陳其美(1878—1916),字英士(shi),號(hao)無(wu)為,浙江湖州吳興(xing)人,中國近代民主革(ge)命家、中國同盟會元老。在辛亥革(ge)命時期與(yu)(yu)黃(huang)興(xing)同為孫中山的左右股肱。蔡元培稱其可(ke)與(yu)(yu)歷代俠士(shi)齊名列傳,并(bing)盛贊陳其美為“民國第一豪俠”。
1906年(nian)(nian)陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)赴(fu)日(ri)本(ben)留學,入(ru)東京警監(jian)學校,同年(nian)(nian)加入(ru)中國(guo)同盟會(hui)(hui)(hui)。期(qi)間(jian)與(yu)蔣介石、黃郛結為金蘭(lan)兄弟。1908年(nian)(nian)奉孫中山(shan)(shan)派遣回(hui)國(guo),往來于浙(zhe)滬京津各(ge)地聯絡革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨(dang)人(ren)。1909年(nian)(nian)創辦《中國(guo)公報》、《民聲叢報》,宣傳革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)。1910年(nian)(nian)與(yu)宋教仁(ren)、譚人(ren)鳳(feng)等人(ren)組織(zhi)中國(guo)同盟會(hui)(hui)(hui)中會(hui)(hui)(hui)總部,以(yi)推動(dong)長江(jiang)流(liu)域的革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)活(huo)動(dong)。1911年(nian)(nian)在上(shang)海(hai)發(fa)動(dong)武裝起義(yi),上(shang)海(hai)光復后被(bei)推舉為滬軍(jun)都督。隨即又攻(gong)克浙(zhe)江(jiang)巡撫(fu)衙門,組織(zhi)蘇浙(zhe)鎮滬聯軍(jun)攻(gong)克南京。1912年(nian)(nian)被(bei)袁(yuan)(yuan)世凱解除滬軍(jun)都督職務。1913年(nian)(nian)二次革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)爆發(fa),陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)被(bei)推舉為上(shang)海(hai)討(tao)袁(yuan)(yuan)軍(jun)總司(si)令,攻(gong)打江(jiang)南制造局未果,11月(yue)應(ying)孫中山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)命(ming)(ming)(ming)赴(fu)日(ri)本(ben),繼(ji)續籌劃(hua)反(fan)袁(yuan)(yuan)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)。1914年(nian)(nian)加入(ru)中華革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨(dang),任(ren)總務部長。1915年(nian)(nian)潛(qian)回(hui)上(shang)海(hai)策動(dong)武裝反(fan)袁(yuan)(yuan),11月(yue)在洪憲(xian)帝制呼(hu)之(zhi)欲出(chu)之(zhi)際(ji),陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)策劃(hua)暗(an)(an)殺了上(shang)海(hai)鎮守使(shi)、海(hai)軍(jun)上(shang)將鄭汝成,12月(yue)發(fa)動(dong)肇和艦起義(yi)。云南護國(guo)討(tao)袁(yuan)(yuan)軍(jun)興(xing),陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)百折不回(hui),誓(shi)死(si)捍衛共和,繼(ji)續在江(jiang)浙(zhe)一帶(dai)策動(dong)反(fan)袁(yuan)(yuan)軍(jun)事(shi)行(xing)動(dong),袁(yuan)(yuan)世凱對其(qi)恨(hen)之(zhi)入(ru)骨。1916年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)18日(ri),受(shou)袁(yuan)(yuan)世凱指使(shi)的張宗昌(chang)派出(chu)程國(guo)瑞,假借簽約(yue)援助討(tao)袁(yuan)(yuan)經費(fei),在日(ri)本(ben)人(ren)山(shan)(shan)田純三郎(lang)寓所將陳其(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)暗(an)(an)殺身亡。
陳(chen)其(qi)美(mei)遇刺后,孫中山疾呼:“失我長(chang)城”,并奮筆疾書悼聯:“可(ke)憐麟鳳供炰脯;如此江山待祓除”。
清光(guang)緒四年(nian)(1878年(nian)),陳其美出生在浙江(jiang)湖州一(yi)個(ge)商人(ren)家(jia)庭,讀過七年(nian)私塾(shu),15歲(sui)喪父,在一(yi)個(ge)小(xiao)鎮(zhen)的(de)(de)當鋪一(yi)共當了12年(nian)的(de)(de)學徒(tu),后到上海做(zuo)了兩年(nian)同(tong)康泰絲棧的(de)(de)佐理(li)會計。
清光緒三(san)十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(1906年(nian)(nian))春,陳其美28歲那年(nian)(nian)才在(zai)弟弟等的資助下東(dong)渡日本留學。
在日本的兩年陳其(qi)美先(xian)后學習過警察、法(fa)律和(he)軍事學。同(tong)年(1906年)冬加(jia)入(ru)中(zhong)國同(tong)盟會,并(bing)介紹同(tong)鄉蔣介石、黃郛等人(ren)加(jia)入(ru)中(zhong)國同(tong)盟會。和(he)同(tong)時(shi)代(dai)的浙江籍(ji)革(ge)命黨人(ren)相比,陳其(qi)美出道(dao)較晚,與光復(fu)會也毫無淵源(yuan)。那個時(shi)候的陳其(qi)美還并(bing)不出色,直(zhi)到回國時(shi)仍是默默無聞。
陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)美嶄露鋒芒是在(zai)清光(guang)緒(xu)三(san)十四年(1908年)回國(guo)后在(zai)上海(hai)的(de)(de)革(ge)命(ming)活動。從(cong)(cong)1907年到1910年是中國(guo)同盟會(hui)成立(li)以來困難的(de)(de)時(shi)期。在(zai)這種(zhong)困境下陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)美在(zai)上海(hai)重整旗鼓、打開了局面,從(cong)(cong)空言漸進(jin)于(yu)實行,“黨(dang)勢為之一振”,因此(ci)引起(qi)了遠在(zai)海(hai)外的(de)(de)孫中山(shan)的(de)(de)注意。1910年與宋教仁(ren)、譚(tan)人鳳等人組織中國(guo)同盟會(hui)中會(hui)總部,以推動長江流(liu)域的(de)(de)革(ge)命(ming)活動。
陳(chen)其(qi)美(mei)在上(shang)海結交青(qing)幫作(zuo)為羽翼,成為青(qing)幫在上(shang)海的(de)(de)頭(tou)領(ling),出(chu)入于酒(jiu)樓、茶館、戲院、澡(zao)堂等地,以(yi)掩護革(ge)(ge)命活動(dong)(dong)。并創(chuang)辦精武武術學校,邀請霍元甲任總教(jiao)師,吸(xi)收大(da)批江浙資本家(jia)如虞洽卿、王(wang)一亭、沈縵云等加入中國同(tong)(tong)(tong)盟會,通過他們結交了李平書、朱葆三等商界聞人(ren)、社會名流,推(tui)動(dong)(dong)他們贊助(zhu)革(ge)(ge)命,從(cong)而掌握了商會、商團武裝等,使中國同(tong)(tong)(tong)盟會在上(shang)海有(you)了比(bi)較扎實的(de)(de)社會基礎。陳(chen)其(qi)美(mei)1909年創(chuang)辦《中國公報》、《民聲叢報》,宣傳革(ge)(ge)命,又協助(zhu)于右任創(chuang)辦著名的(de)(de)《民立報》。清宣統二年(1910年)與宋教(jiao)仁、譚人(ren)鳳、楊譜生(sheng)等人(ren)組織(zhi)中國同(tong)(tong)(tong)盟會中會總部,以(yi)推(tui)動(dong)(dong)長江流域的(de)(de)革(ge)(ge)命活動(dong)(dong)。因陳(chen)其(qi)美(mei)在上(shang)海有(you)社會基礎,熟悉(xi)情況,又是楊譜生(sheng)的(de)(de)親戚,就委(wei)托他為庶務,主持日常工作(zuo)。
