色(se)(se)至黑色(se)(se);胸部(bu)及(ji)并胸腹節黑色(se)(se);足暗(an)褐(he)色(se)(se),前足稍(shao)淡;翅(chi)(chi)透明,略(lve)帶煙(yan)褐(he)色(se)(se),翅(chi)(chi)痣與(yu)翅(chi)(chi)脈暗(an)褐(he)色(se)(se);腹部(bu),第1背板端部(bu)變(bian)寬具刻紋及(ji)皺狀刻點,第2節及(ji)其后各節背板平滑,具光澤。產卵管(guan)突出,直,產卵管(guan)鞘長約(yue)為腹長之半,被(bei)均(jun)勻白毛。
頭光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)滑具(ju)(ju)白(bai)色(se)(se)柔毛,顏面中(zhong)央略隆(long)起,與唇(chun)基(ji)間分界(jie)明顯,唇(chun)基(ji)窩深,有后(hou)(hou)(hou)頭脊;觸角(jiao)與體約(yue)(yue)(yue)等長,22節。中(zhong)胸盾片中(zhong)葉(xie)前(qian)半(ban)(ban)部(bu)及(ji)側葉(xie)后(hou)(hou)(hou)半(ban)(ban)部(bu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)滑具(ju)(ju)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)澤,稍隆(long)起,盾縱(zong)溝寬(kuan)而淺,有網(wang)狀(zhuang)皺(zhou)紋,至(zhi)盾片中(zhong)葉(xie)前(qian)半(ban)(ban)部(bu)連成(cheng)一片,似“U”字(zi)形(xing);小(xiao)盾片具(ju)(ju)網(wang)紋;并(bing)胸腹(fu)節具(ju)(ju)粗網(wang)紋,自(zi)基(ji)部(bu)1/3以(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)向(xiang)下傾斜,后(hou)(hou)(hou)半(ban)(ban)部(bu)有細中(zhong)脊。前(qian)翅(chi)徑(jing)室上緣短于(yu)徑(jing)脈(mo)端(duan)(duan)部(bu)距翅(chi)端(duan)(duan)的距離,徑(jing)脈(mo)第(di)(di)1段很短,約(yue)(yue)(yue)與基(ji)徑(jing)基(ji)段等長,無第(di)(di)2肘(zhou)間脈(mo),回脈(mo)自(zi)肘(zhou)室伸出,小(xiao)脈(mo)后(hou)(hou)(hou)叉式。腹(fu)部(bu)第(di)(di)1節有柄,具(ju)(ju)網(wang)狀(zhuang)皺(zhou)紋,第(di)(di)2節以(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)各節背板光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)滑,具(ju)(ju)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)澤。產(chan)卵管鞘黑色(se)(se),約(yue)(yue)(yue)為腹(fu)長之半(ban)(ban),被有白(bai)色(se)(se)細毛。幼(you)蟲長橢圓形(xing),黃(huang)白(bai)毛,頭部(bu)較粗,后(hou)(hou)(hou)端(duan)(duan)較細,無足,腹(fu)末有水泡(pao)狀(zhuang)突起。老熟時(shi)體長約(yue)(yue)(yue)5.5毫米。繭(jian)長約(yue)(yue)(yue)5毫米,紡錘形(xing),黃(huang)褐色(se)(se),繭(jian)外有一層(ceng)疏松的深灰黃(huang)色(se)(se)薄絲。單繭(jian)。
寄(ji)主有(you)七星(xing)瓤蟲(chong)、稻(dao)紅瓢蟲(chong)。成蟲(chong)寄(ji)生(sheng),單寄(ji)生(sheng)。蜂(feng)幼蟲(chong)老熟(shu)時鉆(zhan)出(chu)寄(ji)主體(ti)外,在(zai)(zai)其腹(fu)下吐絲結(jie)繭,繭白色,并有(you)一(yi)絲與瓤蟲(chong)相連,此時蟲(chong)已進人垂死狀態,俯在(zai)(zai)蜂(feng)繭之上,尤如孵蛋一(yi)樣,觸之能微(wei)動,不(bu)食不(bu)動維持十天左右,寄(ji)生(sheng)蜂(feng)才咬破繭的(de)一(yi)端(duan)(切口整齊)羽化出(chu)來。貴定地區四(si)月(yue)底在(zai)(zai)麥田可(ke)見七星(xing)瓢蟲(chong)被(bei)寄(ji)生(sheng);9月(yue)間可(ke)見稻(dao)田稻(dao)紅艦蟲(chong)被(bei)寄(ji)生(sheng)。另(ling)發現有(you)一(yi)種金小蜂(feng)作重寄(ji)生(sheng),從蟲(chong)繭蜂(feng)繭內羽化出(chu)來。
黃蜂(feng)家族的(de)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)繭(jian)蜂(feng)將瓢蟲(chong)(chong)變成僵尸(shi)的(de)全過程。瓢蟲(chong)(chong)繭(jian)蜂(feng)鎖(suo)定目標,準備將一枚卵(luan)注入(ru)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)體內。在(zai)(zai)蜂(feng)毒的(de)侵襲下,瓢蟲(chong)(chong)將陷入(ru)癱瘓狀態(tai)。在(zai)(zai)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)體內,卵(luan)孵(fu)化成幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong),發育幾(ji)天之后便在(zai)(zai)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)腹部(bu)抓出(chu)一個(ge)小洞。隨后,幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)腿之間(jian)織出(chu)一個(ge)繭(jian),幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)蛻變期間(jian),瓢蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)尸(shi)體一直安息(xi)在(zai)(zai)繭(jian)頂部(bu)。
