分布于中(zhong)國河(he)北(bei)(武安)、山(shan)西(陽(yang)城)、河(he)南(nan)(伏牛山(shan))、陜西(秦嶺)、甘(gan)肅、浙江(天(tian)目山(shan))、湖北(bei)、四川、貴(gui)州、云南(nan)、西藏。印(yin)度也(ye)有分布。生長在海(hai)拔900-3600米的溪邊雜木林中(zhong)。
落(luo)葉(xie)灌(guan)木或(huo)(huo)小喬(qiao)木,高2-15米(mi);樹皮紫黑(hei)色(se)或(huo)(huo)棕灰(hui)色(se);小枝無(wu)毛(mao),紫黑(hei)色(se)或(huo)(huo)灰(hui)色(se);芽卵形(xing)(xing),鱗(lin)片深褐色(se),光亮。葉(xie)紙質(zhi),卵形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)近圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),少(shao)數橢(tuo)圓(yuan)卵形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)披針形(xing)(xing),長5-14厘(li)(li)米(mi),寬3-9厘(li)(li)米(mi),先端漸(jian)尖(jian),有(you)1突生(sheng)尾尖(jian),長1-1.5厘(li)(li)米(mi),基(ji)部(bu)楔形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)寬楔形(xing)(xing),邊(bian)緣(yuan)疏(shu)生(sheng)頂(ding)端加厚的鋸(ju)齒,下部(bu)或(huo)(huo)近基(ji)部(bu)全(quan)緣(yuan),上(shang)面(mian)無(wu)毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)散生(sheng)柔毛(mao)后脫落(luo),僅在脈上(shang)殘存,下面(mian)無(wu)毛(mao)或(huo)(huo)脈上(shang)有(you)伏毛(mao),脈腋具叢(cong)毛(mao),側(ce)脈6-11對;葉(xie)柄長2-5厘(li)(li)米(mi),有(you)柔毛(mao)后脫落(luo)。
花(hua)(hua)叢生;花(hua)(hua)梗長(chang)(chang)3-5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi);苞(bao)片橢圓(yuan)形,早落;雄(xiong)蕊6-14,長(chang)(chang)8-15毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),花(hua)(hua)藥紅色,比花(hua)(hua)絲長(chang)(chang),藥隔附屬(shu)物長(chang)(chang)0.7-2毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi);心皮6-12,子(zi)房歪形,長(chang)(chang)2-4毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),柱頭(tou)面(mian)在腹面(mian)或遠軸,斧形,具微小粘質(zhi)突起,有1-3(-4)胚珠。翅果(guo)長(chang)(chang)5-10毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),寬3-5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),棕色,子(zi)房柄長(chang)(chang)7-10毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),果(guo)梗長(chang)(chang)8-10毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi);種子(zi)1-3個,卵形,長(chang)(chang)1.5-2.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),黑色。花(hua)(hua)期4-5月,果(guo)期7-8月。
造(zao)林地要(yao)選(xuan)擇在海拔700米(mi)左右的(de)(de)陰坡且濕(shi)度較(jiao)大的(de)(de)環境(jing),主要(yao)是模(mo)擬野生自然生境(jing)下(xia)水熱條件基本相同的(de)(de)溝(gou)谷兩岸地帶(dai),以保證造(zao)林的(de)(de)成(cheng)功。造(zao)林采用隔(ge)行(xing)混交方式。混交樹(shu)種(zhong)可(ke)以選(xuan)擇落葉的(de)(de)闊(kuo)葉樹(shu)種(zhong),如馬(ma)褂木(mu)、銀杏等,株行(xing)距3米(mi)×4米(mi),密度90株/667平方米(mi)左右。秋季采用穴(xue)狀(zhuang)整地,規格為(wei)40厘(li)米(mi)×40厘(li)米(mi)×50厘(li)米(mi),春季于土壤解凍后栽植,一般造(zao)林時間在3月上(shang)旬,造(zao)林前要(yao)選(xuan)好根系發(fa)達完整、無病蟲害的(de)(de)Ⅰ級壯苗,栽植時做到苗正、根舒、壓實(shi),并覆土將(jiang)樹(shu)根處培成(cheng)小錐(zhui)形。當(dang)年撫(fu)育(yu)2-3次,以后可(ke)根據(ju)立地條件和雜(za)草繁(fan)茂程度,增加或減(jian)少撫(fu)育(yu)次數(shu)。
領春木種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子在9月下旬(xun)成熟(shu),選擇20年生(sheng)以上、生(sheng)長(chang)健康、無病蟲害、結實多的(de)(de)中壯年樹(shu)上采(cai)集。將采(cai)集的(de)(de)翅果種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子水(shui)浸3天(tian)后(hou)去(qu)除果翅和(he)果梗,反復水(shui)洗得到純凈種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子,晾干(gan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子表面水(shui)分后(hou)室內低(di)溫沙藏。值得注意的(de)(de)是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子忌干(gan)藏和(he)失水(shui)干(gan)燥,也不(bu)能(neng)(neng)爆曬(shai),否則發芽(ya)率(lv)極低(di)或喪(sang)失發芽(ya)能(neng)(neng)力(li)。沙藏期(qi)間(jian)每5-7天(tian)翻動種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子一次,防止種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子沙藏期(qi)間(jian)爛種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),造成種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子損失。
