翁同(tong)龢(1830-1904),字叔平,號(hao)(hao)松禪,別(bie)署均齋、瓶(ping)笙、瓶(ping)廬居(ju)士(shi)、并眉(mei)居(ju)士(shi)等,別(bie)號(hao)(hao)天放(fang)閑人(ren),晚號(hao)(hao)瓶(ping)庵居(ju)士(shi),江蘇常熟人(ren),中國(guo)近代(dai)史上著名政治(zhi)家、書(shu)法藝術家。體仁閣大(da)(da)學士(shi)翁心存第三子,咸豐六年(1856年)狀元,歷任戶(hu)部、工部尚書(shu)、軍機大(da)(da)臣兼總理各國(guo)事務衙門大(da)(da)臣。先(xian)后(hou)擔任清同(tong)治(zhi)、光緒兩代(dai)帝(di)師。卒后(hou)追謚文恭。
翁同龢工詩,間作畫(hua)(hua),尤以書法名世(shi),幼(you)學(xue)歐、褚,初學(xue)董其(qi)昌、米芾,中年后(hou)由(you)錢灃上追(zhui)顏(yan)真(zhen)卿(qing),又不受(shou)顏(yan)字(zi)束縛,結(jie)體寬博開張,筆畫(hua)(hua)剛(gang)勁有力,風格蒼渾遒勁,樸茂雍容,著(zhu)有《翁文恭(gong)公日(ri)記》《瓶廬詩文稿》等。
清道光十年四月二十七日(1830年5月19日),翁同龢出生在北京城內(nei)石駙(fu)馬大(da)街羅圈胡(hu)同(tong)寓所。四(si)歲時隨(sui)祖母張太夫人及母親許氏由京師回到(dao)故鄉(xiang)常熟。翁同(tong)龢自(zi)幼稟性好學,通讀四(si)書五(wu)經,并(bing)以優異成績考入常熟縣學游文書院。道光二(er)十五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(1845年(nian)(nian))應院試考中(zhong)(zhong)秀(xiu)才(cai)。咸豐(feng)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(1852年(nian)(nian)),應順天鄉(xiang)試中(zhong)(zhong)舉人。
咸豐六年(nian)(1856年(nian)),殿試一甲一名,考中狀元(yuan),授修(xiu)撰,任(ren)實錄館協修(xiu)。咸豐八(ba)年(nian)(1858年(nian)),任(ren)陜(shan)(shan)甘鄉試副考官,旋授陜(shan)(shan)西學政。
同(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)元年(nian)(nian)(1862年(nian)(nian))三月,任(ren)會試(shi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)考(kao)(kao)官。六(liu)月,擢(zhuo)升(sheng)為(wei)右春坊右贊(zan)善(shan)。七月,任(ren)山西鄉試(shi)正(zheng)考(kao)(kao)官。十(shi)(shi)月,任(ren)日講起居注官。父去(qu)世回去(qu)守孝,同(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(1865年(nian)(nian))期(qi)滿,轉(zhuan)左贊(zan)善(shan)升(sheng)右中允,授(shou)命(ming)在(zai)弘德(de)殿行走。同(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)五年(nian)(nian)(1866年(nian)(nian)),任(ren)翰林(lin)院侍講。同(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(1867年(nian)(nian)),任(ren)詹事(shi)府(fu)右春坊右庶子(zi)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)七年(nian)(nian)(1868年(nian)(nian)),任(ren)國子(zi)祭酒(jiu)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(1870年(nian)(nian)),任(ren)太仆寺(si)卿。同(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(1871年(nian)(nian)),授(shou)內閣學士,兼禮部侍郎。同(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(1872年(nian)(nian)),賞頭(tou)品頂戴。同(tong)(tong)(tong)治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(1874年(nian)(nian)),丁母憂期(qi)滿,仍(reng)在(zai)弘德(de)殿行走,補內閣學士。
光緒元年(1875年),任刑部右(you)侍郎(lang)。
光緒二年(1876年)四月,皇(huang)上(shang)在(zai)毓(yu)慶宮致力于學,命與夏同善(shan)授讀光緒帝,再(zai)辭,不允。隨即(ji)遷任戶部(bu),充經筵講官,晉(jin)都(dou)察院左都(dou)御史。遷刑部(bu)尚書,調工部(bu)。
光緒五(wu)年(1879年),云南(nan)巡(xun)撫杜瑞聯(lian)就云南(nan)非法軍(jun)費報(bao)(bao)銷一事,派崔尊彝(yi)和潘英(ying)章二(er)(er)人攜巨(ju)款赴京(jing)(jing)打通關節。崔、潘二(er)(er)人進京(jing)(jing)后(hou)(hou)在軍(jun)機處(chu)、戶部(bu)四處(chu)活動,最后(hou)(hou)以(yi)向軍(jun)機大臣周瑞清、王文韶(shao)、景(jing)廉和戶部(bu)經辦司(si)員(yuan)、書吏行(xing)賄8萬兩為條件,了結此項報(bao)(bao)銷。
光(guang)緒六(liu)年(1880年),廷臣爭(zheng)俄約久不決(jue),懿旨派惇親王(wang)、醇親王(wang)及(ji)同龢與(yu)潘祖(zu)廕(yin)每日在南書房看摺件(jian)電報,擬片進呈取進止,至(zhi)俄約改定(ding)始止。
光緒八年(1882)十月,廷(ting)命翁(weng)同(tong)龢(he)(he)在軍(jun)機大(da)(da)臣上(shang)行走,翁(weng)同(tong)龢(he)(he)第一次出任(ren)軍(jun)機大(da)(da)臣。翁(weng)同(tong)龢(he)(he)此次出任(ren)軍(jun)機大(da)(da)臣,主(zhu)要參與(yu)(yu)了兩項(xiang)重(zhong)大(da)(da)政治(zhi)活(huo)動(dong)。一是(shi)參與(yu)(yu)處(chu)理云(yun)南軍(jun)費(fei)報銷舞弊案;二是(shi)參與(yu)(yu)中(zhong)法越(yue)南交涉(she)事宜。翁(weng)同(tong)龢(he)(he)因(yin)曾國藩及(ji)李鴻章曾經檢舉其兄,因(yin)而終(zhong)身與(yu)(yu)李鴻章有私怨。任(ren)戶部尚(shang)書(shu)期間(jian),處(chu)處(chu)刁難北洋(yang)水師。
光緒(xu)十年(1884年),法(fa)越事起,翁同(tong)龢主張(zhang)一面(mian)進兵,一面(mian)與議(yi),庶有所備(bei)。又言劉(liu)永福不(bu)足(zu)恃,非增重兵出關不(bu)可。旋(xuan)與軍機(ji)王大(da)臣(chen)同(tong)罷,仍直(zhi)毓慶(qing)宮。前后充(chong)會試總(zong)裁、順(shun)天鄉試考官(guan),兩蒙賜(si)“壽”,加太(tai)子太(tai)保,賜(si)雙眼花翎、紫韁。嘗(chang)請假修墓,傳旨海上風險,命(ming)馳驛(yi)回(hui)京,恩眷甚(shen)篤(du)。
光緒十六(liu)年(1890年),戶部上奏(zou),以海(hai)軍規模已具和國(guo)家度支艱難為由,請(qing)求暫(zan)停海(hai)軍向國(guo)外購(gou)買軍火,致使(shi)北洋海(hai)軍的發展就此停滯,落(luo)于世界之后。當時有一副譏(ji)諷對聯(lian)描寫二人(ren):“宰相(xiang)合(he)肥(fei)天下(xia)瘦,司農常(chang)熟世間荒。”上聯(lian)“合(he)肥(fei)”指(zhi)安徽合(he)肥(fei)的李(li)鴻(hong)章,下(xia)聯(lian)“常(chang)熟”即江蘇常(chang)熟的翁(weng)同(tong)龢(he)。李(li)翁(weng)二人(ren)的恩怨(yuan)直接導(dao)致日后中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)日甲(jia)午(wu)戰爭北洋艦隊的失利,當時英(ying)國(guo)人(ren)建(jian)議中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo):“必添(tian)購(gou)快(kuai)船兩艘(sou),方能備日制勝”,未(wei)料翁(weng)同(tong)龢(he)不(bu)斷拖(tuo)延,兩艘(sou)快(kuai)船為日本購(gou)去(qu),新日艦速(su)度快(kuai)、炮門多,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一艘(sou)日艦“吉野號”成為甲(jia)午(wu)戰爭中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)擊(ji)沉(chen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)艦隊最多的船艦。
光緒二十(shi)年(nian)(1894年(nian)),翁同(tong)龢(he)再任軍(jun)(jun)機(ji)大臣,深得光緒帝信任。在甲午(wu)戰爭(zheng)中(zhong),堅決主戰。次年(nian),清軍(jun)(jun)戰敗,中(zhong)日和議期間(jian),翁同(tong)龢(he)與(yu)李鴻藻極力反對割地(di)(di),指出(chu):“寧增賠(pei)款,必不可(ke)割地(di)(di)。”又聯合(he)俄(e)、英、德三國謀(mou)阻割地(di)(di),最終(zhong)情勢無(wu)法(fa)挽回。次年(nian),兼(jian)任總理(li)各國事務大臣。
光緒二十(shi)三(san)年(1897年),以(yi)協(xie)辦大學士(shi),兼任(ren)戶部尚書(shu)。
