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弓琴簡介

高山族人民(min)，自古(gu)聚居于我國(guo)第一大島——臺灣島的山區、東部(bu)沿海平原及其東南的蘭嶼島上，民(min)族內(nei)部(bu)有阿美、排(pai)灣、泰(tai)雅、賽夏、布農、鄒、雅美、魯(lu)凱、邵、卑南和平埔等部(bu)族。能歌(ge)善舞(wu)的高山族人民(min)，有著悠久的文(wen)化藝術傳統，每逢(feng)收獲節、小米祭、狩(shou)獵祭、漁祭、部(bu)族節日及結婚喜宴，便(bian)會身著民(min)族服裝，聚集(ji)在一起歌(ge)唱(chang)、舞(wu)蹈。民(min)歌(ge)內(nei)容(rong)豐富(fu)，風(feng)格獨特，有頌祖歌(ge)、狩(shou)獵歌(ge)和耕作歌(ge)等，舞(wu)蹈多為集(ji)體舞(wu)。

弓琴歷史

弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)十(shi)分久遠，它脫胎于古(gu)(gu)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獵弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，也可(ke)以(yi)稱作“樂弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”，是(shi)(shi)我(wo)(wo)國彈(dan)(dan)弦(xian)樂器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)始(shi)祖。古(gu)(gu)代有(you)“后羿射十(shi)日(ri)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神話，說(shuo)明上古(gu)(gu)生(sheng)民對(dui)善射者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尊(zun)崇，樂弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)自然是(shi)(shi)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箭發明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)延伸。古(gu)(gu)代傳(chuan)說(shuo)將“琴”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創始(shi)歸(gui)于伏羲，也正(zheng)由于他是(shi)(shi)以(yi)漁獵為(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部落氏(shi)族(zu)首(shou)領。在(zai)(zai)我(wo)(wo)國古(gu)(gu)籍《吳越(yue)春(chun)秋》中(zhong)，曾(ceng)記(ji)載著(zhu)：“斷竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、續(xu)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，飛土逐肉(rou)”。這(zhe)首(shou)相傳(chuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)黃帝時期所作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《彈(dan)(dan)歌(ge)(ge)》，很可(ke)能是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)撥弄獵弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)弦(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)伴奏(zou)中(zhong)詠(yong)唱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，從簡(jian)單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歌(ge)(ge)詞也可(ke)說(shuo)明，古(gu)(gu)人是(shi)(shi)用竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，發出泥制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彈(dan)(dan)丸來追(zhui)打(da)動物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。臺灣高山族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴，正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)種古(gu)(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)始(shi)祖彈(dan)(dan)弦(xian)樂器在(zai)(zai)我(wo)(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺存。清代朱景英在(zai)(zai)《海東札記(ji)》(卷四)中(zhong)對(dui)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)琴記(ji)述道：“削竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，長尺余，或七八寸，以(yi)絲線為(wei)(wei)(wei)弦(xian)，一頭以(yi)薄(bo)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)片折而環其(qi)端，承于近尾(wei)弦(xian)下，末疊系于弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)面，扣于齒，爪其(qi)弦(xian)以(yi)成音(yin)，名曰突肉(rou)。”它仍保持著(zhu)原始(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形態。

