分(fen)布于中國河北(bei)(武安)、山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(陽城)、河南(伏(fu)牛(niu)山(shan)(shan))、陜西(xi)(秦嶺)、甘肅、浙江(天目山(shan)(shan))、湖北(bei)、四(si)川、貴州、云南、西(xi)藏。印度也有分(fen)布。生長(chang)在海拔900-3600米的溪邊雜木林中。
落葉灌(guan)木或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)小喬木,高2-15米(mi)(mi);樹皮(pi)紫(zi)黑(hei)色(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)棕灰色(se);小枝無(wu)毛,紫(zi)黑(hei)色(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)灰色(se);芽卵形(xing)(xing)(xing),鱗片(pian)深(shen)褐色(se),光亮(liang)。葉紙質,卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)近(jin)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),少(shao)數(shu)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)5-14厘(li)米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)3-9厘(li)米(mi)(mi),先端(duan)漸尖,有1突(tu)生(sheng)尾尖,長(chang)1-1.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi),基部楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)寬(kuan)楔形(xing)(xing)(xing),邊(bian)緣疏生(sheng)頂端(duan)加厚的鋸(ju)齒(chi),下部或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)近(jin)基部全緣,上(shang)(shang)(shang)面(mian)無(wu)毛或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)散生(sheng)柔毛后(hou)脫落,僅在脈上(shang)(shang)(shang)殘存(cun),下面(mian)無(wu)毛或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)脈上(shang)(shang)(shang)有伏毛,脈腋具叢毛,側脈6-11對;葉柄長(chang)2-5厘(li)米(mi)(mi),有柔毛后(hou)脫落。
花(hua)叢生;花(hua)梗長(chang)(chang)3-5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi);苞片橢圓形(xing)(xing),早落;雄蕊6-14,長(chang)(chang)8-15毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),花(hua)藥紅色,比花(hua)絲(si)長(chang)(chang),藥隔附(fu)屬物長(chang)(chang)0.7-2毫(hao)(hao)米(mi);心皮6-12,子房歪形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)2-4毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),柱(zhu)頭面在(zai)腹面或遠軸,斧形(xing)(xing),具微小粘質(zhi)突起(qi),有1-3(-4)胚珠。翅果長(chang)(chang)5-10毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),寬3-5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),棕色,子房柄(bing)長(chang)(chang)7-10毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),果梗長(chang)(chang)8-10毫(hao)(hao)米(mi);種(zhong)子1-3個,卵形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)1.5-2.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),黑色。花(hua)期(qi)4-5月,果期(qi)7-8月。
造(zao)(zao)林地(di)(di)要選擇(ze)在(zai)海拔700米(mi)左右(you)的(de)陰坡且(qie)濕度(du)較(jiao)大的(de)環境(jing),主要是模擬野生自然生境(jing)下(xia)水熱條(tiao)件(jian)基本相同的(de)溝谷兩岸地(di)(di)帶,以保證造(zao)(zao)林的(de)成功。造(zao)(zao)林采用隔行混(hun)交(jiao)方(fang)式。混(hun)交(jiao)樹(shu)種可以選擇(ze)落葉的(de)闊葉樹(shu)種,如馬褂(gua)木、銀杏(xing)等(deng),株行距(ju)3米(mi)×4米(mi),密度(du)90株/667平方(fang)米(mi)左右(you)。秋(qiu)季采用穴(xue)狀整地(di)(di),規(gui)格(ge)為40厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)×40厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)×50厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi),春季于(yu)土(tu)壤解凍后(hou)栽植(zhi),一般造(zao)(zao)林時間在(zai)3月上旬,造(zao)(zao)林前要選好根系發達完整、無病(bing)蟲害的(de)Ⅰ級壯苗(miao),栽植(zhi)時做到苗(miao)正、根舒、壓實,并(bing)覆土(tu)將樹(shu)根處培(pei)成小錐形。當年撫(fu)(fu)育2-3次(ci),以后(hou)可根據立地(di)(di)條(tiao)件(jian)和雜草繁茂程度(du),增加或(huo)減少撫(fu)(fu)育次(ci)數(shu)。
領(ling)春木(mu)種(zhong)子(zi)在9月下(xia)旬成熟,選擇(ze)20年生(sheng)(sheng)以上(shang)(shang)、生(sheng)(sheng)長健康、無病蟲害(hai)、結實多的(de)(de)中壯年樹上(shang)(shang)采集(ji)。將采集(ji)的(de)(de)翅果(guo)種(zhong)子(zi)水(shui)(shui)浸3天后去除果(guo)翅和果(guo)梗,反復水(shui)(shui)洗得(de)到純凈種(zhong)子(zi),晾干(gan)種(zhong)子(zi)表面水(shui)(shui)分后室內低溫沙(sha)藏(zang)。值得(de)注意的(de)(de)是種(zhong)子(zi)忌干(gan)藏(zang)和失水(shui)(shui)干(gan)燥,也不能(neng)爆(bao)曬(shai),否則(ze)發芽(ya)率極低或(huo)喪(sang)失發芽(ya)能(neng)力。沙(sha)藏(zang)期間(jian)每5-7天翻(fan)動種(zhong)子(zi)一次,防止種(zhong)子(zi)沙(sha)藏(zang)期間(jian)爛種(zhong),造(zao)成種(zhong)子(zi)損失。
