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簡介

胡琴(qin)，又稱鄉胡、稽(ji)(同奚)琴(qin)。歷史悠久、形制(zhi)古樸。發音(yin)(yin)柔(rou)美，音(yin)(yin)色動聽。可用于(yu)獨奏(zou)(zou)、合奏(zou)(zou)或為歌舞伴(ban)奏(zou)(zou)。流行于(yu)遼(liao)寧、吉(ji)(ji)林、黑(hei)龍江(jiang)等(deng)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，尤(you)以吉(ji)(ji)林省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)延邊朝(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)族自治州盛行。流行于(yu)吉(ji)(ji)林省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)延邊朝(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)族自治州。 唐宋時期的胡琴(qin)曾傳入朝(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)。朝(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)成(cheng)伣編(bian)《樂(le)學軌范》（有1494年序(xu)）載：“……以黜檀花(hua)木（刮青皮）或烏(wu)竹(zhu)(zhu)海竹(zhu)(zhu)弓馬尾弦(xian)，用松脂(zhi)軋之。按用左手(shou)，軋用右手(shou)，只奏(zou)(zou)鄉樂(le)”。

現代(dai)(dai)(dai)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)，全(quan)長(chang)60厘米。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)筒木(mu)(mu)或竹(zhu)制(zhi)，有(you)半(ban)圓球(qiu)形和(he)長(chang)筒形兩種。前(qian)口蒙桐(tong)木(mu)(mu)薄板。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)桿(gan)木(mu)(mu)制(zhi)，琴(qin)(qin)(qin)頭呈彎月狀、無(wu)飾(shi)，兩軸(zhou)置于琴(qin)(qin)(qin)桿(gan)上(shang)部(bu)(bu)右(you)側(ce)、與琴(qin)(qin)(qin)筒呈平(ping)行(xing)，軸(zhou)頂旋成(cheng)葫蘆形。張(zhang)兩條絲弦(xian)或鋼絲弦(xian)。五度定弦(xian)A、e，音域(yu) A—a1。 遠(yuan)在古代(dai)(dai)(dai)，中(zhong)原的(de)(de)(de)漢族人民(min)(min)，把居住在北(bei)方(fang)(fang)和(he)西(xi)北(bei)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)少數(shu)民(min)(min)族統稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)，對(dui)他們所(suo)用的(de)(de)(de)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)、音樂(le)(le)(le)(le)以(yi)及服飾(shi)等(deng)，也(ye)都(dou)冠以(yi)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)字。《后漢書(shu)(shu)·五行(xing)志》中(zhong)有(you)：“靈帝(di)好(hao)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)服、……胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)箜篌、胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)笛、胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)舞，……”。漢劉熙(xi)《釋名》載(zai)：“批(pi)把本出(chu)(chu)于胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)中(zhong)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)句，琵琶以(yi)出(chu)(chu)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)中(zhong)，而(er)名胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)。唐初四川射洪大詩人陳子昂，曾以(yi)千金買一胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)，即(ji)是(shi)琵琶，直至唐宋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)，對(dui)琵琶、忽雷等(deng)彈(dan)弦(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)，還稱(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)。 胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)是(shi)中(zhong)國古代(dai)(dai)(dai)北(bei)方(fang)(fang)、西(xi)北(bei)方(fang)(fang)少數(shu)民(min)(min)族所(suo)用樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)統稱(cheng)，近代(dai)(dai)(dai)才作為(wei)(wei)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)類(lei)拉弦(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)專稱(cheng)。胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)始于唐代(dai)(dai)(dai)。在宋代(dai)(dai)(dai)音樂(le)(le)(le)(le)理論家陳旸于公元1099年所(suo)著的(de)(de)(de)《樂(le)(le)(le)(le)書(shu)(shu)》(卷(juan)一二八)中(zhong)載(zai)有(you)：“胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)本胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)也(ye)，出(chu)(chu)于弦(xian)鼗而(er)形亦類(lei)焉，奚(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)所(suo)好(hao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)也(ye)。蓋其制(zhi)，兩弦(xian)間(jian)以(yi)竹(zhu)片軋(ya)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，至今民(min)(min)間(jian)用焉。”據書(shu)(shu)中(zhong)所(suo)示，兩弦(xian)軸(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)裝置方(fang)(fang)向與今日二胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)相反，不用千斤。奚(xi)(xi)(xi)族在南北(bei)朝時(shi)稱(cheng)庫莫奚(xi)(xi)(xi)，居住在我(wo)國東(dong)北(bei)地區的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)拉木(mu)(mu)倫河流域(yu)，唐末(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)，一部(bu)(bu)分奚(xi)(xi)(xi)人西(xi)徙(xi)媯州(今河北(bei)省懷(huai)來縣)，別(bie)稱(cheng)西(xi)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)，五代(dai)(dai)(dai)十國時(shi)，東(dong)、西(xi)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)漸(jian)與契丹(dan)人相融合。據陳旸所(suo)考(kao)，胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)當為(wei)(wei)唐代(dai)(dai)(dai)末(mo)年我(wo)國北(bei)方(fang)(fang)西(xi)奚(xi)(xi)(xi)所(suo)用的(de)(de)(de)一種樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)。它(ta)是(shi)在古代(dai)(dai)(dai)彈(dan)弦(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器(qi)弦(xian)鼗的(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)衍變發展而(er)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)，其演奏方(fang)(fang)法與軋(ya)箏(zheng)(zheng)相似(si)，完全(quan)是(shi)受到(dao)唐初漢族軋(ya)箏(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)所(suo)致(zhi)，不同之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處是(shi)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)只(zhi)有(you)兩條琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)，軋(ya)時(shi)竹(zhu)片不在弦(xian)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(外)面而(er)處于兩弦(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)。