1911年(nian)10月(yue)(yue)10日(ri)武昌(chang)起義爆發,陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)美在(zai)(zai)11月(yue)(yue)1日(ri)夜與李(li)平(ping)書(shu)等人(ren)一(yi)起商(shang)定在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)發動起義。11月(yue)(yue)3日(ri),陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)美率領革命(ming)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)進攻(gong)(gong)(gong)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)江(jiang)南(nan)制造(zao)局(ju)(ju),但局(ju)(ju)內總(zong)辦張楚寶負隅頑抗(kang),陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)美命(ming)令(ling)大(da)(da)(da)家(jia)(jia)停止進攻(gong)(gong)(gong),只(zhi)身(shen)闖入制造(zao)局(ju)(ju),希望(wang)勸說守軍(jun)(jun)(jun)放下武器,結(jie)果被扣(kou)留。第二天(tian)凌晨,上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)商(shang)團總(zong)司令(ling)李(li)英(ying)石率領商(shang)團一(yi)千余人(ren)偕同李(li)燮和所部的(de)(de)(de)光復軍(jun)(jun)(jun)再次進攻(gong)(gong)(gong),終(zhong)于攻(gong)(gong)(gong)克江(jiang)南(nan)制造(zao)局(ju)(ju),救出陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)美。此(ci)后,上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)全市很快(kuai)光復。在(zai)(zai)漢(han)(han)口失(shi)陷兩天(tian)后,即11月(yue)(yue)4日(ri)就傳來上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)光復的(de)(de)(de)喜(xi)訊,使得武漢(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)革命(ming)黨(dang)(dang)人(ren)士氣大(da)(da)(da)振,同時,上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)光復牽制了武漢(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)清軍(jun)(jun)(jun),為(wei)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)取(qu)杭州、南(nan)京等地打下了堅實的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎,從而加速了長江(jiang)流域各(ge)省的(de)(de)(de)革命(ming)進程(cheng)。孫中山不(bu)止一(yi)次地說,當時響應最(zui)有力、對全國影響大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)是上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai),“英(ying)士在(zai)(zai)此(ci)積極進行,故漢(han)(han)口一(yi)失(shi),英(ying)士則(ze)(ze)能取(qu)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)以(yi)抵之,由(you)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)乃能窺取(qu)南(nan)京。后漢(han)(han)陽一(yi)失(shi),吾黨(dang)(dang)又得南(nan)京以(yi)抵之,革命(ming)之大(da)(da)(da)局(ju)(ju)因以(yi)益振。則(ze)(ze)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)英(ying)士一(yi)木之支者,較他著(zhu)尤多也(ye)。上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)起義成功后,開(kai)會(hui)推舉(ju)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)都督(du),大(da)(da)(da)家(jia)(jia)幾乎一(yi)致(zhi)推舉(ju)陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)美,連李(li)平(ping)書(shu)也(ye)表示贊成。陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)美就這樣被選為(wei)滬軍(jun)(jun)(jun)都督(du)。
在上海光(guang)復后,陳(chen)其美(mei)又派柏文蔚(yu)、范(fan)鴻仙赴南(nan)(nan)京,派蔣介石、黃(huang)郛、陳(chen)泉卿(qing)赴杭州(zhou),策(ce)動蘇杭、鎮(zhen)江(jiang)起義及(ji)發動皖贛等省響應。很快,蘇州(zhou)、杭州(zhou)、鎮(zhen)江(jiang)也宣布光(guang)復。這時(shi)的南(nan)(nan)京,由于地勢險要(yao),并且兩(liang)江(jiang)總(zong)督張(zhang)人駿、江(jiang)寧將軍(jun)鐵(tie)良、江(jiang)南(nan)(nan)提督張(zhang)勛頑(wan)固不(bu)(bu)化,負隅頑(wan)抗(kang)。陳(chen)其美(mei)指(zhi)出,如(ru)南(nan)(nan)京不(bu)(bu)破,蘇滬各地‘倘難安枕”。陳(chen)其美(mei)隨即組織江(jiang)浙(zhe)聯軍(jun),會(hui)攻南(nan)(nan)京,并推舉(ju)新軍(jun)首領徐(xu)紹楨為聯軍(jun)總(zong)司令。經過二十(shi)多(duo)天(tian)的努力,1911年12月2日南(nan)(nan)京光(guang)復,同時(shi)也緩解(jie)了湖北方面漢陽(yang)失守的危急(ji)形勢,使得(de)辛亥革命最終成功。正如(ru)孫中山(shan)評價陳(chen)其美(mei):“東南(nan)(nan)半壁,君(jun)實鎖鑰”。
孫(sun)(sun)中山(shan)辭去(qu)臨時大總(zong)統(tong)后(hou)(hou),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)美也辭去(qu)滬軍都(dou)督,但他沒(mei)有去(qu)北京(jing)就(jiu)任(ren)工(gong)商總(zong)長(chang)。直到1912年(nian)秋天,陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)美才與(yu)黃興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)繼孫(sun)(sun)中山(shan)之后(hou)(hou)進京(jing)。孫(sun)(sun)中山(shan)曾樂觀地向袁(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱(kai)建議,請袁(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱(kai)練(lian)兵十(shi)年(nian),自(zi)己修鐵路(lu)十(shi)年(nian),黃興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)開(kai)礦十(shi)年(nian),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)美興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)工(gong)商十(shi)年(nian),就(jiu)可以富國(guo)強兵。孫(sun)(sun)中山(shan)被(bei)委任(ren)為(wei)(wei)全國(guo)鐵路(lu)督辦,黃興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)礦務總(zong)辦。據英國(guo)外(wai)交官的報告說(shuo)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)美“將被(bei)派往國(guo)外(wai)調查政治制度”,袁(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱(kai)曾經要送陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)美17萬元(yuan),作為(wei)(wei)出洋(yang)游歷之資(zi),勸陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)美勿問國(guo)事(shi),但遭到陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)美拒絕。