光緒二十(shi)四(si)年(1898年),皇上開始(shi)召用(yong)主事(shi)康有為(wei),議行新政。四(si)月,朱諭且每於召對時諮(zi)詢事(shi)件,任意可否,喜怒見于詞色(se),”八月,發動政變,太后復訓(xun)政。十(shi)月,又奉朱諭,革職,永不(bu)敘用(yong)。
光緒三十年(nian)(1904年(nian)),卒(zu)于家,年(nian)享七十有五。宣統元年(nian)(1909年(nian)),詔復原官,后追(zhui)謚文恭。
自隋朝開科考試至晚清的1200年間,狀元難計其數。然而(er),中(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)歷史卻(que)不(bu)是(shi)在學術考試中(zhong)獲取高功名的(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)元們書寫的(de)(de)(de)。在狀(zhuang)元們紛(fen)紛(fen)被歷史的(de)(de)(de)煙(yan)塵掩埋的(de)(de)(de)時候,有限的(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)位狀(zhuang)元,卻(que)為后代留下了顯(xian)赫的(de)(de)(de)歷史功績,而(er)翁(weng)同龢(he)就是(shi)其中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)。
翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢中(zhong)狀元后,被授(shou)為修撰,在(zai)翰林院供(gong)職,參(can)加庶(shu)吉(ji)士學習。咸(xian)豐(feng)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1858年(nian)(nian)(nian))六月,正在(zai)參(can)加庶(shu)吉(ji)士學習的(de)翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢被咸(xian)豐(feng)皇(huang)帝(di)破(po)格任(ren)命(ming)為副考(kao)官(guan),奉命(ming)典試陜(shan)西(xi)(xi),正考(kao)官(guan)則是(shi)翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢的(de)好友潘祖(zu)蔭(yin)。這對翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢來說,是(shi)一(yi)種殊榮。可(ke)(ke)并沒有引起(qi)他多大的(de)熱情,因不(bu)久(jiu)前他的(de)愛(ai)妻湯孟淑不(bu)幸病(bing)逝,此時(shi)的(de)翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢仍沉浸在(zai)悲痛之中(zhong)。但圣命(ming)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)違,且按規定考(kao)官(guan)必須(xu)準時(shi)到達考(kao)點,容(rong)不(bu)得半點推延。七(qi)月底,翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢極力克制自(zi)己,打點行裝,辭別(bie)親(qin)友,同(tong)(tong)潘祖(zu)蔭(yin)一(yi)同(tong)(tong)踏(ta)上了西(xi)(xi)去陜(shan)西(xi)(xi)的(de)旅途,經近一(yi)個月的(de)車馬勞頓(dun),到達陜(shan)西(xi)(xi)省城西(xi)(xi)安。八月中(zhong)旬考(kao)試開始,翁(weng)、潘二(er)人坐堂主考(kao),巡察整個考(kao)場,要求極為嚴格。十月初,翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢帶病(bing)上任(ren),足跡遍(bian)布(bu)800里(li)川,經過兩個多月的(de)勞累,至咸(xian)豐(feng)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1858年(nian)(nian)(nian))十二(er)月視學完畢。鑒于病(bing)魔纏(chan)身,他便上書奏(zou)請開缺。
咸豐九年(nian)(1859年(nian))一(yi)月,皇上恩準翁同(tong)龢開缺(que),返京調養。回(hui)京后的第三年(nian),同(tong)治元年(nian)(1862年(nian))翁同(tong)龢被任命為(wei)鄉試正(zheng)考(kao)(kao)官(guan)(guan),典試山西。這以后,他曾(ceng)多次涉及文衡,屢次充任考(kao)(kao)官(guan)(guan),所以門生(sheng)故(gu)舊遍布朝野,為(wei)清王朝選拔(ba)了大批人才。
翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)同(tong)龢之(zhi)崛起(qi),自然得(de)益于(yu)其父(fu)(fu)翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)心存。翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)心存官至體仁閣大學(xue)士(shi),后(hou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)同(tong)治帝師(shi)。自此(ci),翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)氏(shi)家(jia)(jia)族進(jin)入鼎盛時期,稱“一(yi)門四進(jin)士(shi)、一(yi)門三巡撫;父(fu)(fu)子(zi)大學(xue)士(shi)、父(fu)(fu)子(zi)尚書、父(fu)(fu)子(zi)帝師(shi)”。既然百分(fen)之(zhi)四十(shi)一(yi)的(de)清朝狀元都來(lai)自江蘇(su)等吳(wu)地,翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)家(jia)(jia)的(de)興(xing)盛,自是(shi)情理(li)之(zhi)中。在道、咸(xian)、同(tong)、光(guang)(guang)四朝,翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)氏(shi)兩代累任高官。當(dang)咸(xian)豐六(liu)年(nian)(1856年(nian))翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)同(tong)龢以27歲中一(yi)甲一(yi)名進(jin)士(shi)后(hou),便擢(zhuo)任翰林院修撰。同(tong)治四年(nian),接(jie)替父(fu)(fu)業,入值弘德殿(dian),為(wei)(wei)(wei)同(tong)治師(shi)傅,前后(hou)教讀九年(nian)。同(tong)治病逝后(hou),光(guang)(guang)緒繼位(wei),慈禧又命翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)同(tong)龢入值毓(yu)慶宮(gong),為(wei)(wei)(wei)光(guang)(guang)緒師(shi)傅。
從教授光緒啟(qi)蒙識(shi)字到被撤(che)職回鄉,翁同龢(he)與(yu)皇帝之間以(yi)師生關系相(xiang)處長達(da)24年。僅憑(ping)這層關系,翁同龢(he)定能在晚清內政(zheng)外交中發揮重大(da)作用。甲午戰爭(zheng)至(zhi)戊戌變法時期,翁同龢(he)與(yu)孫(sun)家鼐、志銳、文廷式、汪鳴鑾等官(guan)僚士紳(shen)形(xing)成(cheng)了與(yu)后黨抗衡的帝黨集團(tuan),進一步加強(qiang)了在政(zheng)壇中的地位。
舉(ju)凡翁同(tong)龢(he)為(wei)官六十年所做大事,有:平反楊乃武與小(xiao)白菜(cai)的冤(yuan)假(jia)錯案(an);卷入甲(jia)午戰爭洪流;支持(chi)盛宣懷等創辦中(zhong)國(guo)第一家自(zi)辦銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(中(zhong)國(guo)通商銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)),由(you)戶部撥100萬兩“生息官款”存(cun)于中(zhong)國(guo)通商銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing),實際上也(ye)成為(wei)開辦伊始(shi)的中(zhong)國(guo)通商銀(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)的最初營運資金;再(zai)就是舉(ju)薦(jian)康(kang)梁(liang)等維(wei)新(xin)人才,親(qin)自(zi)草擬《明定國(guo)是詔》。
