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樂器概述

因其鼓身形似蜂(feng)而得名，是瑤族、壯族和毛南族膜鳴(ming)樂器，流行于廣西壯族自治區各地。每當慶祝豐收和歡度節日之際，能歌(ge)善(shan)舞的各族人民便(bian)身著盛裝，在蜂(feng)鼓的伴奏(zou)下歡歌(ge)暢舞。

蜂鼓(gu)歷史(shi)悠久，它(ta)和朝(chao)鮮族的長鼓(gu)同出一(yi)源(yuan)。在古代不僅叫作杖鼓(gu)，還(huan)有(you)拍(pai)鼓(gu)、正鼓(gu)和魏(wei)鼓(gu)（因北魏(wei)時使用普遍）之稱，至今已有(you)一(yi)千多年歷史(shi)。

蜂(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)鼓(gu)(gu)身用(yong)黃(huang)泥(ni)捏成(cheng)，然后入窯燒(shao)為陶瓷，兩(liang)端(duan)粗大，中間(jian)(jian)細小，全(quan)長(chang)50—64厘米，鼓(gu)(gu)腔一端(duan)呈圓球狀，鼓(gu)(gu)面較小；另一端(duan)呈喇叭狀，鼓(gu)(gu)面較大。鼓(gu)(gu)腔兩(liang)端(duan)相通，中間(jian)(jian)細如蜂(feng)腰。鼓(gu)(gu)兩(liang)端(duan)蒙以牛(niu)皮或羊(yang)皮，鼓(gu)(gu)皮附于圓形(xing)鐵圈上，鐵圈四周(zhou)置鐵鉤(gou)，通過繩索聯(lian)結(jie)系緊，并可調(diao)節鼓(gu)(gu)皮的張力，以改變音高(gao)和音色。

演奏(zou)蜂鼓(gu)(gu)時，將鼓(gu)(gu)系以彩帶橫掛在腹前或置(zhi)于鼓(gu)(gu)架(jia)上(shang)，圓球狀(zhuang)一(yi)端鼓(gu)(gu)面置(zhi)于左(zuo)側。

既可用(yong)雙手拍(pai)擊(ji)兩端鼓面，也(ye)(ye)可左手執竹木鼓棰(chui)敲擊(ji)、右手拍(pai)擊(ji)。球狀(zhuang)一端鼓面發出清脆(cui)明(ming)亮的高音(yin)；喇叭狀(zhuang)鼓面發出深(shen)沉渾厚的低音(yin)。它常(chang)與小(xiao)鼓、鑼、鈸、鈴等民間樂器一起(qi)用(yong)于合奏，也(ye)(ye)為師公戲、師公舞、蜂鼓舞等民間歌舞和曲藝伴奏。

文化藝術

生(sheng)活在美麗(li)富饒的(de)(de)祖國西南邊陲的(de)(de)瑤、壯、毛(mao)南各族(zu)人民，都創造了本民族(zu)的(de)(de)文化藝術。

山歌(ge)對唱悅耳動聽，民間舞蹈(dao)絢麗多(duo)姿(zi)。在廣西各(ge)地，每當(dang)慶(qing)祝豐收(shou)和歡度(du)節日之(zhi)時(shi)，能歌(ge)善舞的(de)各(ge)族人民便身穿盛裝，在蜂(feng)鼓(gu)的(de)伴奏下(xia)高歌(ge)歡舞。