根據(ju)領春木的(de)(de)生態(tai)學特(te)性,我們要(yao)將圃地(di)(di)(di)選在高(gao)(gao)海拔(ba)、交(jiao)通方(fang)便、日照強度低(di)、石礫含(han)量少、土(tu)層深厚、肥力較好的(de)(de)黃紅壤等,同時(shi)要(yao)求(qiu)稍為(wei)蔽(bi)蔭(yin)和有水源的(de)(de)荒(huang)地(di)(di)(di)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)苗床(chuang)用地(di)(di)(di)。忌用低(di)海拔(ba)、日照強度高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)用地(di)(di)(di)等,否則育(yu)苗會失敗。圃地(di)(di)(di)必(bi)須要(yao)精耕細作(zuo)(zuo)。3月上(shang)旬(xun)翻地(di)(di)(di)前要(yao)清理(li)地(di)(di)(di)面雜(za)物,深翻地(di)(di)(di)表25厘(li)米(mi)以(yi)上(shang),清除樹根、草(cao)蔸(dou)和石塊等。每667平方(fang)米(mi)施用100千克復合(he)肥作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)基肥,同時(shi)施用呋喃(nan)丹3千克翻入土(tu)中(zhong)殺滅(mie)地(di)(di)(di)下害蟲。經過“3犁(li)3耙”,使肥和藥與圃地(di)(di)(di)土(tu)壤均勻混(hun)合(he)在一起。然后作(zuo)(zuo)苗床(chuang),苗床(chuang)要(yao)順坡而(er)作(zuo)(zuo),床(chuang)面寬120厘(li)米(mi)、高(gao)(gao)20厘(li)米(mi),長度可以(yi)隨地(di)(di)(di)勢而(er)定,畦溝寬25厘(li)米(mi),床(chuang)面應平整不積水,四周開好排水溝,隨時(shi)保持排水通暢(chang)。
來年(nian)3月(yue)5-10日篩(shai)(shai)出種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)水(shui)選2次(ci),去除劣種(zhong)(zhong)后(hou),再(zai)將(jiang)純凈種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)倒(dao)入(ru)容器中,用(yong)(yong)0.5%的(de)(de)(de)高錳酸(suan)鉀溶(rong)液(ye)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)12小時,浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)期間(jian)經常攪動(dong)。12小時后(hou)撈(lao)出用(yong)(yong)清水(shui)沖洗干凈,再(zai)用(yong)(yong)生根(gen)(gen)粉處(chu)理種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。具體做法是用(yong)(yong)50℃溫(wen)水(shui)間(jian)歇(xie)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)2次(ci),2次(ci)溫(wen)水(shui)都要(yao)(yao)(yao)自然冷(leng)卻且浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)24小時后(hou)撈(lao)出,然后(hou)用(yong)(yong)ABT7號稀釋的(de)(de)(de)生根(gen)(gen)粉溶(rong)劑浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)1小時,最后(hou)撈(lao)出種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)進行(xing)催(cui)芽,催(cui)芽期間(jian)要(yao)(yao)(yao)每(mei)天用(yong)(yong)溫(wen)水(shui)淘(tao)洗種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),淘(tao)洗時動(dong)作要(yao)(yao)(yao)輕,淘(tao)洗后(hou)要(yao)(yao)(yao)保溫(wen)保濕(shi),約8-10天種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)破嘴(zui)即(ji)可(ke)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)。用(yong)(yong)0.5%的(de)(de)(de)高錳酸(suan)鉀溶(rong)液(ye)均勻(yun)噴灑床(chuang)面消毒,2小時后(hou)將(jiang)待(dai)播(bo)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)均勻(yun)撒播(bo)于床(chuang)面,大約播(bo)120-150粒/平方米(mi),播(bo)消毒后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)5千克/667平方米(mi),播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)蓋過篩(shai)(shai)的(de)(de)(de)草皮灰混細(xi)土0.5厘米(mi),一(yi)般以不見種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)為度(du),噴一(yi)遍透水(shui),然后(hou)蓋上(shang)一(yi)層薄稻草。蓋草即(ji)可(ke)預防鳥獸危(wei)害,又可(ke)以增加床(chuang)面溫(wen)度(du)和濕(shi)度(du),預防晴天太陽的(de)(de)(de)直射對(dui)床(chuang)面水(shui)分的(de)(de)(de)過量蒸發,從而影響種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)生根(gen)(gen)萌芽。播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)到出芽前,要(yao)(yao)(yao)注意防止苗床(chuang)過干等不利于種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)休眠的(de)(de)(de)條件。
經濟
領春木紋理美(mei)(mei)觀可做高檔家具或儀(yi)器表(biao)盒等;樹(shu)形優美(mei)(mei),樹(shu)干通直(zhi),也是(shi)優美(mei)(mei)的(de)庭(ting)院樹(shu)種。
研究
領春木(mu)為典(dian)(dian)型(xing)的東亞植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)區(qu)系成分(fen)的特征種,又是古老(lao)的殘遺植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu),樹木(mu)。為典(dian)(dian)型(xing)的東亞植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)區(qu)系成分(fen)的特征種,第3紀孑遺植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)和稀有珍貴的古老(lao)樹種,對于研究(jiu)古植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)區(qu)系和古代(dai)地(di)理氣候(hou)有重要(yao)的學術(shu)價值(zhi)。