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弓琴簡介

高(gao)山(shan)族(zu)人民(min)(min)(min)，自古聚居于(yu)我國第一大(da)島(dao)(dao)——臺灣(wan)島(dao)(dao)的山(shan)區(qu)、東部(bu)沿(yan)海平原及其東南(nan)的蘭嶼島(dao)(dao)上，民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)內部(bu)有阿美、排灣(wan)、泰雅(ya)、賽(sai)夏(xia)、布(bu)農(nong)、鄒、雅(ya)美、魯(lu)凱(kai)、邵、卑(bei)南(nan)和平埔等部(bu)族(zu)。能(neng)歌(ge)善(shan)舞(wu)的高(gao)山(shan)族(zu)人民(min)(min)(min)，有著悠久(jiu)的文化藝術傳(chuan)統(tong)，每逢收獲節、小米祭、狩(shou)獵(lie)祭、漁(yu)祭、部(bu)族(zu)節日及結婚喜(xi)宴，便會身著民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)服裝，聚集(ji)在一起歌(ge)唱、舞(wu)蹈。民(min)(min)(min)歌(ge)內容豐富，風格獨(du)特，有頌(song)祖(zu)歌(ge)、狩(shou)獵(lie)歌(ge)和耕作歌(ge)等，舞(wu)蹈多為集(ji)體舞(wu)。

弓琴歷史

弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴的歷史(shi)十分久遠，它脫胎于古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)的獵弓(gong)(gong)(gong)，也可(ke)以(yi)稱(cheng)作(zuo)“樂(le)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)”，是(shi)(shi)(shi)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)彈弦(xian)(xian)樂(le)器的始(shi)祖。古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)有“后羿射十日”的神話，說明(ming)上古(gu)(gu)生民對(dui)善射者的尊崇，樂(le)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)自(zi)然是(shi)(shi)(shi)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)箭(jian)發(fa)明(ming)的延伸。古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)傳說將“琴”的創始(shi)歸于伏羲，也正(zheng)(zheng)由于他是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)漁獵為(wei)生的部(bu)落(luo)氏族首領。在(zai)(zai)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)古(gu)(gu)籍《吳(wu)越春秋》中(zhong)(zhong)，曾記載著：“斷竹、續(xu)竹，飛土逐肉”。這首相傳為(wei)黃帝時期所作(zuo)的《彈歌(ge)》，很(hen)可(ke)能是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)撥弄獵弓(gong)(gong)(gong)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)弦(xian)(xian)的伴奏中(zhong)(zhong)詠唱(chang)的，從(cong)簡單的歌(ge)詞也可(ke)說明(ming)，古(gu)(gu)人是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)竹制的弓(gong)(gong)(gong)，發(fa)出泥制的彈丸來(lai)追(zhui)打動物的。臺灣高山族的弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴，正(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)這種(zhong)古(gu)(gu)老的始(shi)祖彈弦(xian)(xian)樂(le)器在(zai)(zai)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)的遺存。清代(dai)(dai)朱(zhu)景英在(zai)(zai)《海東札記》(卷四)中(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴記述道：“削竹為(wei)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)，長尺余，或(huo)七八寸，以(yi)絲線為(wei)弦(xian)(xian)，一頭以(yi)薄竹片(pian)折而環其端(duan)，承于近(jin)尾弦(xian)(xian)下(xia)，末疊系于弓(gong)(gong)(gong)面，扣于齒，爪(zhua)其弦(xian)(xian)以(yi)成(cheng)音，名曰突肉。”它仍保持著原(yuan)始(shi)的形態。

