陳其(qi)美(mei)(1878—1916),字英士(shi),號無(wu)為,浙江(jiang)湖州吳興人,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)近代民主革(ge)命家、中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)同盟會元老。在辛(xin)亥革(ge)命時期與黃興同為孫中(zhong)山(shan)的左右股(gu)肱。蔡元培稱(cheng)其(qi)可與歷(li)代俠士(shi)齊(qi)名列傳,并盛贊陳其(qi)美(mei)為“民國(guo)(guo)第(di)一(yi)豪(hao)俠”。
1906年(nian)(nian)陳其(qi)美赴日本(ben)留學,入(ru)東京(jing)(jing)警監學校(xiao),同(tong)年(nian)(nian)加(jia)入(ru)中(zhong)國同(tong)盟會。期間(jian)與蔣介石、黃(huang)郛結為金(jin)蘭兄弟。1908年(nian)(nian)奉孫(sun)中(zhong)山(shan)派(pai)遣回國,往來于浙(zhe)滬京(jing)(jing)津各地聯絡革(ge)命(ming)(ming)黨人(ren)(ren)。1909年(nian)(nian)創辦《中(zhong)國公報》、《民聲叢報》,宣傳革(ge)命(ming)(ming)。1910年(nian)(nian)與宋(song)教(jiao)仁、譚人(ren)(ren)鳳等人(ren)(ren)組織(zhi)中(zhong)國同(tong)盟會中(zhong)會總(zong)部,以推(tui)(tui)動長(chang)江(jiang)流域的(de)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)活(huo)動。1911年(nian)(nian)在(zai)上(shang)海(hai)(hai)發(fa)(fa)動武裝(zhuang)起義(yi),上(shang)海(hai)(hai)光復后(hou)被推(tui)(tui)舉為滬軍(jun)(jun)(jun)都(dou)督。隨即又(you)攻克(ke)浙(zhe)江(jiang)巡撫(fu)衙(ya)門,組織(zhi)蘇(su)浙(zhe)鎮滬聯軍(jun)(jun)(jun)攻克(ke)南(nan)(nan)京(jing)(jing)。1912年(nian)(nian)被袁(yuan)世凱(kai)解(jie)除(chu)滬軍(jun)(jun)(jun)都(dou)督職務(wu)(wu)。1913年(nian)(nian)二次革(ge)命(ming)(ming)爆發(fa)(fa),陳其(qi)美被推(tui)(tui)舉為上(shang)海(hai)(hai)討袁(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)總(zong)司令,攻打江(jiang)南(nan)(nan)制造局(ju)未(wei)果,11月(yue)應(ying)孫(sun)中(zhong)山(shan)之(zhi)命(ming)(ming)赴日本(ben),繼(ji)續(xu)籌(chou)劃(hua)反袁(yuan)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)。1914年(nian)(nian)加(jia)入(ru)中(zhong)華革(ge)命(ming)(ming)黨,任(ren)總(zong)務(wu)(wu)部長(chang)。1915年(nian)(nian)潛回上(shang)海(hai)(hai)策(ce)動武裝(zhuang)反袁(yuan),11月(yue)在(zai)洪(hong)憲(xian)帝制呼之(zhi)欲出之(zhi)際,陳其(qi)美策(ce)劃(hua)暗殺(sha)了上(shang)海(hai)(hai)鎮守使、海(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)上(shang)將鄭汝成,12月(yue)發(fa)(fa)動肇和(he)艦起義(yi)。云南(nan)(nan)護國討袁(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)興(xing),陳其(qi)美百折(zhe)不(bu)回,誓死捍衛共和(he),繼(ji)續(xu)在(zai)江(jiang)浙(zhe)一(yi)帶策(ce)動反袁(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)事行動,袁(yuan)世凱(kai)對其(qi)恨(hen)之(zhi)入(ru)骨。1916年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)18日,受袁(yuan)世凱(kai)指使的(de)張宗昌(chang)派(pai)出程(cheng)國瑞,假借簽約援助(zhu)討袁(yuan)經費,在(zai)日本(ben)人(ren)(ren)山(shan)田純三郎(lang)寓(yu)所將陳其(qi)美暗殺(sha)身亡。
陳其美遇刺后,孫中山(shan)疾(ji)呼:“失我長城(cheng)”,并奮筆疾(ji)書悼聯:“可憐麟鳳供炰脯;如(ru)此江山(shan)待祓(fu)除”。
清光緒四年(nian)(1878年(nian)),陳其美出生在浙江湖州一個(ge)商人(ren)家庭,讀過七(qi)年(nian)私(si)塾,15歲喪(sang)父,在一個(ge)小鎮的(de)當鋪(pu)一共當了12年(nian)的(de)學(xue)徒,后(hou)到上海做了兩年(nian)同康泰絲棧的(de)佐理會計(ji)。
清光緒(xu)三十二年(nian)(1906年(nian))春,陳(chen)其美28歲那年(nian)才在弟弟等的資助下東渡日本留學。
在日(ri)本的(de)(de)兩年(nian)陳其美先后(hou)學習過警察(cha)、法律和軍事(shi)學。同(tong)年(nian)(1906年(nian))冬加入中(zhong)國(guo)同(tong)盟會(hui)(hui),并介紹同(tong)鄉蔣介石、黃(huang)郛等人加入中(zhong)國(guo)同(tong)盟會(hui)(hui)。和同(tong)時代的(de)(de)浙江籍革命黨人相(xiang)比(bi),陳其美出道較晚(wan),與光復會(hui)(hui)也毫無淵源(yuan)。那個時候的(de)(de)陳其美還并不出色,直到回國(guo)時仍(reng)是默默無聞(wen)。
陳其(qi)美(mei)嶄露鋒芒是在清光緒三十四年(nian)(1908年(nian))回國(guo)后(hou)在上海的(de)革(ge)命(ming)活(huo)動(dong)。從1907年(nian)到(dao)1910年(nian)是中國(guo)同盟會(hui)成立以來困難(nan)的(de)時(shi)期。在這種困境下陳其(qi)美(mei)在上海重整旗鼓(gu)、打開了局面(mian),從空言漸進于實行,“黨勢為之一振”,因(yin)此引起了遠在海外的(de)孫中山的(de)注意。1910年(nian)與宋教仁、譚(tan)人鳳等(deng)人組織中國(guo)同盟會(hui)中會(hui)總部,以推動(dong)長江流域的(de)革(ge)命(ming)活(huo)動(dong)。
陳其美(mei)在上海(hai)結(jie)交青幫作(zuo)為羽翼(yi),成(cheng)為青幫在上海(hai)的(de)頭領,出入(ru)于(yu)酒樓、茶館(guan)、戲院(yuan)、澡堂等地,以(yi)掩護革命活動(dong)(dong)。并創(chuang)(chuang)辦(ban)精武武術學(xue)校,邀請霍元甲任(ren)總教師,吸收大批江浙資本家(jia)如虞洽卿、王一亭(ting)、沈縵云(yun)等加入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)國同盟會(hui)(hui),通(tong)過(guo)他(ta)們結(jie)交了李平書、朱葆三(san)等商界聞人、社會(hui)(hui)名流(liu),推動(dong)(dong)他(ta)們贊助革命,從而(er)掌握了商會(hui)(hui)、商團武裝等,使中(zhong)(zhong)國同盟會(hui)(hui)在上海(hai)有(you)了比較扎實(shi)的(de)社會(hui)(hui)基礎(chu)。陳其美(mei)1909年創(chuang)(chuang)辦(ban)《中(zhong)(zhong)國公報(bao)》、《民聲叢報(bao)》,宣傳(chuan)革命,又(you)協(xie)助于(yu)右任(ren)創(chuang)(chuang)辦(ban)著名的(de)《民立報(bao)》。清宣統二年(1910年)與宋(song)教仁(ren)、譚人鳳、楊譜生等人組織中(zhong)(zhong)國同盟會(hui)(hui)中(zhong)(zhong)會(hui)(hui)總部,以(yi)推動(dong)(dong)長江流(liu)域的(de)革命活動(dong)(dong)。因陳其美(mei)在上海(hai)有(you)社會(hui)(hui)基礎(chu),熟悉情況,又(you)是(shi)楊譜生的(de)親戚,就委(wei)托他(ta)為庶務,主持日(ri)常工作(zuo)。
