沙冬(dong)青(qing)能在惡(e)劣的(de)自然環境中生長,具有較厚(hou)的(de)角質層、密實(shi)的(de)表(biao)皮(pi)毛(mao),氣孔下(xia)陷,抗旱性(xing)(xing)、抗熱性(xing)(xing)強,耐寒、耐鹽、耐貧瘠,保水性(xing)(xing)強,在極度缺水的(de)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)下(xia)仍(reng)能正常(chang)生長。常(chang)與檸條、霸王、沙蒿組成共建的(de)群(qun)系,群(qun)系多呈小片狀(zhuang)分(fen)布。其伴生植物是(shi)錦(jin)雞兒、檸條、貓頭刺,根瘤(liu)(liu)菌具有抗逆性(xing)(xing),與沙冬(dong)青(qing)表(biao)現出(chu)相似(si)性(xing)(xing),這表(biao)明生態環境對豆科植物根瘤(liu)(liu)菌共生體有重(zhong)要的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。
分布于中國內蒙古、寧夏、甘肅。生(sheng)于沙丘(qiu)、河灘邊臺(tai)地,為良好的(de)固(gu)沙植物(wu)。蒙古南部也有分布。模(mo)式標本(ben)采自內蒙古阿拉善。
常綠灌木,高(gao)1.5-2米,粗壯;樹皮黃綠色,木材褐(he)色。莖多叉狀(zhuang)分枝,圓(yuan)柱形,具溝棱,幼被(bei)(bei)灰白色短(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao),后漸稀(xi)疏。3小葉(xie),偶為(wei)單(dan)葉(xie);葉(xie)柄長5-15毫米,密(mi)(mi)被(bei)(bei)灰白色短(duan)柔毛(mao)(mao);托葉(xie)小,三角(jiao)形或(huo)三角(jiao)狀(zhuang)披針(zhen)形,貼生葉(xie)柄,被(bei)(bei)銀白色絨(rong)毛(mao)(mao);小葉(xie)菱(ling)狀(zhuang)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形或(huo)闊(kuo)披針(zhen)形,長2-3.5厘米,寬6-20毫米,兩面密(mi)(mi)被(bei)(bei)銀白色絨(rong)毛(mao)(mao),全緣,側(ce)脈(mo)幾不明(ming)顯。
總狀花(hua)序頂生(sheng)枝(zhi)端,花(hua)互生(sheng),8-12朵密集;苞(bao)片卵(luan)形(xing),長(chang)(chang)5-6毫米,密被短(duan)柔(rou)毛(mao),脫落;花(hua)梗(geng)長(chang)(chang)約(yue)1厘(li)(li)米,近(jin)無(wu)毛(mao),中部(bu)有2枚小(xiao)苞(bao)片;萼(e)鐘(zhong)形(xing),薄革質,長(chang)(chang)5-7毫米,萼(e)齒5,闊(kuo)三角(jiao)形(xing),上(shang)方2齒合生(sheng)為一較大的齒;花(hua)冠黃色(se),花(hua)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)均具長(chang)(chang)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)柄,旗(qi)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)倒卵(luan)形(xing),長(chang)(chang)約(yue)2厘(li)(li)米,翼瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)比龍骨(gu)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)短(duan),長(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing),長(chang)(chang)1.7厘(li)(li)米,其(qi)中瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)柄長(chang)(chang)5毫米,龍骨(gu)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)分離,基(ji)部(bu)有長(chang)(chang)2毫米的耳;子房具柄,線(xian)形(xing),無(wu)毛(mao)。
莢果扁平,線形,長5-8厘(li)米(mi),寬15-20毫米(mi),無毛,先端銳(rui)尖,基(ji)部(bu)具果頸,果頸長8-10毫米(mi);有(you)種子2-5粒(li)。種子圓腎形,徑(jing)約6毫米(mi)。花期4-5月,果期5-6月。