清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)末光(guang)緒年間統治階級(ji)內部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)流派,前(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)流多(duo)北方人(ren)(ren),稱“北派”;后(hou)(hou)(hou)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)流多(duo)南(nan)方人(ren)(ren),稱“南(nan)派”。前(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)流形成(cheng)于(yu)光(guang)緒初年,中(zhong)(zhong)法戰(zhan)(zhan)爭結束前(qian)(qian)后(hou)(hou)(hou),前(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)流對(dui)慈禧太后(hou)(hou)(hou)已(yi)失去存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義(yi),宣告瓦(wa)解。1894年中(zhong)(zhong)日(ri)(ri)(ri)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭前(qian)(qian)夕,以(yi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)侵(qin)略(lve)朝鮮(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)背景,一(yi)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)堅決主(zhu)張抵抗日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)侵(qin)略(lve)并(bing)反(fan)(fan)對(dui)當(dang)時弊(bi)政(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)言官和名士,紛(fen)紛(fen)投(tou)靠戶部(bu)(bu)尚(shang)書(shu)翁(weng)同龢門下,形成(cheng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)流派。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)侍讀學士文廷式、禮部(bu)(bu)侍郎(lang)志銳和“南(nan)通才(cai)子”張謇為(wei)(wei)骨干,國(guo)(guo)子監(jian)祭酒盛昱、刑部(bu)(bu)主(zhu)事沈曾植以(yi)及翰林院(yuan)編(bian)修王仁(ren)堪(kan)、黃紹箕、丁立鈞、李(li)(li)文田等均為(wei)(wei)其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)健將。且翁(weng)同龢為(wei)(wei)光(guang)緒帝師傅,志銳為(wei)(wei)光(guang)緒帝愛妃(fei)(fei)(fei)珍(zhen)(zhen)妃(fei)(fei)(fei)兄長,文廷式為(wei)(wei)珍(zhen)(zhen)妃(fei)(fei)(fei)師傅,因此該派屬于(yu)帝黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。與(yu)前(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)流一(yi)樣(yang),主(zhu)張“厲以(yi)風節”,反(fan)(fan)對(dui)貪(tan)官污(wu)吏;敢于(yu)揭露(lu)弊(bi)政(zheng)(zheng),甚至有(you)(you)時還(huan)直(zhi)接(jie)指(zhi)責慈禧太后(hou)(hou)(hou)。在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)日(ri)(ri)(ri)甲(jia)午(wu)(wu)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭以(yi)前(qian)(qian),力主(zhu)反(fan)(fan)擊(ji)日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)對(dui)朝鮮(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)侵(qin)略(lve),多(duo)次斥責李(li)(li)鴻(hong)(hong)章(zhang)“避戰(zhan)(zhan)自(zi)保”。甲(jia)午(wu)(wu)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭中(zhong)(zhong),因與(yu)李(li)(li)鴻(hong)(hong)章(zhang)有(you)(you)隙,被(bei)人(ren)(ren)懷疑故意掐斷了北洋艦(jian)隊(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)糧餉與(yu)軍火,導致甲(jia)午(wu)(wu)海戰(zhan)(zhan)大敗。翁(weng)同龢對(dui)于(yu)慈安太后(hou)(hou)(hou)與(yu)慈禧太后(hou)(hou)(hou)推行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)洋務運動頗為(wei)(wei)排斥,對(dui)于(yu)該運動也有(you)(you)所(suo)批評,并(bing)影響往后(hou)(hou)(hou)光(guang)緒帝親政(zheng)(zheng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舉措。任(ren)戶部(bu)(bu)尚(shang)書(shu)期間,處處刁難北洋水師。當(dang)時有(you)(you)一(yi)副譏諷對(dui)聯描寫二人(ren)(ren):“宰相合肥天下瘦,司農常熟(shu)(shu)世間荒。”上(shang)聯“合肥”指(zhi)安徽合肥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)李(li)(li)鴻(hong)(hong)章(zhang),下聯“常熟(shu)(shu)”即江蘇常熟(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)翁(weng)同龢。李(li)(li)翁(weng)二人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恩怨間接(jie)導致日(ri)(ri)(ri)后(hou)(hou)(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)日(ri)(ri)(ri)甲(jia)午(wu)(wu)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭北洋艦(jian)隊(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失利,當(dang)時英國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)建(jian)議中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo):“必(bi)添(tian)購快(kuai)船(chuan)(chuan)兩(liang)艘,方能備日(ri)(ri)(ri)制(zhi)勝”,未(wei)料(liao)翁(weng)同龢不斷拖延,兩(liang)艘快(kuai)船(chuan)(chuan)為(wei)(wei)日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)購去,新日(ri)(ri)(ri)艦(jian)速度(du)快(kuai)、炮(pao)門多(duo),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)艘日(ri)(ri)(ri)艦(jian)“吉野號”成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)甲(jia)午(wu)(wu)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭中(zhong)(zhong)擊(ji)沉(chen)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)艦(jian)隊(dui)最多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)船(chuan)(chuan)艦(jian)。
翁同龢(he)工詩,間(jian)作(zuo)畫,尤(you)以書法名世。譚延闿(kai)(kai)、澤(ze)闿(kai)(kai)兄(xiong)弟曾刻(ke)成《春(chun)及草廬(lu)藏翁氏墨跡》行世。
翁(weng)同龢(he)早年(nian)(nian)從習歐、楮、柳、趙,書(shu)法(fa)崇(chong)尚(shang)瘦勁;中年(nian)(nian)轉學(xue)顏體(ti),取其(qi)渾厚(hou),又(you)兼學(xue)蘇軾、米(mi)芾(fei),書(shu)出新意(yi);晚(wan)年(nian)(nian)得力于北碑(bei),平淡中見精神。他(ta)博采眾長,對唐代顏真卿和北魏碑(bei)版潛心揣摩,參以己意(yi),并吸收劉墉、錢灃(feng)、何紹基等人之(zhi)長,將趙子昂、董其(qi)昌的(de)(de)柔和流暢溶入其(qi)中。他(ta)深得顏真卿書(shu)法(fa)之(zhi)精髓,寫出具有自己個(ge)性的(de)(de)書(shu)法(fa)藝(yi)術作品,從而形成了(le)翁(weng)字的(de)(de)獨(du)特書(shu)風,成為晚(wan)清頗具影響的(de)(de)書(shu)法(fa)家。
翁同龢在(zai)京為(wei)官四十多年(nian),平生喜藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),居官朝中(zhong)時(shi)常去琉璃(li)廠(chang)訪書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),陸續購(gou)進許多好書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。其中(zhong)有(you)(you)乾隆進士、嘉慶帝師彭元(yuan)瑞的(de)(de)(de)知圣道齋藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),怡親王死后(hou)流散(san)出(chu)府的(de)(de)(de)樂善堂舊藏(zang),其中(zhong)不乏(fa)(fa)極其珍(zhen)貴的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)內(nei)孤(gu)本。所(suo)藏(zang)南宋(song)《松(song)桂堂帖(tie)(tie)》,為(wei)明末睢(sui)陽袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)樞(shu)(袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)立(li)子)、袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)賦誠父子家(jia)藏(zang)精品(pin),得以流傳至今。