原產日本,產地(di)在中(zhong)國(guo)浙江(jiang)、安徽、江(jiang)蘇(su)、河(he)南、河(he)北等地(di)。中(zhong)國(guo)各(ge)省(sheng)市廣泛(fan)栽培(pei),各(ge)北部城市基本都有栽植。
紫(zi)葉小檗是(shi)日本小檗的(de)自然變種。落葉灌木。幼枝淡(dan)紅帶(dai)綠(lv)色(se)(se),無(wu)毛,老枝暗紅色(se)(se)具(ju)條棱(leng);節間長(chang)1-1.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。葉菱狀(zhuang)卵形(xing)(xing),長(chang)5-20(35)毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)3-15毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),先(xian)端(duan)(duan)鈍(dun),基(ji)部下延成短柄,全緣,表(biao)面黃綠(lv)色(se)(se),背面帶(dai)灰白色(se)(se),具(ju)細乳突,兩面均無(wu)毛。花(hua)2-5朵成具(ju)短總梗并近(jin)簇生的(de)傘(san)形(xing)(xing)花(hua)序,或無(wu)總梗而(er)呈簇生狀(zhuang),花(hua)梗長(chang)5-15毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),花(hua)被(bei)黃色(se)(se);小苞片帶(dai)紅色(se)(se),長(chang)約(yue)2毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),急尖;外輪(lun)萼(e)片卵形(xing)(xing),長(chang)4-5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)約(yue)2.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),先(xian)端(duan)(duan)近(jin)鈍(dun),內輪(lun)萼(e)片稍(shao)大于外輪(lun)萼(e)片;花(hua)瓣長(chang)圓狀(zhuang)倒卵形(xing)(xing),長(chang)5.5-6毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)約(yue)3.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),先(xian)端(duan)(duan)微缺,基(ji)部以上(shang)腺體(ti)靠近(jin);雄(xiong)蕊長(chang)3-3.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),花(hua)藥先(xian)端(duan)(duan)截形(xing)(xing)。漿果紅色(se)(se),橢(tuo)圓體(ti)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)約(yue)10毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),稍(shao)具(ju)光澤,含(han)種子1-2顆(ke)。
原種(zhong)(日(ri)本(ben)小(xiao)檗)是(shi)落葉(xie)(xie)灌木,一(yi)(yi)般高約1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),多分(fen)枝。枝條開展,具細條棱,幼枝淡紅(hong)(hong)帶綠色(se)(se),無(wu)(wu)毛(mao),老枝暗紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se);莖(jing)刺單(dan)一(yi)(yi),偶3分(fen)叉,長(chang)(chang)5-15毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);節(jie)間長(chang)(chang)1-1.5厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。葉(xie)(xie)薄(bo)紙質,倒卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、匙形(xing)(xing)(xing)或菱(ling)狀(zhuang)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)1一(yi)(yi)2厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬5-12毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),先(xian)端(duan)驟尖或鈍(dun)圓(yuan),基部狹而(er)呈(cheng)楔形(xing)(xing)(xing),全緣,上面綠色(se)(se),背(bei)面灰綠色(se)(se),中(zhong)脈微(wei)隆(long)起,兩(liang)面網脈不(bu)顯,無(wu)(wu)毛(mao);葉(xie)(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)2-8毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)2-5朵組成具總(zong)梗的傘形(xing)(xing)(xing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)序,或近(jin)簇(cu)生的傘形(xing)(xing)(xing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)序或無(wu)(wu)總(zong)梗而(er)呈(cheng)簇(cu)生狀(zhuang);花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗長(chang)(chang)5-10毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),無(wu)(wu)毛(mao);小(xiao)苞(bao)片卵(luan)(luan)狀(zhuang)披針形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)約2毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),帶紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se);花(hua)(hua)(hua)黃色(se)(se);外萼片卵(luan)(luan)狀(zhuang)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)4-4.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬2.5-3毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),先(xian)端(duan)近(jin)鈍(dun)形(xing)(xing)(xing),帶紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se),內萼片闊橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)5-5.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬3.3-3.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),先(xian)端(duan)鈍(dun)圓(yuan);花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)長(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)狀(zhuang)倒卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)5.5-6毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬3-4毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),先(xian)端(duan)微(wei)凹,基部略呈(cheng)爪狀(zhuang),具2枚近(jin)靠(kao)的腺體(ti);雄蕊長(chang)(chang)3-3.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),藥隔不(bu)延伸(shen),頂(ding)端(duan)平(ping)截;子(zi)房(fang)含胚珠(zhu)1-2枚,無(wu)(wu)珠(zhu)柄。漿果(guo)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)約8毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),直徑約4毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),亮鮮(xian)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se),無(wu)(wu)宿存花(hua)(hua)(hua)柱。種(zhong)子(zi)1-2枚,棕褐色(se)(se)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)期4-6月(yue),果(guo)期7-10月(yue)。