松(song)(song)土、除(chu)(chu)草、施(shi)肥、澆(jiao)灌是幼林(lin)(lin)撫育的(de)主要(yao)管(guan)理措(cuo)施(shi)。松(song)(song)土可(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)效(xiao)地(di)減少土壤(rang)(rang)及幼苗的(de)水(shui)(shui)分(fen)蒸發,提(ti)高土壤(rang)(rang)含(han)水(shui)(shui)量,有(you)(you)效(xiao)地(di)改善了(le)土壤(rang)(rang)的(de)透(tou)氣性(xing)和(he)吸水(shui)(shui)性(xing),土壤(rang)(rang)會提(ti)高接納(na)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)的(de)能力,為微生(sheng)(sheng)物的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)創造了(le)有(you)(you)利條(tiao)件。除(chu)(chu)草有(you)(you)利于幼苗的(de)健康(kang)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang),消(xiao)除(chu)(chu)雜草根(gen)系,為幼苗提(ti)供更多的(de)營養(yang)和(he)陽(yang)光,消(xiao)除(chu)(chu)爭水(shui)(shui)、爭肥的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)威脅(xie)。松(song)(song)土和(he)除(chu)(chu)草的(de)次數要(yao)根(gen)據(ju)林(lin)(lin)木(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)的(de)快(kuai)慢而定(ding),努(nu)力增加林(lin)(lin)木(mu)營養(yang)面積,提(ti)高保土、保水(shui)(shui)效(xiao)果。幼林(lin)(lin)撫育還要(yao)特(te)別注重施(shi)肥和(he)灌水(shui)(shui)的(de)管(guan)理,根(gen)據(ju)多年(nian)的(de)經驗和(he)實(shi)際數據(ju)證明,適當而充足的(de)施(shi)肥或灌水(shui)(shui),可(ke)(ke)以提(ti)高林(lin)(lin)木(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)速(su)度,降(jiang)低樹木(mu)死亡率。
沙冬(dong)青采(cai)(cai)用(yong)容器(qi)育(yu)(yu)苗繁殖(zhi),首先要(yao)采(cai)(cai)好(hao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子,要(yao)選擇在(zai)合適(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間取種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),并(bing)應選擇10-11年(nian)生的(de)(de)(de)母樹采(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子要(yao)粒大(da)飽(bao)滿,這(zhe)樣才能(neng)保(bao)證發芽(ya)(ya)率,且種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子吸水(shui)(shui)力較強(qiang),能(neng)夠快速發芽(ya)(ya),適(shi)(shi)于栽植。選好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子要(yao)先經過(guo)(guo)(guo)催(cui)芽(ya)(ya)處理(li),用(yong)水(shui)(shui)浸(jin)泡,大(da)約(yue)(yue)要(yao)2-3天(tian)時(shi)間,每(mei)天(tian)換水(shui)(shui)2次,這(zhe)期間也(ye)要(yao)再(zai)次細心(xin)選種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),之后進行消毒、催(cui)芽(ya)(ya)。催(cui)芽(ya)(ya)處理(li)要(yao)保(bao)證較高的(de)(de)(de)濕度與(yu)通氣條件,并(bing)不時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)翻(fan)動種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子,防止發霉腐(fu)爛,也(ye)能(neng)夠使種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子出芽(ya)(ya)整齊。