不久(jiu),宋教仁在上(shang)海火車站(zhan)被(bei)暗殺,孫(sun)(sun)中山(shan)提出訴諸(zhu)武(wu)力(li),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)美當時是支持黃興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)“法律解決(jue)(jue)”主張的。孫(sun)(sun)中山(shan)最終也表示(shi)同意,在此期間堅持了四(si)個月司法解決(jue)(jue),并(bing)未武(wu)力(li)行動,但袁(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱(kai)卻率先攻屠九江(jiang),發動內戰(zhan),挑起內亂,江(jiang)西都(dou)督李烈鈞(jun)在一周后(hou)(hou)被(bei)迫宣(xuan)布自(zi)衛抗暴,二(er)(er)次(ci)革(ge)命爆發。由于(yu)軍事(shi)實(shi)力(li)懸(xuan)殊(shu),二(er)(er)次(ci)革(ge)命失利(li),袁(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱(kai)出五萬元(yuan)大洋(yang)懸(xuan)賞(shang)緝拿陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)美。1913年(nian)11月,陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)美被(bei)迫流亡日本。
二次(ci)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)失(shi)(shi)利后(hou),孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)進行(xing)了(le)(le)反思(si):革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)黨(dang)(dang)不(bu)能群龍無首,或互爭(zheng)(zheng)雄長,并據(ju)此(ci)組建中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)黨(dang)(dang),手(shou)訂了(le)(le)入黨(dang)(dang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)誓約(yue)。而(er)就是這(zhe)(zhe)一誓約(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)關于(yu)(yu)“附(fu)從孫(sun)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生再舉革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)”一詞(ci)、入黨(dang)(dang)人須于(yu)(yu)署名(ming)下蓋(gai)指模,黃(huang)興(xing)(xing)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)不(bu)夠(gou)平等(deng),黨(dang)(dang)內(nei)同(tong)志(zhi)多(duo)方設法彌縫分(fen)歧未果,黃(huang)興(xing)(xing)遠走美(mei)(mei)(mei)國。在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)場爭(zheng)(zheng)論中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)扮演(yan)的角色既重(zhong)要又微妙。這(zhe)(zhe)種作用不(bu)僅在(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)以(yi)(yi)加入中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)黨(dang)(dang)的實(shi)際行(xing)動支持了(le)(le)孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),更因為(wei)在(zai)(zai)黃(huang)興(xing)(xing)赴美(mei)(mei)(mei)國后(hou),陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)發(fa)出(chu)了(le)(le)《致(zhi)黃(huang)克強勸(quan)一致(zhi)服從中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生繼續革(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)書》,信中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提出(chu)了(le)(le)政(zheng)黨(dang)(dang)政(zheng)治的一種理(li)論,而(er)為(wei)孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)所(suo)激賞(shang)。回顧(gu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國同(tong)盟(meng)會組織以(yi)(yi)來(lai)的歷史(shi),陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)總(zong)結(jie)說(shuo):“征諸過(guo)去之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事實(shi),則吾黨(dang)(dang)重(zhong)大之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)失(shi)(shi)敗,果由(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)想誤(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耶(ye)?抑認(ren)(ren)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)想為(wei)誤(wu)而(er)反對之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)致(zhi)于(yu)(yu)失(shi)(shi)敗耶(ye)?惟其(qi)前日認(ren)(ren)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)想為(wei)誤(wu),皆致(zhi)失(shi)(shi)敗;則于(yu)(yu)今日中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)主張,不(bu)宜輕以(yi)(yi)為(wei)理(li)想而(er)不(bu)從,再貽他日之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)悔。此(ci)美(mei)(mei)(mei)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)追懷往事而(er)欲痛滌吾非者也。”孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)特(te)把此(ci)信作為(wei)附(fu)錄收入《建國方略》,可(ke)見(jian)陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)主張和(he)孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的思(si)想十(shi)分(fen)契(qi)合。
陳(chen)(chen)其美在日本(ben)期間,向(xiang)(xiang)孫中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)提出(chu):新一輪討伐袁(yuan)世凱(kai)(kai)的(de)(de)(de)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)應選擇在敵(di)軍(jun)力(li)量相對較(jiao)(jiao)弱、又靠近北(bei)(bei)京的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)三省作為基礎力(li)量,只有在東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)奠定基礎,才能成功實現南北(bei)(bei)合舉起(qi)義。孫中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)非常贊同(tong),委任陳(chen)(chen)其美為中(zhong)(zhong)華革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨總(zong)務(wu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)長,派(pai)陳(chen)(chen)其美和(he)(he)戴(dai)季陶(tao)(tao)前(qian)往東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)建(jian)立中(zhong)(zhong)華革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)支部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),組織軍(jun)隊(dui),開展反對袁(yuan)世凱(kai)(kai)的(de)(de)(de)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)斗爭。