歷史

胡琴(qin)在唐(tang)宋時(shi)期(qi)(qi)，既是(shi)(shi)拉弦(xian)、又是(shi)(shi)彈(dan)(dan)弦(xian)樂(le)(le)器，兩(liang)種(zhong)演奏(zou)方法兼(jian)而(er)有之。與陳旸同一時(shi)代的北宋文人(ren)歐陽修(xiu)，在他的《試院聞胡琴(qin)作》一詩中寫道：“胡琴(qin)本(ben)出胡人(ren)樂(le)(le)，奚奴彈(dan)(dan)之雙淚落”。演奏(zou)方法則是(shi)(shi)彈(dan)(dan)撥，沒有“用竹片軋之”的含意。在另一首詩中有著(zhu)頗為詳盡的記載：“奚人(ren)作琴(qin)便馬(ma)上，弦(xian)以雙繭絕清壯。高堂一聽風雪寒(han)，坐(zuo)客低(di)回為凄(qi)愴(chuang)。深入洞簫(xiao)抗如(ru)歌，眾音疑是(shi)(shi)此多(duo)，可憐繁手無斷續，誰(shui)道絲聲(sheng)不如(ru)竹。”這里顯然描寫的是(shi)(shi)兩(liang)弦(xian)彈(dan)(dan)撥樂(le)(le)器胡琴(qin)。可見，唐(tang)宋兩(liang)代，胡琴(qin)正處于由彈(dan)(dan)弦(xian)樂(le)(le)器向拉弦(xian)樂(le)(le)器過渡的時(shi)期(qi)(qi)。