溫度保(bao)持在(zai)20-25℃的(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態(tai)下,5天(tian)左(zuo)右(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子即可露白約(yue)(yue)65%,此(ci)時(shi)就(jiu)可進行播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。容器(qi)育(yu)(yu)苗比其它育(yu)(yu)苗方式更(geng)加優越,培育(yu)(yu)出的(de)(de)(de)幼苗出苗整齊、均勻,而且減少了移植過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中對根部的(de)(de)(de)損害和破壞,造林成活率大(da)大(da)提高。值得注(zhu)意的(de)(de)(de)是,在(zai)容器(qi)育(yu)(yu)苗過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中要(yao)特(te)別加強(qiang)水(shui)(shui)、肥的(de)(de)(de)管理(li),控制(zhi)好(hao)水(shui)(shui)量(liang),增(zeng)加葉(xie)面(mian)噴肥。
沙冬青通常采(cai)用雨(yu)(yu)季(ji)直(zhi)播(bo)造林(lin)(lin)(lin),播(bo)種(zhong)前(qian)(qian)要對種(zhong)子(zi)進(jin)行(xing)浸(jin)泡(pao),以(yi)(yi)50℃-60℃的(de)溫水(shui)浸(jin)泡(pao)24小時(shi)為(wei)宜,采(cai)用上述方法(fa)消毒。造林(lin)(lin)(lin)前(qian)(qian)要深整地,蓄(xu)水(shui)保墑,在(zai)(zai)土壤濕(shi)潤(run)的(de)條件(jian)下(xia),可在(zai)(zai)春(chun)季(ji)直(zhi)播(bo),一般多在(zai)(zai)8-9月份雨(yu)(yu)季(ji)搶(qiang)播(bo)。條播(bo)造林(lin)(lin)(lin)時(shi),每米播(bo)種(zhong)溝以(yi)(yi)30-40粒(li)種(zhong)子(zi)為(wei)宜;穴播(bo)造林(lin)(lin)(lin)時(shi),每穴以(yi)(yi)6-10粒(li)種(zhong)子(zi)為(wei)宣(xuan);覆(fu)土厚度(du)2厘米。播(bo)種(zhong)后用草、鋸末等(deng)進(jin)行(xing)覆(fu)蓋(gai),以(yi)(yi)利于土壤濕(shi)潤(run)、減(jian)少蒸發。人工造林(lin)(lin)(lin)要放大株行(xing)距(ju),依據天然沙冬青“單株成叢、小片狀分(fen)布(bu)”的(de)生(sheng)物學(xue)特性,株行(xing)距(ju)以(yi)(yi)4米×4米、5米×5米、6米×6米、7米×7米為(wei)宜,以(yi)(yi)滿足沙冬青成齡(ling)后對水(shui)分(fen)、養(yang)分(fen)、光(guang)照條件(jian)的(de)需求。
沙(sha)冬(dong)青能夠抗(kang)風沙(sha),生長季節茂密、碧(bi)綠,由于沙(sha)冬(dong)青是北方(fang)常綠灌木,是良(liang)好的(de)蜜源植物(wu),更是人(ren)煙(yan)稀(xi)少的(de)荒(huang)漠和難以管(guan)護的(de)荒(huang)山禿(tu)嶺營造水土(tu)保(bao)持林的(de)優(you)良(liang)樹種。
沙冬青作為(wei)蒙藥(yao)之一,其葉(xie)(xie)子煮水(shui)服用(yong)可以治療肺病、咳(ke)嗽、咳(ke)痰、腹(fu)痛;枝(zhi)葉(xie)(xie)入(ru)藥(yao),能(neng)祛風、活血(xue)、止痛,外用(yong)主治凍瘡(chuang)、慢(man)性(xing)風濕性(xing)關節炎等。其葉(xie)(xie)和嫩枝(zhi)含(han)有(you)多種生物堿,性(xing)溫有(you)毒,牲畜少有(you)啃(ken)食,可作為(wei)殺蟲劑(ji)。種子富含(han)油(you)脂,其脂肪(fang)酸組(zu)成中亞(ya)油(you)酸含(han)量高達87.6%,在食品、化工、醫療保健(jian)方面(mian)有(you)很大(da)的潛(qian)力。
沙(sha)冬(dong)青(qing)還可作為鐵路(lu)、公路(lu)和高速公路(lu)建設通過(guo)荒漠、半荒漠、荒漠草原地帶(dai)的護(hu)路(lu)樹(shu)種(zhong)和隔離帶(dai)樹(shu)種(zhong)。同時,沙(sha)冬(dong)青(qing)也可作為城市(shi)綠化(hua)樹(shu)種(zhong)或綠籬,一年四(si)季(ji)長青(qing),便于修剪。