1914年1月,陳(chen)(chen)其美和(he)(he)戴(dai)季陶(tao)(tao)由(you)日本(ben)神戶乘船(chuan)啟程,在1月26日抵達大連,建(jian)立秘密(mi)聯(lian)絡據點(dian),籌建(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)華革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)支部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)。1914年2月陳(chen)(chen)其美組建(jian)了中(zhong)(zhong)華革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨奉(feng)(feng)天(tian)機關(guan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),派(pai)遣寧武和(he)(he)朱霽青兩人前(qian)往奉(feng)(feng)天(tian)和(he)(he)遼西(xi)招集舊(jiu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),派(pai)遣鮑(bao)化南潛入丹東(dong)(dong)聯(lian)合武裝(zhuang)力(li)量,又致信蔣介石,要他去浙江籌款和(he)(he)到上海購運(yun)武器。經過(guo)多(duo)方(fang)努力(li),陳(chen)(chen)其美將(jiang)幾支革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)武裝(zhuang)聯(lian)合起(qi)來。陳(chen)(chen)其美與戴(dai)季陶(tao)(tao)商(shang)議,利(li)用奉(feng)(feng)天(tian)省南部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)地區(qu)反動(dong)勢力(li)統治較(jiao)(jiao)為薄弱的(de)(de)(de)形勢,開展武裝(zhuang)討伐袁(yuan)世凱(kai)(kai)的(de)(de)(de)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)斗爭。起(qi)義計(ji)劃(hua)是以大連為指揮(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)樞,先占領丹東(dong)(dong),然后(hou)向(xiang)(xiang)奉(feng)(feng)天(tian)省各地發(fa)展,以達到實現奉(feng)(feng)天(tian)全省光復的(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)略目(mu)標。1914年2月22日,按計(ji)劃(hua)開始部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)署,陳(chen)(chen)其美坐鎮大連奉(feng)(feng)天(tian)機關(guan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)指揮(hui)。以從大連出(chu)發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)義部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)隊(dui)先經莊河(he),再向(xiang)(xiang)丹東(dong)(dong)進發(fa)。陳(chen)(chen)其美然后(hou)命(ming)(ming)(ming)令(ling)鮑(bao)化南等人率領起(qi)義軍(jun)從鳳城(cheng)和(he)(he)朝鮮新義州向(xiang)(xiang)丹東(dong)(dong)進發(fa)。
從大連出發的(de)(de)起義軍(jun)在于1914年2月27日(ri)(ri)先(xian)后到達雞(ji)冠山,在那里待(dai)命(ming)休(xiu)整,等(deng)待(dai)其(qi)他幾支義軍(jun)會師。然后合(he)力(li)攻占丹東。起義軍(jun)正在分(fen)(fen)頭秘密(mi)集合(he)時(shi),被奉系軍(jun)閥(fa)張(zhang)作(zuo)(zuo)霖的(de)(de)密(mi)探偵(zhen)知,張(zhang)作(zuo)(zuo)霖一(yi)方面向日(ri)(ri)本(ben)關(guan)東洲都督府(fu)提(ti)出交涉并要求(qiu)日(ri)(ri)軍(jun)在大連租借地內協助(zhu)干預,一(yi)方面在全(quan)省范圍(wei)內全(quan)力(li)搜捕前往丹東會合(he)起義的(de)(de)革命(ming)黨人。關(guan)東洲日(ri)(ri)本(ben)統(tong)治當局(ju)當即派出軍(jun)警沿安奉鐵路進行圍(wei)堵,攔截(jie)起義軍(jun)進入丹東市區。僅僅幾天時(shi)間,就有七十多名(ming)革命(ming)黨人慘遭張(zhang)作(zuo)(zuo)霖殺(sha)害。陳其(qi)美(mei)感覺到目前起義軍(jun)的(de)(de)武裝(zhuang)力(li)量(liang)難與奉系軍(jun)閥(fa)張(zhang)作(zuo)(zuo)霖的(de)(de)反動武裝(zhuang)相對抗,于是下(xia)令(ling)(ling)分(fen)(fen)路撤退,等(deng)待(dai)時(shi)機另行組織(zhi)發動起義。孫中山在日(ri)(ri)本(ben)得知張(zhang)作(zuo)(zuo)霖下(xia)令(ling)(ling)四處搜捕陳其(qi)美(mei)的(de)(de)情況后,密(mi)電陳其(qi)美(mei)要求(qiu)其(qi)迅速(su)返回日(ri)(ri)本(ben)。
民(min)(min)國(guo)三年(nian)(nian)(1914年(nian)(nian))1月袁(yuan)世(shi)(shi)(shi)凱(kai)下(xia)令解散國(guo)會,并廢止(zhi)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)(min)國(guo)臨時(shi)(shi)約法(fa)》,民(min)(min)國(guo)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(1915年(nian)(nian))袁(yuan)世(shi)(shi)(shi)凱(kai)復(fu)辟帝(di)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)野心日(ri)益暴露。同(tong)年(nian)(nian)2月陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美與許(xu)崇(chong)(chong)智奉孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)之(zhi)命(ming)(ming)前(qian)往廣(guang)東(dong)秘密(mi)(mi)籌(chou)備建立(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)黨(dang)(dang)廣(guang)東(dong)支(zhi)部。陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美與許(xu)崇(chong)(chong)智由東(dong)京啟程(cheng),途(tu)經上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)時(shi)(shi),上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)同(tong)志堅(jian)(jian)持(chi)要留陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)主(zhu)持(chi)反袁(yuan)工作。許(xu)崇(chong)(chong)智寫信給孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)表示(shi)同(tong)意。于(yu)是(shi)陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美又(you)在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)積極(ji)開(kai)展革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)活動(dong)。陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美等(deng)(deng)革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)黨(dang)(dang)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)秘密(mi)(mi)活動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消息很快(kuai)被袁(yuan)世(shi)(shi)(shi)凱(kai)得知,于(yu)是(shi)立(li)(li)刻派其(qi)(qi)爪牙(ya)鄭(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)率重兵屯防上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai),兼(jian)控制海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)。鄭(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)獨霸一(yi)(yi)(yi)方,血(xue)腥殺(sha)(sha)(sha)戮(lu),瘋狂屠殺(sha)(sha)(sha)革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)黨(dang)(dang)人(ren)(ren),到(dao)處張貼告(gao)示(shi)宣布(bu)“留藏匪類(lei)者(zhe),處死(si)”,讓軍(jun)警在(zai)(zai)(zai)南(nan)市、閘北等(deng)(deng)地(di)挨家挨戶(hu)搜查(cha)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)鄭(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)坐鎮上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)期間(jian),報紙上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)不(bu)(bu)斷登(deng)出(chu)“破獲亂黨(dang)(dang)機關”、“亂黨(dang)(dang)分(fen)(fen)子被正法(fa)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消息,慘遭鄭(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)戮(lu)者(zhe)多(duo)達(da)兩(liang)(liang)萬余人(ren)(ren),以(yi)至(zhi)老百姓中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)曾流傳(chuan)這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)順口溜:“鎮守使(shi)署(shu)是(shi)鬼門關,黨(dang)(dang)人(ren)(ren)一(yi)(yi)(yi)去不(bu)(bu)復(fu)還(huan)(huan)”。當(dang)時(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)籠罩在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)片白色恐怖之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美等(deng)(deng)人(ren)(ren)決定(ding)暗殺(sha)(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng),挫一(yi)(yi)(yi)挫袁(yuan)世(shi)(shi)(shi)凱(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銳氣,這對(dui)(dui)起兵發(fa)(fa)難(nan)(nan)也(ye)有幫助。民(min)(min)國(guo)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(1915年(nian)(nian))11月10日(ri),這一(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)是(shi)日(ri)本天(tian)長(chang)節,當(dang)時(shi)(shi)駐扎在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)本總領事(shi)要開(kai)會慶(qing)祝,而(er)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)鎮守使(shi)、海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)將鄭(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)因(yin)是(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)最高軍(jun)政首長(chang),照例也(ye)應(ying)前(qian)往祝賀。所以(yi)陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美便將暗殺(sha)(sha)(sha)行動(dong)安(an)(an)排在(zai)(zai)(zai)這一(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)。陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美安(an)(an)排精于(yu)槍(qiang)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)、王(wang)明山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)二人(ren)(ren)埋(mai)伏在(zai)(zai)(zai)英租界外白渡(du)(du)橋(qiao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)負責(ze)暗殺(sha)(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng),又(you)布(bu)置(zhi)了(le)十(shi)幾(ji)個革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)黨(dang)(dang)死(si)士(shi)埋(mai)伏在(zai)(zai)(zai)鄭(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)到(dao)日(ri)本領事(shi)館所必(bi)須經過的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)路上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。11月9日(ri)晚(wan),陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美專(zhuan)門召(zhao)見王(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)、王(wang)明山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),說:“欲在(zai)(zai)(zai)滬發(fa)(fa)難(nan)(nan),必(bi)先殺(sha)(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng),故殺(sha)(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)既所以(yi)倒袁(yuan),亦既所以(yi)存民(min)(min)國(guo)也(ye),二君之(zhi)意謂何?”大(da)(da)家心中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都很清楚(chu),暗殺(sha)(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行動(dong)危險萬分(fen)(fen),即(ji)便獲得成(cheng)(cheng)功,行刺(ci)者(zhe)也(ye)難(nan)(nan)以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)還(huan)(huan)。但(dan)王(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)、王(wang)明山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)卻(que)慨(kai)然應(ying)諾(nuo),當(dang)即(ji)表示(shi):“鄭(zheng)(zheng)(汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng))不(bu)(bu)除,袁(yuan)(世(shi)(shi)(shi)凱(kai))不(bu)(bu)孤”,“必(bi)誓死(si)以(yi)奉公命(ming)(ming)”!決心以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)誅除國(guo)賊(zei),救國(guo)救民(min)(min)。