咚咚虧,是土家族單簧氣鳴樂器。土家語稱早古得,又稱呆呆哩。流行于湖南省湘西土家族(zu)苗族(zu)自(zi)治州龍山、桑植、保靖(jing)、永(yong)順,湖北省鄂西(xi)土家族(zu)苗族(zu)自(zi)治州來鳳、鶴峰等地。
歷史較悠(you)久(jiu)。相傳秦始皇修筑長(chang)城時,抓走土家(jia)族青年(nian)巴涅。他離(li)家(jia)不久(jiu),其妻冬(dong)(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)分(fen)娩, 婆婆又虐(nve)待她(ta)。冬(dong)(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)日(ri)夜盼望巴涅早日(ri)歸(gui)(gui)來(lai),天天上(shang)山張(zhang)望,但總不見(jian)巴涅的(de)身(shen)影(ying),為(wei)(wei)了表露內心的(de)苦衷,冬(dong)(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)采來(lai)一根竹子(zi)做成笛(di)子(zi),每日(ri)吹奏(zou)寄(ji)托對巴涅的(de)思念之情,一直吹到她(ta)哀傷而死,還是不見(jian)巴涅歸(gui)(gui)來(lai)。后人(ren)懷念冬(dong)(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)(dong),也學(xue)著她(ta)的(de)調子(zi)吹起竹笛(di),并(bing)把冬(dong)(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)做的(de)笛(di)子(zi)稱為(wei)(wei)咚(dong)咚(dong)虧。雖然故(gu)事富有傳奇色彩,但它說明咚(dong)咚(dong)虧是土家(jia)族婦女(nv)創制的(de)樂器 ,至今(jin)仍(reng)為(wei)(wei)土家(jia)族的(de)婦女(nv)和兒(er)童所(suo)喜愛。
管(guan)(guan)(guan)身竹(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi),多采用(yong)首(shou)端(duan)留有竹(zhu)(zhu)節的細(xi)竹(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)制(zhi)作,其長(chang)短、粗細(xi)不等(deng),一般(ban)管(guan)(guan)(guan)長(chang)15厘(li)(li)米(mi)~20厘(li)(li) 米(mi)、 尾(wei)端(duan)內徑0.8厘(li)(li)米(mi)~1厘(li)(li)米(mi)。將首(shou)端(duan)正面管(guan)(guan)(guan)壁(bi)削薄(bo),在距(ju)竹(zhu)(zhu)節1厘(li)(li)米(mi)處,用(yong)鋒利(li)小(xiao)刀刻 出(chu)一 枚竹(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi)簧片,簧長(chang)1.2厘(li)(li)米(mi)~2厘(li)(li)米(mi)、簧寬0.3厘(li)(li)米(mi)~0.6厘(li)(li)米(mi),簧根(gen)與竹(zhu)(zhu)節相連,簧舌朝下(xia)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)身正面將管(guan)(guan)(guan)壁(bi)外皮削平,下(xia)部開有三或四個方形按(an)音(yin)孔,近尾(wei)端(duan)開有一個出(chu)音(yin)孔。
演奏(zou)(zou)時,管身豎置。三孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)者(zhe),左手(shou)食(shi)指(zhi)按第(di)三孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong),右手(shou)中(zhong)指(zhi)、食(shi)指(zhi)分(fen)別(bie)按第(di)一(yi)(yi)、二兩(liang)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong) ,無(wu) 名(ming)指(zhi)在(zai)出(chu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)下扶(fu)管;四(si)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)者(zhe),左手(shou)食(shi)指(zhi)按第(di)四(si)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong),右手(shou)食(shi)指(zhi)、中(zhong)指(zhi)、無(wu)名(ming)指(zhi)按另外三孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)。 口含管首簧(huang)片,吹(chui)氣鼓簧(huang)發(fa)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)虧(kui)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)高隨管身長短和(he)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)位置的不同而變化,可吹(chui)奏(zou)(zou)出(chu) 四(si)或五個音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)來。三孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)虧(kui)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)列為(wei):g、c1、d1、e1或c1、d1、e1、g1。四(si) 孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)虧(kui)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)列為(wei):g、c1、d1、e1、g1或c1、d1、e1、g1、a1。第(di)三孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong) 可奏(zou)(zou)出(chu)各種裝飾音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)色(se)柔和(he)、渾厚。可用于獨奏(zou)(zou)或合奏(zou)(zou),經常兩(liang)支(zhi)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)起對奏(zou)(zou)。主(zhu)要有打音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)、倚音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)和(he)顫音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)等(deng)演奏(zou)(zou)技巧。