宋(song)(song)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胡(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)又(you)(you)稱(cheng)稽(ji)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)。宋(song)(song)代(dai)高承公(gong)(gong)元1080年(nian)(nian)(nian)撰(zhuan)輯(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《事(shi)物紀(ji)(ji)原》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)：“杜摯賦序曰：秦末人(ren)苦(ku)長(chang)城(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)役，弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)鼗(tao)而(er)(er)鼓(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，記(ji)以為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)琵(pi)(pi)琶(pa)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始。按(an)鼗(tao)如鼓(gu)而(er)(er)小，有(you)(you)柄(bing)，長(chang)尺余(yu)。然(ran)則擊弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)于(yu)鼓(gu)首而(er)(er)屬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)柄(bing)末，與(yu)(yu)琵(pi)(pi)琶(pa)極不(bu)(bu)仿佛，其狀今(jin)稽(ji)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)稽(ji)康琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)鼗(tao)遺象明(ming)(ming)矣。”照此記(ji)述，稽(ji)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)在(zai)(zai)北(bei)(bei)宋(song)(song)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)，仍靠(kao)彈撥(bo)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)來發(fa)音，而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)軋弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)音的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拉(la)(la)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器。在(zai)(zai)宋(song)(song)代(dai)陳元靚《事(shi)林廣(guang)記(ji)》(卷(juan)八)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，則明(ming)(ming)確(que)地(di)記(ji)載(zai)著(zhu)稽(ji)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)拉(la)(la)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器。文(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)說(shuo)(shuo)：“稽(ji)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)本稽(ji)康所制(zhi)，故名稽(ji)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)。二弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，以竹(zhu)片軋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，其聲(sheng)清(qing)亮。”把稽(ji)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)歸于(yu)公(gong)(gong)元3世紀(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稽(ji)康所制(zhi)，顯然(ran)是(shi)(shi)(shi)偽托古人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)附會，這(zhe)(zhe)可能是(shi)(shi)(shi)陳氏效(xiao)其“阮咸造(zao)阮”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)吧(ba)。同是(shi)(shi)(shi)宋(song)(song)人(ren)，又(you)(you)同是(shi)(shi)(shi)記(ji)述稽(ji)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，卻記(ji)載(zai)著(zhu)兩種(zhong)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)方法。這(zhe)(zhe)充分(fen)說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)，宋(song)(song)代(dai)稽(ji)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)仍處于(yu)由彈弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器向(xiang)拉(la)(la)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過渡階段(duan)。 　 宋(song)(song)代(dai)晚期(qi)(qi)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國北(bei)(bei)部邊疆地(di)區已經開(kai)始使(shi)用以馬尾作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)弓(gong)毛拉(la)(la)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)擦奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器了(le)。在(zai)(zai)陜西榆(yu)林石窟(ku)(ku)第十窟(ku)(ku)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)畫中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，畫有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)飛天用馬尾弓(gong)拉(la)(la)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)卷(juan)首、二軫、二弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、圓筒(tong)形(xing)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)筒(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器。此窟(ku)(ku)年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)約當西夏(xia)(公(gong)(gong)元1038年(nian)(nian)(nian)—1227年(nian)(nian)(nian))時(shi)期(qi)(qi)，即與(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宋(song)(song)代(dai)相(xiang)(xiang)交錯。在(zai)(zai)山(shan)西省繁峙縣巖山(shan)寺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經幢(chuang)(為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“特賜廣(guang)濟大師之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)塔”)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)線刻樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器圖(tu)形(xing)，一(yi)(yi)人(ren)正盤腿而(er)(er)坐(zuo)，手(shou)持馬尾弓(gong)拉(la)(la)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)。有(you)(you)關學(xue)者認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，繁峙在(zai)(zai)元代(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)即為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蒙古管轄，并以大元為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)號(hao)，此經幢(chuang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“大元二十三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)十月十日(ri)”建成(cheng)，即公(gong)(gong)元1236年(nian)(nian)(nian)，也(ye)正值宋(song)(song)代(dai)末年(nian)(nian)(nian)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)述兩處之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器圖(tu)像(xiang)，均與(yu)(yu)今(jin)日(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)二胡(hu)(hu)維妙(miao)維肖。