11月10日(ri)清晨,王(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)手持(chi)兩(liang)(liang)支(zhi)手槍(qiang),王(wang)明山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)身懷兩(liang)(liang)顆炸彈(dan)(dan),埋(mai)伏到(dao)了(le)外白渡(du)(du)橋(qiao)側。十(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)點左(zuo)右(you),鄭(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)與其(qi)(qi)司務(wu)長(chang)乘汽車(che)(che)(che)快(kuai)靠近外白渡(du)(du)橋(qiao)時(shi)(shi),因(yin)車(che)(che)(che)輛擁(yong)擠,行駛得比較(jiao)慢。王(wang)明山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)立(li)(li)即(ji)將第一(yi)(yi)(yi)枚炸彈(dan)(dan)擲向鄭(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)座(zuo)車(che)(che)(che),只(zhi)聽“轟(hong)隆”一(yi)(yi)(yi)聲(sheng),車(che)(che)(che)蓋爆裂,鄭(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)場重傷,車(che)(che)(che)被迫停下(xia)。而(er)埋(mai)伏在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)旁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)立(li)(li)刻沖(chong)(chong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)前(qian),用(yong)槍(qiang)對(dui)(dui)準(zhun)鄭(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)頭(tou)部連開(kai)十(shi)槍(qiang),鄭(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)場斃命(ming)(ming)。行刺(ci)成(cheng)(cheng)功后,王(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)、王(wang)明山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)本可(ke)(ke)從容脫身,但(dan)兩(liang)(liang)人(ren)(ren)卻(que)登(deng)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)外白渡(du)(du)橋(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)頭(tou)對(dui)(dui)著圍觀人(ren)(ren)群進行一(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)(fen)鐘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演講,大(da)(da)談革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)(ming)。直至(zhi)被聞(wen)訊趕(gan)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)租界巡捕(bu)沖(chong)(chong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)橋(qiao)頭(tou)包(bao)圍,王(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)、王(wang)明山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)把槍(qiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)扔(reng),說道:“吾(wu)(wu)志已償(chang),雖死(si)無(wu)憾(han)”。旋即(ji)被捕(bu)。王(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)、王(wang)明山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)不(bu)(bu)幸被捕(bu)后,在(zai)(zai)(zai)法(fa)庭上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)鎮定(ding)自若(ruo),侃侃而(er)談:“鄭(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)助袁(yuan)世(shi)(shi)(shi)凱(kai)叛反民(min)(min)國(guo),余等(deng)(deng)為(wei)民(min)(min)除賊(zei),使(shi)天(tian)下(xia)咸知吾(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)討賊(zei)之(zhi)義,且(qie)知民(min)(min)賊(zei)之(zhi)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)為(wei)。”當(dang)法(fa)官(guan)再三盤問主(zhu)使(shi)人(ren)(ren)及同(tong)黨(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi),王(wang)曉(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)峰(feng)(feng)、王(wang)明山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堅(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)吐實,只(zhi)是(shi)自豪地(di)說:“吾(wu)(wu)為(wei)民(min)(min)國(guo)立(li)(li)一(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)功,雖死(si)無(wu)憾(han)”。慷慨(kai)陳(chen)辭,不(bu)(bu)屈不(bu)(bu)撓,后英勇就義。這種(zhong)犧牲(sheng)精神之(zhi)難(nan)(nan)能可(ke)(ke)貴(gui),這種(zhong)暗殺(sha)(sha)(sha)行動(dong)之(zhi)英勇悲壯,是(shi)不(bu)(bu)言而(er)喻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)先生(sheng)(sheng)高度評價此(ci)次暗殺(sha)(sha)(sha)行動(dong),稱:“此(ci)等(deng)(deng)氣魄,真足(zu)令人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)敬,滬去此(ci)賊(zei),事(shi)大(da)(da)可(ke)(ke)為(wei)。”
革(ge)命(ming)黨人(ren)(ren)因暗殺鄭(zheng)汝成成功,信(xin)心倍增,積極籌備在上(shang)海發動武(wu)(wu)裝起(qi)(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi),陳其美(mei)秘(mi)密聯絡上(shang)海海陸軍(jun)(jun)隊起(qi)(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi),而此(ci)時(shi)袁世凱突然要把(ba)此(ci)處(chu)兵(bing)力調(diao)走,那起(qi)(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)就難了,于是起(qi)(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)間(jian)不得不提前(qian)到(dao)12月(yue)5日。在起(qi)(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian),陳其美(mei)已(yi)經和(he)肇(zhao)和(he)兵(bing)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)長打好招呼,而參(can)加這次起(qi)(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)主要人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)有(you)蔣(jiang)介(jie)石、邵元(yuan)沖、吳忠信(xin)等人(ren)(ren),分(fen)任軍(jun)(jun)事(shi)、財政、總務(wu)之責,總司令(ling)是楊(yang)虎(hu)(hu)。