只可(ke)惜翁同龢在(zai)考證睢(sui)陽袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氏(shi)舊藏(zang)南宋(song)《松(song)桂堂帖(tie)(tie)》時(shi),跋語中(zhong)竟因資料(liao)匱乏(fa)(fa)無考睢(sui)陽袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氏(shi)而將袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)伯應(袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)立(li)子袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)樞(shu))和袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)賦誠(袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)立(li)長孫)誤(wu)斷(duan)“其為(wei)一人(ren)無疑(yi)也”的(de)(de)(de)千古(gu)學(xue)(xue)術(shu)錯誤(wu)。清(qing)朝末年(nian),時(shi)值戰亂,公私藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)多有(you)(you)散(san)出(chu),現存翁氏(shi)藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)部分,都(dou)為(wei)此時(shi)購(gou)入。其所(suo)收藏(zang)的(de)(de)(de)一批秘籍(ji),被學(xue)(xue)界(jie)認為(wei)“學(xue)(xue)人(ren)仰望而不知其存否的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)很高(gao)學(xue)(xue)術(shu)價值的(de)(de)(de)善本,以國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)標(biao)準論(lun)應屬(shu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)寶級重(zhong)要(yao)文物,是包括中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)圖(tu)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)館(guan)(guan)在(zai)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)外圖(tu)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)館(guan)(guan)所(suo)無的(de)(de)(de)珍(zhen)籍(ji)”。翁同龢富藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu);詩文簡煉凝重(zhong);書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)縱橫跌宕(dang),力透紙背,有(you)(you)顏真(zhen)卿風骨。
家世代富藏書,稱清末民初中國著名藏(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家之(zhi)一,他寓居京師(shi)時,左圖右(you)史,典籍(ji)充(chong)棟(dong)。藏(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)室有(you)(you)(you)“一經(jing)堂(tang)”、“韻(yun)齋”,在家鄉祖居有(you)(you)(you)“寶瓠(hu)齋”,自己筑有(you)(you)(you)“瓶(ping)廬”。戊戌變法(fa)失(shi)敗后,革職歸(gui)里,典籍(ji)碑帖,悉留于(yu)京師(shi)舊居,家藏(zang)(zang)(zang)抄本(ben)多,其(qi)收藏(zang)(zang)(zang)的(de)宋元刊本(ben)數(shu)百種(zhong),且珍秘(mi)罕見(jian)。如(ru)宋版孤本(ben)《集(ji)韻(yun)》《會昌一品詩集(ji)》《丁卯集(ji)》《嵩山居士集(ji)》《施顧注蘇詩》、《長短經(jing)》《愣嚴經(jing)》等(deng),世無二本(ben)。去(qu)世后,藏(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)中的(de)精品包括(kuo)《翁同(tong)龢(he)日記》和(he)《自定年譜(pu)》手(shou)稿悉歸(gui)翁之(zhi)廉珍藏(zang)(zang)(zang),秘(mi)不示(shi)人。藏(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)由侄孫翁弢夫(fu)續管。弢夫(fu)去(qu)世后,子翁之(zhi)熹珍藏(zang)(zang)(zang)遺書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)又數(shu)十年。解放后,北(bei)京圖書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)館(guan)(guan)趙萬(wan)里研究員勸(quan)翁之(zhi)熹將藏(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)歸(gui)公,翁之(zhi)熹慨然答(da)應。翁氏藏(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),遂(sui)盡歸(gui)于(yu)北(bei)京圖書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)館(guan)(guan)。藏(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)印有(you)(you)(you)“叔平所得(de)金石文(wen)字”、“松禪”、“松禪居士”、“翁同(tong)龢(he)觀”、“常熟翁同(tong)龢(he)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)本(ben)”、“虞山攬(lan)秀堂(tang)翁氏藏(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)”等(deng)。拓曉堂(tang)著有(you)(you)(you)《翁同(tong)龢(he)鑒藏(zang)(zang)(zang)大系略稿》對其(qi)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)事跡有(you)(you)(you)記載。
同(tong)(tong)治(zhi)四(si)年(nian)(1865年(nian))十(shi)(shi)月十(shi)(shi)四(si)日(ri),“垂簾聽政”的慈安、慈禧兩太(tai)后諭令翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢為弘德(de)殿(dian)行走,同(tong)(tong)工部尚書倭仁、翰林院編修李(li)鴻藻、實錄館協修徐桐負責(ze)教育(yu)年(nian)僅10歲的同(tong)(tong)治(zhi)皇帝。充任帝師(shi),這(zhe)是(shi)朝廷(ting)對翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢的器重和信賴,翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢非(fei)常(chang)高興,向(xiang)兩太(tai)后表示(shi),一定竭盡全力(li),輔導皇上,報(bao)答皇恩。十(shi)(shi)月十(shi)(shi)七(qi)日(ri),翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢、倭仁和徐桐第一次進宮(gong)授(shou)讀。天剛(gang)剛(gang)廉亮,翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢就來(lai)到弘德(de)殿(dian)候駕,倭仁、徐桐也隨(sui)后來(lai)到。待同(tong)(tong)治(zhi)帝駕到,翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢等立即向(xiang)前行君臣大禮,同(tong)(tong)治(zhi)帝喊了一聲“師(shi)傅”,隨(sui)后君臣趨(qu)步進入(ru)書房。同(tong)(tong)治(zhi)帝坐兩面東,師(shi)傅們坐東面西,一天的授(shou)讀正式開(kai)始(shi)。
這一(yi)天首先授讀的(de)(de)(de)是倭(wo)仁和徐桐,講(jiang)(jiang)授的(de)(de)(de)是《尚書》和《孟子(zi)》的(de)(de)(de)有(you)關(guan)章節。膳后,翁(weng)同龢接著講(jiang)(jiang)授,他講(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)是《帝(di)鑒圖說》。此書內容更深(shen),但圖文并茂。翁(weng)同龢針對同治帝(di)年幼的(de)(de)(de)特點(dian),深(shen)入(ru)淺出,使(shi)同治帝(di)聽得津津有(you)味,深(shen)深(shen)佩服(fu)翁(weng)同龢的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)問,翁(weng)同龢第一(yi)次(ci)授讀成功。
翁同龢講(jiang)完《帝鑒圖(tu)說(shuo)》后,又給同治帝講(jiang)授了《圣祖(zu)廷訓格言》《清朝開國方》《經史語(yu)錄》《毛詩》《孝經》等課程(cheng),并(bing)指導(dao)同治帝學(xue)詩作(zuo)論(lun)。