1911年(nian)10月10日武昌起(qi)義(yi)爆(bao)發,陳(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)在(zai)(zai)11月1日夜(ye)與李(li)平書(shu)(shu)等人一(yi)起(qi)商定在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)發動(dong)起(qi)義(yi)。11月3日,陳(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)率(lv)領(ling)革(ge)命軍進(jin)攻(gong)(gong)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)江南(nan)(nan)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)局(ju),但局(ju)內總辦張楚寶(bao)負隅頑抗(kang),陳(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)命令大(da)家停止進(jin)攻(gong)(gong),只身闖入制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)局(ju),希望勸說守軍放下(xia)(xia)武器,結果被扣(kou)留(liu)。第二天凌晨(chen),上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)商團總司令李(li)英石(shi)率(lv)領(ling)商團一(yi)千余人偕同李(li)燮和所部的(de)光復(fu)軍再(zai)次(ci)(ci)進(jin)攻(gong)(gong),終于攻(gong)(gong)克江南(nan)(nan)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)局(ju),救(jiu)出陳(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)。此(ci)(ci)后(hou),上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)全市很快(kuai)光復(fu)。在(zai)(zai)漢(han)口失陷兩天后(hou),即11月4日就(jiu)傳來上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)光復(fu)的(de)喜訊(xun),使得(de)(de)武漢(han)的(de)革(ge)命黨人士(shi)氣大(da)振,同時,上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)的(de)光復(fu)牽制(zhi)(zhi)了武漢(han)的(de)清軍,為攻(gong)(gong)取杭州、南(nan)(nan)京等地(di)打下(xia)(xia)了堅實的(de)基(ji)礎,從而加速了長江流域各省的(de)革(ge)命進(jin)程。孫中(zhong)山不止一(yi)次(ci)(ci)地(di)說,當時響應(ying)最(zui)有力、對全國影響大(da)的(de)是上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai),“英士(shi)在(zai)(zai)此(ci)(ci)積極進(jin)行(xing),故漢(han)口一(yi)失,英士(shi)則(ze)能取上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)以抵之(zhi)(zhi),由上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)乃能窺(kui)取南(nan)(nan)京。后(hou)漢(han)陽一(yi)失,吾黨又得(de)(de)南(nan)(nan)京以抵之(zhi)(zhi),革(ge)命之(zhi)(zhi)大(da)局(ju)因以益(yi)振。則(ze)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)英士(shi)一(yi)木之(zhi)(zhi)支者,較(jiao)他著尤多也(ye)。上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)起(qi)義(yi)成功(gong)后(hou),開(kai)會推(tui)(tui)舉上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)都督,大(da)家幾乎一(yi)致推(tui)(tui)舉陳(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei),連(lian)李(li)平書(shu)(shu)也(ye)表示贊成。陳(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)就(jiu)這(zhe)樣被選為滬軍都督。
在(zai)上海光(guang)(guang)復后,陳(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)又派柏文蔚、范鴻仙赴(fu)南(nan)(nan)京(jing),派蔣介(jie)石、黃郛、陳(chen)泉(quan)卿赴(fu)杭(hang)州,策動(dong)蘇(su)杭(hang)、鎮江(jiang)起義及發動(dong)皖(wan)贛等省(sheng)響應。很快,蘇(su)州、杭(hang)州、鎮江(jiang)也宣布光(guang)(guang)復。這時(shi)(shi)的南(nan)(nan)京(jing),由于地勢(shi)險要,并(bing)(bing)且(qie)兩(liang)江(jiang)總督張人駿、江(jiang)寧將軍(jun)鐵良、江(jiang)南(nan)(nan)提督張勛頑固(gu)不(bu)化,負隅頑抗(kang)。陳(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)指出,如南(nan)(nan)京(jing)不(bu)破,蘇(su)滬各(ge)地‘倘難安(an)枕”。陳(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)隨即組織江(jiang)浙聯軍(jun),會攻南(nan)(nan)京(jing),并(bing)(bing)推舉新軍(jun)首領徐(xu)紹楨為(wei)聯軍(jun)總司(si)令。經過二十多天(tian)的努力,1911年(nian)12月2日南(nan)(nan)京(jing)光(guang)(guang)復,同時(shi)(shi)也緩(huan)解了湖北方面(mian)漢陽失守的危(wei)急形勢(shi),使得辛亥(hai)革(ge)命(ming)最終(zhong)成(cheng)功。正如孫中山評價陳(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei):“東南(nan)(nan)半壁(bi),君實鎖鑰”。
孫中山(shan)(shan)辭去臨時(shi)大總(zong)統(tong)后,陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)也辭去滬軍(jun)都督,但(dan)他沒有去北京就任(ren)工(gong)商總(zong)長。直到1912年(nian)秋天,陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)才與黃(huang)興繼孫中山(shan)(shan)之后進京。孫中山(shan)(shan)曾樂觀(guan)地(di)向袁(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱建議,請袁(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱練兵十(shi)(shi)年(nian),自己(ji)修(xiu)鐵路十(shi)(shi)年(nian),黃(huang)興開礦(kuang)十(shi)(shi)年(nian),陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)興工(gong)商十(shi)(shi)年(nian),就可以富(fu)國強兵。孫中山(shan)(shan)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)委任(ren)為(wei)(wei)全國鐵路督辦,黃(huang)興為(wei)(wei)礦(kuang)務(wu)總(zong)辦。據英國外交官的報告說陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)“將被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)派往國外調(diao)查政治制度(du)”,袁(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱曾經要送陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)17萬(wan)元(yuan),作為(wei)(wei)出(chu)洋(yang)游(you)歷之資,勸陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)勿問國事,但(dan)遭到陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)拒絕。不久,宋教仁在(zai)上(shang)海火車站(zhan)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)暗殺,孫中山(shan)(shan)提出(chu)訴諸武(wu)(wu)力(li),陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)當時(shi)是支(zhi)持(chi)黃(huang)興“法律解決”主張的。孫中山(shan)(shan)最終也表示同意,在(zai)此期間堅持(chi)了四個月司法解決,并未武(wu)(wu)力(li)行(xing)動(dong),但(dan)袁(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱卻率先(xian)攻屠(tu)九江,發動(dong)內戰,挑起(qi)內亂,江西都督李烈(lie)鈞在(zai)一周(zhou)后被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)迫(po)宣(xuan)布自衛抗暴,二(er)次(ci)革(ge)命爆發。由于(yu)軍(jun)事實力(li)懸殊,二(er)次(ci)革(ge)命失(shi)利,袁(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)凱出(chu)五萬(wan)元(yuan)大洋(yang)懸賞(shang)緝(ji)拿陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)。1913年(nian)11月,陳(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)迫(po)流亡(wang)日本。