根據領春(chun)木的(de)生態學特性,我們要(yao)(yao)(yao)將圃地(di)選在高(gao)海拔、交通方便、日照(zhao)強度(du)(du)(du)低(di)(di)、石(shi)礫含量(liang)少、土層深厚(hou)、肥(fei)力較好的(de)黃紅壤等(deng),同(tong)時要(yao)(yao)(yao)求稍為(wei)蔽蔭和(he)有(you)水(shui)(shui)源的(de)荒地(di)作(zuo)為(wei)苗(miao)床用(yong)地(di)。忌用(yong)低(di)(di)海拔、日照(zhao)強度(du)(du)(du)高(gao)的(de)用(yong)地(di)等(deng),否則(ze)育苗(miao)會(hui)失敗。圃地(di)必須要(yao)(yao)(yao)精耕細作(zuo)。3月上旬翻(fan)地(di)前(qian)要(yao)(yao)(yao)清理(li)地(di)面(mian)雜物,深翻(fan)地(di)表25厘(li)米(mi)以上,清除樹根、草蔸(dou)和(he)石(shi)塊等(deng)。每667平方米(mi)施用(yong)100千(qian)克(ke)(ke)復合(he)肥(fei)作(zuo)為(wei)基(ji)肥(fei),同(tong)時施用(yong)呋喃丹3千(qian)克(ke)(ke)翻(fan)入土中殺滅地(di)下害蟲(chong)。經過“3犁3耙”,使(shi)肥(fei)和(he)藥與圃地(di)土壤均勻(yun)混合(he)在一起。然(ran)后作(zuo)苗(miao)床,苗(miao)床要(yao)(yao)(yao)順(shun)坡而作(zuo),床面(mian)寬120厘(li)米(mi)、高(gao)20厘(li)米(mi),長度(du)(du)(du)可以隨(sui)地(di)勢而定,畦(qi)溝寬25厘(li)米(mi),床面(mian)應平整不積水(shui)(shui),四周開好排水(shui)(shui)溝,隨(sui)時保(bao)持排水(shui)(shui)通暢。
來年3月5-10日(ri)篩出(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子,將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子水(shui)(shui)選2次(ci),去除劣(lie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou),再將純(chun)凈種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子倒入容器(qi)中,用(yong)(yong)0.5%的(de)(de)高錳酸鉀溶液(ye)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)12小時,浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期間經常攪動(dong)。12小時后(hou)(hou)撈出(chu)用(yong)(yong)清水(shui)(shui)沖洗(xi)(xi)干(gan)凈,再用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)根粉(fen)(fen)處理種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子。具(ju)體做法是用(yong)(yong)50℃溫(wen)水(shui)(shui)間歇浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2次(ci),2次(ci)溫(wen)水(shui)(shui)都要自然冷(leng)卻且浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)24小時后(hou)(hou)撈出(chu),然后(hou)(hou)用(yong)(yong)ABT7號稀(xi)釋的(de)(de)生(sheng)根粉(fen)(fen)溶劑(ji)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1小時,最后(hou)(hou)撈出(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子進行催(cui)芽,催(cui)芽期間要每天用(yong)(yong)溫(wen)水(shui)(shui)淘洗(xi)(xi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子,淘洗(xi)(xi)時動(dong)作要輕,淘洗(xi)(xi)后(hou)(hou)要保溫(wen)保濕(shi),約(yue)8-10天種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子破嘴即可播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。用(yong)(yong)0.5%的(de)(de)高錳酸鉀溶液(ye)均勻(yun)噴灑(sa)床(chuang)面消毒(du),2小時后(hou)(hou)將待播(bo)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子均勻(yun)撒播(bo)于(yu)床(chuang)面,大(da)約(yue)播(bo)120-150粒/平方米,播(bo)消毒(du)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子5千克/667平方米,播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)蓋(gai)(gai)過(guo)(guo)(guo)篩的(de)(de)草皮灰(hui)混細土0.5厘米,一(yi)般以不(bu)見種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子為度,噴一(yi)遍透水(shui)(shui),然后(hou)(hou)蓋(gai)(gai)上一(yi)層薄(bo)稻草。蓋(gai)(gai)草即可預防(fang)鳥(niao)獸危害,又可以增加床(chuang)面溫(wen)度和(he)濕(shi)度,預防(fang)晴天太陽的(de)(de)直(zhi)射對(dui)床(chuang)面水(shui)(shui)分的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)量(liang)蒸發,從而(er)影(ying)響種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子的(de)(de)生(sheng)根萌芽。播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)到出(chu)芽前,要注意(yi)防(fang)止苗床(chuang)過(guo)(guo)(guo)干(gan)等(deng)不(bu)利于(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子休眠的(de)(de)條件(jian)。
經濟
領(ling)春(chun)木紋理美觀可做高檔家具(ju)或儀器(qi)表盒(he)等;樹(shu)形優美,樹(shu)干通直(zhi),也是優美的庭院(yuan)樹(shu)種。
研究
領春木為(wei)典(dian)型(xing)的(de)東亞(ya)植(zhi)物區(qu)系成分的(de)特征(zheng)種,又是古(gu)老的(de)殘遺植(zhi)物,樹木。為(wei)典(dian)型(xing)的(de)東亞(ya)植(zhi)物區(qu)系成分的(de)特征(zheng)種,第(di)3紀(ji)孑(jie)遺植(zhi)物和稀有珍貴(gui)的(de)古(gu)老樹種,對(dui)于(yu)研究古(gu)植(zhi)物區(qu)系和古(gu)代(dai)地(di)理(li)氣候(hou)有重要(yao)的(de)學術價值。