翁同(tong)(tong)龢(he)入值弘(hong)德殿期間,還(huan)奉命去養心殿為(wei)兩(liang)宮皇(huang)(huang)太后(hou)進(jin)(jin)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)《治(zhi)平寶鑒》一書的(de)有關章節。對(dui)翁同(tong)(tong)龢(he)來(lai)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang),給垂簾聽政、掌握(wo)實(shi)權的(de)兩(liang)宮皇(huang)(huang)太后(hou)進(jin)(jin)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)比(bi)給年幼無(wu)知的(de)同(tong)(tong)治(zhi)帝進(jin)(jin)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)更為(wei)榮耀,但(dan)一旦出錯,不(bu)但(dan)貽笑(xiao)士林,而且(qie)有可能(neng)被革職為(wei)民,身敗名裂。因此(ci),在(zai)第(di)一次(ci)給兩(liang)宮皇(huang)(huang)太后(hou)進(jin)(jin)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)的(de)前夜(ye),他將(jiang)要進(jin)(jin)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)的(de)內容(rong)溫習再(zai)三,幾乎一夜(ye)沒睡。他第(di)一次(ci)進(jin)(jin)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)的(de)題目是(shi)(shi)《宋孝宗(zong)(zong)與(yu)大臣(chen)陳(chen)(chen)俊卿論唐太宗(zong)(zong)能(neng)受忠言》。在(zai)進(jin)(jin)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)中(zhong),翁同(tong)(tong)龢(he)反復闡(chan)述了君(jun)主虛懷(huai)納(na)諫、禮賢下士與(yu)國家利(li)益的(de)關系(xi),講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)得不(bu)僅儀節規矩大方,而且(qie)思路清晰、語言流利(li)、剖析精當(dang),兩(liang)宮皇(huang)(huang)太后(hou)及在(zai)場(chang)王公(gong)大臣(chen)無(wu)不(bu)感(gan)到滿意(yi)。此(ci)后(hou),他還(huan)給兩(liang)宮皇(huang)(huang)太后(hou)進(jin)(jin)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)了關于宋、金、元、明四朝帝王政治(zhi)事跡的(de)15個專題。在(zai)進(jin)(jin)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)這些(xie)專題時,他將(jiang)歷史與(yu)現實(shi)結合起(qi)來(lai),并借(jie)兩(liang)太后(hou)的(de)提(ti)問,根據(ju)個人所(suo)(suo)見(jian)所(suo)(suo)聞(wen),如實(shi)陳(chen)(chen)述,大膽批評當(dang)朝弊政,并相(xiang)應(ying)提(ti)出改正意(yi)見(jian),其中(zhong)許(xu)多意(yi)見(jian)后(hou)來(lai)被采(cai)納(na)。他如此(ci)敢于直言進(jin)(jin)諫,這在(zai)當(dang)朝上(shang)大夫(fu)中(zhong)是(shi)(shi)極(ji)少見(jian)的(de)。
同(tong)(tong)治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)年(1871年),正(zheng)當翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢(he)為進講再(zai)作努力之(zhi)時,其母許氏病(bing)逝,翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢(he)上奏獲準回籍治(zhi)喪,離開弘德殿上書房,直到(dao)同(tong)(tong)治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)三年(1874年)治(zhi)喪期滿才回京復職,再(zai)次入值(zhi)弘德殿,擔(dan)任同(tong)(tong)治(zhi)帝師(shi)傅,直到(dao)同(tong)(tong)治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)三年(1784年)十(shi)(shi)二月,同(tong)(tong)治(zhi)皇(huang)帝病(bing)逝,翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢(he)也(ye)隨之(zhi)結束了弘德殿行走(zou)的(de)帝師(shi)生活。
翁同龢在任刑部右侍郎期間,處理了很多案件。其中最有影響的是(shi)他(ta)為當時轟動全國、百余(yu)年來家喻戶曉的楊(yang)乃武與小白菜這一冤案的平反昭雪。
光緒(xu)(xu)元年(nian)(1875年(nian)),翁同龢署刑部(bu)(bu)右侍郎(lang)。次年(nian)四(si)月(yue),受命(ming)教授(shou)光緒(xu)(xu)帝(di)讀書。不(bu)久,遷戶部(bu)(bu)侍郎(lang),充經筵講官,晉都察院左都御史。歷任(ren)刑部(bu)(bu)、工(gong)部(bu)(bu)尚書。光緒(xu)(xu)八(ba)年(nian)(1882年(nian)),充任(ren)軍機大臣。光緒(xu)(xu)十年(nian)(1884年(nian))中法戰爭中,主張(zhang)進兵(bing)結(jie)合(he)談判,不(bu)可一味依仗劉永(yong)福之黑旗軍。不(bu)久,罷(ba)直軍機。歷加太子太保,賜(si)雙眼花(hua)翎、紫(zi)韁。
光(guang)緒元(yuan)年(nian)(1875年(nian))十二月(yue),浙江(jiang)紳(shen)士汪(wang)樹屏等以(yi)(yi)“復審疑獄有官員間相袒(tan)護(hu)的(de)(de)事實(shi)”聯名向都察院(yuan)控(kong)訴(su)。于(yu)是皇(huang)帝(di)和(he)太后開始關注此(ci)案。此(ci)時,恰值翁同龢擢升刑部右侍郎,直接負(fu)責重大案件(jian)的(de)(de)審辦,他(ta)細閱全部案卷(juan),發現供(gong)詞(ci)與訴(su)狀的(de)(de)疑點和(he)漏(lou)洞甚(shen)多。在詢閱了楊(yang)乃武姐姐的(de)(de)呈(cheng)詞(ci)和(he)浙江(jiang)紳(shen)士的(de)(de)聯名控(kong)訴(su),走訪(fang)了浙江(jiang)籍(ji)的(de)(de)京官,聽取了刑部經(jing)(jing)辦人員的(de)(de)各種意(yi)見之后,經(jing)(jing)過認(ren)真研(yan)究,訊問(wen)犯人,調查(cha)證人,重新檢驗(yan)尸骨,終于(yu)查(cha)清(qing)葛品連系病死而非中毒死亡(wang)。至此(ci),楊(yang)乃武與小(xiao)白菜冤(yuan)案得(de)以(yi)(yi)平反。辦理此(ci)案的(de)(de)大小(xiao)官員以(yi)(yi)及(ji)做偽證的(de)(de)證人全部受到(dao)懲治。
此案可(ke)(ke)謂晚(wan)清(qing)中國獄訟(song)、法(fa)制體(ti)系自我(wo)完(wan)善的(de)典(dian)型。而翁(weng)同龢忠于職責、為平民平反(fan)的(de)職業(ye)精(jing)神(shen),也(ye)可(ke)(ke)謂一代帝師應有的(de)風范。
甲(jia)午敗后,翁(weng)同(tong)龢千方百計逃(tao)避責任,將失(shi)敗的(de)原(yuan)因(yin)推到(dao)李鴻章的(de)頭上,認為李接戰不(bu)力,甚(shen)至提議將其(qi)斬首,此外(wai)還稱慈禧(xi)太后修(xiu)頤(yi)和園挪用了海(hai)軍軍費(fei),其(qi)實(shi)北洋水(shui)師多年(nian)未添(tian)寸(cun)艦,完全(quan)是翁(weng)同(tong)龢等(deng)人裁撤相關經費(fei)的(de)結果,卻把污(wu)水(shui)潑到(dao)慈禧(xi)的(de)頭上,因(yin)此為“后黨(dang)”深恨。
但(dan)罷免翁(weng)同龢,最終還是(shi)光(guang)緒(xu)(xu)的決定,一是(shi)此時(shi)(shi)光(guang)緒(xu)(xu)與(yu)康有(you)為接觸甚密(mi),翁(weng)同龢為了爭寵(chong),向光(guang)緒(xu)(xu)進讒言,作(zuo)為康有(you)為的推薦者,此舉實不(bu)高(gao)明(ming),給(gei)光(guang)緒(xu)(xu)留下出爾反爾的印象;二是(shi)翁(weng)同龢以(yi)帝師自居,對光(guang)緒(xu)(xu)言語失禮,據時(shi)(shi)人記載(zai)稱,一次與(yu)光(guang)緒(xu)(xu)爭執,翁(weng)同龢竟持硯投光(guang)緒(xu)(xu),雖未(wei)擊中,但(dan)墨汁(zhi)濺在光(guang)緒(xu)(xu)衣(yi)服上,此說(shuo)雖屬孤證,但(dan)翁(weng)的跋扈應(ying)屬公開的秘密(mi)。