二次革(ge)(ge)(ge)命失利后(hou),孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)進行了反思:革(ge)(ge)(ge)命黨不(bu)能群龍(long)無首,或(huo)互爭雄長,并據此組建中(zhong)(zhong)華革(ge)(ge)(ge)命黨,手訂(ding)了入(ru)(ru)黨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)誓(shi)約(yue)。而(er)就(jiu)是(shi)這一誓(shi)約(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)關于(yu)(yu)“附從(cong)孫(sun)先生(sheng)(sheng)再(zai)舉革(ge)(ge)(ge)命”一詞、入(ru)(ru)黨人(ren)須于(yu)(yu)署名下蓋指模,黃(huang)興認為(wei)不(bu)夠(gou)平(ping)等,黨內同志多方設法彌縫(feng)分歧未(wei)果,黃(huang)興遠(yuan)走(zou)美(mei)(mei)(mei)國。在(zai)這場爭論中(zhong)(zhong),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)扮演的(de)角(jiao)色既重要又(you)微妙(miao)。這種(zhong)作用不(bu)僅在(zai)于(yu)(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)以加入(ru)(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)華革(ge)(ge)(ge)命黨的(de)實(shi)際行動支持(chi)了孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan),更因(yin)為(wei)在(zai)黃(huang)興赴(fu)美(mei)(mei)(mei)國后(hou),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)發出(chu)了《致黃(huang)克強勸一致服(fu)從(cong)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)先生(sheng)(sheng)繼(ji)續革(ge)(ge)(ge)命書(shu)》,信(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)提出(chu)了政黨政治的(de)一種(zhong)理(li)論,而(er)為(wei)孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)所激賞。回顧中(zhong)(zhong)國同盟會組織以來的(de)歷(li)史,陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)總(zong)結(jie)說:“征諸過去(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)實(shi),則(ze)吾(wu)黨重大(da)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)失敗,果由中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)先生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)想(xiang)誤(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耶?抑認中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)先生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)想(xiang)為(wei)誤(wu)而(er)反對之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)致于(yu)(yu)失敗耶?惟其(qi)(qi)(qi)前日(ri)(ri)認中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)先生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)想(xiang)為(wei)誤(wu),皆致失敗;則(ze)于(yu)(yu)今日(ri)(ri)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)先生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所主(zhu)張,不(bu)宜(yi)輕以為(wei)理(li)想(xiang)而(er)不(bu)從(cong),再(zai)貽他日(ri)(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)悔。此美(mei)(mei)(mei)所以追(zhui)懷往事(shi)而(er)欲痛滌吾(wu)非者也。”孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)特(te)把此信(xin)作為(wei)附錄收入(ru)(ru)《建國方略》,可(ke)見陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)主(zhu)張和(he)孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)的(de)思想(xiang)十分契合。
陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)在日(ri)(ri)本期間,向(xiang)孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)山提出:新一輪(lun)討伐袁(yuan)世(shi)凱的(de)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)應(ying)選(xuan)擇在敵軍(jun)(jun)力(li)量(liang)相對(dui)較弱、又(you)(you)靠近北(bei)京的(de)東(dong)北(bei)三省作為(wei)基(ji)礎力(li)量(liang),只有在東(dong)北(bei)奠(dian)定基(ji)礎,才能成功實(shi)現南北(bei)合舉(ju)起(qi)義(yi)。孫(sun)中(zhong)(zhong)山非(fei)常(chang)贊同,委任陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)華革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨(dang)總務(wu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)長(chang),派(pai)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)和戴季陶前往東(dong)北(bei)建(jian)立中(zhong)(zhong)華革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨(dang)東(dong)北(bei)支部(bu)(bu)(bu),組織軍(jun)(jun)隊,開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)反對(dui)袁(yuan)世(shi)凱的(de)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)斗(dou)爭。1914年1月(yue),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)和戴季陶由日(ri)(ri)本神戶乘船(chuan)啟程,在1月(yue)26日(ri)(ri)抵(di)達大連(lian),建(jian)立秘密聯絡據點,籌(chou)(chou)建(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)華革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨(dang)東(dong)北(bei)支部(bu)(bu)(bu)。1914年2月(yue)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)組建(jian)了中(zhong)(zhong)華革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨(dang)奉(feng)天(tian)機(ji)關(guan)部(bu)(bu)(bu),派(pai)遣寧(ning)武(wu)(wu)和朱霽青(qing)兩(liang)人前往奉(feng)天(tian)和遼(liao)西招(zhao)集(ji)舊(jiu)部(bu)(bu)(bu),派(pai)遣鮑化南潛入丹(dan)(dan)東(dong)聯合武(wu)(wu)裝(zhuang)力(li)量(liang),又(you)(you)致信蔣介石(shi),要他去浙江籌(chou)(chou)款和到(dao)上海購(gou)運武(wu)(wu)器。