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)用馬尾弓(gong)代(dai)替竹(zhu)片擦弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)音的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器，是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國北(bei)(bei)方長(chang)期(qi)(qi)過著(zhu)游牧生活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少數民族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)造(zao)，它是(shi)(shi)(shi)拉(la)(la)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器向(xiang)前(qian)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個里程碑。 南宋(song)(song)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)，胡(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)類拉(la)(la)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器開(kai)始走上(shang)(shang)(shang)發(fa)展時(shi)期(qi)(qi)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國大批制(zhi)造(zao)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絲弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，也(ye)始于(yu)南宋(song)(song)遷都臨安(今(jin)杭州)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際，故絲弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)“杭弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稱(cheng)。在(zai)(zai)當時(shi)文(wen)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)筆記(ji)、小說(shuo)(shuo)里也(ye)不(bu)(bu)時(shi)提及(ji)，在(zai)(zai)《綠窗新(xin)(xin)語(yu)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“金彥游春(chun)(chun)(chun)遇(yu)春(chun)(chun)(chun)娘”故事(shi)里，就寫有(you)(you)：“金彥與(yu)(yu)何(he)俞出城(cheng)西游春(chun)(chun)(chun)，見一(yi)(yi)庭院華麗，乃(nai)王太(tai)尉(wei)莊。貫(guan)酒坐(zuo)閣子上(shang)(shang)(shang)，彥取二弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)軋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，俞取簫管合奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)。”這(zhe)(zhe)“二弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)”即是(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)(yu)胡(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)形(xing)制(zhi)十分(fen)相(xiang)(xiang)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拉(la)(la)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器。 　 明(ming)(ming)代(dai)，胡(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)類拉(la)(la)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器隨著(zhu)戲(xi)劇和(he)(he)曲藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興起而(er)(er)有(you)(you)所改(gai)進和(he)(he)發(fa)展，演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)形(xing)式(shi)也(ye)多(duo)種(zhong)多(duo)樣。從明(ming)(ming)嘉靖(jing)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元1522年(nian)(nian)(nian))尤子求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《麟堂(tang)秋宴圖(tu)》畫卷(juan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，就可以看到一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)由胡(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)、簫管和(he)(he)拍板三(san)種(zhong)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器組成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)形(xing)式(shi)，圖(tu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所繪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胡(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)龍首、卷(juan)頸(jing)、二弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、馬尾弓(gong)，而(er)(er)且有(you)(you)了(le)用以固定弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)千斤。這(zhe)(zhe)在(zai)(zai)陳旸《樂(le)(le)(le)(le)書》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胡(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)圖(tu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)沒(mei)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，但(dan)也(ye)保留著(zhu)胡(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)較短琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)筒(tong)、置(zhi)軸方向(xiang)和(he)(he)拴弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)方法。它較南宋(song)(song)《綠窗新(xin)(xin)語(yu)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)了(le)較大進步，與(yu)(yu)今(jin)日(ri)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朝(chao)鮮(xian)族(zu)胡(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)和(he)(he)我(wo)國福建地(di)區流行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南音二弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)已較為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)接近。朝(chao)鮮(xian)音樂(le)(le)(le)(le)家成(cheng)伣編朝(chao)鮮(xian)古籍《樂(le)(le)(le)(le)學(xue)軌范》(1494年(nian)(nian)(nian)序)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)載(zai)有(you)(you)：“胡(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)，以黜(chu)檀花木(刮青皮)，或(huo)烏竹(zhu)、海竹(zhu)弓(gong)馬尾弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，用松脂軋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。按(an)用左手(shou)，軋用右手(shou)，只(zhi)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)鄉樂(le)(le)(le)(le)。”可見，胡(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)在(zai)(zai)明(ming)(ming)代(dai)已傳入朝(chao)鮮(xian)。清(qing)代(dai)，胡(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)用于(yu)宮廷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)瓦爾喀部樂(le)(le)(le)(le)和(he)(he)慶隆樂(le)(le)(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，而(er)(er)前(qian)者還要使(shi)用四件胡(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)。據民間(jian)傳說(shuo)(shuo)，胡(hu)(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)經東胡(hu)(hu)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)手(shou)傳入牡(mu)丹(dan)江(jiang)鏡泊湖一(yi)(yi)帶及(ji)東鏡城(cheng)等(deng)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。后來成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)朝(chao)鮮(xian)族(zu)人(ren)民所喜愛(ai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拉(la)(la)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)器。

