因其鼓身(shen)形似蜂而得名,是瑤族、壯族和毛南(nan)族膜鳴樂器,流行于廣西壯族自治區(qu)各(ge)地(di)。每當慶祝(zhu)豐收和歡度節日之際,能歌善舞(wu)(wu)的(de)各(ge)族人民便身(shen)著盛(sheng)裝,在蜂鼓的(de)伴奏下歡歌暢(chang)舞(wu)(wu)。
蜂鼓(gu)歷史悠久,它(ta)和(he)朝鮮(xian)族的長(chang)鼓(gu)同(tong)出一源(yuan)。在古代不僅叫作杖鼓(gu),還有拍鼓(gu)、正鼓(gu)和(he)魏(wei)鼓(gu)(因北(bei)魏(wei)時使用普遍)之稱,至今已有一千多(duo)年歷史。
蜂鼓(gu)(gu)鼓(gu)(gu)身用黃泥捏(nie)成(cheng),然后入(ru)窯燒為陶瓷,兩端粗大(da),中(zhong)間細小(xiao),全長50—64厘米,鼓(gu)(gu)腔一端呈圓球(qiu)狀,鼓(gu)(gu)面較小(xiao);另一端呈喇叭狀,鼓(gu)(gu)面較大(da)。鼓(gu)(gu)腔兩端相通,中(zhong)間細如蜂腰(yao)。鼓(gu)(gu)兩端蒙以(yi)牛皮(pi)或羊皮(pi),鼓(gu)(gu)皮(pi)附(fu)于圓形鐵圈上,鐵圈四周置鐵鉤(gou),通過繩索(suo)聯結系緊,并可調節(jie)鼓(gu)(gu)皮(pi)的張力,以(yi)改變音(yin)高和音(yin)色(se)。
演(yan)奏蜂鼓(gu)(gu)時,將鼓(gu)(gu)系以彩(cai)帶橫掛在腹前或置于(yu)鼓(gu)(gu)架上,圓球狀一(yi)端鼓(gu)(gu)面置于(yu)左側。
既(ji)可用雙手拍(pai)擊(ji)兩端鼓面(mian),也可左手執(zhi)竹木鼓棰(chui)敲擊(ji)、右(you)手拍(pai)擊(ji)。球狀(zhuang)一端鼓面(mian)發(fa)出清脆明(ming)亮(liang)的高音;喇叭狀(zhuang)鼓面(mian)發(fa)出深沉渾厚的低音。它常與小鼓、鑼、鈸(ba)、鈴等(deng)民間樂器一起(qi)用于合奏,也為師(shi)公戲、師(shi)公舞、蜂(feng)鼓舞等(deng)民間歌舞和(he)曲藝伴奏。
生活(huo)在美麗富饒的祖國西南邊(bian)陲的瑤(yao)、壯(zhuang)、毛(mao)南各族(zu)人民,都創造(zao)了本民族(zu)的文(wen)化藝(yi)術。
山歌對唱悅(yue)耳動(dong)聽,民(min)間舞蹈(dao)絢麗多姿(zi)。在(zai)廣西(xi)各地,每當慶祝豐(feng)收和歡度節日之(zhi)時,能歌善(shan)舞的各族(zu)人民(min)便身穿盛裝,在(zai)蜂鼓的伴奏下高歌歡舞。
蜂(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)歷(li)(li)(li)史悠久,它是(shi)流傳(chuan)(chuan)在廣西壯族自治(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細腰(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),它和朝鮮族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)杖(zhang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)同出(chu)一(yi)源。在古(gu)代不僅叫(jiao)作(zuo)(zuo)杖(zhang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),還有(you)拍(pai)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、正鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)和魏(wei)(wei)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(因北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)時(shi)使用(yong)普遍)之(zhi)稱,至今(jin)已(yi)有(you)一(yi)千多(duo)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)(li)(li)史。南宋范成(cheng)大(da)《桂(gui)海(hai)虞衡志》:“花腔(qiang)腰(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),出(chu)臨桂(gui)職(zhi)田鄉(xiang),其(qi)土(tu)特宜(yi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)腔(qiang),村人(ren)專作(zuo)(zuo)窯(yao)燒(shao)之(zhi),油(you)畫紅花紋(wen),以為(wei)(wei)飾。”周去(qu)非《嶺外(wai)代答》:“腰(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),靜江腰(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),有(you)聲腔(qiang),出(chu)于(yu)臨桂(gui)職(zhi)田鄉(xiang)”。用(yong)陶瓷制作(zuo)(zuo)蜂(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)由來(lai)已(yi)久,它源于(yu)唐代陶瓷細腰(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。宋人(ren)筆記中記載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臨桂(gui)職(zhi)田鄉(xiang)以燒(shao)制“腰(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”腔(qiang)著(zhu)名,叫(jiao)作(zuo)(zuo)“窯(yao)燒(shao)腔(qiang)”,當為(wei)(wei)歷(li)(li)(li)史上盛產蜂(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)精品之(zhi)地。在其(qi)鄰近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)永福(fu)縣及藤縣、容縣等宋代窯(yao)址(zhi)中,都曾出(chu)土(tu)了完好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)窯(yao)燒(shao)腔(qiang),它與(yu)(yu)現代民間(jian)(jian)流傳(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蜂(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)相(xiang)比(bi),只是(shi)中間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)腰(yao)(yao)略長。北(bei)宋陳旸《樂書》對(dui)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)狀(zhuang)、制作(zuo)(zuo)和用(yong)途記述道:“……大(da)者(zhe)以瓦(wa),小(xiao)者(zhe)以木類,皆(jie)廣首纖(xian)腹。……右(you)擊(ji)以杖(zhang),左(zuo)拍(pai)以手(shou),后世謂之(zhi)杖(zhang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、拍(pai)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),亦謂之(zhi)魏(wei)(wei)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。每奏(zou)(zou)(zou)大(da)曲入破(po)時(shi),與(yu)(yu)羯(jie)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、大(da)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)同震作(zuo)(zuo),其(qi)聲和壯而有(you)節(jie)也。”在敦(dun)煌唐代壁畫、五代前蜀皇帝王建墓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樂舞浮雕中,都有(you)敲(qiao)擊(ji)細腰(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舞樂圖,其(qi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)形(xing)和奏(zou)(zou)(zou)法與(yu)(yu)今(jin)日廣西地區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蜂(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)極為(wei)(wei)相(xiang)似。蜂(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu):困(kun)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)身形(xing)似蜂(feng)腰(yao)(yao)而得名,又以橫置胸前演奏(zou)(zou)(zou)而有(you)“橫鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”之(zhi)稱。 蜂(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)是(shi)流傳(chuan)(chuan)在廣西壯族自治(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細腰(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),其(qi)式(shi)樣(yang)和演奏(zou)(zou)(zou)方法與(yu)(yu)朝鮮族長鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)相(xiang)似,兩者(zhe)同出(chu)一(yi)源。蜂(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)在古(gu)代不僅叫(jiao)作(zuo)(zuo)“仗鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”,還有(you)“拍(pai)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”、“正鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”,在北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)流行(xing)一(yi)時(shi),因而又有(you)“魏(wei)(wei)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”之(zhi)稱。至今(jin)已(yi)有(you)1000多(duo)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)(li)(li)史。蜂(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)形(xing)體較小(xiao)。常(chang)用(yong)于(yu)民間(jian)(jian)歌(ge)舞伴奏(zou)(zou)(zou)。