人(ren)(ren)民網(《翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢(he):一位(wei)(wei)清(qing)廉的(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)家》):翁(weng)同(tong)(tong)龢(he)是(shi)江蘇常(chang)熟人(ren)(ren),曾擔任晚(wan)清(qing)同(tong)(tong)治(zhi)帝(di)、光緒帝(di)的(de)(de)師傅,主(zhu)持宮廷教育(yu)長(chang)達40年,為培養(yang)同(tong)(tong)治(zhi)、光緒兩帝(di)付出了巨(ju)大辛勞。他曾兩次(ci)擔任軍機大臣,兼總理各國事(shi)務(wu)衙(ya)門(men)大臣,還(huan)長(chang)期(qi)擔任工部、刑部、戶部尚書和都察院左都御史(shi)等重要(yao)職務(wu),既(ji)管外(wai)事(shi),又(you)管內政(zheng),無(wu)疑是(shi)近代中國歷史(shi)上的(de)(de)一位(wei)(wei)權貴人(ren)(ren)物(wu)。但(dan)他還(huan)是(shi)一位(wei)(wei)清(qing)正廉潔、律(lv)己愛(ai)民、公忠體國的(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)家。無(wu)論是(shi)在(zai)晚(wan)清(qing)還(huan)是(shi)在(zai)今天(tian),也(ye)無(wu)論是(shi)對他一生持肯定的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)還(huan)是(shi)有所保留的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),對于他為官清(qing)廉這一點都是(shi)承認(ren)的(de)(de)。
《清史稿·翁同龢傳》:自成一(yi)家,尤(you)為世所宗。
晚清(qing)時期(qi)重要(yao)的政治(zhi)家(jia)康有為(wei):中國維新第一導(dao)師(shi)。
清(qing)末(mo)民初歷史(shi)地理(li)學(xue)(xue)家(jia)、金石(shi)文字學(xue)(xue)家(jia)、目(mu)錄版本(ben)學(xue)(xue)家(jia)、書(shu)法藝術(shu)家(jia)、泉(quan)幣(bi)學(xue)(xue)家(jia)、藏(zang)書(shu)家(jia)楊守敬(《學(xue)(xue)書(shu)邇(er)言》):松(song)禪學(xue)(xue)顏平原(顏真卿),老蒼之至,無一雅筆。同治、光緒間(jian)推為(wei)第一,洵(xun)不(bu)誣(wu)也。
晚(wan)清(qing)官員譚(tan)鐘麟:本朝(chao)諸名(ming)家(jia),直突(tu)平原(顏真卿)之上,與宋四家(jia)馳(chi)騁者,南園(錢灃)、道州(zhou)(何紹基)、常熟(翁同龢(he))而已。
上海圖書館歷(li)(li)史文獻中心(xin)高級研究員(yuan)陳先(xian)行:翁同龢是對(dui)晚清(qing)中國發生(sheng)過(guo)重要(yao)影(ying)響的(de)(de)人物,長期(qi)以來,人們(men)對(dui)他與戊(wu)戌(xu)維新(xin)關系的(de)(de)了解并不全面。清(qing)末從康有為開始就對(dui)翁氏早期(qi)活(huo)動評價不夠準確。其實,翁氏思想在甲(jia)午(wu)戰爭前后經歷(li)(li)了一個巨(ju)大的(de)(de)轉變(bian)過(guo)程。甲(jia)午(wu)戰爭后日益(yi)嚴重的(de)(de)民族(zu)危機,促使(shi)他走向(xiang)更張舊制的(de)(de)道路,在戊(wu)戌(xu)變(bian)法中極力拔擢(zhuo)維新(xin)派(pai)人士。這一轉變(bian),才是歷(li)(li)史的(de)(de)原貌。
晚晴(qing)《外交報(bao)》《東(dong)方雜志》編輯(ji)、《清稗類鈔》作者徐珂:①叔平相國(guo)書法不拘一格,為乾嘉以后一人……晚年(nian)造(zao)詣實(shi)遠出覃(tan)溪(翁(weng)方綱(gang))、南園(錢灃)之上。論(lun)國(guo)朝書家(jia),劉(liu)石庵(劉(liu)墉)外,當無其匹(pi),非過論(lun)也。光緒戊(wu)戌以后,靜居禪悅(yue),無意求工,而超逸更甚(shen)。②晚年(nian)造(zao)詣實(shi)遠出覃(tan)溪,南園之上,論(lun)國(guo)朝書家(jia)劉(liu)石庵外,當無其匹(pi),非過論(lun)也。
書(shu)法(fa)家沙孟海(《近三(san)百年的(de)書(shu)學》):他出世(shi)最(zui)晚,所以能夠(gou)兼收(shou)眾長(chang)--特別(bie)是錢灃的(de)方(fang)法(fa)--有時還摻入些北(bei)碑的(de)體勢(shi)。把顏字和(he)北(bei)碑打(da)通(tong)了。
父親(qin):翁心存,歷官工部尚書、戶(hu)部尚書、體仁閣大學士。同治年(nian)間入值弘德(de)殿,授讀同治皇帝。
大哥:翁(weng)(weng)同(tong)書(shu)(1810-1865),字祖庚,號(hao)藥房,又號(hao)和齋,江(jiang)蘇常熟(shu)人,翁(weng)(weng)心存長子,翁(weng)(weng)同(tong)龢兄。清(qing)朝大臣。道光二十年進士,授了翰林(lin)院編(bian)修(xiu),曾任(ren)貴州學政,詹事(shi)府(fu)任(ren)少(shao)詹事(shi)。
二哥:翁同(tong)爵(1814-1877),字玉甫,江蘇常熟人,翁心存次子,翁同(tong)龢的(de)二哥。著名清(qing)朝大臣。以父蔭(yin)授官。由生員而至鹽運使,歷官陜西、湖北(bei)(bei)巡(xun)(xun)撫,在湖北(bei)(bei)巡(xun)(xun)撫兼署湖廣(guang)總督任(ren)上(shang)去世(shi),著有(you)《皇朝兵制考略》。
侄孫:翁斌(bin)孫(1860-1922),字(zi)弢夫,號笏齋(zhai),光緒(xu)三(san)年(1877年)高中進士(shi),供職(zhi)翰林院庶常館,選為庶吉士(shi)。
翁(weng)同龢的一生(sheng),除了(le)書(shu)法外,一件是(shi)中日甲(jia)午戰爭(zheng),一件是(shi)百日維新運動(dong)。翁(weng)同龢在清末兩次重大的歷(li)史事件中,都扮演了(le)極其重要的角色。
翁同(tong)龢與李鴻(hong)章之矛盾,歷來為(wei)學人(ren)解讀不一。
翁、李矛盾之(zhi)實質并(bing)非(fei)徇(xun)私
翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)同(tong)(tong)(tong)龢,咸豐六年(nian)(1856年(nian))狀元,歷任(ren)戶部(bu)侍(shi)郎、都(dou)察院左都(dou)御(yu)史,刑部(bu)、工部(bu)、戶部(bu)尚書(shu)(shu)(shu)、軍(jun)機(ji)大(da)臣(chen)兼(jian)總理各國事(shi)務衙門(men)大(da)臣(chen),為(wei)(wei)(wei)晚(wan)清(qing)(qing)清(qing)(qing)流派領(ling)袖。在道(dao)、咸、同(tong)(tong)(tong)、光四朝,翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)氏幾代累任(ren)高官(guan)。其(qi)父(fu)翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)心存(cun)、兄翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)同(tong)(tong)(tong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)皆為(wei)(wei)(wei)晚(wan)清(qing)(qing)重臣(chen),翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)心存(cun)、翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)同(tong)(tong)(tong)龢父(fu)子更為(wei)(wei)(wei)兩(liang)朝帝師,時(shi)稱“一門(men)四進(jin)(jin)士、一門(men)三巡(xun)撫;父(fu)子大(da)學(xue)士、父(fu)子尚書(shu)(shu)(shu)、父(fu)子帝師”。咸豐九年(nian)(1859年(nian)),翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)同(tong)(tong)(tong)龢長兄翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)同(tong)(tong)(tong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)安徽巡(xun)撫,時(shi)定遠(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)捻軍(jun)和太(tai)平軍(jun)圍(wei)困,同(tong)(tong)(tong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)棄城(cheng)。次年(nian),壽(shou)州團練(lian)苗(miao)沛霖(lin)因與(yu)其(qi)他(ta)團練(lian)仇(chou)殺而(er)背叛攻(gong)壽(shou)州,同(tong)(tong)(tong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)允其(qi)請,恕(shu)其(qi)前行,更以(yi)其(qi)仇(chou)孫開泰、蒙時(shi)中首級(ji)交付苗(miao)氏,結果苗(miao)仍反悔不(bu)(bu)降(jiang)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)治元年(nian)(1862年(nian))曾國藩具折嚴劾,謂丟失(shi)疆土(tu)在先,受賊玩(wan)弄繼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),奏折中更有(you)“臣(chen)職(zhi)分所(suo)在,例應(ying)糾參(can),不(bu)(bu)敢因翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)同(tong)(tong)(tong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)門(men)第鼎盛,瞻顧遷(qian)就”句,筆(bi)(bi)筆(bi)(bi)刀刃,架當今于(yu)大(da)義(yi),置(zhi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)于(yu)不(bu)(bu)覆,具折人(ren)(ren)(ren)即(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)李(li)(li)鴻(hong)(hong)章(zhang)。