樂器形制

外形與(yu)獵弓(gong)相同(tong)，由琴弓(gong)和(he)琴弦構成(cheng)。琴弓(gong)多用(yong)毛竹的板(ban)條制作，一般板(ban)長(chang)70厘(li)米、板(ban)寬約4厘(li)米，也有(you)使(shi)用(yong)芭茅根制作琴弓(gong)的，將其彎(wan)成(cheng)弓(gong)狀后，兩端(duan)張以一條植(zhi)物(wu)弦或(huo)金屬(shu)弦而成(cheng)(圖)。民間(jian)常(chang)用(yong)草本蘭科植(zhi)物(wu)“月桃”葉曬(shai)干卷抻制成(cheng)的植(zhi)物(wu)弦，因葉子豎韌，成(cheng)弦后彈(dan)性較強(qiang)。也有(you)使(shi)用(yong)藤絲或(huo)麻絲作為琴弦的，但音(yin)質較差(cha)。弓(gong)琴通常(chang)采用(yong)金屬(shu)鋼(gang)絲弦，既結實耐用(yong)，音(yin)色也優美動聽。在(zai)弓(gong)琴一端(duan)的琴弓(gong)與(yu)琴弦之(zhi)間(jian)，常(chang)夾以一顆(ke)玉(yu)米粒(li)或(huo)小炭塊，據說有(you)利(li)于(yu)彈(dan)撥發音(yin)。

流行于高(gao)山族的(de)弓(gong)(gong)琴，弓(gong)(gong)背多用(yong)毛竹板條制(zhi)作，一般(ban)長(chang)70 厘(li)米、寬17 毫米左(zuo)右(you)，也有用(yong)芭茅根制(zhi)作的(de)，將其彎成弓(gong)(gong)狀(zhuang)后，兩(liang)端張以植物弦(xian)或金屬弦(xian)而成。

弓(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)屬于擦弦(xian)樂器，是布農族盛行的樂器，也(ye)是主(zhu)要的一種(zhong)獨奏(zou)(zou)(zou)樂器。 弓(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)利用一條長(chang)條竹(zhu)片彎曲成弓(gong)，再以(yi)一條鐵弦(xian) ( 或(huo)月(yue)桃(tao)弦(xian) ) 分別系於(wu)(wu)竹(zhu)弓(gong)兩(liang)端(duan)而形成的樂器。 彈(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)時弓(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)置於(wu)(wu)左手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)，右(you)(you)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)以(yi)食指(zhi)彈(dan)撥琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)，或(huo)以(yi)左手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)食指(zhi)按壓，右(you)(you)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)彈(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)。 彈(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)時弓(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)置于左手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)，右(you)(you)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)以(yi)食指(zhi)彈(dan)撥琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)，或(huo)以(yi)左手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)食指(zhi)按壓，右(you)(you)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)彈(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)。 若(ruo)演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)空弦(xian)時 ( 也(ye)就(jiu)是左手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)不(bu)按弦(xian) ) ，演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)者以(yi)口(kou)(kou)含弓(gong)背(bei)，利用呼吸氣作(zuo)口(kou)(kou)腔(qiang)變化，還能(neng)夠(gou)產(chan)(chan)生以(yi) Do 為(wei)基礎音(yin)所形成的三個泛(fan)(fan)音(yin) --Sol 、 Do 、 Mi 。 若(ruo)演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)空弦(xian)時 ( 也(ye)就(jiu)是左手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)不(bu)按弦(xian) ) ，演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)者以(yi)口(kou)(kou)含弓(gong)背(bei)，利用呼吸氣作(zuo)口(kou)(kou)腔(qiang)變化，還能(neng)夠(gou)產(chan)(chan)生以(yi) Do 為(wei)基礎音(yin)所形成的三個泛(fan)(fan)音(yin) --Sol 、 Do 、 Mi 。 弓(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)可做(zuo)泛(fan)(fan)音(yin)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)法，從(cong)第四泛(fan)(fan)音(yin)起，包(bao)括(kuo)五(wu)聲(sheng)音(yin)階之所有音(yin)程。 弓(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)可做(zuo)泛(fan)(fan)音(yin)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)法，從(cong)第四泛(fan)(fan)音(yin)起，包(bao)括(kuo)五(wu)聲(sheng)音(yin)階之所有音(yin)程。