經過多方努力(li),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)將幾(ji)支革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)武(wu)(wu)裝(zhuang)聯合起(qi)來(lai)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)與戴季陶商議,利用奉(feng)天(tian)省南部(bu)(bu)(bu)和東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)地區(qu)反動勢力(li)統治較為(wei)薄(bo)弱的(de)形勢,開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)武(wu)(wu)裝(zhuang)討伐袁(yuan)世(shi)凱的(de)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)斗(dou)爭。起(qi)義(yi)計(ji)劃(hua)是以(yi)大連(lian)為(wei)指(zhi)揮中(zhong)(zhong)樞(shu),先占領(ling)丹(dan)(dan)東(dong),然后向(xiang)奉(feng)天(tian)省各地發(fa)展(zhan),以(yi)達到(dao)實(shi)現奉(feng)天(tian)全省光(guang)復的(de)戰(zhan)略目標。1914年2月(yue)22日(ri)(ri),按計(ji)劃(hua)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)署,陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)坐鎮大連(lian)奉(feng)天(tian)機(ji)關(guan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)指(zhi)揮。以(yi)從大連(lian)出發(fa)的(de)起(qi)義(yi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)隊先經莊河(he),再向(xiang)丹(dan)(dan)東(dong)進發(fa)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)然后命(ming)(ming)(ming)令鮑化南等人率領(ling)起(qi)義(yi)軍(jun)(jun)從鳳(feng)城和朝鮮新義(yi)州向(xiang)丹(dan)(dan)東(dong)進發(fa)。
從大連出發(fa)的(de)起義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)在于1914年2月(yue)27日(ri)先(xian)后(hou)(hou)到(dao)達雞冠山,在那里(li)待(dai)(dai)命(ming)休整(zheng),等(deng)待(dai)(dai)其(qi)(qi)他幾支(zhi)義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)會師。然后(hou)(hou)合(he)力(li)攻(gong)占丹東(dong)(dong)。起義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)正在分頭秘密集合(he)時(shi),被奉(feng)(feng)系軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)閥張(zhang)作霖(lin)(lin)的(de)密探(tan)偵知(zhi),張(zhang)作霖(lin)(lin)一方面向日(ri)本(ben)(ben)關東(dong)(dong)洲都(dou)督府提出交涉并要求(qiu)日(ri)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)在大連租借地內協助干(gan)預(yu),一方面在全省范圍(wei)(wei)內全力(li)搜(sou)捕前往丹東(dong)(dong)會合(he)起義(yi)(yi)的(de)革(ge)命(ming)黨人。關東(dong)(dong)洲日(ri)本(ben)(ben)統治當局(ju)當即派(pai)出軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)警沿安奉(feng)(feng)鐵路進行(xing)(xing)圍(wei)(wei)堵(du),攔截起義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)進入(ru)丹東(dong)(dong)市(shi)區(qu)。僅僅幾天時(shi)間,就(jiu)有七十多名革(ge)命(ming)黨人慘遭張(zhang)作霖(lin)(lin)殺害。陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)感覺到(dao)目前起義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)武裝力(li)量難與奉(feng)(feng)系軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)閥張(zhang)作霖(lin)(lin)的(de)反動(dong)(dong)武裝相對抗,于是下令(ling)分路撤退(tui),等(deng)待(dai)(dai)時(shi)機(ji)另(ling)行(xing)(xing)組(zu)織發(fa)動(dong)(dong)起義(yi)(yi)。孫中(zhong)山在日(ri)本(ben)(ben)得知(zhi)張(zhang)作霖(lin)(lin)下令(ling)四(si)處(chu)搜(sou)捕陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)的(de)情況后(hou)(hou),密電陳(chen)其(qi)(qi)美(mei)要求(qiu)其(qi)(qi)迅(xun)速(su)返回日(ri)本(ben)(ben)。
民(min)國(guo)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1914年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))1月(yue)袁(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)(shi)凱(kai)下(xia)令解散國(guo)會(hui),并廢止《中華民(min)國(guo)臨(lin)時(shi)(shi)約法(fa)》,民(min)國(guo)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1915年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))袁(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)(shi)凱(kai)復辟帝制(zhi)的(de)野心(xin)日(ri)(ri)益暴露。同(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)2月(yue)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)與許(xu)崇智(zhi)奉(feng)(feng)孫中山(shan)之命(ming)(ming)(ming)前(qian)往(wang)廣東秘密(mi)籌備建(jian)立(li)(li)中華革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨(dang)廣東支(zhi)部。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)與許(xu)崇智(zhi)由東京(jing)啟程(cheng),途經(jing)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)時(shi)(shi),上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)同(tong)志(zhi)堅(jian)持要(yao)留陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)在(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)主持反(fan)袁(yuan)(yuan)工作。許(xu)崇智(zhi)寫信給孫中山(shan),孫中山(shan)表示同(tong)意。于(yu)是(shi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)又在(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)積極開(kai)展(zhan)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)活動(dong)(dong)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)等革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨(dang)人(ren)在(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)秘密(mi)活動(dong)(dong)的(de)消息(xi)很(hen)(hen)快被(bei)(bei)袁(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)(shi)凱(kai)得知,于(yu)是(shi)立(li)(li)刻派其(qi)爪牙(ya)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)率重兵屯(tun)防(fang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai),兼控制(zhi)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)。鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)獨霸一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方,血腥殺(sha)(sha)戮,瘋狂屠(tu)殺(sha)(sha)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨(dang)人(ren),到處張(zhang)貼(tie)告示宣布“留藏(zang)匪(fei)類者,處死”,讓軍(jun)(jun)警在(zai)南市、閘(zha)北等地挨家(jia)挨戶搜(sou)查。在(zai)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)坐鎮(zhen)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)期(qi)間,報(bao)紙(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)不(bu)(bu)斷登出“破獲亂黨(dang)機關(guan)”、“亂黨(dang)分子(zi)被(bei)(bei)正法(fa)”的(de)消息(xi),慘遭鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殺(sha)(sha)戮者多達兩(liang)(liang)萬(wan)余(yu)人(ren),以(yi)至老(lao)百姓(xing)中曾(ceng)流傳這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)順口(kou)溜:“鎮(zhen)守(shou)使署是(shi)鬼門關(guan),黨(dang)人(ren)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)去不(bu)(bu)復還”。當(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)籠罩在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)片白(bai)(bai)色(se)恐怖之中,陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)等人(ren)決定暗殺(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),挫(cuo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)挫(cuo)袁(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)(shi)凱(kai)的(de)銳氣,這(zhe)(zhe)對(dui)起兵發難(nan)也(ye)有幫助。民(min)國(guo)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1915年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))11月(yue)10日(ri)(ri),這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)是(shi)日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)天(tian)(tian)長節,當(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)駐扎(zha)在(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)總(zong)領事(shi)要(yao)開(kai)會(hui)慶祝,而上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)鎮(zhen)守(shou)使、海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍(jun)(jun)上(shang)(shang)(shang)將鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)因(yin)是(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)最(zui)高(gao)(gao)軍(jun)(jun)政首(shou)長,照例(li)也(ye)應(ying)前(qian)往(wang)祝賀。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)便(bian)將暗殺(sha)(sha)行(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)安排在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)安排精于(yu)槍法(fa)的(de)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉峰(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)山(shan)二人(ren)埋(mai)伏(fu)在(zai)英(ying)租(zu)界外(wai)(wai)白(bai)(bai)渡(du)橋(qiao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶負(fu)責暗殺(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),又布置(zhi)了十(shi)幾(ji)個革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)黨(dang)死士埋(mai)伏(fu)在(zai)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)到日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)領事(shi)館所(suo)(suo)必(bi)須經(jing)過的(de)路(lu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。11月(yue)9日(ri)(ri)晚(wan),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)美(mei)(mei)專門召見王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉峰(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)山(shan),說:“欲在(zai)滬發難(nan),必(bi)先(xian)(xian)殺(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),故殺(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)既(ji)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)倒袁(yuan)(yuan),亦既(ji)所(suo)(suo)以(yi)存民(min)國(guo)也(ye),二君之意謂何?”大家(jia)心(xin)中都很(hen)(hen)清(qing)楚,暗殺(sha)(sha)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)危險萬(wan)分,即便(bian)獲得成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong),行(xing)(xing)(xing)刺者也(ye)難(nan)以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)還。但(dan)(dan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉峰(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)山(shan)卻(que)慨(kai)然(ran)應(ying)諾,當(dang)(dang)即表示:“鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(汝(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng))不(bu)(bu)除,袁(yuan)(yuan)(世(shi)(shi)凱(kai))不(bu)(bu)孤”,“必(bi)誓死以(yi)奉(feng)(feng)公(gong)命(ming)(ming)(ming)”!決心(xin)以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)(ming)(ming)誅(zhu)除國(guo)賊(zei),救(jiu)(jiu)國(guo)救(jiu)(jiu)民(min)。