演奏

演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)時采(cai)用(yong)坐姿，將琴筒置于(yu)左腿(tui)上(shang)，左手(shou)持琴，常(chang)用(yong)食指(zhi)(zhi)、中(zhong)(zhong)指(zhi)(zhi)、無名指(zhi)(zhi)和小(xiao)指(zhi)(zhi)的第一關節彎(wan)曲處按弦(xian)，右(you)手(shou)用(yong)五指(zhi)(zhi)握(wo)(wo)弓或(huo)拇指(zhi)(zhi)、食指(zhi)(zhi)、中(zhong)(zhong)指(zhi)(zhi)握(wo)(wo)弓、在兩弦(xian)間(jian)拉奏(zou)(zou)。胡琴一般采(cai)用(yong)五度音程關系定弦(xian)，常(chang)定弦(xian)為A、e或(huo)c、g，音域A—a1或(huo)c—c2，有兩個八度。發(fa)音柔(rou)和、優美，音色(se)明亮、動聽，接(jie)近(jin)漢族(zu)的中(zhong)(zhong)音板胡。左手(shou)按弦(xian)為滿手(shou)握(wo)(wo)弦(xian)，俗(su)稱勾弦(xian)或(huo)抓弦(xian)，少換把(ba)位(wei)，有顫音、打(da)音、滑音等(deng)演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)技巧。民(min)間(jian)樂(le)(le)手(shou)演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)時，習慣不用(yong)千斤，用(yong)勾、抓弦(xian)轉調(diao)。可用(yong)于(yu)獨奏(zou)(zou)、合奏(zou)(zou)或(huo)伴奏(zou)(zou)，是朝鮮族(zu)民(min)族(zu)樂(le)(le)隊中(zhong)(zhong)的主要拉弦(xian)樂(le)(le)器。擅長演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)曲調(diao)悠緩的古典(dian)樂(le)(le)曲或(huo)旋律歡快的民(min)間(jian)樂(le)(le)曲。較(jiao)著名的獨奏(zou)(zou)曲有：《紡織(zhi)謠》、《胡琴·散曲》、《漁夫曲》和《農夫樂(le)(le)》等(deng)。

改(gai)革胡(hu)琴(qin)·四弦胡(hu)琴(qin)：朝(chao)鮮(xian)族弓拉(la)弦鳴樂器。20世(shi)紀60年代，朝(chao)鮮(xian)族胡(hu)琴(qin)演奏家李一男等制作成功改(gai)革胡(hu)琴(qin)和四弦胡(hu)琴(qin)，四弦胡(hu)琴(qin)有(you)高音(yin)、中音(yin)和低音(yin)三種，已用于(yu)吉林省延(yan)邊(bian)朝(chao)鮮(xian)族自治(zhi)州專業音(yin)樂藝(yi)術團(tuan)體中，是(shi)朝(chao)鮮(xian)族民(min)族樂隊的主(zhu)要拉(la)弦樂器。