依大(da)清(qing)(qing)律(lv),同(tong)(tong)(tong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)被(bei)定“大(da)辟”(斬首),實判(pan)流放西北,三年(nian)病死(si)。翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)心存(cun)亦急(ji)病死(si)。有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)便(bian)(bian)據(ju)此(ci)推測翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)同(tong)(tong)(tong)龢與(yu)李(li)(li)鴻(hong)(hong)章(zhang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)朝為(wei)(wei)(wei)官(guan),“徇私報復,傾陷排擠,無所(suo)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)其(qi)極(ji)”。更有(you)將(jiang)翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)、李(li)(li)二人(ren)(ren)(ren)政(zheng)(zheng)見不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)歸為(wei)(wei)(wei)私人(ren)(ren)(ren)恩怨,將(jiang)民族(zu)大(da)義(yi)無端庸俗化,進(jin)(jin)而(er)捕風捉影,將(jiang)莫須(xu)(xu)有(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軍(jun)費問題說成戰敗(bai)理由,把(ba)罪責推至翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)同(tong)(tong)(tong)龢身上,此(ci)種(zhong)評判(pan)實在牽強附(fu)會,不(bu)(bu)負責任(ren),顯有(you)以(yi)己(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心度人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)腹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嫌。若照此(ci)邏輯推測,凡同(tong)(tong)(tong)朝為(wei)(wei)(wei)官(guan)者,其(qi)先人(ren)(ren)(ren)、家人(ren)(ren)(ren)中有(you)為(wei)(wei)(wei)對(dui)手(shou)(shou)所(suo)參(can)而(er)致政(zheng)(zheng)治落馬的,為(wei)(wei)(wei)避嫌計,其(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)便(bian)(bian)須(xu)(xu)終身唯對(dui)手(shou)(shou)馬首是(shi)瞻而(er)亦步亦趨,對(dui)手(shou)(shou)正邪(xie)是(shi)非一概弗論(lun)乎(hu)?其(qi)論(lun)言(yan)出無據(ju),極(ji)類街談(tan)巷(xiang)議(yi),無事(shi)生非,以(yi)訛傳訛,實為(wei)(wei)(wei)史家大(da)忌。
翁(weng)同龢(he)和(he)李鴻章有隙,其(qi)實(shi)質是(shi)(shi)政(zheng)見之(zhi)不(bu)同,翁(weng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)清(qing)流派領(ling)袖,與孫家(jia)鼐、志銳、文廷式、汪鳴鑾等(deng)形成(cheng)與后(hou)黨(dang)抗衡的(de)帝(di)黨(dang)集(ji)團,李鴻章則為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)后(hou)黨(dang)重臣,翁(weng)、李之(zhi)爭,說到底是(shi)(shi)帝(di)、后(hou)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)黨(dang)政(zheng)見之(zhi)爭。再說翁(weng)同龢(he)六十年為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)官,終其(qi)一生所涉(she)重大事(shi)件,除開甲(jia)午戰和(he)之(zhi)爭另(ling)述,有平反楊乃(nai)武與小白菜的(de)冤假錯案,為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)晚清(qing)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)法制體系自(zi)(zi)(zi)我(wo)完善之(zhi)典(dian)范;有支持盛(sheng)宣(xuan)懷(huai)(盛(sheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)李鴻章親(qin)信舊屬)等(deng)創辦(ban)(ban)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)第一家(jia)自(zi)(zi)(zi)辦(ban)(ban)銀(yin)行中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)通(tong)商銀(yin)行,由(you)其(qi)主持之(zhi)戶部撥銀(yin)100萬兩(liang)(liang)(liang)“生息官款”存于該(gai)行,為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)通(tong)商銀(yin)行最初營運資金;更有:康梁等(deng)維新(xin)(xin)主張(zhang)亦皆由(you)翁(weng)氏(shi)極力向光緒推薦,并從戶部撥銀(yin)1500兩(liang)(liang)(liang)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)強(qiang)學會活動經費,又(you)密(mi)奏光緒“教育為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)(zi)(zi)強(qiang)之(zhi)本(ben),未可遏(e)阻,使天下寒(han)心”,復親(qin)自(zi)(zi)(zi)起草成(cheng)立(li)京師大學堂的(de)奏章,主張(zhang)廢(fei)除科舉(ju),開經濟特(te)科,采納(na)康有為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)等(deng)汰冗員、停捐納(na)、修(xiu)則例、裁綠營、練新(xin)(xin)軍、辦(ban)(ban)學堂、薦人(ren)才、修(xiu)鐵路(lu)、開銀(yin)行等(deng)十二(er)道新(xin)(xin)政(zheng),自(zi)(zi)(zi)是(shi)(shi)打開晚清(qing)政(zheng)改新(xin)(xin)局面,翁(weng)本(ben)人(ren)更代光緒擬《明定國(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)詔(zhao)》,是(shi)(shi)詔(zhao)自(zi)(zi)(zi)光緒二(er)十四(si)年(1898年)頒布(bu),掀(xian)開戊戌變法一頁。
甲午(wu)戰事(shi)與翁、李之爭
甲午翁(weng)、李之爭。仍從(cong)翁(weng)氏(shi)作風講起,昔年翁(weng)同龢入值弘(hong)德殿期(qi)間,還奉命(ming)(ming)去養(yang)心殿為(wei)(wei)兩宮皇太后(hou)進(jin)(jin)講《治平寶鑒(jian)》一書章(zhang)節(jie),第一次進(jin)(jin)講《宋孝宗(zong)與大臣(chen)陳俊卿(qing)論(lun)(lun)唐太宗(zong)能(neng)受忠(zhong)言(yan)(yan)》,翁(weng)即反復闡述君主虛懷納諫、禮賢下(xia)士。之后(hou),又(you)講宋、金、元(yuan)、明(ming)四朝帝(di)(di)王政(zheng)(zheng)跡,以(yi)(yi)史(shi)為(wei)(wei)鏡,借答兩太后(hou)提問,指(zhi)陳時弊,提出對策,直言(yan)(yan)進(jin)(jin)諫,為(wei)(wei)當朝少見(jian),可(ke)稱直臣(chen)。光(guang)(guang)緒(xu)十五年(1889年),光(guang)(guang)緒(xu)親政(zheng)(zheng),翁(weng)仍赴毓慶(qing)宮書房(fang)授課。此間翁(weng)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)向光(guang)(guang)緒(xu)呈送西(xi)學(xue)著作,并與光(guang)(guang)緒(xu)討論(lun)(lun)時政(zheng)(zheng),直至引起慈(ci)禧和帝(di)(di)黨疑忌,至光(guang)(guang)緒(xu)二十三年(1897年),被慈(ci)禧下(xia)令裁撤光(guang)(guang)緒(xu)毓慶(qing)宮書房(fang)。翁(weng)氏(shi)行跡,可(ke)稱賢臣(chen)。今人有論(lun)(lun),謂(wei)翁(weng)同龢當年急(ji)欲挫敗李鴻章(zhang),是以(yi)(yi)拼命(ming)(ming)主戰,將(jiang)抗(kang)擊外(wai)敵誣為(wei)(wei)廷臣(chen)內斗(dou)所致(zhi),其論(lun)(lun)荒誕而(er)不(bu)(bu)經,不(bu)(bu)但于翁(weng)不(bu)(bu)公,于李也(ye)不(bu)(bu)公。可(ke)以(yi)(yi)斷(duan)言(yan)(yan),主戰與主和,皆是出自(zi)國家(jia)利益,政(zheng)(zheng)見(jian)不(bu)(bu)一,不(bu)(bu)能(neng)形成合力,這是歷史(shi)的(de)遺(yi)憾,而(er)民族的(de)不(bu)(bu)幸,又(you)屬必然(ran)。