起(qi)(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)間(jian)定在1915年(nian)12月(yue)5日下(xia)午(wu)三點,兵(bing)分(fen)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)路,一路由楊(yang)虎(hu)(hu)帶(dai)(dai)領(ling)(ling)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)領(ling)(ling)肇(zhao)和(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),另一路由尹神(shen)武(wu)(wu)率(lv)(lv)領(ling)(ling)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)領(ling)(ling)應(ying)(ying)瑞(rui)、通濟(ji)(ji)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),做(zuo)肇(zhao)和(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)援。其他岸上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)革(ge)命(ming)黨人(ren)(ren)聽(ting)到(dao)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)隊炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)聲后(hou)行動。由楊(yang)虎(hu)(hu)帶(dai)(dai)領(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)二十多(duo)位革(ge)命(ming)黨人(ren)(ren)從上(shang)海法租(zu)(zu)界碼頭下(xia)水,開(kai)小汽艇前(qian)往肇(zhao)和(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),非常順利地奪取(qu)了肇(zhao)和(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),并在下(xia)午(wu)六點向江南(nan)制(zhi)造局(ju)開(kai)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)。制(zhi)造局(ju)及城內(nei)一部分(fen)聯絡成熟的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)警(jing),立(li)即(ji)響應(ying)(ying)。不幸的(de)(de)(de)是,另一路由尹神(shen)武(wu)(wu)率(lv)(lv)領(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)隊伍所乘(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)小汽輪被(bei)租(zu)(zu)界巡捕房干涉,不能按照(zhao)計劃(hua)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)領(ling)(ling)應(ying)(ying)瑞(rui)及通濟(ji)(ji)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。因此(ci),肇(zhao)和(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)陷(xian)入了孤立(li)無(wu)援的(de)(de)(de)境地。陸上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)同志聽(ting)到(dao)肇(zhao)和(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)聲,按照(zhao)原計劃(hua)分(fen)別向電報(bao)局(ju)、電話(hua)局(ju)等機關進攻,陳其美(mei)與(yu)蔣(jiang)介(jie)石督戰指揮。但因寡(gua)不敵眾,北洋(yang)軍(jun)(jun)閥炮(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)火猛烈,并且應(ying)(ying)瑞(rui)、通濟(ji)(ji)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)艘軍(jun)(jun)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)被(bei)袁世凱派(pai)來的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)海交涉員(yuan)楊(yang)晟(sheng)以三十萬元(yuan)收買,兩(liang)(liang)(liang)艘軍(jun)(jun)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)將矛頭指向肇(zhao)和(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。肇(zhao)和(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)楊(yang)虎(hu)(hu)等人(ren)(ren)見到(dao)形勢(shi)危急,被(bei)迫撤離,肇(zhao)和(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)起(qi)(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)不幸失(shi)敗。
1916年(nian)1月袁世(shi)凱(kai)(kai)帝制自為(wei),蔡鍔在(zai)(zai)云南(nan)組(zu)織護國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)軍(jun),揭起(qi)討伐袁世(shi)凱(kai)(kai)的(de)(de)大(da)旗。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)積極響應,在(zai)(zai)1916年(nian)4月派夏爾玙赴浙江舉事(shi)。因計(ji)(ji)劃泄露(lu),夏爾玙慘遭北洋軍(jun)閥殺(sha)(sha)害。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)數次起(qi)兵討袁,成為(wei)袁世(shi)凱(kai)(kai)的(de)(de)心腹大(da)患。袁世(shi)凱(kai)(kai)先派人(ren)給陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)送(song)去七十(shi)萬元,讓(rang)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)出洋游歷,并(bing)威脅說,否則(ze)就(jiu)用這(zhe)筆(bi)錢作經(jing)費,買(mai)通刺客對他(ta)進行暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)聽后哈哈大(da)笑,予以拒絕,并(bing)寫下銘文:“死不畏死,生(sheng)不偷生(sheng)。男兒大(da)節(jie),光與(yu)日爭。道之茍直,不憚鼎(ding)烹(peng)。渺(miao)然(ran)一身,萬里(li)長城”。以此表(biao)達為(wei)革命(ming)犧(xi)牲(sheng)的(de)(de)決心。袁世(shi)凱(kai)(kai)于是(shi)(shi)命(ming)令駐(zhu)軍(jun)上(shang)海(hai)的(de)(de)張(zhang)宗(zong)(zong)昌(chang)(chang)負責實(shi)施暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)。張(zhang)宗(zong)(zong)昌(chang)(chang)接(jie)受暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)令后,便找(zhao)來程(cheng)(cheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)進行策劃。程(cheng)(cheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)與(yu)張(zhang)宗(zong)(zong)昌(chang)(chang)早年(nian)相(xiang)識(shi),后隨張(zhang)宗(zong)(zong)昌(chang)(chang)走南(nan)闖北,頗為(wei)忠心。由(you)于陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)為(wei)人(ren)謹慎,行蹤(zong)隱秘(mi),要想(xiang)暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)他(ta)絕非易事(shi)。程(cheng)(cheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)帶(dai)人(ren)來到(dao)上(shang)海(hai),秘(mi)密(mi)打探陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)行蹤(zong),伺機行刺。