11月(yue)10日(ri)(ri)清(qing)晨,王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉峰(feng)手持兩(liang)(liang)支(zhi)手槍,王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)山(shan)身懷兩(liang)(liang)顆炸(zha)彈,埋(mai)伏(fu)到了外(wai)(wai)白(bai)(bai)渡(du)橋(qiao)側。十(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)點左右,鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與其(qi)司務長乘(cheng)汽車(che)快靠近外(wai)(wai)白(bai)(bai)渡(du)橋(qiao)時(shi)(shi),因(yin)車(che)輛(liang)擁擠,行(xing)(xing)(xing)駛(shi)得比較慢。王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)山(shan)立(li)(li)即將第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)枚炸(zha)彈擲向鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)座車(che),只(zhi)聽“轟隆”一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)聲,車(che)蓋爆裂,鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)(dang)場重傷,車(che)被(bei)(bei)迫停下(xia)。而埋(mai)伏(fu)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)旁的(de)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉峰(feng)立(li)(li)刻沖(chong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)前(qian),用槍對(dui)準鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頭部連開(kai)十(shi)槍,鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)(dang)場斃命(ming)(ming)(ming)。行(xing)(xing)(xing)刺成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)后,王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉峰(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)山(shan)本(ben)(ben)可從容脫身,但(dan)(dan)兩(liang)(liang)人(ren)卻(que)登上(shang)(shang)(shang)外(wai)(wai)白(bai)(bai)渡(du)橋(qiao)的(de)橋(qiao)頭對(dui)著圍觀人(ren)群進行(xing)(xing)(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)分鐘的(de)演(yan)講(jiang),大談(tan)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)(ming)。直至被(bei)(bei)聞訊趕來的(de)租(zu)界巡(xun)捕沖(chong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)橋(qiao)頭包(bao)圍,王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉峰(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)山(shan)把(ba)槍一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)扔(reng),說道:“吾志(zhi)已(yi)償(chang),雖死無憾”。旋即被(bei)(bei)捕。王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉峰(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)山(shan)不(bu)(bu)幸被(bei)(bei)捕后,在(zai)法(fa)庭上(shang)(shang)(shang)鎮(zhen)定自若(ruo),侃(kan)侃(kan)而談(tan):“鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汝(ru)(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)助袁(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)(shi)凱(kai)叛(pan)反(fan)民(min)國(guo),余(yu)等為民(min)除賊(zei),使天(tian)(tian)下(xia)咸(xian)知吾人(ren)討賊(zei)之義,且(qie)知民(min)賊(zei)之不(bu)(bu)可為。”當(dang)(dang)法(fa)官再三盤問主使人(ren)及同(tong)黨(dang)時(shi)(shi),王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曉峰(feng)、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)明(ming)(ming)(ming)山(shan)堅(jian)不(bu)(bu)吐實,只(zhi)是(shi)自豪地說:“吾為民(min)國(guo)立(li)(li)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大功(gong),雖死無憾”。慷慨(kai)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)辭,不(bu)(bu)屈不(bu)(bu)撓,后英(ying)勇(yong)(yong)就義。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)犧牲精神之難(nan)能可貴,這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)暗殺(sha)(sha)行(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)之英(ying)勇(yong)(yong)悲壯,是(shi)不(bu)(bu)言而喻(yu)的(de)。孫中山(shan)先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)(gao)度(du)評(ping)價此(ci)次(ci)暗殺(sha)(sha)行(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong),稱:“此(ci)等氣魄,真足(zu)令人(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)敬,滬去此(ci)賊(zei),事(shi)大可為。”
革(ge)命黨人(ren)因(yin)暗殺鄭汝成(cheng)成(cheng)功,信心倍(bei)增,積極(ji)籌備(bei)在上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)發動武(wu)(wu)裝起(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi),陳(chen)其(qi)美秘密聯(lian)絡上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)海(hai)陸軍(jun)隊起(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi),而此(ci)時袁(yuan)(yuan)世凱(kai)(kai)突(tu)然要把此(ci)處兵(bing)力調走,那起(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)就難了,于是起(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)時間(jian)(jian)不(bu)得(de)不(bu)提前到(dao)12月5日。在起(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)前,陳(chen)其(qi)美已(yi)經(jing)和(he)(he)(he)肇(zhao)(zhao)和(he)(he)(he)兵(bing)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)長(chang)打好招呼,而參加這次起(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)主要人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)有蔣(jiang)介石、邵元沖、吳忠信等(deng)人(ren),分任(ren)軍(jun)事、財政、總務之(zhi)責,總司(si)令是楊(yang)(yang)虎。