改革(ge)胡琴：全(quan)長65厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)。琴筒竹(zhu)制，筒長13厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)，筒前(qian)口蒙以桐木(mu)面(mian)板，面(mian)徑9.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)。琴桿用烏木(mu)、紫檀或(huo)紅木(mu)制作，為圓形(xing)(xing)柱狀(zhuang)體、琴頭呈彎月形(xing)(xing)朝前(qian)彎曲，桿的上部(bu)橫置(zhi)兩個硬木(mu)制弦(xian)軸(zhou)，軸(zhou)頂(ding)呈葫蘆形(xing)(xing)或(huo)圓錐(zhui)形(xing)(xing)，軸(zhou)長11厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)，軸(zhou)頭裝有金屬螺旋(又稱直(zhi)行銅軸(zhou))可微調音(yin)高。弦(xian)軸(zhou)下方設有腰馬支(zhi)弦(xian)，琴筒下方增(zeng)置(zhi)木(mu)制底托，使演奏(zou)中琴身(shen)平穩。張兩條鋼絲(si)弦(xian)。琴弓用直(zhi)桿細竹(zhu)系以馬尾(wei)而成(cheng)，弓長80厘(li)(li)(li)。這種改革(ge)胡琴，發(fa)音(yin)明亮、圓潤，音(yin)色悠揚(yang)、悅耳，音(yin)量也較傳統胡琴增(zeng)大，音(yin)域增(zeng)至三個八(ba)度。可用于獨奏(zou)、合奏(zou)或(huo)伴奏(zou)，尤以獨奏(zou)效(xiao)果最佳(jia)。

四(si)(si)弦胡(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)：是(shi)胡(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)系(xi)列樂(le)器新品種，它(ta)包括高音(yin)(yin)(yin)、中音(yin)(yin)(yin)和低音(yin)(yin)(yin)胡(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)三種。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)筒、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)桿均用色木制作(zuo)，增設了烏(wu)木指板。高音(yin)(yin)(yin)四(si)(si)弦胡(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)按五度關(guan)系(xi)定弦為：g、d1、a1、e2， 音(yin)(yin)(yin)域(yu)g—c4；中音(yin)(yin)(yin)四(si)(si)弦胡(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)定弦比高音(yin)(yin)(yin)胡(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)低五度，定弦為：c、g、d1、a1，音(yin)(yin)(yin)域(yu)c—a3；低音(yin)(yin)(yin)四(si)(si)弦胡(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)定弦比中音(yin)(yin)(yin)胡(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)低八(ba)度，定弦為：C、G、d、a，音(yin)(yin)(yin)域(yu)C—c2。這套 四(si)(si)弦胡(hu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)總(zong)音(yin)(yin)(yin)域(yu)C—c4，達五個八(ba)度。適于合奏或伴奏使用，已用于朝鮮族民族樂(le)隊中。

奚胡除在(zai)朝(chao)鮮(xian)族(zu)民(min)間流傳外(wai)，在(zai)內蒙(meng)古(gu)自(zi)治區東部和(he)(he)遼寧(ning)、黑龍江等省的蒙(meng)古(gu)族(zu)民(min)間也有流傳。其結構和(he)(he)奏(zou)法(fa)均與朝(chao)鮮(xian)族(zu)胡琴(qin)近似(si)，但形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)較小。琴(qin)桿用(yong)(yong)色木(mu)(mu)或硬(ying)雜(za)木(mu)(mu)制(zhi)成，長50厘(li)米。琴(qin)筒(tong)用(yong)(yong)木(mu)(mu)或金屬制(zhi)成，筒(tong)長10厘(li)米，前口蒙(meng)以桐木(mu)(mu)薄(bo)板為面，面徑7厘(li)米。弦(xian)(xian)軸(zhou)木(mu)(mu)制(zhi)，圓(yuan)錐(zhui)形(xing)(xing)。張兩(liang)條絲(si)弦(xian)(xian)或腸衣弦(xian)(xian)。琴(qin)弓用(yong)(yong)竹片彎成弧(hu)形(xing)(xing)，兩(liang)端系(xi)以馬尾，弓長40厘(li)米。五(wu)度定弦(xian)(xian)為g、d1，音(yin)域(yu)g—g1，只有一個八度。發音(yin)柔弱，音(yin)色渾厚。但流傳不夠廣泛，現僅個別民(min)間老藝人(ren)還有使用(yong)(yong)。