不久,程(cheng)(cheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)得(de)知陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)正在(zai)(zai)為(wei)策動反袁起(qi)義籌措經(jing)費,于是(shi)(shi)便設(she)下了(le)一條毒(du)計(ji)(ji)。張(zhang)宗(zong)(zong)昌(chang)(chang)和程(cheng)(cheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)假意開(kai)設(she)了(le)一家鴻豐煤礦(kuang)公(gong)司(si),然(ran)后派密(mi)探李(li)海(hai)秋(qiu)(qiu)讓(rang)他(ta)與(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)聯絡,謊稱(cheng)該(gai)公(gong)司(si)有(you)一塊礦(kuang)地,準備抵押給別人(ren)以獲取貸款,請(qing)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)幫助從中介紹,事(shi)成之后,將把貸款的(de)(de)十(shi)分之四付給陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)作為(wei)革命(ming)經(jing)費。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)雖(sui)然(ran)有(you)所(suo)懷疑,但為(wei)革命(ming)大(da)業還是(shi)(shi)同意了(le),并(bing)約定(ding)時間簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)合(he)(he)同。1916年(nian)5月18日傍晚,李(li)海(hai)秋(qiu)(qiu)根據事(shi)先約定(ding),以中間人(ren)的(de)(de)身份,帶(dai)著程(cheng)(cheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)、許國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)霖和以“律師(shi)”身份出現的(de)(de)吳國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)華來到(dao)了(le)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)在(zai)(zai)上(shang)海(hai)的(de)(de)秘(mi)密(mi)寓所(suo)法租界薩坡塞路14號(hao)。而此時,在(zai)(zai)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)寓所(suo)周(zhou)圍(wei),早已埋伏好了(le)張(zhang)宗(zong)(zong)昌(chang)(chang)選(xuan)派的(de)(de)幾名(ming)殺(sha)(sha)手,只等(deng)接(jie)到(dao)信(xin)號(hao)就(jiu)采(cai)取行動。李(li)海(hai)秋(qiu)(qiu)與(yu)程(cheng)(cheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)等(deng)來到(dao)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)寓所(suo),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)將他(ta)們請(qing)到(dao)客廳(ting)落座(zuo)。寒暄幾句后,陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)要對方(fang)拿(na)出合(he)(he)同,準備簽(qian)(qian)字。此時,李(li)海(hai)秋(qiu)(qiu)突(tu)然(ran)站起(qi)身來,說忘了(le)帶(dai)合(he)(he)同底稿,要回去取。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)起(qi)身相(xiang)送(song)。李(li)海(hai)秋(qiu)(qiu)走出門(men)口(kou),這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)事(shi)先約定(ding)的(de)(de)信(xin)號(hao),埋伏在(zai)(zai)附近的(de)(de)兩名(ming)殺(sha)(sha)手立即沖進屋(wu)里(li),舉起(qi)手槍(qiang),對準陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)連開(kai)三槍(qiang),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)當場(chang)犧(xi)牲(sheng),年(nian)僅(jin)38歲。
蔣介(jie)石聽到陳其美遇刺的消息,馬上(shang)趕(gan)來撫尸(shi)痛哭。孫中山剛由日本回國,也立即(ji)趕(gan)來,流淚不(bu)止,當場手(shou)書“失我長城”四字,以志其哀。陳其美犧牲(sheng)后,海內外(wai)各(ge)團體、各(ge)界人士的唁(yan)電、祭文、挽(wan)(wan)聯、挽(wan)(wan)額絡(luo)繹不(bu)絕。
1927年(民國十六(liu)年),北伐軍占領上海,5月18日(ri),舉(ju)行了陳其美逝世十一周年紀念大(da)會,蔣(jiang)介石專(zhuan)程從南京趕來發表(biao)演說:“上海之所以有革命如此之成績者,為(wei)陳英士(shi)先生首倡革命之功(gong)也(ye)。若(ruo)無陳英士(shi)先生,即(ji)無今日(ri)之中國國民黨,并無今日(ri)之國民革命。”
陳其美在(zai)孫中山的影(ying)響(xiang)和(he)帶動(dong)下做出過(guo)以下貢獻:
一、作為辛(xin)亥(hai)革命時(shi)的滬軍都督、中(zhong)(zhong)國同盟會骨干,陳其美曾參與推動中(zhong)(zhong)華民國南京臨(lin)時(shi)政(zheng)府成立。
二、袁世凱上臺后(hou),陳其(qi)美(mei)追隨孫中山進行(xing)(xing)二次(ci)革命和護國戰爭,是其(qi)主要(yao)的助手,曾(ceng)策劃(hua)一系列反袁軍事行(xing)(xing)動。
三、支(zhi)持孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)。從支(zhi)持孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)的(de)角度而言,陳其美是孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)堅定的(de)追隨者(zhe),助建中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)黨,在二次(ci)革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)失敗后、革(ge)(ge)(ge)命(ming)遭(zao)受重大挫折(zhe)時,取代(dai)黃興成為孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)反袁斗爭(zheng)的(de)重要(yao)助手,籌(chou)集巨款全力支(zhi)持。
四(si)、陳其(qi)美曾(ceng)多次(ci)在江浙滬、北(bei)京、天津、山(shan)西乃至東北(bei)聯絡會黨、組織(zhi)起義,他在上海組織(zhi)滬軍都督府(fu),通過這一機(ji)構在政治、社會運動(dong)各方面發揮作(zuo)用(yong)。
中國(guo)近代偉大(da)的民主(zhu)革(ge)命(ming)先(xian)行者孫中山:民國(guo)長城、民國(guo)起義首功之人。
民主革命家(jia)、思想家(jia)章太炎(yan):愿(yuan)君化彗尾(wei);為我掃幽燕(yan)。
中華革命黨支(zhi)部電挽陳其(qi)美:英公其(qi)死矣;吾輩(bei)忍生乎。
于右(you)任:求仁(ren)而得(de)何怨;賊(zei)民之主不忠。
岑春煊、李烈鈞、方聲(sheng)濤、林虎、張開(kai)儒、章(zhang)士釗、高爾登(deng)、文群、楊(yang)永泰、程子楷、李根源(yuan)、曾彥等電合挽陳(chen)其(qi)美:凜(lin)存(cun)肩(jian)于后死;傷健翮之先摧。
中國(guo)國(guo)民黨元老于右任挽(wan)陳其美:十年薪膽(dan)余亡命;百(bai)戰河山吊(diao)國(guo)殤。
中華民國總統孫中山(shan)挽陳其美:可憐麟鳳供炰脯;如此江山(shan)待祓除。
菲律(lv)賓中(zhong)華(hua)革(ge)命(ming)黨支部電挽陳其美(mei):世竟無鉏(chu)麍喻(yu)義;公終繼(ji)漁父銜(xian)冤。功成不屑(xie)黃金印;身死長留碧浪湖。
周震鱗(lin):為(wei)國(guo)捐軀(qu),吾公(gong)志愿;緝(ji)兇(xiong)善后,儕輩仔肩(jian)。