起(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)時間(jian)(jian)定在1915年12月5日下(xia)午三點,兵(bing)分兩路(lu),一(yi)路(lu)由(you)楊(yang)(yang)虎帶(dai)領(ling)(ling)占(zhan)領(ling)(ling)肇(zhao)(zhao)和(he)(he)(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian),另一(yi)路(lu)由(you)尹(yin)神武(wu)(wu)率領(ling)(ling)占(zhan)領(ling)(ling)應(ying)瑞、通濟兩艦(jian)(jian)(jian),做(zuo)肇(zhao)(zhao)和(he)(he)(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)后援。其(qi)他岸(an)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)革(ge)命黨人(ren)聽到(dao)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)隊炮聲后行動。由(you)楊(yang)(yang)虎帶(dai)領(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)二十(shi)多位革(ge)命黨人(ren)從上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)法租界碼頭(tou)下(xia)水,開小(xiao)汽(qi)艇前往肇(zhao)(zhao)和(he)(he)(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian),非(fei)常(chang)順利地奪取了肇(zhao)(zhao)和(he)(he)(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian),并在下(xia)午六點向(xiang)江(jiang)南制造(zao)局開炮。制造(zao)局及城內一(yi)部分聯(lian)絡成(cheng)熟的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)警,立(li)即響應(ying)。不(bu)幸的(de)(de)(de)是,另一(yi)路(lu)由(you)尹(yin)神武(wu)(wu)率領(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)隊伍所乘的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)汽(qi)輪被(bei)租界巡捕房(fang)干涉,不(bu)能按(an)照計(ji)劃占(zhan)領(ling)(ling)應(ying)瑞及通濟兩艦(jian)(jian)(jian)。因(yin)此(ci),肇(zhao)(zhao)和(he)(he)(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)陷入了孤立(li)無(wu)援的(de)(de)(de)境地。陸上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)同志(zhi)聽到(dao)肇(zhao)(zhao)和(he)(he)(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)炮聲,按(an)照原計(ji)劃分別向(xiang)電(dian)報局、電(dian)話局等(deng)機關進(jin)攻,陳(chen)其(qi)美與(yu)蔣(jiang)介石督(du)戰指(zhi)揮。但因(yin)寡不(bu)敵眾,北洋軍(jun)閥炮火猛烈,并且應(ying)瑞、通濟兩艘軍(jun)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)被(bei)袁(yuan)(yuan)世凱(kai)(kai)派來的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海(hai)交涉員(yuan)(yuan)楊(yang)(yang)晟以三十(shi)萬元收買,兩艘軍(jun)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)將矛(mao)頭(tou)指(zhi)向(xiang)肇(zhao)(zhao)和(he)(he)(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)。肇(zhao)(zhao)和(he)(he)(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)楊(yang)(yang)虎等(deng)人(ren)見到(dao)形(xing)勢危急,被(bei)迫撤離(li),肇(zhao)(zhao)和(he)(he)(he)艦(jian)(jian)(jian)起(qi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)幸失敗。
1916年1月(yue)袁(yuan)世凱(kai)帝(di)制(zhi)自(zi)為(wei),蔡鍔(e)在(zai)(zai)云南(nan)組織護國(guo)(guo)軍(jun)(jun),揭起(qi)(qi)(qi)討伐袁(yuan)世凱(kai)的(de)(de)(de)大旗(qi)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)積極響應,在(zai)(zai)1916年4月(yue)派夏(xia)爾(er)玙(yu)赴浙江舉(ju)事(shi)(shi)。因計(ji)劃泄露,夏(xia)爾(er)玙(yu)慘遭(zao)北洋軍(jun)(jun)閥殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)害。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)數(shu)次起(qi)(qi)(qi)兵討袁(yuan),成(cheng)為(wei)袁(yuan)世凱(kai)的(de)(de)(de)心(xin)腹大患。袁(yuan)世凱(kai)先派人(ren)給陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)送去(qu)七十(shi)萬元,讓(rang)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)出(chu)洋游(you)歷,并威(wei)脅說,否則就(jiu)用這筆錢作經(jing)費(fei),買通刺(ci)客對(dui)他進(jin)行暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)聽后(hou)哈哈大笑,予(yu)以(yi)(yi)拒絕,并寫(xie)下銘文:“死不畏(wei)死,生不偷生。男兒大節,光與日爭。道之(zhi)茍直,不憚(dan)鼎烹。渺然一(yi)身(shen),萬里(li)長城”。以(yi)(yi)此表達(da)為(wei)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)犧(xi)牲的(de)(de)(de)決心(xin)。袁(yuan)世凱(kai)于(yu)是命(ming)令駐軍(jun)(jun)上海(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)張(zhang)宗(zong)昌(chang)(chang)負責(ze)實施暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)。張(zhang)宗(zong)昌(chang)(chang)接受暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)令后(hou),便(bian)找來程國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)進(jin)行策(ce)劃。程國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)與張(zhang)宗(zong)昌(chang)(chang)早年相(xiang)識,后(hou)隨張(zhang)宗(zong)昌(chang)(chang)走南(nan)闖北,頗(po)為(wei)忠心(xin)。由于(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)為(wei)人(ren)謹慎,行蹤隱秘(mi),要(yao)想暗(an)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)他絕非易(yi)事(shi)(shi)。程國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)帶人(ren)來到上海(hai)(hai),秘(mi)密(mi)(mi)打探陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)行蹤,伺機行刺(ci)。不久(jiu),程國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)得(de)知陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)正(zheng)在(zai)(zai)為(wei)策(ce)動反袁(yuan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)義籌措(cuo)經(jing)費(fei),于(yu)是便(bian)設(she)下了(le)一(yi)條毒計(ji)。