弓琴演奏

演奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)時，將(jiang)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弓(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)端頂在(zai)嘴(zui)部(bu)牙間，另(ling)一(yi)端抵在(zai)硬物(wu)上(shang)，用(yong)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)手(shou)(shou)(shou)拇指(zhi)按壓琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弓(gong)(gong)下端，通(tong)過壓、放的(de)(de)(de)(de)動作，控(kong)制琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弓(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)彎曲度，以(yi)(yi)改(gai)變琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)張力，用(yong)右(you)手(shou)(shou)(shou)拇指(zhi)、食指(zhi)撥(bo)彈(dan)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)(fa)音(yin)(yin)(yin)。彈(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)高音(yin)(yin)(yin)時，嘴(zui)要適當張開，以(yi)(yi)便利用(yong)口(kou)腔(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共鳴作用(yong)；彈(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)低音(yin)(yin)(yin)時，嘴(zui)則要閉攏(long)起來。據說舌頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)活動，對弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)音(yin)(yin)(yin)也有一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)可以(yi)(yi)演奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)出(chu)相隔大(da)二(er)(er)度或(huo)四度音(yin)(yin)(yin)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個實音(yin)(yin)(yin)來，這(zhe)種(zhong)演奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)主(zhu)(zhu)要用(yong)于(yu)民(min)間舞(wu)蹈(dao)伴奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)，以(yi)(yi)強(qiang)調舞(wu)蹈(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重拍(pai)節(jie)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)或(huo)稍加變化的(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)；弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)富有特色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)泛音(yin)(yin)(yin)演奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)技巧，它可以(yi)(yi)發(fa)(fa)出(chu)c1、e1、g1、c2四個音(yin)(yin)(yin)，左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)手(shou)(shou)(shou)壓住琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弓(gong)(gong)下方，還可以(yi)(yi)發(fa)(fa)出(chu)d1音(yin)(yin)(yin)，這(zhe)些具有地方特點的(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)調，與(yu)布農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)部(bu)族民(min)歌(ge)(ge)音(yin)(yin)(yin)調相同。弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)音(yin)(yin)(yin)色(se)清晰、明(ming)亮。可用(yong)于(yu)獨奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)或(huo)為(wei)民(min)歌(ge)(ge)、舞(wu)蹈(dao)伴奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)，尤以(yi)(yi)獨奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)常見。用(yong)于(yu)民(min)歌(ge)(ge)伴奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)，規格要比獨奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)稍大(da)。弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)是(shi)布農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)族人(ren)(ren)主(zhu)(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)樂器。布農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)族人(ren)(ren)稱(cheng)為(wei) la tuk 。 彈(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)時，弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)置于(yu)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)手(shou)(shou)(shou)，右(you)手(shou)(shou)(shou)以(yi)(yi)食指(zhi)彈(dan)撥(bo)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)，此為(wei)空(kong)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)彈(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)；或(huo)以(yi)(yi)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)手(shou)(shou)(shou)食指(zhi)壓弦(xian)(xian)(xian)，右(you)手(shou)(shou)(shou)彈(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)。布農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)族人(ren)(ren)就以(yi)(yi)空(kong)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)和壓弦(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)簡(jian)單旋律配合頑(wan)固節(jie)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)以(yi)(yi)自娛。 布農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)族使用(yong)弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，大(da)都為(wei)平日各人(ren)(ren)獨居時自娛之(zhi)用(yong)，也有一(yi)些聚落的(de)(de)(de)(de)布農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)族人(ren)(ren)認為(wei)個人(ren)(ren)內心(xin)悲妻孤寂之(zhi)時，以(yi)(yi)弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)彈(dan)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)舒解心(xin)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)苦(ku)悶，因此音(yin)(yin)(yin)量微弱也亦無所謂，畢竟(jing)它是(shi)彈(dan)給自己聽的(de)(de)(de)(de)樂器。但是(shi)在(zai)歡宴的(de)(de)(de)(de)場合，弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)，弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)與(yu)口(kou)簧(huang)，弓(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)與(yu)五(wu)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)重奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)，也都是(shi)常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)演奏(zou)(zou)(zou)(zou)方式。