樂器形制

外形與(yu)獵弓(gong)相同，由琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弓(gong)和琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)構成(cheng)。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弓(gong)多用毛(mao)竹(zhu)的板條制(zhi)(zhi)作，一(yi)般板長70厘米、板寬(kuan)約(yue)4厘米，也有(you)使用芭茅根制(zhi)(zhi)作琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弓(gong)的，將(jiang)其彎成(cheng)弓(gong)狀后，兩端(duan)張以(yi)一(yi)條植(zhi)物弦(xian)(xian)或金屬弦(xian)(xian)而成(cheng)(圖)。民間常(chang)用草本蘭科植(zhi)物“月桃”葉(xie)曬干(gan)卷(juan)抻制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)的植(zhi)物弦(xian)(xian)，因葉(xie)子豎韌，成(cheng)弦(xian)(xian)后彈性較(jiao)強。也有(you)使用藤絲(si)或麻絲(si)作為琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)的，但音質較(jiao)差。弓(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)通常(chang)采用金屬鋼絲(si)弦(xian)(xian)，既結(jie)實耐(nai)用，音色(se)也優美動聽。在弓(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)一(yi)端(duan)的琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弓(gong)與(yu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)之間，常(chang)夾以(yi)一(yi)顆(ke)玉米粒(li)或小炭塊(kuai)，據說有(you)利于彈撥發音。

流行(xing)于高山族的弓(gong)琴，弓(gong)背(bei)多用毛竹板(ban)條制作，一般長70 厘米(mi)、寬17 毫米(mi)左(zuo)右，也有(you)用芭茅根制作的，將其(qi)彎(wan)成弓(gong)狀后，兩(liang)端張以植物(wu)弦或金(jin)屬弦而成。

弓琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)屬于擦弦樂(le)器(qi)，是(shi)布農(nong)族盛行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)樂(le)器(qi)，也是(shi)主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種獨奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)樂(le)器(qi)。 弓琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)利用一(yi)(yi)條長條竹片彎曲成(cheng)(cheng)弓，再(zai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)條鐵弦 ( 或月桃弦 ) 分(fen)別(bie)系於(wu)竹弓兩端而(er)形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)樂(le)器(qi)。 彈(dan)(dan)(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)時(shi)弓琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)置(zhi)於(wu)左(zuo)手(shou)(shou)(shou)，右(you)手(shou)(shou)(shou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)食指(zhi)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)撥琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦，或以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)左(zuo)手(shou)(shou)(shou)食指(zhi)按壓，右(you)手(shou)(shou)(shou)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)。 彈(dan)(dan)(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)時(shi)弓琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)置(zhi)于左(zuo)手(shou)(shou)(shou)，右(you)手(shou)(shou)(shou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)食指(zhi)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)撥琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦，或以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)左(zuo)手(shou)(shou)(shou)食指(zhi)按壓，右(you)手(shou)(shou)(shou)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)。 若演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)空弦時(shi) ( 也就是(shi)左(zuo)手(shou)(shou)(shou)不按弦 ) ，演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)者以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)口(kou)(kou)(kou)含弓背(bei)，利用呼吸氣作(zuo)口(kou)(kou)(kou)腔變(bian)化，還(huan)能(neng)夠產生以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi) Do 為基(ji)礎音(yin)所(suo)(suo)(suo)形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)三個泛(fan)音(yin) --Sol 、 Do 、 Mi 。 若演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)空弦時(shi) ( 也就是(shi)左(zuo)手(shou)(shou)(shou)不按弦 ) ，演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)者以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)口(kou)(kou)(kou)含弓背(bei)，利用呼吸氣作(zuo)口(kou)(kou)(kou)腔變(bian)化，還(huan)能(neng)夠產生以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi) Do 為基(ji)礎音(yin)所(suo)(suo)(suo)形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)三個泛(fan)音(yin) --Sol 、 Do 、 Mi 。 弓琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)可做(zuo)(zuo)泛(fan)音(yin)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)法，從(cong)第四泛(fan)音(yin)起，包括五聲音(yin)階之所(suo)(suo)(suo)有音(yin)程。 弓琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)可做(zuo)(zuo)泛(fan)音(yin)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)法，從(cong)第四泛(fan)音(yin)起，包括五聲音(yin)階之所(suo)(suo)(suo)有音(yin)程。