張(zhang)宗(zong)昌(chang)(chang)和(he)程國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)假(jia)意開(kai)設(she)了(le)一(yi)家鴻豐煤礦公司,然后(hou)派密(mi)(mi)探李(li)(li)海(hai)(hai)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)讓(rang)他與陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)聯絡(luo),謊(huang)稱該公司有一(yi)塊礦地,準備(bei)抵押給別(bie)人(ren)以(yi)(yi)獲取貸(dai)款(kuan),請陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)幫助從中介紹(shao),事(shi)(shi)成(cheng)之(zhi)后(hou),將把貸(dai)款(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)分之(zhi)四付給陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)作為(wei)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)經(jing)費(fei)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)雖然有所(suo)(suo)懷疑,但為(wei)革(ge)(ge)命(ming)大業還是同(tong)意了(le),并約(yue)(yue)定(ding)時(shi)間簽(qian)訂合同(tong)。1916年5月(yue)18日傍(bang)晚,李(li)(li)海(hai)(hai)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)根據(ju)事(shi)(shi)先約(yue)(yue)定(ding),以(yi)(yi)中間人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)身(shen)份(fen),帶著程國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)、許國(guo)(guo)霖和(he)以(yi)(yi)“律師”身(shen)份(fen)出(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)吳國(guo)(guo)華來到了(le)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)在(zai)(zai)上海(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)秘(mi)密(mi)(mi)寓所(suo)(suo)法租(zu)界薩坡塞路(lu)14號。而此時(shi),在(zai)(zai)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)寓所(suo)(suo)周(zhou)圍,早已埋(mai)伏好了(le)張(zhang)宗(zong)昌(chang)(chang)選派的(de)(de)(de)幾名(ming)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)手(shou),只(zhi)等接到信(xin)號就(jiu)采取行動。李(li)(li)海(hai)(hai)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)與程國(guo)(guo)瑞(rui)等來到陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)寓所(suo)(suo),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)將他們請到客廳落座。寒(han)暄幾句后(hou),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)要(yao)對(dui)方(fang)拿出(chu)合同(tong),準備(bei)簽(qian)字。此時(shi),李(li)(li)海(hai)(hai)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)突然站起(qi)(qi)(qi)身(shen)來,說忘(wang)了(le)帶合同(tong)底稿(gao),要(yao)回去(qu)取。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)起(qi)(qi)(qi)身(shen)相(xiang)送。李(li)(li)海(hai)(hai)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)走出(chu)門口,這是事(shi)(shi)先約(yue)(yue)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)號,埋(mai)伏在(zai)(zai)附近的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)名(ming)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)手(shou)立即沖(chong)進(jin)屋里(li),舉(ju)起(qi)(qi)(qi)手(shou)槍,對(dui)準陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)連開(kai)三槍,陳(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)當(dang)場犧(xi)牲,年僅(jin)38歲(sui)。
蔣介石聽到陳其美遇刺的消(xiao)息,馬上趕來撫尸痛哭。孫中山剛由日本回(hui)國,也立即趕來,流淚不止,當場(chang)手(shou)書“失(shi)我(wo)長城”四字,以志其哀。陳其美犧(xi)牲(sheng)后,海內外(wai)各(ge)團體(ti)、各(ge)界人士的唁電、祭文、挽聯、挽額絡繹不絕。
1927年(nian)(民國十(shi)六年(nian)),北伐(fa)軍占領上海,5月18日,舉行(xing)了(le)陳(chen)其美逝世十(shi)一周年(nian)紀念大會,蔣介石(shi)專程(cheng)從(cong)南京趕來發表演說:“上海之所以有革(ge)命如(ru)此之成績者,為陳(chen)英士先生首倡(chang)革(ge)命之功(gong)也(ye)。若無陳(chen)英士先生,即無今日之中國國民黨,并(bing)無今日之國民革(ge)命。”
陳其(qi)美在(zai)孫中山的(de)影(ying)響和帶動(dong)下做出過以下貢獻(xian):
一(yi)、作(zuo)為辛(xin)亥革命時的(de)滬(hu)軍都督、中國同盟會骨干,陳其美曾參(can)與推動中華民國南京臨時政府成立。
二、袁世(shi)凱上臺后,陳(chen)其(qi)美追(zhui)隨孫(sun)中山進行(xing)二次革命和護國戰爭,是其(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)的助手,曾(ceng)策劃一系列反袁軍事行(xing)動。
三、支(zhi)持(chi)孫(sun)(sun)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)。從(cong)支(zhi)持(chi)孫(sun)(sun)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)的(de)角度而言(yan),陳其美是孫(sun)(sun)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)堅(jian)定的(de)追隨者,助建中(zhong)華革(ge)命(ming)(ming)黨,在二次革(ge)命(ming)(ming)失(shi)敗后、革(ge)命(ming)(ming)遭(zao)受重(zhong)大(da)挫(cuo)折(zhe)時,取代黃(huang)興成為孫(sun)(sun)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)反(fan)袁斗(dou)爭的(de)重(zhong)要助手,籌(chou)集巨(ju)款全力支(zhi)持(chi)。
四、陳(chen)其美曾(ceng)多次(ci)在(zai)江浙(zhe)滬、北京、天津、山西乃(nai)至東北聯絡(luo)會(hui)黨、組織(zhi)起義,他(ta)在(zai)上海組織(zhi)滬軍都督府,通(tong)過這一機構在(zai)政治、社會(hui)運動各方面發(fa)揮作用。
中(zhong)國近代偉大的民(min)主(zhu)革命先(xian)行(xing)者孫中(zhong)山:民(min)國長(chang)城、民(min)國起義(yi)首功之人。
民主革命家、思想家章太炎(yan):愿(yuan)君化彗尾(wei);為我掃幽(you)燕(yan)。
中華革命黨支部電挽陳其美:英(ying)公其死矣;吾輩忍生乎。
于右任:求仁而得何怨(yuan);賊民(min)之主不忠。
岑(cen)春煊、李烈鈞、方聲(sheng)濤、林虎、張開儒(ru)、章(zhang)士釗、高(gao)爾登(deng)、文群、楊永泰、程子楷、李根源、曾(ceng)彥(yan)等電合挽陳其美:凜存(cun)肩于后死;傷健翮(he)之先摧。
中(zhong)國國民黨元老(lao)于右任挽陳(chen)其(qi)美:十年薪膽(dan)余亡命;百戰河(he)山吊國殤。
中華(hua)民國(guo)總(zong)統孫(sun)中山挽(wan)陳其美(mei):可(ke)憐麟鳳供炰脯;如(ru)此江山待祓除。
菲律賓中華革命黨支部電挽陳(chen)其美:世竟(jing)無鉏麍喻義;公(gong)終繼漁父銜冤。功(gong)成不屑(xie)黃金印;身死長(chang)留碧浪湖(hu)。
周震鱗:為國捐軀,吾公志愿;緝兇善后,儕輩仔肩。