甲(jia)午戰(zhan)(zhan)事(shi)既開,中(zhong)方屢(lv)戰(zhan)(zhan)不(bu)勝。慈(ci)禧驚懼,乃令翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)同龢(he)“馳赴天津詣鴻(hong)(hong)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)問(wen)策”。據清人(ren)胡思敬(jing)記(ji)述(shu):當翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)問(wen)及(ji)北洋艦(jian)(jian)隊接戰(zhan)(zhan)事(shi),李“怒目相(xiang)視,半(ban)晌(shang)無一(yi)(yi)語(yu)”。良久,反詰(jie)(jie)道:“師(shi)(shi)傅總(zong)(zong)理度支,平時請款輒駁詰(jie)(jie),臨事(shi)而問(wen)兵艦(jian)(jian),兵艦(jian)(jian)果(guo)可恃乎?”翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)對曰:“計(ji)臣以(yi)撙節為(wei)盡職(zhi),事(shi)誠(cheng)急,何(he)不(bu)復請?”李憤(fen)然(ran)答(da)曰:“政(zheng)府疑我跋扈,臺諫(jian)(紀檢官員)參我貪婪,我再嘵(xiao)嘵(xiao)不(bu)已,今日尚有李鴻(hong)(hong)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)乎?”于是(shi)(shi)(shi),后(hou)人(ren)(包括胡思敬(jing))又(you)拿此來做文章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)了(le)。其實(shi),翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)氏(shi)確(que)以(yi)財政(zheng)困(kun)難為(wei)由(you),限制北洋水師(shi)(shi)經(jing)費支出(chu),且奏(zou)請海(hai)(hai)軍(jun)停購船(chuan)械(xie)(xie)二年。然(ran)翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)氏(shi)治戶部,經(jing)費支出(chu)需統(tong)盤考慮,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)常情常識,奏(zou)請海(hai)(hai)軍(jun)停購船(chuan)械(xie)(xie)事(shi)為(wei)光緒(xu)十三年(1887年),其時為(wei)堵黃河鄭州段決口,乃將《海(hai)(hai)防(fang)事(shi)例》改(gai)為(wei)《鄭州事(shi)例》,一(yi)(yi)面(mian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)海(hai)(hai)防(fang),一(yi)(yi)面(mian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)民生,孰輕孰重(zhong)?鄭州工程結(jie)束后(hou),總(zong)(zong)理海(hai)(hai)軍(jun)衙門和李鴻(hong)(hong)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)本人(ren)均(jun)未及(ji)時提出(chu)購買(mai)新式(shi)船(chuan)艦(jian)(jian),及(ji)至甲(jia)午戰(zhan)(zhan)事(shi)起,翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)氏(shi)即令戶部撥銀650多(duo)萬(wan)兩支持總(zong)(zong)理海(hai)(hai)軍(jun)衙門購買(mai)新式(shi)船(chuan)艦(jian)(jian)。而李鴻(hong)(hong)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)之淮軍(jun)所存銀錢800多(duo)萬(wan)兩并未用于甲(jia)午戰(zhan)(zhan)事(shi),可見淮軍(jun)兵敗并非軍(jun)費所致。若誠(cheng)如胡思敬(jing)所言,有鴻(hong)(hong)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)反詰(jie)(jie)翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)氏(shi)事(shi),當屬情急搪塞(sai)之詞(ci),鴻(hong)(hong)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)之機變口才(cai)可知。故將甲(jia)午戰(zhan)(zhan)事(shi)中(zhong)北洋水師(shi)(shi)及(ji)淮軍(jun)敗績歸咎于翁(weng)(weng)(weng)(weng)氏(shi)長期克(ke)扣(kou)及(ji)拒絕給鴻(hong)(hong)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)撥款所致,實(shi)屬荒誕不(bu)經(jing)之至。
顧視翁(weng)同龢平生經歷,自非(fei)長于軍(jun)事,李(li)鴻章(zhang)長期鼓吹北(bei)(bei)(bei)洋(yang)水師實力,翁(weng)不知(zhi)底里,自是(shi)深信(xin)不疑,曾(ceng)與王伯(bo)恭(gong)言:“合(he)肥(fei)治軍(jun)數十年,屢(lv)平大憝,今北(bei)(bei)(bei)洋(yang)海陸兩軍(jun)如(ru)火如(ru)荼,豈(qi)不堪一(yi)戰(zhan)耶?”及至屢(lv)戰(zhan)不勝,方起疑竇,于離津前令其姻親、時(shi)任長蘆鹽運使(shi)季邦(bang)楨(zhen)將(jiang)北(bei)(bei)(bei)洋(yang)水師“將(jiang)士(shi)之賢否,軍(jun)報之虛(xu)實,器械之良窳”實情相(xiang)(xiang)告(gao),故(gu)可(ke)以相(xiang)(xiang)信(xin),翁(weng)同龢極力主戰(zhan),正是(shi)出自對清朝海軍(jun)力量的自信(xin),而與其一(yi)貫清流派思(si)想相(xiang)(xiang)合(he)。
翁(weng)同(tong)龢(he)故居又(you)叫“翁(weng)同(tong)龢(he)紀(ji)念(nian)館(guan)”,是一所保存比較完善、具有典型江南建(jian)筑(zhu)風格的(de)官僚住宅,翁(weng)同(tong)龢(he)在(zai)這里度過了青少年(nian)時(shi)期。1990年(nian),翁(weng)同(tong)龢(he)的(de)玄(xuan)孫美籍華人(ren)翁(weng)興(xing)慶(萬戈)先生將(jiang)世業捐獻給國家。其中(zhong)的(de)主(zhu)體建(jian)筑(zhu)"彩衣堂"于(yu)1996年(nian)被國務院公布為(wei)中(zhong)國第四批(pi)全國重點文物保護單(dan)位(wei)。
翁(weng)同龢紀念館坐落在常熟古城區翁(weng)家巷門,系由翁(weng)氏故居修(xiu)繕辟設而(er)成,并于1991年11月1日(ri)正式對外開放。
翁氏(shi)故居占地(di)面(mian)積(ji)達6000平方米,建(jian)(jian)筑面(mian)積(ji)3500平方米。其(qi)建(jian)(jian)筑設計遵循(xun)我國古(gu)代官紳住(zhu)宅以(yi)中(zhong)軸(zhou)為(wei)主的形制格(ge)局,分東(dong)、中(zhong)、西三大部分。中(zhong)部由大門進入(ru)后(hou),沿中(zhong)軸(zhou)線(xian)依次為(wei)門廳、轎(jiao)廳、彩(cai)衣堂(tang)、后(hou)堂(tang)樓和雙桂軒等,共為(wei)七(qi)進。其(qi)中(zhong)轎(jiao)廳為(wei)歇轎(jiao)與備茶之用。
翁(weng)同龢紀(ji)念館陳列內容(rong)主要有:翁(weng)同龢生平(ping)事(shi)跡;翁(weng)同龢文(wen)物、書法;翁(weng)同龢主要著作及國內外研(yan)究翁(weng)同龢的(de)論文(wen)、信息。同時(shi)輔以反(fan)映歷史原貌的(de)清代紅(hong)木家(jia)具陳設(she)。
翁同龢墓(mu)(mu)(mu)在城(cheng)(cheng)區西郊約(yue)7公(gong)里之(zhi)虞山鵓鴿峰山麓,與其父翁心(xin)存墓(mu)(mu)(mu)毗鄰。有(you)羅城(cheng)(cheng)、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)冢(zhong)、拜臺、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao),冢(zhong)后(hou)豎石灰(hui)石碑一通,高132.5厘米(mi),寬(kuan)48厘米(mi),厚(hou)10.5厘米(mi),鐫(juan)刻“乙(yi)山辛向兼卯酉三分”,“皇清誥(gao)授光祿大(da)(da)夫特謚文恭協辦大(da)(da)學士戶部尚書(shu)曾(ceng)祖(zu)考叔平公(gong),誥(gao)封(feng)一品夫人(ren)曾(ceng)祖(zu)妣湯夫人(ren)誥(gao)封(feng)淑人(ren)庶(shu)曾(ceng)祖(zu)母陸淑人(ren)之(zhi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)”,“曾(ceng)孫翁之(zhi)廉、之(zhi)循敬立(li)。”1949年后(hou)屢修。其墓(mu)(mu)(mu)坐北(bei)面南(nan),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)曲折向南(nan),長約(yue)65米(mi),道(dao)口沿山前公(gong)路架(jia)1984年重(zhong)建(jian)單間沖天式花崗(gang)石坊一座(zuo),額鐫(juan)“翁氏新阡”。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)城(cheng)(cheng)四周喬松檜柏挺(ting)秀,風景(jing)極佳(jia),環山公(gong)路南(nan)側有(you)翁氏祠堂(tang)。1982年3月公(gong)布為江蘇省級(ji)文物保護單位。