弓琴演奏

演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)時(shi)，將琴(qin)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)端(duan)頂在嘴部(bu)牙間，另一(yi)端(duan)抵在硬(ying)物上，用(yong)(yong)左手(shou)(shou)拇指按壓(ya)琴(qin)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下端(duan)，通過壓(ya)、放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)作，控(kong)制琴(qin)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎曲度(du)，以(yi)改(gai)變(bian)琴(qin)弦(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)張力，用(yong)(yong)右(you)手(shou)(shou)拇指、食(shi)指撥彈(dan)(dan)琴(qin)弦(xian)(xian)發音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。彈(dan)(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)高音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)時(shi)，嘴要(yao)適(shi)當張開，以(yi)便利用(yong)(yong)口(kou)腔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共鳴作用(yong)(yong)；彈(dan)(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)低音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)時(shi)，嘴則要(yao)閉攏起(qi)來。據說舌頭(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活動(dong)，對弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)也(ye)有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)可(ke)以(yi)演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)出(chu)相隔大(da)二(er)度(du)或(huo)四(si)度(du)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個(ge)(ge)實音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)來，這種演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)民(min)間舞(wu)(wu)蹈伴奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)，以(yi)強(qiang)調(diao)舞(wu)(wu)蹈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重拍節(jie)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)或(huo)稍(shao)加變(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)；弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)富有(you)特色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)泛音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)技(ji)巧，它(ta)可(ke)以(yi)發出(chu)c1、e1、g1、c2四(si)個(ge)(ge)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)，左手(shou)(shou)壓(ya)住(zhu)琴(qin)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下方(fang)，還可(ke)以(yi)發出(chu)d1音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)，這些(xie)具有(you)地方(fang)特點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)調(diao)，與布(bu)(bu)(bu)農(nong)部(bu)族(zu)民(min)歌音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)調(diao)相同。弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)色清晰、明(ming)亮(liang)。可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)獨(du)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)或(huo)為(wei)(wei)民(min)歌、舞(wu)(wu)蹈伴奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)，尤以(yi)獨(du)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)常見。用(yong)(yong)于(yu)民(min)歌伴奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)，規(gui)格要(yao)比獨(du)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)稍(shao)大(da)。弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)布(bu)(bu)(bu)農(nong)族(zu)人(ren)主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樂器。布(bu)(bu)(bu)農(nong)族(zu)人(ren)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei) la tuk 。 彈(dan)(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)時(shi)，弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)置(zhi)于(yu)左手(shou)(shou)，右(you)手(shou)(shou)以(yi)食(shi)指彈(dan)(dan)撥琴(qin)弦(xian)(xian)，此為(wei)(wei)空弦(xian)(xian)彈(dan)(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)；或(huo)以(yi)左手(shou)(shou)食(shi)指壓(ya)弦(xian)(xian)，右(you)手(shou)(shou)彈(dan)(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)。布(bu)(bu)(bu)農(nong)族(zu)人(ren)就以(yi)空弦(xian)(xian)和(he)壓(ya)弦(xian)(xian)形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簡單旋律(lv)配合(he)頑(wan)固節(jie)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)以(yi)自娛。 布(bu)(bu)(bu)農(nong)族(zu)使用(yong)(yong)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候，大(da)都(dou)為(wei)(wei)平(ping)日各人(ren)獨(du)居(ju)時(shi)自娛之用(yong)(yong)，也(ye)有(you)一(yi)些(xie)聚落的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)布(bu)(bu)(bu)農(nong)族(zu)人(ren)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)個(ge)(ge)人(ren)內心悲妻孤寂(ji)之時(shi)，以(yi)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)彈(dan)(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)舒解(jie)心中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)苦(ku)悶，因此音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)量微弱也(ye)亦無所謂，畢竟它(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)彈(dan)(dan)給自己聽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樂器。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在歡宴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場合(he)，弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)，弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)與口(kou)簧，弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)與五弦(xian)(xian)琴(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)重奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)，也(ye)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)方(fang)式。