咚咚虧,是土家族單簧氣鳴樂器。土家語稱早古得,又稱呆呆哩。流行于湖南省湘西土家族苗族自(zi)治州龍山、桑植(zhi)、保靖(jing)、永(yong)順,湖北省鄂西土(tu)家(jia)族苗族自(zi)治州來鳳(feng)、鶴峰等地。
歷史(shi)較(jiao)悠久(jiu)。相傳秦始(shi)皇修筑長(chang)城時(shi),抓走土(tu)(tu)家(jia)族青年(nian)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)涅(nie)。他離(li)家(jia)不(bu)久(jiu),其妻冬(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)分娩(mian), 婆婆又虐待(dai)她(ta)。冬(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)日夜盼望巴(ba)(ba)(ba)涅(nie)早(zao)日歸來,天天上山(shan)張望,但總(zong)不(bu)見巴(ba)(ba)(ba)涅(nie)的(de)身影(ying),為了表露內心的(de)苦(ku)衷(zhong),冬(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)采來一根竹子(zi)做成笛(di)子(zi),每日吹奏寄托對巴(ba)(ba)(ba)涅(nie)的(de)思念之情,一直吹到(dao)她(ta)哀傷而死,還是不(bu)見巴(ba)(ba)(ba)涅(nie)歸來。后人懷念冬(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong),也(ye)學著她(ta)的(de)調子(zi)吹起竹笛(di),并把冬(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)做的(de)笛(di)子(zi)稱為咚(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)虧。雖然故(gu)事(shi)富(fu)有傳奇(qi)色彩,但它說明咚(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)虧是土(tu)(tu)家(jia)族婦女創制的(de)樂器 ,至今仍為土(tu)(tu)家(jia)族的(de)婦女和(he)兒童所(suo)喜愛。
管(guan)(guan)身(shen)竹制,多采用首(shou)端(duan)留有(you)(you)竹節的細竹管(guan)(guan)制作,其長短、粗細不等,一(yi)般管(guan)(guan)長15厘(li)(li)米(mi)~20厘(li)(li) 米(mi)、 尾端(duan)內徑(jing)0.8厘(li)(li)米(mi)~1厘(li)(li)米(mi)。將首(shou)端(duan)正面(mian)管(guan)(guan)壁削薄(bo),在距竹節1厘(li)(li)米(mi)處,用鋒(feng)利小刀刻(ke) 出(chu)一(yi) 枚(mei)竹制簧(huang)片,簧(huang)長1.2厘(li)(li)米(mi)~2厘(li)(li)米(mi)、簧(huang)寬0.3厘(li)(li)米(mi)~0.6厘(li)(li)米(mi),簧(huang)根與竹節相連,簧(huang)舌朝下(xia)(xia)。管(guan)(guan)身(shen)正面(mian)將管(guan)(guan)壁外皮削平,下(xia)(xia)部開有(you)(you)三或四個方形按音孔(kong),近尾端(duan)開有(you)(you)一(yi)個出(chu)音孔(kong)。
演奏時(shi),管(guan)身豎置。三(san)(san)(san)(san)孔(kong)(kong)者,左手食指(zhi)按第(di)三(san)(san)(san)(san)孔(kong)(kong),右手中(zhong)指(zhi)、食指(zhi)分別按第(di)一、二兩孔(kong)(kong) ,無(wu) 名指(zhi)在(zai)出(chu)音(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)下扶管(guan);四孔(kong)(kong)者,左手食指(zhi)按第(di)四孔(kong)(kong),右手食指(zhi)、中(zhong)指(zhi)、無(wu)名指(zhi)按另外(wai)三(san)(san)(san)(san)孔(kong)(kong)。 口含(han)管(guan)首(shou)簧片,吹氣鼓簧發音(yin)(yin)。咚(dong)咚(dong)虧音(yin)(yin)高隨管(guan)身長短(duan)和音(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)位置的不(bu)同(tong)而(er)變化,可吹奏出(chu) 四或(huo)(huo)(huo)五個音(yin)(yin)來。三(san)(san)(san)(san)孔(kong)(kong)咚(dong)咚(dong)虧音(yin)(yin)列(lie)為:g、c1、d1、e1或(huo)(huo)(huo)c1、d1、e1、g1。四 孔(kong)(kong)咚(dong)咚(dong)虧音(yin)(yin)列(lie)為:g、c1、d1、e1、g1或(huo)(huo)(huo)c1、d1、e1、g1、a1。第(di)三(san)(san)(san)(san)孔(kong)(kong) 可奏出(chu)各種裝飾音(yin)(yin)。音(yin)(yin)色柔和、渾厚。可用于獨奏或(huo)(huo)(huo)合奏,經常兩支(zhi)在(zai)一起對奏。主要有打音(yin)(yin)、倚音(yin)(yin)和顫(zhan)音(yin)(yin)等(deng)演奏技(ji)巧。