研究指出絕大多(duo)數寄生蟲最終都(dou)殺死宿主(zhu),一些(xie)瓢蟲經受(shou)住可怕的(de)考驗,幸(xing)存下來。30%到40%的(de)瓢蟲宿主(zhu)在黃蜂幼(you)(you)蟲孵化(hua)之后仍然存活,其中(zhong)一些(xie)個體還能(neng)(neng)繼續產卵(luan)。這些(xie)瓢蟲之所以(yi)能(neng)(neng)夠幸(xing)存的(de)原因在于,黃蜂幼(you)(you)蟲只(zhi)以(yi)并不對瓢蟲構成致命威(wei)脅(xie)的(de)組織為食,例如脂肪。
仍然活著的(de)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲站(zhan)在蜂繭上面,此時的(de)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲具有(you)(you)攻(gong)擊(ji)性,攻(gong)擊(ji)入侵者。這(zhe)種行為與(yu)黃蜂幼蟲鉆(zhan)出并結繭后(hou)留在瓢(piao)(piao)蟲體內(nei)的(de)毒液有(you)(you)關。研(yan)究小(xiao)組將捕食性草蜻(qing)蛉(ling)放(fang)入培養皿,蜂繭有(you)(you)的(de)上面站(zhan)著活瓢(piao)(piao)蟲,有(you)(you)的(de)站(zhan)著死蜂繭,有(you)(you)的(de)則沒有(you)(you)這(zhe)個保鏢(biao)(biao)。實驗結果顯示,草蜻(qing)蛉(ling)在攻(gong)擊(ji)受到僵尸保鏢(biao)(biao)保護的(de)蜂繭時成功率較(jiao)低。
瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)繭蜂幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)操控(kong)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)保(bao)護蜂繭的時(shi)間長度存在差異。有時(shi)候瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)會一(yi)直保(bao)持警惕,直到(dao)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)破繭而出,蛻(tui)變成(cheng)黃蜂。其他情況下,瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)被(bei)控(kong)制的時(shi)間只有幾天(tian)。研究(jiu)發(fa)現,如(ru)果(guo)投(tou)入更多時(shi)間和能量控(kong)制它(ta)們的瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)保(bao)鏢,黃蜂幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)成(cheng)年后(hou)產卵(luan)較少。這是科學家第一(yi)次發(fa)現控(kong)制宿主與自身繁殖(zhi)之間的取舍(she)關系。
最(zui)終,一(yi)只新黃蜂從受到(dao)保(bao)護的繭中(zhong)鉆出(chu)。布羅(luo)德表示(shi)這項研(yan)究揭開了(le)加(jia)拿大的一(yi)個(ge)謎團。他說(shuo):“在森林中(zhong)散(san)步(bu)時(shi),我們經常看到(dao)瓢(piao)蟲站(zhan)在一(yi)個(ge)繭上面,這讓我們大為迷惑。現在,我們終于(yu)找到(dao)答案。”
以(yi)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)在瓢蟲(chong)(chong)體內(nei)和(he)一部分以(yi)繭在田間(jian)越冬(dong),春季3-4月(yue)(yue)羽(yu)化(hua)為成蟲(chong)(chong),產卵于(yu)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)腹末或腹側(ce)的節間(jian)膜內(nei),單寄生,幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)老熟后在寄主腹部背面第4-5節間(jian)咬圓孔外(wai)出(chu),在瓢蟲(chong)(chong)體下吐絲(si)作繭。成蟲(chong)(chong)壽命平均(jun)7天,蛹期(qi)平均(jun)14天,卵和(he)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)期(qi)共43天,第1代幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)期(qi)在4月(yue)(yue)上旬至4月(yue)(yue)底,第2代在6月(yue)(yue)。
生境:農田、果園、森林。
地(di)理分布:河(he)北、山東(dong)、河(he)南、陜西(xi)、上海、四川、臺灣、福建、廣東(dong)、廣西(xi)、云南。