紫葉小檗喜涼爽(shuang)濕(shi)潤環境,適應性強(qiang),耐(nai)(nai)(nai)寒也耐(nai)(nai)(nai)旱,不(bu)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)水澇,喜陽也能耐(nai)(nai)(nai)陰(yin),萌蘗性強(qiang),耐(nai)(nai)(nai)修剪,對各種土壤都(dou)能適應,在肥(fei)沃深厚排(pai)水良好的土壤中生(sheng)長更佳(jia)。
但在(zai)光(guang)稍差或密度過大時部分葉(xie)片會返綠園林常用與常綠樹種(zhong)作塊面色彩布置,可用來布置花壇、花鏡,是園林綠化(hua)中色塊組合的重要(yao)樹種(zhong)。
紫(zi)葉小(xiao)檗在(zai)北方(fang)易(yi)結實(shi),故常用播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)法繁(fan)殖。秋(qiu)季種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)采收后(hou),洗盡果肉,陰(yin)干(gan),然后(hou)選地勢高燥(zao)處挖坑,將種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)與沙按1:3的(de)比例放于坑內貯(zhu)藏,第二年春(chun)季進行播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong),這樣(yang)經過沙藏的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)出苗(miao)率高,播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)易(yi)成(cheng)功,也可采收后(hou)進行秋(qiu)播(bo)。
可(ke)(ke)用硬枝(zhi)插(cha)(cha)和嫩(nen)枝(zhi)插(cha)(cha)兩種方法(fa)。六七(qi)月(yue)取半(ban)木(mu)質化枝(zhi)條,剪(jian)成10至(zhi)12厘(li)米(mi)長,上端(duan)留葉片,插(cha)(cha)于砂或(huo)碎(sui)石(shi)(shi)中,保持濕度在90%左右,溫度25℃左右,20天即(ji)可(ke)(ke)生根。秋(qiu)季(ji)結合修(xiu)剪(jian),選發育充實,生長健壯的枝(zhi)條作插(cha)(cha)穗,插(cha)(cha)于砂或(huo)碎(sui)石(shi)(shi)中,第二年春天可(ke)(ke)移植出(chu)棚。
紫葉小檗萌(meng)芽力強,生(sheng)長速度快,植株(zhu)往往呈(cheng)叢生(sheng)狀,可進(jin)(jin)行(xing)分(fen)株(zhu)繁殖。分(fen)株(zhu)時間除夏季外,其他季節均可進(jin)(jin)行(xing)。
小檗最常見的(de)病(bing)害(hai)(hai)是白粉病(bing)。此病(bing)是靠風雨傳播,其傳播速度極快(kuai),且危害(hai)(hai)大(da),故一旦發現,應立即進行處置。其方法是用三(san)唑酮稀釋1000倍液,進行葉面噴霧,每周一次,連續(xu)2-3次可基本控制病(bing)害(hai)(hai)。
紫葉(xie)小(xiao)檗焰灼(zhuo)耀人,枝(zhi)細密而有刺(ci)。春季開(kai)小(xiao)黃(huang)花(hua)(hua),入秋則葉(xie)色(se)變紅,果(guo)(guo)熟后亦(yi)紅艷美麗(li),是良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)果(guo)(guo)、觀(guan)(guan)葉(xie)和刺(ci)籬材(cai)料。園林常用(yong)(yong)與常綠(lv)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)作(zuo)塊(kuai)面(mian)色(se)彩布(bu)置(zhi),效果(guo)(guo)較(jiao)佳(jia)。亦(yi)可盆(pen)(pen)栽觀(guan)(guan)賞或(huo)(huo)剪取果(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)瓶(ping)插供(gong)室(shi)內(nei)裝飾(shi)用(yong)(yong)。惟其植(zhi)株為小(xiao)麥繡(xiu)病之中間寄主。紫葉(xie)小(xiao)檗春開(kai)黃(huang)花(hua)(hua),秋綴(zhui)(zhui)紅果(guo)(guo),是葉(xie)、花(hua)(hua)、果(guo)(guo)俱美的(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)賞花(hua)(hua)木(mu),園林常用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)花(hua)(hua)籬或(huo)(huo)在園路角隅叢植(zhi),點(dian)綴(zhui)(zhui)于池畔、巖(yan)石間。也用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)大型花(hua)(hua)壇鑲邊或(huo)(huo)剪成球形(xing)對稱(cheng)狀(zhuang)配植(zhi)。適宜坡地(di)成片種(zhong)植(zhi),與常綠(lv)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)作(zuo)塊(kuai)面(mian)色(se)彩布(bu)置(zhi)用(yong)(yong)來布(bu)置(zhi)花(hua)(hua)壇、花(hua)(hua)境,是園林綠(lv)化(hua)中色(se)塊(kuai)組(zu)合的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)。亦(yi)可盆(pen)(pen)栽觀(guan)(guan)賞或(huo)(huo)剪取果(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)瓶(ping)插供(gong)室(shi)內(nei)裝飾(shi)用(yong)(yong)。由于比較(jiao)耐蔭(yin),是喬木(mu)下、建筑物(wu)蔭(yin)蔽處栽植(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)好(hao)材(cai)料。也可盆(pen)(pen)栽后放(fang)置(zhi)室(shi)內(nei)外。由于本種(zhong)較(jiao)耐寒(han),冬季在門(men)廳、走廊溫(wen)度(du)較(jiao)低的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方都能擺放(fang),為許多溫(wen)室(shi)觀(guan)(guan)葉(xie)植(zhi)物(wu)所不及。
紫(zi)葉小(xiao)檗(bo)(bo)是(shi)園林綠化(hua)的重要色葉灌木,常與(yu)金葉女貞、大葉黃楊組成(cheng)色塊、色帶及(ji)模紋花(hua)壇(tan)。紫(zi)葉小(xiao)檗(bo)(bo)球可植于(yu)路(lu)旁(pang)或點綴于(yu)草坪之中,此外,紫(zi)葉小(xiao)檗(bo)(bo)也是(shi)制(zhi)作盆景(jing)的好材料。
根和莖含小檗(bo)堿,可供提(ti)取黃(huang)連(lian)素的原料。民(min)間枝、葉煎水服,可治結膜炎;根皮可作健(jian)胃劑。莖皮去外皮后,可作黃(huang)色染(ran)料。