歷史追溯

蜂(feng)(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)歷(li)史悠久，它是流傳(chuan)在(zai)廣(guang)西(xi)壯族自治(zhi)區(qu)的(de)細腰(yao)(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，它和(he)(he)朝(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)族的(de)杖鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)同(tong)出(chu)一源。在(zai)古代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)不(bu)僅叫(jiao)(jiao)作(zuo)(zuo)杖鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，還有(you)拍鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、正鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)(he)魏(wei)(wei)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(因北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)時(shi)(shi)使用普遍)之(zhi)(zhi)稱，至(zhi)今已(yi)有(you)一千(qian)多(duo)年(nian)(nian)的(de)歷(li)史。南宋范(fan)成大《桂海虞衡志》：“花腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)腰(yao)(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，出(chu)臨桂職田(tian)鄉，其(qi)土特(te)宜鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，村人專作(zuo)(zuo)窯燒之(zhi)(zhi)，油畫紅花紋，以為(wei)飾(shi)。”周去非《嶺(ling)外代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)答》：“腰(yao)(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，靜江腰(yao)(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，有(you)聲腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，出(chu)于臨桂職田(tian)鄉”。用陶瓷(ci)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)蜂(feng)(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)由來已(yi)久，它源于唐(tang)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)陶瓷(ci)細腰(yao)(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。宋人筆記(ji)(ji)中記(ji)(ji)載(zai)的(de)臨桂職田(tian)鄉以燒制(zhi)(zhi)“腰(yao)(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)著名(ming)，叫(jiao)(jiao)作(zuo)(zuo)“窯燒腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)”，當為(wei)歷(li)史上盛產蜂(feng)(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)精(jing)品之(zhi)(zhi)地。在(zai)其(qi)鄰近的(de)永(yong)福(fu)縣(xian)及藤縣(xian)、容縣(xian)等(deng)宋代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)窯址中，都曾出(chu)土了完好的(de)窯燒腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，它與(yu)現代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)民(min)間流傳(chuan)的(de)蜂(feng)(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)相(xiang)比，只是中間的(de)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)腰(yao)(yao)(yao)略長。北(bei)宋陳(chen)旸(yang)《樂書》對鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)形狀、制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)和(he)(he)用途記(ji)(ji)述道(dao)：“……大者(zhe)(zhe)以瓦，小者(zhe)(zhe)以木類，皆(jie)廣(guang)首纖腹(fu)。……右擊以杖，左拍以手，后世謂之(zhi)(zhi)杖鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、拍鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，亦謂之(zhi)(zhi)魏(wei)(wei)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。每奏(zou)(zou)大曲入破時(shi)(shi)，與(yu)羯鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、大鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)同(tong)震作(zuo)(zuo)，其(qi)聲和(he)(he)壯而有(you)節也。”在(zai)敦煌唐(tang)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)壁畫、五(wu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)前蜀皇帝(di)王建墓的(de)樂舞浮雕(diao)中，都有(you)敲擊細腰(yao)(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)舞樂圖，其(qi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)形和(he)(he)奏(zou)(zou)法與(yu)今日廣(guang)西(xi)地區(qu)的(de)蜂(feng)(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)極為(wei)相(xiang)似。蜂(feng)(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)：困鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)身形似蜂(feng)(feng)腰(yao)(yao)(yao)而得名(ming)，又(you)以橫置胸前演(yan)(yan)奏(zou)(zou)而有(you)“橫鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”之(zhi)(zhi)稱。 蜂(feng)(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)是流傳(chuan)在(zai)廣(guang)西(xi)壯族自治(zhi)區(qu)的(de)細腰(yao)(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，其(qi)式樣和(he)(he)演(yan)(yan)奏(zou)(zou)方法與(yu)朝(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)族長鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)相(xiang)似，兩(liang)者(zhe)(zhe)同(tong)出(chu)一源。蜂(feng)(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)在(zai)古代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)不(bu)僅叫(jiao)(jiao)作(zuo)(zuo)“仗(zhang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”，還有(you)“拍鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”、“正鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”，在(zai)北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)流行一時(shi)(shi)，因而又(you)有(you)“魏(wei)(wei)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”之(zhi)(zhi)稱。至(zhi)今已(yi)有(you)1000多(duo)年(nian)(nian)的(de)歷(li)史。蜂(feng)(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)形體較小。常(chang)用于民(min)間歌舞伴奏(zou)(zou)。