芒果视频下载

基本構造

小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)由30多個零件組成。其主要構(gou)(gou)件有琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頭(tou)、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)身、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頸、弦(xian)(xian)軸、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)馬(ma)、腮托、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弓、面板(ban)(ban)(ban)、側板(ban)(ban)(ban)、音(yin)(yin)(yin)柱等。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)共(gong)有四根(gen)弦(xian)(xian)，分為：1弦(xian)(xian)（E弦(xian)(xian)）、2弦(xian)(xian)（A弦(xian)(xian)）、3弦(xian)(xian)（D弦(xian)(xian)）和(he)(he)4弦(xian)(xian)（G弦(xian)(xian)）。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)身（共(gong)鳴箱）長約35.5厘米，由具(ju)有弧度的(de)(de)面板(ban)(ban)(ban)、背板(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)(he)側板(ban)(ban)(ban)粘合(he)而成。面板(ban)(ban)(ban)常(chang)用(yong)云杉制作，質地較軟；背板(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)(he)側板(ban)(ban)(ban)用(yong)楓木(mu)(mu)，質地較硬。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頭(tou)、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頸用(yong)整條楓木(mu)(mu)，指板(ban)(ban)(ban)用(yong)烏木(mu)(mu)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)(yin)質基本上取決于它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)質和(he)(he)相應的(de)(de)結構(gou)(gou)，取決于木(mu)(mu)材的(de)(de)振動(dong)頻率和(he)(he)它(ta)(ta)對(dui)弦(xian)(xian)振動(dong)的(de)(de)反應。優質琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)能把發出(chu)的(de)(de)每(mei)個聲音(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)基音(yin)(yin)(yin)和(he)(he)泛音(yin)(yin)(yin)都同樣靈敏地傳(chuan)播出(chu)去。

小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)有(you)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)4根，原均為羊(yang)(yang)腸制的(de)裸弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，約從18世紀起(qi)，低(di)音(yin)(yin)G弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)常包以銀絲(si)(si)，使(shi)(shi)其反應靈敏。現(xian)(xian)代則將(jiang)G、D、A3根弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)用(yong)纏金(jin)屬絲(si)(si)的(de)羊(yang)(yang)腸弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)或(huo)鋼絲(si)(si)纏弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，晚近也用(yong)尼龍弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。E弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)改(gai)用(yong)鋼絲(si)(si)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，使(shi)(shi)其在高音(yin)(yin)區(qu)的(de)音(yin)(yin)色(se)更(geng)佳。小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)制作(zuo)成現(xian)(xian)代這種樣(yang)式，并非完全從形(xing)態美觀出發(fa)，而(er)是(shi)有(you)其音(yin)(yin)響上(shang)(shang)和(he)(he)演奏(zou)上(shang)(shang)的(de)需要。小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)面(mian)(mian)板(ban)和(he)(he)背(bei)板(ban)有(you)弧度(du)，使(shi)(shi)其共鳴良好(hao)，發(fa)音(yin)(yin)洪亮(liang)；琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)腰身狹窄，便于演奏(zou)高把(ba)位(wei)和(he)(he)低(di)音(yin)(yin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)；面(mian)(mian)板(ban)和(he)(he)背(bei)板(ban)加嵌條，除防止木(mu)板(ban)開(kai)裂外(wai)，對(dui)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)音(yin)(yin)質也起(qi)一定作(zuo)用(yong)。面(mian)(mian)板(ban)與(yu)背(bei)板(ban)中間(jian)有(you)音(yin)(yin)柱支撐，其位(wei)置變化(hua)對(dui)小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)音(yin)(yin)色(se)影響明顯(xian)。面(mian)(mian)板(ban)左(zuo)下方(fang)粘低(di)音(yin)(yin)梁，既(ji)起(qi)加固(gu)作(zuo)用(yong)，又(you)具音(yin)(yin)響作(zuo)用(yong)。小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)表面(mian)(mian)的(de)油漆如太硬、太軟，或(huo)漆得不勻，都會有(you)損于音(yin)(yin)質。當(dang)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弓與(yu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)摩擦使(shi)(shi)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)振動(dong)時，通(tong)過琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)馬引起(qi)面(mian)(mian)板(ban)振動(dong)，又(you)通(tong)過音(yin)(yin)柱使(shi)(shi)背(bei)板(ban)振動(dong)，E弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)振動(dong)較少，而(er)G弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)振動(dong)較大(da)，從而(er)使(shi)(shi)低(di)音(yin)(yin)梁有(you)更(geng)大(da)的(de)振動(dong)，并造成共鳴箱振動(dong)。能否使(shi)(shi)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)聲得以充分發(fa)揮，取決于琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)及其張力(li)、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)馬質量(liang)、運弓的(de)壓力(li)和(he)(he)速度(du)。要想把(ba)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)各種音(yin)(yin)質都表達出來，還要加上(shang)(shang)演奏(zou)者(zhe)的(de)弓法、指法和(he)(he)揉(rou)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、彈弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等演奏(zou)技巧。

琴弓作為樂器的(de)附加物，最早出現在拜占庭(ting)帝國(guo)時代，但其價值就如平民(min)老(lao)百姓一般身(shen)份低(di)下，究其原因是(shi)與彈撥方法所產生的(de)聲音相比，運(yun)弓生成的(de)音質實在是(shi)太弱。

器樂分類

小提琴分(fen)電子(zi)小提琴和木琴兩(liang)種，兩(liang)者發(fa)聲原(yuan)理迥乎不同。

電(dian)(dian)子小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)與(yu)普(pu)通小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)最(zui)主要的(de)(de)(de)區別是電(dian)(dian)子小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)不用共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)箱(xiang)，不像普(pu)通小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)一樣通過音(yin)柱帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)箱(xiang)內的(de)(de)(de)空氣振動(dong)(dong)(dong)發聲(sheng)，所(suo)以弦的(de)(de)(de)震(zhen)動(dong)(dong)(dong)要靠(kao)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)弦根部下方的(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)個(ge)磁(ci)拾音(yin)器(qi)（就像電(dian)(dian)吉他的(de)(de)(de)一樣）拾取，然后通過音(yin)響(xiang)放大。也(ye)(ye)可(ke)以使用耳機，在練習(xi)時可(ke)以不影響(xiang)他人(ren)。所(suo)以電(dian)(dian)子小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)箱(xiang)只(zhi)是個(ge)擺設。電(dian)(dian)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)不插(cha)電(dian)(dian)也(ye)(ye)能(neng)拉響(xiang)，但那個(ge)聲(sheng)音(yin)根本不像是小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)，而且聲(sheng)音(yin)極小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，就像蚊(wen)子叫。不少大一些(xie)的(de)(de)(de)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)行都有(you)賣電(dian)(dian)子小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)，一種是有(you)自己的(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)體的(de)(de)(de)，和普(pu)通提(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)外(wai)形相同，只(zhi)不過多了一個(ge)拾音(yin)器(qi)，類似于吉他家(jia)族中的(de)(de)(de)箱(xiang)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)；還有(you)一種是電(dian)(dian)子調(diao)音(yin)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)，沒有(you)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)體，看上去是“鏤空”的(de)(de)(de)那種，通過電(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)路(lu)對微弱(ruo)的(de)(de)(de)振動(dong)(dong)(dong)進(jin)行拾取放大及調(diao)音(yin)。